DIRECTORATE OF EDUCATION Govt. of NCT, Delhi SUPPORT MATERIAL (2022-2023) Class : XII MATHEMATICS Under the Guidance of Shri Ashok Kumar Secretary (Education) Shri Himanshu Gupta Director (Education) Dr. Rita Sharma Addl. DE (School & Exam.) Coordinators Mr. Sanjay Subhas Kumar Mrs. Sunita Dua Mr. Raj Kumar Mr, Krishan Kumar DDE (Exam) OSD (Exam) OSD (Exam) OSD (Exam)Production Team Anil Kumar Sharma Published at Delhi Bureau of Text Books, 25/2, Institutional Area, Pankha Road, New Delhi-S8 by Rajesh Kumar, Secretary, Delhi Bureau of Text Books and Printed at: Supreme Ofet Press, 133, Udhyog Kendra Ext.-1, Greater Noida, U.P.ASHOK KUMAR see (Rat) IAS asta ret ae feet wee srr a, Fes =e Se: tne ee: ne secretary (Eaton Govemmen’ of atonal Capel of Doi Olt Secreiarasonn-005¢ prone: 25990167 fox 23800119 MESSAGE Remembering the words of John Dewey, "Education is not preparation for life, ‘education is life itself, highly commend the sincere efforts of the officials and subject ‘experts from Directorate of Education involved in the development of Support Material for classes IX to XII for the session 2022-23. The Support Material is a comprehensive, yet concise learning support tool to strengthen the subject competencies of the students. | am sure that this will help our students in performing to the best of their abilities. am sure that the Heads of School and teachers will motivate the students to utilise this material and the students will make optimum use of this Support Material to enrich themselves. | would like to congratulate the team of the Examination Branch along with all the Subject Experts for their incessant and diligent efforts in making this material so useful for students. extend my Best Wishes to all the students for success in their future endeavours. oft (Ashok Kumar)HIMANSHU GUPTA, IAs. Directorate of Educat Director, Education & Sports Govt. of NCT of Room No. 12, Civil Lines Near Vidhan Sabha, Delhi-110054 Ph.: 011-23890172 E-mail: diredu@nic.in were MESSAGE “A good education is a foundation for a better future.” - Elizabeth Warren Believing in this quote, Directorate of Education, GNCT of Delhi tries to fulfill its objective of providing quality education to all its students. Keeping this aim in mind, every year support material is developed for the students of classes IX to XII. Our expert faculty ‘members undertake the responsibility to review and update the Support ‘Material incorporating thelatest changes made by CBSE. This helps the students become familiar with the new approaches and methods, enabling them to become good at problem solving and critical thinking. This year too, I am positive that it will help our students to excel in academics. ‘The support material is the outcome of persistent and sincere efforts of our dedicated team of subject experts from the Directorate of Education. This Support Material has been especially prepared for the students. I believe its thoughtful and intelligent use will definitely lead to leaming enhancement. Lastly, I would like to applaud the entire team for their valuable contribution in making this Support Material so beneficial and practical for our students. ‘Best wishes to all the students for a bright future. @OmD — (HIMANSHU GUPTA)Govt. of NCT of Delhi lor of Education Directorate of Education (SchoolExam) (é Secretariat, Deli-110054 Ph, : 29890185 eat 2 D.0. No. S/adahD€/Sch/2092 )131 Dated: of Bera, 2022, ‘fren fader, Reet care an reel wea a free a Pwr are 1 “abe sh eas Het ef faker 3 ore ed at goa te aha areal org frente & ea were ann aa a var fear 2 Bra ere Blo aa A ot fre afer st ofan aa frata ea S danfers aca & fer Safire sae orarefh sagt otk fanaa el ad ret a afte wind Sg) seta at at ste ea a of en oa a en 2a aw a ere erat A ahaha sre Ren Pate & see rows ones airs fare me i ene eee Hana Bed savas Pte sf fee me #1 9 werrw ernfiel afer a afer anata ft aeaen wee vega ‘var ent ats fe Faeerera & fee ah rer Se aT Fre wT 8 omen & fae et Sere ATA & ner othe Fle ters SB weeeT Peele sores tira ents ar Preah ot tara em ew sem wee Te aH dee 50 2 uitra ast sftcatted aon freee at ate aut el Con ast fami at a sere, faa st quae St Sar anf (frat erat)DIRECTORATE OF EDUCATION Govt. of NCT, Delhi SUPPORT MATERIAL (2022-2023) Class : XII MATHEMATICS (ENGLISH MEDIUM) NOT FOR SALE PUBLISHED BY : DELHI BUREAU OF TEXTBOOKSurea at afer HIT 45 auntie & get der apes 51H AR aedet - sea & vets aie sy ae ace ei fae ae - (#) ‘afar a wer wt sik see reel, deers, ger sik TEMA BT SIL a (a) Rare & fore eat wet acters wt Sta wet at Ter seat aT eT 4 aie a an oH TET (1) ora at ange, Gor att aise at ter at ok wa age aT; (a) 2a at a at ak aan fa oF Ty at dar st (S) oa & eet at aS arcaa ait wer sige St svat ar Frater ae st ed, aon oi wear a vi We anata ast deeral Sak at, tet wena aT am wt ot teens a ara & faequ a; (a) watt aries dept at tikaenel ian a1 meee are otk saa ofa (@) wafer vaiaem a, fra siete a, se, a4 ain wa haz, tar BE SIT waar Salt wt oe whos & ofa cara Te; (a) Fare gfeeain, ara sik aA wer AUR Ft aT aT faa FE (a) wears doa ai aia wa hk fra (a) watiara aft ape afta a ant dat seed wt fe aah a ae, FE od rt et ok aS we; (2) aie mrar-fiat a eam 2, ve at a tee at aw St ony aR aT, ‘aenfeefa, arere a afaares at fare a saat Fe StLConstitution of India Part IV A (Article 51 A) Fundamental Duties It shall be the duty of every citizen of India (a) (b) (©) @ te) wo (8) (h) @ @ +) Note: to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; to cherish and follow the noble ideals whi struggle for freedom; inspired our national to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures; to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spit of inquiry and reform; to safeguard public property and to abjure violence; to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement; ‘who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years ‘The Article 51A containing Fundamental Duties was inserted by the Con (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976 (with effect fom 3 January 1977). *(&) was inserted by the Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 (with cffet from 1 April 2010),aNd ct daar saferert A, ana & ain, ane wt oe ‘Laqut wy warmardt cahrter citendareren TORT] sa a fer, cen Sah ares ae st : arise, anf sik wsrtfees ara, farar, afteataa, favara, i sit Sore 1 kai, ‘wferen site ster FT IAAT Wea aa & faz, was wae cafes at afc sit * [Te cht Toma aft argtgar] ghiftaa caret agar wert & fare gency tiat ort ga afeert wet A ans athe 26 Waax, 1949 % al UMagRT Fa Bfaert wt atte, atfaPratia itt arent ara 1 1, Hf (weet dies) after, 1976 at aT 2 BAD (3.1.1977 @) “Smaps ae citar oa” a eer oe ween 2. wha (weer wren) aff, 1976 9 wr 2 ra (3.1.1977 8) “ae aR pan" Ser eeatreaeTHE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA PREAMBLE WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a [SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure toallits citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the “[unity and integrity of the Nation]; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949 do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. 1. Subs, By the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, Sec.2, forSovereign Democratic Republic (we-£-3.1-1977) 2. Subs, by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1978, See.2, for"Unity ofthe Nation” (w.e..3.1.197)‘Team Members for Review of Support Material S.No. | Name & Designation School Name/Branch 1 Dr. Gokula Nand Deolal OSD SOSE (Principal) 2. Mr. Vidya Sagar Malik Core Academic Unit (Lecturer Mathematics) 3 Mr. Udai Bir Singh RPVY, Vasant Kunj (Lecturer Mathematics) 4 Mr. Shashank Vohra RPVY, Hari Nagar (Lecturer Mathematics) 5. Smt. Suman Arora RPVV, Paschim Vihar (Lecturer Mathematics)ANNUAL SYLLABUS MATHEMATICS (Code NO. 041) Class-Xil Session 2022-23 ‘One Paper Max Marks:40 No. Units No. of Periods | Marks 1._| Relations and Functions 30 08 | Algebra 50 10 ti | Catcutus 80 35 IV. } Vectors and Three - Dimensional Gemetry 30 “4 v._ | Linear Programming 20 05 vi_| Probability 30 08 Total 240 80 Internal Assessment 20 Unit-l: Relations and Functions 1. Relations and Functions 15 Periods Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and ‘onto functions. 2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 15 Periods Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. Unit: Algebra 1. Matrices 25 Periods Concept, notation, order, equality types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on mattices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Oncommutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, ifit exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).2. Determinants 25 Periods Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix, Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix. Unit-ll: Caleulus 1. Continuity and Differentiability 20 Periods Continuity and differentiabilty, chain rule, derivative of inverse trigonometric functions, like sin-'x, cos *xand tan’*x, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions, Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions, Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives. es 10P ds 2. Applications of Derival Applications of derivatives: rate of change of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima (frst derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real life situations). 3. Integrals 20 Periods Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of function by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them ox dx dx x ta? “Vax? bxve" Jax? + bx+0 [PES yf EO fa? ax ebxre Vax? rbx+e Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals. Fn jor? sxe dx 4, Applications of the Integrals 15 Periods Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially ines, circles/ellipses (in standard form only) 5. Differential Equations Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions ofa differential equation. