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SYLLABUS

L inear Algebra: Vector space, basis, linear dependence and independence, matrix
algebra, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, rank, solution of linear equations- existence
and uniqueness.

Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, line, surface
and volume integrals, Taylor series.

Differential Equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear
differential equations, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, methods of solution using variation
of parameters, complementary function and particular integral, partial differential
equations, variable separable method, initial and boundary value problems.

Vector Analysis: Vectors in plane and space, vector operations, gradient, divergence and
curl, Gauss's, Green's and Stokes’ theorems.

Complex Analysis: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral

formula, sequences, series, convergence tests, Taylor and Laurent series, residue theorem.

Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, combinatorial

probability, probability distributions, binomial distribution, Poisson distribution,
exponential distribution, normal distribution, joint and conditional probability.

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CONTENT

S.No. Chapter Page No.

1. Linear Algebra ……………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. 5-20

➢ Matrix Algebra, Vector, Space, Rank ……………………………..……………………………….…………… 6

➢ Solution of linear system of equations ………………….……………………...…………………................ 7

➢ Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors …………………………………………………………………………...…… 8
Answer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Solution ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 12-20

2. Calculus and Vector ……………………………………………………….……………………………..…. 22-45

➢ Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, Mean value Theorem …………………………………….. 23

➢ Definite and Improper Integral ………………............................................................................................. 24
➢ Maxima and Minima …………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 25

➢ Partial Derivative and Taylor Series……………………………………………………………………….….. 28

➢ Vector in plane and space, Vector operations ……………………………………………………………... 30
➢ Curl, Divergence, Gradient, Gaur’s Green’s and Stoke’s Theorem………………………………..…. 30

Answer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
Solution ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 33-45

3. Differential Equations ………………………………………….…………………………………………. 46-55

➢ Type and Order, Variation of Parameter, Variable Separation ……..…………………….….……… 47

➢ Complementary Function and Particular Integral …………………...................................................... 48
➢ Initial and Boundary Conditions …………………………………………………………………….…………… 49

Answer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 50
Solution ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 51-55

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S.No. Chapter Page No.

4. Complex Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………..……. 59-66

➢ Analytic Function …..………………………………………………………………………………………..……..…. 60

➢ Counchy’s Integral Formula and Residue Theorem ............................................................................. 60
Answer …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….. 62

Solution …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63-66

5. Numerical Methods .……………………………………………………………………………………. 68-73

➢ Solution of Non- linear Equations …...………………………………………………………….……………… 69

➢ Single & Multi-Step Method for Different Equation ….………….......................................................... 69
Answer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 70
Solution ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 71-73

6. Probability and Statistics ……………………………………………………………………………. 75-81

Answer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 78

Solution ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………... 78-81

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Linear Algebra

Analysis of Previous GATE Papers

2017 Set 1

2017 Set 2

2016 Set 1

2016 Set 2

2016 Set 3

2015 Set 1

2015 Set 2

2015 Set 3
2020

2019

2018
Year →
Topic
Topic ↓

MCQ Type 1 1 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type 1 1
Matrix Algebra, Vector,
MCQ Type
Space, Rank : 2 Marks
Numerical Type 1
Total 1 1 3 1 1
MCQ Type
1 Mark
Numerical Type
Solution of Linear
MCQ Type 1
System of Equations 2 Marks
Numerical Type
Total 2
MCQ Type 1 1 1 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type 1 1 1
Eigen Values and
MCQ Type
Eigen Vectors 2 Marks
Numerical Type 1
Total 1 1 2 2 1 1 1

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MATRIX ALGEBRA, VECTOR, SPACE, RANK: vector space spanned by the 2 M vectors
X1,X2,...XM,–X1,–X2,...–XM is
1 
2 − 0.1 2 a  . A. 2M
1. Let, A=   and A –1
=
 0 3   
0 b  B. M + 1

Then (a +b) = C. M

7 3 D. dependent on the choice of X1,X2,....,XM

A. B.
20 20 [2007: 2 Marks]
19 11  −