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of homogeneousdifferential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type: ‘ ax fectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry 1. Vectors: Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dat) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors, 2. Three - dimensional Geometry 15 Periods Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Angle between two lines. Unit. Linear Programming 4. Linear Programming Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded or unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non- trivial constraints). Uni -VI: Probability 4. Probability Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distributionS.No. 10, 1 42, 13, Contents Chapter Name Relations and Functions, Inverse Trigonometric Functions Matrices Determinants Continuity and Differentiabilty Application of Derivatives Integrals Application of Integrals Differential Equations Vectors ‘Three-dimensional Geometry Linear Programming Probability © Sample Questions Paper © Practice Papers -| © Practice Papers-II Page No. 01-35 36-49 50-64 65-80 81-92 93-106 107-134 135-143 144-157 158-174 175-190 191-202 203-217 218-237 238-256 287-265Ire} 40 S3dAL TET 4O S3dAL SNOMDNTS GNV SNOILWTU (= WaLaVHO) aVIN-1439NOD [Class XII: Maths]SDM (= WaldVHO) dV — 1d39NOD [Class XII: Maths]Serpe oe anyon amy 128 am uous “unangojavo4 aus ay1 fo ssoronfoc) sayoadsas os yits tunyo> jos S| fo swowinyo oy Sduynus 29 fr: ALaadoud| ‘SINVNIWUS130 (e= WaLAVHS) dV —1d3NOS worssaadyo uv 04 saponoossy xurbut auonb aon [Class XII: Maths]= ta) Ee [Class XII: Maths]FR 7) ayy ena) sss (am a ogpaud se 2yuqer 2) (az nj= (azn) ALIMIAVILNANATAIC GNV ALIANLLNOD JO dV Lda ON ‘LINNIINO! [Class XII: Maths]Noteworthy Results on Continuous Functions * A constant Function f(x)=k is continuous everywhere. * Identity Function f()=x is continuous everywhere. it0,X40:XtoneenidyX' NEN,XER is continuous * The modulus function f(x)=[x is continuous everywhere. * The logarithmic function f(x)=x is continuous in its domain * The exponential function f(x)=_«',a>0 is continuous everywhere, * The sine function f(x)=sinx and cosine function f(x) =cosx. are everywhere continuous . “The tangent function, cotangent function, secant function and cosecant function are continuous in their respective domains. ~All the six inverse trigonometric functions are continuous in their respective domains. *A rational function f(x)=g(x)/h(x) ,h(x)not equal to zero is continuous at every point ofits domain. * Sum , difference ,product and quotient of of two continuous function is a continuous function. Afunetion f may fall be continuous at x=0 for any of the following reasons (1) fis not defined at x=a, Le,(@) does not exist (2)Bither im f(x) does not exist or lim (x) does not exist. (@) tm f(x}tim f(x} (4) im f(x) [Class XII: Maths] 7PLICATION OF DERIVATIVE ‘pint Cin the domain of at which] either )=0oris no ferentibeis called acta point off. tear scare Rei io teemsaext reesei ec tepid sae tee pasted ae oasis teCe pti, af nedase sYaxaatepCh¢| tein ai aii et ae ptr | gain age im isan ita on cis el ita Tay Yo tht uty ty =i Hipejeremtemetngtyenso | vente angola a= adj manera if een fdr esac aepe ean singel ‘aphasia Afancton ssi tobe )inaeasing on) if, f(2)¥s,n¢ (ut) I(x} 2 0¥ xe (a) ) then fis increasing in (a) and iff (x) 0 x (af) .hen isdecreasing in) Forex Let f)= ff -BY tan R then ()= 3644531} 41 007 so, the function fis strictly increasingon R. [Class XII: Maths]Fieactodnvhcher dap tera eaemtemai nme aera ae mol an cing ante San atanpetangs fnctebeste aastaehedtc yetnenaminpd oe revatio elem focattgece tans se ferences os] erence eS (rfemrenereonrre 1 )-7( 28), Anant en eA 0) Adena i Hani ros ‘tne owing forms am PTF NEE Sige Pace EF oto ‘Lette continuous funcin of defined anf] and et F be another function such hat Ar(e)s(eyredamsina fe or Fo)ek FFTs te teint foe he ange 4, whee dae cl thes ington, gt erin beth pert [Class XII: Maths]INTEGRATION OF SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS o [tarps ww Sat en gles x= al larx| Poe 2a la~ | tae a be o lpae @ eo loghe + Yat a? ‘SOME STANDARD INTEGRALS ) [xde- 7 + o,ne—t tke, fox =x +e (i) feos x ax=sinx +e (ii) fsinxdx=-cos xe (0 [see xde=tan x6 © feosec?xde=—cotx + (#) fscoxtancde=seexte (wi) [eosesxcot a= —coseex +e a (6) [pee Hcostx re ve ax x | dy a 2 + bin fare 2 ve ov) [FP =~ cose x6 yx? — 1 bai) [dee og ae INTEGRATION BY PARTS. JAG bdr = 5) [felon - a Li00 food Seite) [0 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS Pix Px rational function of the form at (Q(x) #0)= Tx) + oe .P,(x) has degree less than that 40 [Class XII: Maths]Pie of Q(x). We can integrate a by expressing itin the following forms: —Pxtd ___ 9 Way) xa px+q__A (say x8 (x-aF ® pxtoxtr A i) Gray B)x-a) x-a x-b x-o px? + aK+r A B c A (x+a)?(x-b) x-@ uae xb x? 4 gr A Bx+c » ~} (era) tbx4e) X-8 xe bxte INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS. 0 [soa ae =¥ fe taf oP =a + 2 (0) [ra a= Bea + Logs i? =a fa x Pox (i [ea oe =H aH? + Lat Lve FIRST FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS. Let the area functions be defined by A(x) = f(x) be A2 a, where fis continuous on [a,b] then A(x) = f(x ve [a, 6} ‘SECOND FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS. Let fbe a continuous functions of x defined on [a, 6] and let F be another function such that, d » a FH)= x) xe domain off then J, #(x)dx= [F(x) + c]2 = F(b)-F(a). This a called the definite integral of f over the range (a, b] where a and b are called the limits of integration, a being the lower limit and b be the upper limit. [Class Xil: Maths]SIVESTINI JO SNOIVoTIddv [Class XII: Maths] 2lap< Piss nour Jeouiawun say ppp uoyy pun Aypioandes| Panvynoyn> aq pmnoys stind avi fo va. ays won) ‘sr — y sojaq “art an— ays uy soy ted wos PUD sp>—X avogn °21 apIs aX + ayy UE Son aun ayt fo xd awos fj aaytsod so uoyp)| stopp St Dady : Daub aatDBaNy Pun arutsod | SIVYSIINI 30 SNOILVITIddY [Class XII: Maths]Suonenby TNT GwMUTD ae TAITOD [Class XII: Maths]S Etat aldo Aq uous 91 (4 40) dof apmintion ayy ainf aoe sp 3 08.) oor matory g moda P| op wood ayy pono sy “Sasuandsas “ened PM. > UI 91 0 4 PPO Fray JO 101% ays wou “(0 "0 °0) 0 mio ays 01 iadsou yas (e3¢+¢) sorompioo> Suuiny ‘aonds ur gp m0 v Jf) SYOID3A [Class Xil: Maths]eee. pow LET, DE Ae DN q sete tetle ele te] aun Gs"8C'ng puo (e"“Sy smd ‘ony ySnaayy Sussod auy » fo sous wonraa our 4 “ou 240 fo sone won2au on ado Spanodses w pun w *y Sousa wonrenp 41 01 rowonodoud 9 puv q *» siogunu oa.yy up (6.0) aNIT¥ 40 S.o1L¥Y NomaTHa| Ea [ ape ag Yel WapR aD Tia Fol Se ES rua nersaavo) +0 = 4 RYOT WOLIE| a eee es ee eee NTT ¥ JO NOLLFAO®, £809 =u ‘so = w'Dsoo =] ‘smi ‘wi *] ig potouap ap sauisos woUDaLIp YL IA) ANIT V AO SINISOD NOWLIAMIC AUISINO3D TWNOISNAWIG 338 (TT = WaldWHO) dVIN - 1d39NOD [Class XII: Maths] 16(ZT Tavdey Dy de WaaII0 7 [Class XII: Maths]CHAPTER-1 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS temperature of 22° Celsius is shown here, temperature of 172" Fahrenheit is shown here. (On the Celsius scale, wate freezes at 0° and boils at [bs (On the Fahrent water freezes at I By looking at the the two thermometers shown, you can make some general comparisons. between the scales. For example, many people tend to be comfortable in outdoor tempera- tures between 50°F and 80°F (or between 10°C and 25°C). If a meteorologist predicts an average temperature of 0°C (or 32°F), then itis a safe bet that you will need a winter jacket. Sometimes, itis necessary to convert a Celsius measurement to its exact Fahrenhelt mea- surement or vice versa, For example, what if you want to know the temperature of your child in Fahrenheit, and the only thermometer you have measures temperature in Celsius measurement? Converting temperature between the systems is a straightforward process. Using the function 9 F=1(C)= % C+ 32, any temperature in Celsius can be converted into Fahrenheit scale. TOPIC TO BE COVERED AS PER CBSE LATEST CURRICULUM 2022-23 ‘Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations, One to one and onto functions Arelation in a sot Ais a subset of Ax A. Thus, Ris a relation ina setA=RCAXA Relations, If (a,b) R then we say that a is related to b and write, aRb If (a, b)¢ in K then we say that ais not related to b and write, a Fb. [Class Xil: Maths] 19fnumber of elements in set Aand set B are p and q respeciively, Means n(A)=p, n(8)=, then No. of Relation af Ax A= 2"" No. of Relation of B x B= 27 No. of Relation of A x B= No. of Relation of B x A= 2" No. of NON EMPTY Relation of Ax A=(2” — 1), No. of NON EMPTY Relation of Bx B = (2% — 1). No. of NON-EMPTY Relation of Ax B = No. of Relation of B x A= (2"—1) Q.4_ IFA= (a, b, o) and B = (1, 2} find the number of Relation R on (i) Ax A (i) B « B (i Ans. As n(A) = 3, n(B) = 2, so No. of Relation R on AxA= 2!" No. of Relation R on Bx B= No. of Relation R on Ax 8= 27 = 2"= 64 Q2 A= {d, 0, 6} and B = {22, 23} find the number of Non-empty Relation R on (i) AA (i) BxB Ans. As n(A) = 3, n(B) = 2, so No. of Relation Non-emply relations R on Ax A= 2°"3—1 = 2°— No. of Relation Non-emply R on Bx B= 2*?-1= 24-1= 15 Different types of relations + Empty Relation Or Void Relation Arelation R in a set Ais called an empty relation, if no element of Ais related to any ‘element of Aand we denote such a relation by Example: Let A=(1,2, 3, 4) and|et R be a relation in A, given by R = {(a, 6): a+ b=20}. + Universal Relation ent Arelation R in a set Ais called an universal relation, if each element of Ais related to every element of A. Example: LetA={1, 2, 3, 4) and let R be a relation inA, given by R= {(a, b): a+ b> 0} + Identity Relation Arelation R in a set Ais called an identity relation, where R = {(a, a), a Ab. Example : Let A= (1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be a relation in A, given by R= {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}. 20 [Class XII: Maths]+ Ref ive Relation Arelation R in a set Ais called a Reflexive relation, if (a, a) ¢ R, for all ac A Example : Let A= (1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be a relation in A, given by R={(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4) (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (1, 2). R={(1, 1), (2,2). 8, 3), 4,4), (2,3), (1,3), 8. 1)) + Symmetric Relation Arelation R in a set Ais called a symmetric relation, if (a, b) = R, then (b, ae R for all abe A, Example : Let A= (1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be a relation in A, given by R= (1,1), (2,2), 8,3) R={(1,2), (2,1), 8,3) R={(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4,4), (2, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2)). + Transitive Relation Arelation Rin a set Ais called a transitive relation, if (a, b)e Rand (b, ce R then (a, cle R foralla,b, ce A or (a, bye Rand (b,c) ¢ Rforalla, bce A Example : Let {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be a relation in A, given by (1, 1), (2.2), (@,3)). (According to second condition) (4, 2), (2,4), (4,1), (2,2)}. (According to frst condition) R= (2,3), (1,9, (, 1) (8,2), (8,9). 2) (1, + Equivalence Relation Arelation Rin a set Ais said to be an equivalence relation if itis reflexive, symmetric and transitive, lustration: Let Abe the set ofall integers and let R be a relation in A, defined by R= {a, b): a= b}, Prove that Ris Equivalence Relation. Solution: Reflexivity : Let R be reflexive => (a, a)e RY ac A => a=, which is tue ‘Thus, R is Reflexive Relation. Symmetricity : Let (a,b) RVa bc A = a=b = bea [Class Xil: Maths] 21so (b, a) R. Thus Ris symmetric Relation, Transitivity : Let (a, b) = Rand (b,c)e RY abccA > a=bandb=c 2a =a 80 (a, ¢)e R. Thus Ris transitive Relation. As, Ris reflexive, Symmetric and transitive Relation Ris an Equivalence Relation FUNCTIONS Functions can be easily defined with the help of concept mapping. Let X and Y be any two non-empty sets. “A function from X to Y is a rule or correspondence that assigns to each ‘element of set X, one and only one element of set Y", Let the correspondence be 'f then mathematically we write f: x y. where y= lx), x= X and ye Y. We say that'y is the imagesof x’ under f(or xis the pre image oy) + Amapping f: X > Y is said to be a function if each element in the set X has its image in set Y. Itis also possible that there are few elements in set Y which are not the images of any element in set X. + Everyelementin set X should have one and only one image. That means itis impossible to have more than one image for a specific elementin set X. + Functions cannot be multi-valued (A mapping that is multi-valued is called a relation from XandY)eg Sax Sey Function Function Testing for a function by Vertical line Test Arelation f: A> B is a function or not, it can be checked by a graph of the relation. Ifit is possible to draw a vertical ine which cuts the give curve at more thatn one point then the given Felation is not a function and when this vertical line means line parallel to Y-asix culs the curve at only one point then itis a function. Following figures represents which sinot a function and which is a function. 2 [Class XII: Maths]Number of Functions Let X and Y be two finite sets having m and n elements respectively. Thus each element of set X can be associated to any one of n elements of set Y. So, total number of functions. from set X to set Y is 1" Real valued function: if R, be the set of real numbers and A, B are subsets of R, then the function f: A-» B is called a real function or real valued functions, Domain, Co-Domain And Range of Function Ia function fis defined from a set Ato set B then (if: A> B) set Ais called the domain of f and set B is called the co-domian of f The set of all Fimages of the elements of Ais called the range of f In other words, we can say Domain = All possible values of x for which f(x) exists. Range = For all values of all possible values of fx). yt 7 From the figure we observe that Domain = A = {a, b, ¢, d} Range = {p, q, r}, Co-Domain = {p, q, r, s}= B EQUAL FUNCTION ‘Two function fand g are said to be equal functions, ifand only if () Domain of f= Domain of g (i) Co-domain of f= Co-domain of g (ii) (02) = 909 for all xe their common domain [Class Xil: Maths] 23‘TYPES OF FUNCTION COne-one function (injection): A function f : A -> B is said to be a one-one function or an injection, if different elements of Ahave differentimages in B. e.g. Letf:A-> B and g : X> Y be two functions represented by the following diagrams. Clearly, f: A+ B is a one-one function. But g : X+ Y is not one-one function because two distinct elements x, and x, have the same image under function g. Method to check the injectivity (One-One) of a function () Take two arbitrary elements x, y (say) in the domain of f (i) Solve x)= fy). If fix) = fy) give x= y only, then f: A> B is a one-one function (or an injection). Otherwise not. IF function is given in the form of ordered pairs and if two ordered pairs do not have same second element then function is one-one. Ifthe graph of the function y = f(x) is given and each line parallel to x-axis cuts the given curve at maximum one point then function is one-one. (Strictly increasing or Strictly Decreasing Function). E.g Y, 7, it a 1) x eX x x e 2 mn Ol fx) = at (0 B is an into function if there exists an element in B having no preimage in A. In other words, f: A» B is an into function if itis not an onto function e.g, The following arrow diagram shows into function, Bf Method to find onto or into function: (0) Solve ftx)= yby taking x as a function of yi.e., ay\(say). ()Nowif (y)is defined for each y co-domain and g(y) « domain then f(x)is onto and ifany one of the above requirements is not fulfilled, then fix) is into. One-one onto function (bijection) : Afunction f:A-» Bisa bijection itis one-one as well as onto. In other words, a function f: A> Bis a bijection if tis one-one ie, x) = fly) = x= yfor all x, ye A (i) Itis onto ie,, for all ye B, there exists x A such that fix) = Clearly, fis a bijection since its both injective as well as surjective, Illustration : Let: R > R be defined as fx) = 7x-— 5, then show that function is one-one and onto Both. Solution : Let fix) =f) Vv xe R y-8 = Tx [Class Xil: Maths] 25f(x) is one-one function x §, is a polynomial function. soitis defined everywhere. Thus, Range = R ‘As, Range = co-domain, so [Fis onto function, Alternative method : Graph of x) is a line which is strictly increasing forall values of x, so its on-one function and Range of f(x) is R which is equal to R so onto function. ILLUSTRATION: If fX. Yis defined, then show that fis neither one-one nor onto function. Solution : As for elements 3 and 4 from set X we have same image c in set Y, so fis not ‘one-one function. Further element d has no pre -image in set X, s0 Fis not onto function ILLUSTRATION: Prove that the flunction f: N -> N, defined by f(x) = x+ x + 2022 is one-one. SOLUTION: APPROACH-| (24x, + 20RD = x2+x,+ 2027 Let Ax,) = flx,) ¥ xX xe N= > xen, ft > KP =X2) +O, -x) 20 AM) +O, tt 1)=0 Thus,(x,—x,)=O.as (x, +x, + 1)20¥ xx,€N 80, fis ONE-ONE function APPROACHGI Mix) = 8+ x + 2022 = F(x) = 2x41 As, xe No, 2x +1>0= f"(x) = 0 (Strictly Increasing function) ‘80, fis ONE-ONE function 26 [Class Xil: Maths]Type of Functions Name of | Definition [Domain] Range Graph Function 1. Identify TR Function | Thefunction f:R»R defined by fx)=xv xe R 2.Constant |Thefunction/:R-»Reefinedby | R | (c) Function |f(x)=c¥ xe R 3. Polynomial The function > Redefined by Function | f(x) =p, + p.x+ pe + ... + p,2 where me N and Py PyPy Py eRVxeR 4. Rational The function f defined by f(x) = Function | p(x) POO winere P(x) and Ox) are au)" (x) and Q(x) a polynomial functions, Q(x) #0 5.Modulus | The function f: R-> R defined by R | x Funetion jm x20). p AI=WIEL yea ™ 6. Signum |The function f= R-> R defined by R |e.) Function ‘unctio 4, x<0 x>0 x=0 7.Greatest |ThefuncioniR>Rdefinedby | pg | z Integer Function xxeZ x) = bel = finteger less than equal to x, x#Z 8. Linear |Thefunctionf:R->Rdefinedby ] Rk | R Function | f(x)=mx-+e,xe Rwhere mand care constants [Class Xil: Maths] 2710. " 12 14. 45. 16. 17 18. 19. 20, 24 2, 28 ONE-MARK QUESTIONS Consider the set A= (1, 2, 3), then write smallest equivalence relation on A, Consider the set A containing n elements then, write the total number of injective func- tions from A onto itself. Let Z be the set of integers and R be the relation defined in Z such that a R biif (ab) is divisible by 3, then R partitions the set Z into how many Pairwise disjoint subsets. Let the relation R be defined in N by a Rbif 2a + 3b = 30, Find R Let R be the equivalence relation in the set Z of integers given by = {(a, b) : 2 divides a —b}, then Find the equivalence class (0) Let A= {1, 2, 3, ..n} and B = {a, b}. Find the number of surjections from A to B. Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in a family and a relation R defined as ab ifais sister of b, Then check R is Transitive or not, Find the maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A= (1, 2, 3}. i)=22-L, then in #{ 4} po =x SE. ton ind (3) Show that the function F: R-> R defined by f(x) = x*is not Injective. ‘Show that the function f: N -» N given by f(x) = 3xis not Surjective. Find the largest Equivalence Relation on A= {a, b, ¢). Set Ahas 3 elements and the set B has 4 elements. Find the number of injective map- pings that can be defined from Ato B. Find the maximum number of reflexive relation on the set A= {a, 6. IF Ais the set of students of a school then write, which of following relations are Universal, Emply or neither of the two. R, = {(@, b) :a, bare ages of students and [a — bl > 0} R, (a, b) : a, b are weights of students, and la ~ bl <0} {(a, 6) :, bare students studying in same class) It F: A B is Bijective function such that n(A) = 10, then find 1 (B). If: RB given by f(x) = sin xis onto function, then write set B. Let A= {a, b, c}. How many relation can be defined on A x A? How many of these are reflexive? LetA= (1, 3, 5), then find the number of equivalence relations in A containing (1,3) ‘TWO MARKS QUESTIONS ItA={a, b, ¢, d)-and f= ((a, 6), (b, d), (ca), (d, c)}, show that fis one-one from AtoA. ‘Show that the relation R on defined as R = ((a, b) :a< b*}is not transitive. [Class XII: Maths]23. Ifthe function f: R=(1, ~1) ->Adefined by f(x) = is Surjecve, then find A 24. Give an example to show that the union of two equivalence relations on a set Aneed not be an equivalence relation on A. 25. How many reflexive relations are possible in a set Awhose (A) symmetric relations are possible on a set B whose n(B) 26. LetW denote the set of words in the English dictionary. Define the relation R byR (x, y) WW such that x and y have at least one letter in common). Show that this relation R is reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive. 27. Show that the relation R in the set ofall real numbers, defined as R neither reflexive Nor symmetric 28. Consider a function f: R, —> (7, :o) given by ffx) = 16x2+ 24x + 7, where Re is the set of all positive real numbers. Show that function is one-one and onto both. 29. Let L be the set of all lines in a plane. A relation R in Lis given by R((L,,L,): L, and L, intersect at exactly one point, L,,L,« L}, then show that the relation Ris symmetric Only, 30. relation R on set of Natural numbers is given by R =((x,y):xyis a square of an integer) Aliso find How many (a, by as biis is Transitive. THREE MARKS QUESTIONS 31. Are the following set of ordered pairs functions? If so, examine whether the mapping is, injective or surjective, (@ {@ y):xisa person, yis the mother of x}. (i) (2, b): ais a person, b is an ancestor of 4}. 32, Show that the function f: R > R defined byf(x) = 53-3 v xe R.is neither one-one nor onto, 33, Let R be the set of real numbers and f: R -»R be the function defined by f(x) = 4x +5. ‘Show that fis One-one and onto both 34. Show that the relation R in the set A= (3, 4, 5, 6, 7)} given by R= (a, b) : a —bl is divisible by 2) is an equivalence relation. Show that allthe elements of (3, §, 7} are related to each other and all the ements of (4, 6} are related to each other, but no element of (3, 5, 7) is related to any element {4, 6). 35. Check whether the relation R in the set Z of integers defined as R "divisible by 2"}is reflexive, symmetric, transitive or Equivalence, (a,b): a+ bis 36, Show that that following Relations R are equivalence relation in A. (@)_LetAbe the set ofall triangles in a plane and let R be a relation in A, defined by R=((T,,T,):Ty.is congruent T,} (0) LetAbe the set of all triangles in a plane and let R be a relation in, defined by R=((T,T,):T,,issimilarT,,} [Class Xil: Maths] 2937. 38. 39. 40. a 42, 30 (6) LotAbe the set ofall ines in xy-plane and let R be a relation in A, defined by = (Ly, Ly): Ly. is parallel to L) (@)_LotAbe the set ofall integers and let R be a relation in A, defined by R=((a, b) : (ab) is even} (€)LetAbe the set ofall integers and let R be a relation in A, defined by R= {(a, 6): |a—b| is a multiple of 2) (LetAbe the set ofall integers and let R be a relation in A, defined by = {(a, 6); Ja bis a divisible by 3) ‘Check whether the following Relations are Reflexive, Symmetric or Transitive. (@)_LetAbe the set of all lines in xy-plane and let R be a relation in A, defined by = (LL): is perpendicular to L.) (©) LetAbe the set of all real numbers and let R be a relation in Adefined by R={(a, 6): a 0} Let S be the set of all real numbers. Show that the relation R = {a, b): a? + b? = t}is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. ‘Check whether relation R defined in Ras R = {a, b): a? - 4ab + 36? = 0, a, be R}is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Show that the function f: (2, 0) > (-1, 0) defined by f(x one and onto. Tye Xe * isone- FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS For real numbers x and y, define x R y if and only ifx—y + V2 is an irational number, Then check the reflexivity, Symmetricty and Transitvity of the relation R Determine whether the relation R defined on the set of al real numbers as R= (a, b):a, be Randa—b+ V3} (Where S is the set of ail irrational Numbers) is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. [Class XII: Maths]43, Let be the set of ali natural numbers and let R be a relation on N x N, defined by Show that R is an equivalence relation, @ @O)R@&deoatd (i) (@,b)R(G, d) <> ad= be (il) (@ RUG Me s+ G-5s ®) (@0)R(c, d) = ad (b+0)= be (ata) -2 ~== , show that fis one-one and. 44, LetA=R—{1), f:A> Aisa mapping defined by x) = =F onto. 45. Let f: NR be a function defined as (x) = 4x? + 12x+ 15. Show that f: N-> S, where S is the range of f, is One-One and Onto Function. CASE STUDIES. ‘A.A person without family is not complete in this world because family is an integral part of all of us Human deings are considered as the social animals living in group called as, family. Family plays many important roles throughout the life Mr. D.N. Sharmais an Honest person who is living happily wih his family. He has a son Vidya and a Daughter Madhulka. Mr. Vidya has 2 sons Tarun and Gajender and a daugh- ter Suman while Mrs. Madhulika has 2 sons Shashank and Pradeep and 2 daughters, ‘Sweety and Anju. They all Lived together and everyone shares equal responsibilities within the family. Every member of the family emotionally attaches to each other in their happiness and sadness. They help each other in their bad times which give the feeling of security A family provides love, warmth and security toits all members throughout the life which makes it a complete family. A good and healthy family makes a good society and ulti- mately a good society invalves in making a good county. [Class Xil: Maths] 4On tthe basis of above information, answer the following questions: Consider Relation R in the set A of members of Mr. D. N. Sharma and his family ata particular, time () R= (x y): x and ylive in the same locality), then R is (@) Reflexive only (b) Reflexive and Symmetric (¢) Retlexiveand Transitive (@) Equivalence Relation (i) R=((x,y): xis exactly 7 em taller than y), then Ris, (@) Reflexive only (b) Symmetric only (©) Transitive only (@)_ Neither Reflexive, symmetric nor Transitive (ii) R= (x y): xis wife of y, then Ris (@) Reflexive only (&) Symmetric only (©) Transitive only (@)_ Neither Reflexive, symmetric nor Transitive () R= {(x y):xis father of }, then Ris (@) Equivalence Relation (6) Symmetric only (¢) Transitive only (@)_ Neither Reflexive, symmetric nor Transitive ()-R={(x,y): xis Brother of y) then Ris (@) Reflexive only (b) Symmetric only (©) Transitive only (@)_ Neither Reflexive, symmetric nor Transitive B, LetAbe the Set of Male members of a Family, A= (Grand father, Father, Son) and B be the set of their 3 Cars of different Models, B = (Model 1, Model 2, Model 3} (goo = \ 6B overs 32 [Class XII: Maths]On the basis of The above Information, answer the following questions: ()_ How many Relations are possible on Ax B? @ 3 ) 9 © 8 (@ 512 (i) How many Functions are possible on Ax B? @ 3 ) 9 © 2 {)_ None ofthese (i) How many One-one Functions (Injectve) are possible on Ax 8? @ 3 ) 6 (©) o @) 12 (i) How many Onto Functions (surjective) are possible on Ax 8? @ 6 ) 9 (© 2 @ a (\) How many Bijectve functions are possible on Ax B? @ 1 ) 3 (©) 6 @ 9 SELF ASSESSMENT-1 EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE COR- RECT ALTERNATIVE: 4. Consider the set A= {1. 2, 3} and R be the smallest equivalence relation on A.then R= @ (1 tb) 4(1,1),(2,2)) (c) {(1.1)(2,2),(3,3)) @e 2. Consider the set A containing n elements. Then, the total number of injective functions from Aonto itself is @ 2 wn (on (a) 3. The total number of injective nappingsfrom a set with m elements toa set with n elements, msnis (@ nt ) (©) © Gomi 4, The number of injections possible from A= {1,3,5,6) to B = (2,8,11} is, @ 12 (bo) 2 ©) 3 @ 0 [Class Xil: Maths] 335. The number of one-one functions that can defined from = (4,8,12,16} to B is 5040, then n(B) = @7 ©) 8 © 9 @ 10 ‘SELF ASSESSMENT-2 EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE. 4. Arelation Rina set Ais called if @,,a,)© Rimplies (a,,a,)€ R, forall a, ae A (@) Reflexive (b) Simmetric (©) Transitive (@) Equivalence 2. Lal R= (0) RO) dened by fa)= 2 xe R Then (@) One-One (b) Many-One (©) Notdefined (@) None of these 3. Let P={(x, y+ y= 1.x, Ye R). Then P is (@) Reflexive (o) Symmetric (©) Transitive (@) Equivalence 4, The function f: R > R defined by x) = [x], where [] is greatest integer function is (@) One-One (b) Many-One (6) Onto (@) None of these 5. The number of bijective functions (One-one and onto both) from set A to itself when A contains 2022 elements is (a) 2022 (B) 2022! (©) 2022 {D) 2022822 ANSWER ‘One Mark Questions 4. ((11).(2.2).8:3) 2 3. Three 4. (3.8), (6,6), (9,4), (12.2) 5. [0] = (0, #2, #4, 6.) 6. (2"-2) 7. Yes, Transitive 8. Five 9. Zero 1B. AKA 14.28 15. Four 46. R, : Universal relation, R, : Empty relation, R, Neither universal Nor empty 417. n(B) = 10 18. BL-4,1] 19. No. of Relation = 512 No, of Relexive Relation: 20. Two 34 [Class XII: Maths]‘Two Mark Questions 23.A=R-[-41,0] 24, Reflexive Relations = 4096 Symmetric Relation = 64 ‘Three Mark Questions 31. (@)_ Yes it's function, Not Injective but Surjective (b) No, its not a function 35, EQUIVALENCE RELATION 37. (a) Symmetric (b)_ Reflexive and Transitive (©) Neither Reflexive, Symmetricnor Transitive (@_ Neither Reflexive, Symmetric nor Transitive (©) Reflexive and Transitive © Reflextive and Symmetric 39. Reflexive only FouriFive Mark Questions 41. Reflexive only 42. Reflexive only CASE STUDIES BASED QUESTION A. (i) option (d) A. (i option (d) A. (il) option (c) A. (iv) option (d) A. (v)option (c) ‘A. (i) option (d) A. (i option (c) A. (il) option (b) A. (iv) option (a) A. (v) option (c) SELF ASSESSMENT 1. ©) 2 (a 3. 4 (a) 5. () ‘SELF ASSESSMENT-2 1. (0) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) [Class Xil: Maths] 35CHAPTER-2 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS /An example of people using inverse trigonometric functions would be builders such as| [construction workers, architects, and many others [An example of the use would be the creation of bike ramp. You will have to find the height and the length, Then find the angle by using the inverse of sine. Put the ength over the height to} ind the angle. Architects would have to calculate the angle of a bridge and the supports |when drawing outlines, These calculations are then applied to find the safest angle. The| ]workers would then uses these calculations to build the bridge. TOPIC TO BE COVERED AS PER CBSE LATEST CURRICULUM 2022-23 + Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. + Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. 36 [Class Xil: Maths][Class XII: Maths] 37,Function Domain y=sin' x 4.11 ya cos x 1.1] y= tan x R cot! x R y=sectx R-(-1,1) y= cosec" x R-C4.1) + whon xe [1,1] + sin (sin x) =x, when x when xe [4,1] tan"! x + cot! x= when xe R=(-1, 1) sec x + cosec cos" (cos x)= x, when xe [0, 2] tan tanx)=x,when xe ( cot (cot x) when x= (0, 2) x x] osec (cosec x)= x, when xe |~5+5}) ~(0) sec (sec x) = x, when x (0, sin (sin x)= x, when xe [-1, 1] os (cos x)= x, when xe [+1, 1] tan (tan x)= x, when xe R cot (cot ' x)= x, when xe R cot (cos x)= x, when xe R cosec (cosec"' x) = x, when xe R-(-1, 1) sec (sec™' x) = x, when xe R—(-1, 1) 38 [Class XII: Maths]sin, when xe [-1, 1] 008" (x), when xe [-1, 1] ‘tan (x), when xe R cot (x), when xe R sosec" (x), when xe R(-1, 1) sec (x), when xe R(-1, 1) Mlustration: Find the principal value of sir” souton As sn($)e ain sn) (2) ~eetla) Ze 10.) cos (5) tant (VB) =~tan~ (V3 )=— tan tan (2) sane (2) stam es cos-($) + sine (2) star ev [Class Xil: Maths] 39lustration: Find the range of the function f(x) = tan" x + cot x. Soluti n: As, tan x+ cot x= = " 2 0, fix) = © (A constant function) Thus range of x) is {3} Mlustration: 2n If sin-t x + sin-t y= =, then find the value of cos" x + cos” y, Solution: As, sin-* x + cos x cost x= 5 — sit x 2 cos" x + cos" y= x ~ (sin-' x + sin y) ; Mlustration: fas 2.sin" x+ cos" x< b, then find the value a and b. Solution: We know that, sin"! x + cos x = 0s (sin'x)+ Fen = O<(sin“ x) + sin’ x+ cost xsn = 0<2sin-'x+cos"x< x, butgiven, a< sin, x+ cos" x [x05 Mlustration: tare tanya 2 8, ten prove habe + y+ 2 Solution: Let, tar-* x= A, tan’ y= B, tan? z= C lan(A + B) = tan| tanAstanB 4 -tanAlanB ~ tanG ~ = tyz= tony => [eet yzt x= ONE MARK QUESTIONS #). ( 4, tf 008{ cos 1+ si \ jorge [Class Xil: Maths] a 0, then find the value of x.10. " 12, 13. 14. 45. 16. 17 18. 19. 20. it sin sin then find the value of, Express cot’ (-x) forall x Rin terms of cot (x). Find the domain of the function cos-*(2x~ 1). in Jat Find the domain of the function f(x) = (17) Find the value of cot{ cos’ (a5) Find the minimum value of n for which tan! } nen. Find the value of x, If3 tan-'x + cot'x-= r, Find the principal value in each of the following: ssn (coe. cos v6) + +) 4e 4 1 Ilan tx-+tan-"y = then find the value of eot "x + cot "y. Find the value of the expression sin[cot “(cos(tarr"1))} If tant x-+tan~*y =2, then find the value of cot"x+ cot y. Find the value of sin(2 sin-"(0.6)) If tant x =, for some xe R, then find the value of cot"'x. 10 Ifcos“*x + costy + cos“z = 3z, then find the value of (x + y +z + xyz). 3 If sin-x + sin-y + sin'z= >” then find the value of (x + y° + 2°—3xy2). Find x, such that cos-"(x) + cos-"(xt) = 0. [Class XII: Maths]24. Find x, if sin 22. Find the range of fix) = sin'x + tan-'x + sec-'x. 2 +3x-+1 is defined on the set A, Find A 24, If >. cos™'x, =O, then find the value of > x; 23. Ifthe function fx) = cot™' x(x 3) + cos we we 25. 10 S$ sin-x, = 1011, then nd the value of 5 a ‘TWO MARKS QUESTIONS 26, Match the following) If cosa + cos-*b = 2x and sine + sind = x then Sorumnt Taunt A abe 2 o 3 [ maprore @ 1 c (d—a) + (cd) R 2 pL ermrere § a 21 Findtho vai of col cos "(cot in ( sn) L 3} 3) 28. If P= tan (sec 2) + cot? (cosec'3), then find the value of (P? + P+ 11) 29, If P= sec*(tar- 2) + cosec? (cot"3), then find the value of (P*— 2) 20, Fnatnovauwot shear) [retnd — |=288] (2 ay} | 2¥ 2 | 31. Solve for x: tan? Jx(xe) +sin Wx? 4 xed = 2 32. Find the value of x, such that sinx 33, Find x if sin'x—cos-x= 5 34, Iftanr(cot x) = 2x, find x. 35. Sov forx: cos" [cos sin sin = 4) 4) [Class Xil: Maths] 4336. 37. 38. 39. 40, THREE MARKS QUESTIONS Find the value of k, if 100 sin(2 tart (0.75)) =k [Hint: sin26 = 2siné cos®) Prove that po TERESI x 4, 2) (0) cot | Sa caine xX At 1( SERVER) ©) a0 Tex vtax J [Agi 3)_ 4-7 te tn'( 2a") @ (@) sin*{2tan(2 } 3 12, v \3}) 13 {@) Prove that cos{tan”"{sin(cot~* x)}] = (0) Prove that tan{ = +4. (a2 (6) Prove that tan( 4 \a'2 (6 Prove nat tan-( EBV | Neg ty \Wexsvrx) 42 Vix cos x. i= cas% | x (Vircosx—Jt=cosx } 4 af \Tesinx + VTosinx \_ x (Wie eine—Jtsinx J 2 (©) Prove that : tan“ ( Prove that: cot” Solve for x: (a) sin (6x) sin- “(63% 2 (0) Solve for x: sin“"(6x) + sin“"(6V3x) (6) (tan x)? + (cot x? = SE Solve for x: cos(tan~* x) [Class XII: Maths]FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS Illustration: (For Solving Q.41) Ifcos* x+ cosy + cos" then prove that x + y+ 2+ 2xyz = 1 Solution: Let, cos x= A, cos" y= B, cos z= C So,A+B+C=n = A+B Thus, cos(A + 8) = cos(x-C) => cosA cosB ~ sind sinB = ~cosC => c0sA cosB - 1~cos* Ay1-cos? B = —cosC = yin? Jin > 0ytz)=Vvi-? fy? ‘On squaring both the sides, we get y+ 2F=(1-#)(1-¥) 3 FFE Dye = 1-8 Le ty ees Dyye=t 41. Prove the following: L- 2 cosa =sin?a tonem(2)-om-( hy eS J then rove that wir cor'(4)-con{ 42, Prove the following: oN Jee then prove that 9x + 4y2— 12xy cos0 = 36 sin’. (@) If tan’ xs tan“‘y + tan“"z=, then prove that x+ y+ z= xyz (a) If cot x + cot” y + cot"! z = a, then prove that xy + yz + zx=1 CASE STUDIES 43. On National Mathematics Day, December 22, 2020, Mathematics Teachers of DOE organized Mathematical Rangoli Competition for the students of all DOE schools to celebrate and remembering the contribution of Srinivasa Ramanujan to the field of mathematics. The legendary Indian mathematician who was born on this date in 1887. [Class XII: Maths] 45‘Team A of class XI students made a beautiful Rangoli on Trigonometric Identities as shown in the figure Above, While Team B of class XII students make the Rangoli on the graph of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions. As shown in the following On the basis of above information, Teacher asked few questions from Team B. Now you try to ‘answer. Those questions which are as follows: () Whatis the Principal Branch of sin'x? —x x f © |p © (22) (e) (0, (d) [0.x] (ii) Whatis the Principal Branch of cos'x? ne] (18) o [#4] © (22) © @» @ a (li) Whatis the one Branch of cosec"x other than Principal Branch? © © ot @ .1- {5} (W) Ifthe principal branch sec~*x is [0, x] - {kr}, Then is the value of kK? f@) 0 (b) 1 wee » (#5) (4) [0,a) 46 [Class XII: Maths]SELF ASSESSMENT EAH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE, x ]=0, then (&x-1)=0 4. tf c08{ e082 + sin" @ 0 1 © +1 2 2, Domain ofthe function cow( -1) is @ (0.2) &) EAA () [0.1] (@) (0.4) 3, Ifeos-'a + cos"b = 2x and sin-'e + sin'd= x, then a + bP +o? + = @) 0 1 (2 @ 4 (28) 4, The principal value of cos"( cos }+-sin fa) 0 b) = a (d) & (© & ™ F 5 then tand = (be) e+ ( Ver ® Wea ‘SELF ASSESSMENT-2 EAH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE, @o 1 © -1 @ 2 2. Principal Range of the function sin-*xis (@) [0.x] (b) (0.x) a nl © [P45 [Class Xil: Maths] 4710. 2 13.5 16. 19. 2, 28. oF o> i sin-"[% 5 (@ 0 1 (©) 2 @ 3 Range of fx) = sin-'x + tan-'x + sec-txis (x @ Fz) (0) ANSWER ‘One Mark Questions 5 2n 2m. 2 (0, 1] n= 4 (Minimum) @F w OF 16. 2 18. 4) 5 Ba 25 Zero (0) 24.x=3 24, 2022 f Range = | 2022 [Class Xil: Maths]Two Marks Questions 26.A>Q,B>S,C+S,D>P 28, (P+ P+ 11) = 143, 29. (P*—2P)= 195 31.x=00r-1 33.1 ut 35. Three Marks Questions 36.96 39 2 wxet exe @x=55 Wx=G x= 3 40.23 CASE STUDIES BASED QUESTION 43. (i) option (a) 43. i) option d) 43. (i) option (b) 43. (iv) option (c) 43. (v) option (b) SELF ASSESSMENT-1 1. (b) 2 (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (@) ‘SELF ASSESSMENT-2 1. @) 2 (©) 3. (a) 4. dd) 5. (c) [Class Xil: Maths] 49CHAPTER-3 MATRICES Matrices find many applications is scientific field and apply to practical real life problem. Matrices can be solved physical related application and one applied in the study of electrical circuits, quantum mechanics and optics, with the help of matrices, calculation of battery power outputs, resistor conversion of electrical energy into another useful energy, these matrices play a role in calculation, with the help of matrices problem related to Kirchhoff law of voltage ‘and current can be easily solved, Matrices can play a vital role in the projection of three dimensional images into two dimensional screens, creating the realistic decreeing motion. Now day's matrices are used in the ranking ‘of web pages in the Google search. It can also be used in generalization of analytical motion like experimental and derivatives to their high dimensional. Matrices are also used in geology for seismic survey and itis also used for plotting graphs. Matrices are also used in robotics and automation in terms of base elements for the robot, movements. The movements of the robots are programmed with the calculation of matrices ‘row and column’ controlling of matrices are done by calculation of matrices. TOPIC TO BE COVERED AS PER CBSE LATEST CURRICULUM 2022-23 + Concept, notaion, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose. of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. + Operation on matrices: Addition and muttplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Oncommutativity of multi- plication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero ‘matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2), + Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, ifit exists; (Here all matrices, will have real entries). 50 [Class XII: Maths]Matrices are defined as a rectangular arrangement of numbers of functions. Since itis a rectangular arrangement, itis 2-dimensional Atwo-dimensional matrix consists of the number of rows (m) and a number of columns (n). Horizontal ones are called Rows and Vertical ones are called columns. (M A T\———+ Row 1 HST 4 9° i Column 1 ¥ Column 3 Column 2 + Rowz + Row? ORDER OF MATRIX ‘The order of matrix is a relationship with the number of elements present in a matrix. The order of a matrix is denoted by m x n, where m and n are the number of Rows and Columns Respectively and the number of elements in a matrix will be equal to the product of, ‘mand n. TYPES OF MATRICES Row Matrix ‘Amatrix having only one row is called a row matrix, Thus A= [A], is a row matrix if m = 1. So, a row matinx can be represented as A= (Al), Itis called so because it has only one row and the order of a row matrix will hence be 1 * n. For example, A=[1 2 3. 4]is row matrix of order 1 x 4. Another example of the row mattix is. B=[0 9 4] whichis of the order 1 x 3 Column Matrix ‘A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix, Thus, A = [Aqui column matrix fa Hence, the order is m x 1, An example of a column matrix is a my (M afele. 3) | . \A) In the above example, A and Bare 3 x 1 and 4 x 1 order matrices respectively. [Class Xil: Maths] 51Square Matrix Ifthe number of rows and the number of columns in a matrix are equal, then itis called a ‘square matrix Thus, A =[AJjq.i8 a square matrix ifm = n; For example is a square matrix of order 3 * 3. \ 123 a=|4 § 6) 789) For Additional Knowleda ‘The sum of the diagonal elements in a square matrix Ais called the trace of matrix A, and which is sdenoted by tr(A); tA) Zero or Null Matrix Ifin a matrix all the elements are zero then itis called a zero matrix and itis generlly denoted by 0. Thus, A= (AJ, {8 @ zero-matrix if a, = 0 forall ‘and j; For example Here A and Bare Null matrix of order 3 x 1 and 2 * 2 respectively, Diagonal Matrix Ifall the non-diagonal elements of a square matrix, are zero, then itis called a diagonal matrix. ‘Thus, a square matrix A 0, when ij; o-(°° lo 0) A, Band Care diagonal matrix of order 3 « 3, and Dis a diagonal matrix of order 2 x 2, Diagonal matrix can also be denoted by A= diagonal [2 3 4], B= diag [2 0 4], C=[0 0 4] a, is a diagonal matrix if i 20 0) ee 0 0 0) A=|0 3.0 0 0 olc-|o 0 0 oo4) loos o04 Important things to note: () A diagonal matrix is always a square matrix. {i The diagonal elements are characterized by this general form: a, where ‘means that a matrix can have only one diagonal This 52 [Class XII: Maths]Scalar Matrix Ifall the elements in the diagonal of a diagonal matrix are equal, itis called a scalar matrix. Thus, a square matrix A = [ais a scalar matrix i [0 tej {ig i j. (D 0 EY 2 0 |is.an upper triangular matrix of oder 8* 3, oso &} [Class Xil: Maths] 53Lower Triangular Matrix A square matrix is called a lower triangular matrix, ifa, = 0, when i> j. (D O%-9) a=|o DD EOE is a lower triangular matrix of order 3 x 3. ‘Transpose of a Matrix Let A be any matrix, then on interchanging rows and columns of A. The new matrix so obtained is transpose of A donated A’ or A’ [order of A= m x n, then order of A’ nxn) Properties of transpose matrices A and Bare: @ (Ay=A (©) (KAY = kA” (k= constant) (c) (A+B) =A™+ BT (d) (AB)' = BY. AT Symmetric Matrix and Skew-Symmetric matrix + Asquare matrix A= [a]is symmetric fA'= Aiea, W iand + Asquare matrix A = [ais skew-symmetric fA =~ Ai. a,=-a, ¥ andj (All diagonal elements are zero in skew-symmetric matrix) Mustration: ‘Ais matrix of order 2022 x 2023 and B is a matrix such that AB" and BT Aare both defined, then find the order of matrix B. Solution: Let the order of matrix be R * ©, So, genie (Bog > C= 2028 (As ABs defined) (B cuz Azczoves =? R= 2022 (As BT Ais defined) ‘Thus order of matrix Bis (2022 « 2023), Mlustration: If Ais a skew symmetric matrix, then show that 4? is symmetric. Solution: As A is skew-symmetric, AT'= -A (AY = (AY = ALAT= (CA) (CA) = A As (y= a > Thus, A?is symmetric, 54 [Class XII: Maths]Mlustration: (1-1) (3 4) fab +X = = Ha a tis gy wnerex= io y -1) (2 P).(3 " (1 sotationsas, (2S) (2 Gils fa b\_(3 4) (1 -1)_(3-1 4+1) ic alls shl2 siis-2 63) = (2356 3) (On compairing the corresponding elements, we get, Mlustration: If Ais a diagonal matrix of order 3 * 3 such that A? = A, then find number of possible matrices A. Solution: As, Ais a diagonal matrix of order 3 * 3 (a 0 0) Let, A=|0 6 0 lo oc} #0 0 = A=|0 0 0 0 ‘a0 0) {a 0 AsAt=A >|0 b 0|=|0 6? 0 oO oe 0 So, a= 0 or~1, similarly b and c can take 2 values (0 and ~1), ‘Thus, total number of possible matrices are 2x 2 x 2= 8. [Class Xil: Maths] 55ONE MARK QUESTIONS Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 x 2 with each entry 1, 2 or 3. Find the Order of the following Matrices. Also find the total Number of elements in each matrix. (2 @ A=|A T 0 @ c=|6 \H SL) \7 (1 2 2) p-|2 39 C) 530 \6 1 3) Give an example of a 2 2 Non-zero matrices A, 8 and C such that, (@) AB=ObutBAe0 — (b) AB= and BA=O (c) AB=AC but B+C Give an example of a 3 x 3 matrix which is (2) Upper Triangular as well as Lower Triangular Matrix (0) Symmetric Matrix (c) Skew-Symmetric Matrix (@)__ Neither Symmetric non Skew-Symmetric Matrix (e) Symmetric as well as skew-symmetric (a) How many Matrices of order 2 x 2 are possible with entry 0 or 1. How many of these are diagonal matrices. List them (0) How many Matrices of order 3 x 3 are possible with 0 or—1. How many of these are. Diagonal matrices? (c)_ Ifthere are five one’s Le. 1,1, 1, 1, 1 and four zeroes ie. 0, 0,0, 0. Thus how many symmetric matrices of order 3 « 3 are possible with these 9 entries? (1 2-2 3) 7 5 Find ‘x, if 4 is symmetric Matrix. {s 7 -j)"o™ fo +614 Find x,fA=|°* * 8 7 |g skew-symmetric Matrix. 1 (2-7 0 0) Find (x+y,ifA=| 0 x-3 0 Lo o 7 is scalar Matrix. [Class XII: Maths]9. Find the value of xy, if 2 0 y-x x+y-2 3 0 |isadiagonal matrix o 0 4 (10 1. HO Dg 11, If Als matrix of order mx mand B is a matrix such that AB’ and B'A are both defined, then find the order of matrix B. }= 0, then tind 12. If Ais a skew-symmetric matrix, then (4®)' = kA¥, find the value of k 13. If Ais asymmetric matrix, then (4?)"= kAV, find the value of k. 14, If Aisa square matrix such that A? = /, then find the value of (A~ 1)? + (A+ )}— 7A. (3 -2) find ‘K for A? = kA ~ 21 15. fA 3) 2 35 16. IfA=|x—2 1 6 | isan Upper-Triangular matrix, then find the value of (x + y— 2). e-y 24 17. Ifallentries of a square matrix of order 2 are either 3, -3 or 0, then how manyNon-zero, matrices are possible? 18, [fall the entries of a3 x 3 Matrix are either 2 or 6, then how many DIAGONAL matrices are possible? 19, Ifall the entries of a 3 3 Matrix B are either 0 or 1, then how many SCALAR matrices are possible? 20. fall the entries of a 3 « 3 Matrix C are either 0 or 1, then how many IDENTITY matrices are possible? 21. Amatrix X has ‘p’ number of elements, where p is a prime number, then how many orders Xan have? 22. Let A and B are two matrices, such that the order of A is 3 x 4, if A’B and BA’ are both defined then find the order of B. 23. IfA=diag (3 -6 7), B=diag (-1 2 4) then find (A + 28) 24, Find the value (x-+ y) from the following matrix equation: 4) (7 6) 2) "\1s 14) (2 3y o) 25. Find MatrixAwnere, A=|4 4 > 4} [Class Xil: Maths] 87‘TWO MARKS QUESTIONS 26. If Aisa square matrix, then show that (a) (A+ Ais symmetric matrix. (0) (A-A’)is symmetric matrix. (¢)_(AA’)is symmetric matrix. 27. Show that every square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew- symmetric matrix 28. If Aand Bare two symmetric matrices of same order, then show that, () (AB—BA)is skew-symmetric Matrix. (i) (AB + BA) is symmetric Matrix. 0 6 7) (o14 (2 ww tafe @ ale-{t 0 s]e-{3| wamamiemerace se 4 1) 0) ) tarot 1] a8 A-28=[ J) then show that a 20. IA 4) show tat AB « BA 31. Find atrix X, f¢ rion (© 4 (2 indamaticxtorwnien (2 4) (1 2) 32. If Aand B are symmetric matrices, show that AB is symmetric, if AB = BA. 33. Match the following: Possible Number of Matrices (4,) of order 3 x 3 with entry 0 or 1 which are Condition No, of matrices (1) | A, is diagonal Matrix P 2 @ [A,isuppertriangular Matrix | Q 2 (@)_[A, is identity Matrix R 2 @ A, is scalar Matrix s 2 ‘cosx -sinx) (cose -shnax) 4. Ha tnonprov ata'= (SEO ) 23.diag(1 -1 15) 24. xty=tt 25.9 4) Two Marks Questions 3. (1) 9R QOS BoP )>Q [Class Xil: Maths] 6312 5) (0 0 0) fo 00) (0 2 s@|25 7/000] aloo ok/20 4 [s 7-5} lo 0 0] looolls «0 (0 0) (29 24) ». (5 0) ve. (2 2) (1 ~8) \e -1) Three Marks Questions (4-1-2) (19 27) 0 5 10) 42.(a)|3 4 -1 42. (b)| 4 4 27) 42.(c)|5 0 13 las 1] ls a9) lio 13. 0 (1 0 0) 0 0) 40.(d) 42. (3/2 10 3) \3. 1.4) o ane ‘CASE STUDIES QUESTION 50. (option) 50 option c) 50. i) option (c) 50.) option) 50-(voplion (c) SELF ASSESSMENT 1. (©) 2 d) 3. (a) 4. (o) 5. @) SELF ASSESSMENT2 1.) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 64. [Class XII: Maths]CHAPTER-4 DETERMINANTS he of the important aplications of inverse of anon-singular ‘uare matrix isin cryptography. 'yptography is an art of communication between two ple by keeping the information not known to others. It based upon two factors, namely encryption and cryption, horyption means the process of transformation of an ‘ormation (plain form) into an unreadable form (coded rm). On the other hand, Decryption means the insformation of the coded message back into original "m. Encryption and decryption require a secret technique hich is known only to the sender and the receiver. This secret is called a key. One way of generating a key is by using a non-singular matrix to ‘encrypt a message by the sender. The receiver decodes (decrypts) the message to retrieve the original mesage by using the inverse of the matrix. The matrix used for encryption is called ‘encryption matrix (encoding matrix) and that used for decoding Is called decryption matrix (decoding matrix). TOPIC TO BE COVERED AS PER CBSE LATEST CURRICULUM 2022-23 + Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrice), minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. + Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. + Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by ‘examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix. a >’ iq | Where a, b,c, dare complex numbers (As Complex Number Include Real Number). It denotes the complex number ad—be. Even though the value of determinants Represented by Modulus symbol but the value of a determinant may be positive, negative or zero. Inother words, ab od + Determinant of order 1 is sthe number itself. Adeterminant of order 2is written as /A] ad— be (Product of diagonal elements — Product of non-diagonal elements) + We can expand the determinants along any Row or Column, butfor easier calculations we shall expand the determinant along that row or column which contains maximum number of zeroes. [Class Xil: Maths] 65MINORS AND COFATORS Minor of an Element Ifwe take an element of the determinant and delete/remove the row and column containing that element, the determinant of the elements left is called the minor of that element. Itis denoted by M, For example, Let us consider a Determinant |A] abe wi-|a 0 tl par er) ye de tl=M=|q a bar 2 Pe ef 4 6 Ff) My=|q ,| Minorofa,,=M,) par ab ef 22 Pua? {omerse, . Hence a determinant of order two will have “4 minors" and a determinant of order three will have “9 minors” Minor of an Element: Cofactor ofthe elementa, is , = (-1)"M,; where /and j denotes the row and column in which the particular element lies. (Means Magnitude of Minor and Cofactor of aij are equal) + Property: Ifwe multiply the elements of any rowicolumn with their respective Cofactors of the same row/column, then we get the value of the determinant, For example, 1Oy * A .Cyy + Ay Cry Oy) # 8530p + Property: Ifwe multiply the elements of any rowicolumn with their respective Cofactors of. the other row/column, then we get zero as a result. For example, Aya, + ACs # AygCpq= A4Cyy + ACs + AyyCry 66 [Class XII: Maths]Note that the value of a determinant of order three in term sof ‘Minor’ and ‘Cofactor’ can be written as: VAl=a,.M,—a,,M,, * My OR [AL= 4,0, #2,,0, + A.0,9 lz aC, 12,0, 4 aC, PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS, +The value of a determinant remains unaltered, ifthe row and solumns are inter changed. (Al = 14") apx| labe bayl=|par orzl |xeyz + Ifany two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinantis. changed in sign only . e.g. aox! joo b 0 yl=|p a rl=o coz! |xyz + Ifthe all elements of a row (or column) are proportional (identical) to the elements sof some ‘other row (or column), then the determinant is zero. a ka x| [mp mq mr b kb yl=|p a 6 eke z| |x y z + fall the elements of a determinant above or below the main diagonal consist of zeros (Triangular Matrix), then the determinants equal to the product of diagonal elements. [Class XII: Maths] 67+ fall the elements of one row/column of a determinant are multiplied by k" (A scalar), the value of the new determinant is k times the original determinant. ka p x| lap x we q yl=|bay kor z| ler ez ka ke x} lap x kb ka y|=w|b a y ko kr z rz ka kp kx apx kb kg ky bay ko kr kz) lo rz |kAl = 1A), where nis the order of determinant AREA OF ATRIANGLE Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x,,y,),(X,¥,) and (x,,,) Is given by nt Ye 1} (sq. units) Ys 1 ADJOINT OF AMATRIX Lot A= [a], be a square matrix and C, be cofactor of a, in | Cy Cay Cay) Then, (adj A)=[C,] = adjA=|Cip Cop Cap C13 Ces Cag } + A (adj A)= (adj A).A= A) + (adj AB) = (adi B) (adj A) + |adj Al =|AI™, where mis the order of a Matrix A SINGULAR MATRIX AMatrix Ais singular if A] = 0 and itis non-singular i A] + 0 23 l= | 14 | = 540. So Ais Non-singular Matrix. 0. So A is singular Matrix, 68 [Class XII: Maths]INVERSE OF A MATRIX Assquare matrix A is said to be invertible if there exists a square matrix B of the same order such that AB = BA = / then we write A“ = B, (A” exists only if Al + 0) 1 1 (On Gr Gx) aes yz Cyp Cap (al Ales Cas Os + (Ay =Bt At Iai + |Aadj Al= Al" (Where mis the order of Matrix A) Mlustration: (2 10) 5k-2 15} For what value of k, the matrix is singular matrix, Solution: As, Matrix is singular, so its determinant will be zero, Al = 2(15) ~ 10(5k— 2) = 30 ~ 50k + 20 [Al = 50 ~ 50K = 0 => 50k = 50 ket Wustration: 0 a -b Without expanding the determinants prove that|-a 0 -¢ bc o 0 a-b Solution: LetA=|-a 0 -c bc 0 [Class Xil: Maths] 69We observe here a, (Ais skew-symmetric matrix) 2 AT=-A => A= -Al = |Al=(-1) Al Property USED: [A] (Al. Al = KAI Where nis the order of the determinant = l= => 2\Al=0 0 a -b > l=|-2 0 -c|=0 be o Mlustration: ITAis an invertible matrix of order 2 and [A| = 4, then write the value of A" Solution: As we know that, 1s el Taj (3 4 5) Find the inverse of the matrix| 2-1 8 | and hence solve the system of equations: \s -2 7) 3x4 4y+52=18 Sx-2y+72=20 2x-y+8z=13 70 [Class XII: Maths]34 5) Solution: Let, A i -1 8) 27) Cofactors are, 45 27 35 57 2-1 5-2 24 (Cy Cy Cy) (9 38 37 ) adjaz|Cn Cn Cn ||26 -4 -14 Cr Cx Cy) (1 26-11) I= 9464 #67 246)" 2) © 408) +51) =27 + 145196 (9 -38 37) soa'= Ling) la6 4 | lal (4 26 -11) Given system of equation can be written as 34 5Yx) (18) (3 4 5Yx) (18) (5 2 7\z) (13) (2 4 ahz} (20) 3 AX=B = MAKE ASB XS ANB > X= AB 1 (2 8 sr yt 9x18 38% 13+ 37% 20) me 4 13 | = Fh 260 18-4x 19-14% 20 (4 28-11 h20 | 118+ 26% 13-1120 } [Class Xil: Maths] a10. " 2, 3. 14. 45. 16. 17 2 ONE MARK QUESTIONS, IFA isa matrix of order 3 * 3, then find the value of |3A| Whatis the sum of the products of elements of any row of a matrix A with the co-factors, of corresponding elements. Whatis the sum of the products of elements of any row of a matrix Awith the co-factors. of elements of other row. Find the value of k, ifthe area of a triangle with vertices (-3, 0), (3, 0) and (0, K)is 9 sq, units, fA isa square matrix of order 3 « 3 such that /Al = k, find the value of |-Al Aand Bare square matrices of order 3 each, |A| = 2 and |B"|= 3. Find | 4B} I Ais an invertible matrix of order 3 and Adj A| = 25, then write the value of |5A~ For what value of & the matrix (7 *) is singular matrix \3k+2 -5) Using Determinants, Find the area of triangle with vertices A(2, 0), 8(4, 5), C(6, 3). 25 For what value of k, the matrix 2 5) pac no inverse WA=| 4 7 find A.(Ad) A), (234 a= 1 5} find Acad A), loos (coso ~sind ) tA } then for any natural number n, find the value of A’ (sina cose } For what value(s) of a, the points (a, 0), (2, 0) and (4, 0) are collinear? 3-4) | write A -1) For, TWO MARKS QUESTIONS 0 2023-2021 Without expanding the determinants prove that|-2023 0 -2022| =o 2021 2022 0 Let A be a 3 x 3 matrix such that [4| 2, then find the value of |-24"| + 2/4] [Class XII: Maths]abc) (yr-zq oq-br be-cy te tae[s 1 ile. So oct] rmamcines lo ar) \xq-yp pag ay—bx abc) (yr-zq oq-br be-cy) ‘8 tae Peo. (wom wie ca Poona lo ar) \xq-yp pag ay—bx 20. Find the Agjoint of Matix A, focos® pein zoos -2sin8 atl nt x |2enk -2e08% THREE MARKS QUESTIONS 21, If Als.a square matrix of order 3, such that |Adj Al = 25, then find the value of @ 1 ©) A" © HAI @ [6A (©) Aad A © asi Ay 0 22, If Aisa square max of order 3, such that [A= , then find the value of @ pal ©) 2A" © wa @) (Adal (©) AAG) A ©) as) Ay om (1 2020 2021) (2 0 0) 2. Aso 1 20728 2021 10 |thentind the value of oo 7a iazo zaxe 5] @ Val ©) 1A8y"I © we @ 48) (©) tae (AB) 23) (7 -2)_(43 24 Find matic» such tat [5 a 1} ‘ 25. Find matrix such that (2 3)_(7 -2) 23) (7 -2) maze 3) #2 oak ah [Class Xil: Maths] 7326. 27, 28. 29, 30. 74 FOURIFIVE MARKS QUESTIONS (@) A school wants to award its students for regularity and hardwork with a total cash award off 6,000. If three times the award money for hardwork added to that given for regularity amounts of ® 11,000 represent the above situation algebraically and find the award money for each value, using matrix method, (0) A shopkeeper has 3 varieties of pen A, B and C. Rohan purchased 1 pen of each variety for total of @ 21. Ayush purchased 4 pens of A variety, 3 pens of B variety and 2 pen of © variety for 60. While Kamal purchased 6 pens of A variety, 2 pens of B variety and 3 pen of C variety for ® 70. Find cost of each variety of pen by Matrix Method. (12-3 Find A~,whereA=|2 3 2 |, Hence use the result to solve the following system of (3 3 4 linear equations: x4 2y-325-4 22 find AB. Hence using the product solve the Qxty+3z=1 (1 3-2) (1 -2 -3) “3.0 -1,B=/-2 4 7 | anduse Find the product of matrices AB, where A= (210) |35 9) the result to solve following system of equations: x-2y-32=1 [Class XII: Maths]CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS ‘A family wanted to buy a home, but they wanted ito be close both to both the children’s school and the parents’ workplace. By looking at a map, they cold find a point that is equidistant from both the workplace and the school by finding the circumcenter of the triangular region. If the coordinates are A(12, 5), B(20, 5) and C(16, 7), on the basis of this answer the following: (Figure is for reference only, Not as per scale) (a) Using the concept of Determinants. Find the equation of AC. () x-2) (i) x+2y=22 (il) x+2y=30 w) x-2y=2 (0) Using the concept of Determinants. Find the equation of BC. () x-2y=30 (i) x-2y= 10 (il) x+2y=30 (w) x+2y=20 (c) What will be the area of TRIANGULAR REGION ABC (in sq. Units) 2 ai) 4 (ii) 6 ™ 8 (@) 170 (16, 2)is the circum-centre of AABC, then find the Area of AAOC (in sq. units). @ 10 (i) 6 i) 8 m4 (e) Iany point PQ, k) is collinear with point A(12, §) and 0(16, 2), then find the value of (2k- 15), @) =10 (i) 10 i) 2 mo [Class Xil: Maths] 7576 For keeping Fit, X people believes in morning walk, Y people believes in yoga and Z people join Gym. Total no of people are 70. Further 20%, 30% and 40% people are suffering from any disease who believe in morning walk, yoga and GYM respectively. Total no. of such people is 21. If morning walk cost 0 Yoga cost ? 500/month and GYM cost @ 400/ month and total expenditure is @ 23000. Solve the above Problem using Matrices and Answer the following: (@)_Ifwe formulate this problem, then which of the equation is NOT possible: @) X*¥4#Z=70 (i) 2x 3Y 4 4z (ii) 2x*3¥+42=210 (w) SY+4Z-230=0 11 °1) (©) tmatrix A=|2 3. 4 | represents the coefficient ofx,yand zin above 3 corrected 05 4) equation, then (a1 1) (81 1) @ at {8 4 2 2 (iw -5 1) a) (811) 141) i) a Z| a4 -2 jw at 4-2 (wo 5 -1] 34 (¢) Onsolving above system of equations using matrix method, find the total number of person who prefer Morning Walk @ 10 ti) 20 i) 30 40 (@)_ Onsolving above system of equations using matrix method, find the total number of person who prefer yoga @ 10 i) 20 i) 30 40 (©) Onsolving above system of equations using matrix method, find the total number of person who prefer GYM, @ 10 i) 20 i) 30 40 ‘An amount of & 600 crores is spent by the government in three schemes. Scheme A is. {for saving girl child from the cruel parents who don't want girl child and get the abortion before her birth, ‘Scheme Bis for saving of newlywed girls from death due to dowry. Scheme Cis planning for good health for senior citizen, Now twice the amount spent on Scheme C together with amount spent on Scheme A is % 700 crores. And three times the amount spent on Scheme A together with amount spent on Scheme B and Scheme Cis & 1200 crores, [Class XII: Maths]If we assume government invest (In crores) ® X, @ ¥ and % Z in scheme A, B and C respectively. Solve the above problem using Matrices and answer the following: (@)_Ifwe formulate this problem, then which of the equation isNOT correct (@) X#¥*Z-600=0 i) X*2Z= 700 ii) X*2¥= 700 (wy) 8x* ¥+Z= 1200-0 (5-17) @) Wmatix x=4f 8-17 represents the coefficient of X, Y and Z in above 3 \-3 12 corrected equation, then (-2.5 1) 5 1) owetlo 22] wate 2 2| (2 44} 1 5 1) 5 1) (ili) AM 22 (wy) ATS 2 2 ay +o] (€) On solving above system of equations using matrix method, find the amount spent (in crores) in Scheme A. @ 100 (i) 200 (ii). 300 (iw) 400 (@)_ On solving above system of equations using matrix method, find the amount spent (in crores) in Scheme B. @ 100 (i) 200 (ii). 300 (iw) 400 (@) On solving above system of equations using matrix method, find the amount spent (in crores) in Scheme A. @ 100 (i) 200 (ii). 300 (iw) 400 SELF ASSESSMENT EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE COR- RECT ALTERNATIVE. 23 6] 4. I A=|0 1 8), then lal= 00 5) @ 2 ©) 5 © 8 (@) 10 [Class Xil: Maths] 710 0] 2. WA=|3 2 0), then|Ay= +05) fa) 2 (b) 5 © 8 (6) 10 3 tae [eer ~8I0¥ hen |= sinx 08x!) fa) 0 (b) 1 (©) cosxsinx @ =| 4, if a=| 9% 8 is singular matrix, then the value of xis, 3 al @ 2 ) 3 @ § 7 5. Thearea of a triangle with vertices (-3, 0), (3, 0) and (0,k)is 9 sq. units. The value of kwill be @ 6 ) 9 © 3 @ 0 ‘SELF ASSESSMENT-2 EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE COR- RECT ALTERNATIVE. 4. Ifthe value of a third order determinantis 12, then the value of the determinant formed by replacing each element by its co-factor will be fa) 0 (b) 1 © 2 @ 14 2. Ifthe points (3,2), (x, 2) (@, 8) are collinear, then x= fa) 2 (b) 5 () 4 (d) 3 cost6® sin75° sin15° cos75° fa) 0 (b) 1 © 4 @ 2 123 4. The minor of 6 in the determinant |4 5 6|is 789 @ 9 ©) 6 ©) 6 (@) 10 78 [Class XII: Maths]5. The cofactor of 4 in the determinant @ 9 (©) 6 271A) 4, 43 7. 225 13.4 14) 45. ‘Three Marks Questions 21. (a) 35 (o) 340 22.(a) 135 (&)-40 (125 (0) 125 1 23.(a)6 5 2031 axea(i, 2h) 16 -25) 28. wx.(4 4) (b) x =| [Class Xil: Maths] 123 45 6|is 789 (b) 6 @ 10 ANSWER ‘One Mark Questions 5. -k 8. (1) (1 0) M lo 4) 14, acan be any real number Two Marks Questions 18. 16 24 OF 64 OF (72 3.0 6, -384 9. 759. units 12.0 0) 42. | 12 0 lo 0 12} 19. 45 (a) 3625 (e) 451 (25 (e)5! (ae2 (036 -17) X= ) 2} 7926. (a) ‘Three Marks Questions ‘Award money given for Honesty = 500, Regularity =% 2000 and Hard work = % 3500 (©) Cost of pon of Variety A = @ 5, Variety B = ® 8 and Variety C= 2 8 (2) option (iv) (4) option () (2) option (i) (4) option (i) (2) option (ii) (4) option () @ 2 @ @ 2 28. x=0,y=1,2=2 29.x=3,y=-2,2 CASE STUDIES QUESTIONS {b) option (i) (c) option (iv) {e) option (i) {b) option (i) (©) option (ii) {e) option (i) {b) option (i) (c) option (ii) {e) option (i) ‘SELF ASSESSMENT 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (0) ‘SELF ASSESSMENT-2 3. (a) 4.) 5. (0) [Class XII: Maths]CHAPTER 5 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY Many real life events, such as trajectory traced by Football where you see player hit the soccer ball, angle and the distance covered animation on the screen is shown to the viewers using technology can be described with the help of mathematical functions. The knowledge of Continuity and differentiation is popularly used in finding speed, directions and other Parameters froma given function, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY ‘Topics to be covered as per C.B.S.E. revised syllabus (2022-23) + Continuity and differetiabilty + Chalrrule + Derivative of inverse trigonometric functions, like sin-'x, cos~’xand tan"x + Concept of exponential and logarithmic function ‘+ Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. + Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms, + Second order derivatives. [Class XW: Maths] 84a2 POINTS TO REMEMBER ‘Afunetion f(x) is said to be continuous at x =c iff jim f(x) =F(c) fio, lim f(a) = lim. fx) =f) f(x) is continuous in (a,b) ff itis continuous at x =e Vee (a,b). f(x) is continuous in [a,b] ff (i) (x) is continuous in (a, b) (i) dim. F@)=F@ (ii) tim fF) =f) Modulus functions is Continuous on R- Trigonometric functions are continuous in their respective domains. Exponential function is continuous on R. Every polynomial function is continuous on R Greatest integer function is continuous on all non-integral real numbers. If (x) and g (x) are two continuous functions at x= a and if ¢ € R then () £00) £9 (%) are also continuous functions at x= a. (i) 9 (x) (), fF) + 6, of(x), | Fare also continuous at x= a. (ii) Bis continuous at x= a, provided g(a) # 0 ‘A function f (x) is derivable or differentiable at x = ¢ in its domain iff Jim_£¢ lim and is finite The value of above limit is denoted by f(c) and is called the derivative of fx) at x=. d a une [Class XII: Maths]© SuysuS+v.& (Product Rule) . (Quotient Rule) + ityeftuyand ueg(y then & Fee (Chain Rue) © Ify=f(u), x=g(u) then, ay ay du _ 0d Bae ge Illustration: Discuss the continuity of the funetion (x) given by [4-x x<4 Oe og OF [4-x, x<4 lution: We have (x Solution: Wehavemw)= 14. od LHL = tim f(x) = lim (4—x)= lim 4—(4—)=0 we Oe ae HL = lim f(x)= lim (4+x)= lim 4=(h-44)=8+0=8 Here LHL + RHL Hence fx) Is not continuous at x= 4 llustration: ‘Show that the function f{x) given by (tan x tonya ta 7 8°8* **4 is continuous at x=0 | 2 xa4 tanx Solution: We have fx) = ffx 708% X*4 Now f(0) = 2 _ _ an, (tanx = tim fN(0-h} UHL.) rg (Sc) = tn SEO ona my tim !2°2 « lim cosh = 1+ cos(0) = 141-2 nso hao [Glass XII; Maths] 33Hence ffx) is continuous at x= RL = ti F0x)= lim (2° 08x] =i, #21°=P)cng(0-) we wool x J nso” (O-A) tanh = lim 08 nb LHL =RHL = £(0) lim cosh =1+cos(0)=1+1=2 10. " 12, a4 ONE MARK QUESTIONS Let f(x) = sin x cos x. Write down the set of points of discontinuity of f(x). Given f (x) = 5 , write down the set of points of discontinuity off (R)) Write the set of points of continuity of f@)=[e- 11+ b+] ‘Write the number of points of discontinuity of f(x) = [xin [3, 7] = elo), fing ly =e fina 2 Wf) = <2 g(@and g(A) = 6, 9’) = 3, find the value of f"(). lysed aces ten tna Find value of f(0), so that _-e"#2 may be continuous at x=0. x Find the values of x for which f(x) is discontinous. Ity = tan"’x + cot’x + sec"'x, cosec"x then find dy/d = ng Ity= a ity=log,e™, fing % y =log,x + log,a + log,x + log,a, then a 4 loga x a) +xloga — (b) +xloga (c) 298, _* —(d) None of these Ce) y+ xlova() zpgg *xloga (©) MEPL [Class XI Maths]13 14, 16. 10. 11 12 13, 14, 15, se ay ity = 5°, then ting What is derivative of sin"(2xi=xe) wert. Sit” (x —4x') 4 Uty= sin Ysinx eVsIMC nanan, then find (2y ~ 1) % m TWO MARKS QUESTIONS Differentiate sin (x*) w. r. t. = x = then find & 428438433, fing 2 xe 4 4 tind S = sin" 1 » ify = 2sin™ (cosx) + 5 cosec“ (secx). Find yee beter —Ioes fing dx Diferentiate Sin“ fx VE] w.r-t x Find the derivative of )x'+2| w.rt. x Find the domain of the continuity of f(x) xX) Find the derivative of oos (sin x’) wrrt, x at x ifyser" Prove that = eats) 6 Differentiate sin*(0°+1) w.rt. 6? ey -i( e-1) est) ind it y~ sin + 800"! Find Sit y= sin] (at) sys oy oe ie =t vey that SSE 4 dy = Find % when y= 10) ey ty = fn y= x find 5 [Class XII: Maths] 8516. 17 18, 19, 20. 1 ‘ ra y= cos" on =x +7, and glx) =x=7, x € R, them find © (fog) (x Ifa) = + 7, nd gfx) =x=7, x €R, them fd (fog) 69 Differntiate log (7 logx) wart « iy =e) ande eae a Find Lity = Join THREE MARKS QUESTIONS Examine the continuity of the following functions at the indicated points. fe) = f cos ° () fea= fT 0) ro { WY) f@= { ee 2 a For what values of constant K, the following functions are continuous at the indicated points. @ atx=0 ww atx=0 (ii) atx=0 [Class XII: Maths]3. For what values a and b x42 era ifx<-2 f@)=\ ath ifx=-2 x#2 | ife>—2 ita * Is continuous at x = ~2 4. Find the values of a, b and c for which the function (sinlta + 1)x] + sinx x x<0 f= Is continuous at x = 0 pa fll+txlxe0 5. fay ={ xFh Find the value of A, fis continuous at = 0? pwc 6. yoxst aay: x>E If fx) is continuous at x find a and b. afit3xtaxsl 7 yay =f Rae ear st Is everywhere differentiable, find the value of a and b. 8. Find the relationship between a and b so that the function defined by LC ax+1, x3] bis continous at x be+3 x23 oierentat tan! (S2) weteas(2xVT=F) where x #0 [Glass XII; Maths] a710. " 12 13 14, 15, 16. 7 18, 19, 20, 2 8 ity = 2 thon tna 2 Differentiate (x cos.x)* + (xsinx)# wit. x Whee yy" 2.2 9" hen prove that = W@-y).e 7 =a, prove tnaty( 2) + x=2y Ix = tan 21og y) then show that nf anal ary Frar-o% -0 ity = xlog (2) prove that x? £2 = (x2- y)" aet ge L+B0%, ovterenitesin“* 22") wet x lvT—a* + JT 98 = a(e? — y3), prove that x ax G2) = YREFT g@) = 3% and h(x) = 2x —3 find f"[h'(9'G)] Ha ac 0 —cosd and y= see" cos, then prove tat 2 =m We yx" = tena he value of 2 e x= acosto,y = a sin’ thon fd 2 a 6 [Class XI Maths)22, ify =tan? aa 2 Py a 23, 15-425 1then show that £2 at pe ze 24, [x+Va= 47)", show that (x? + 1)y, + xy, — my = 0. Y = oY, prove that 2 = —8* 25, tx? = e*°¥, prove nat 2 = TBE 26. If y"4+y"" = 2x then prove that (x? -1)y, +.xy, =m?y ANSWERS ONE MARK QUESTIONS wt) 2 30 0R 4, Points of discontinuity of f(x) are 4,5,6,7 Note- At x = 3, f(x) = [x] is continuous because lim,-.,+ f(x) =3 = (3) 5 5x 4 2x cos (x") 6 45 2 7. -cott ® 8. -1#log2 13. 5 (x'logS + 5x’) 9 etA3 14.28 to 0 15, (@) 28% (2y-1) [Class Xi: Maths] 89TWO MARKS QUESTIONS 1 2xc0s(x2) ooxe™™ 11 Sin (20'+2),020 2 2 0 3 14, 10*" 40*tog10(1+ xlog10) 4. 415. x*[1+logx] 5 6 4 3 m4 8 Nite 2 xlogx 7 _axpeez x42 19. 2x sinx* 8 ELMUG) 1 ZEEE where o

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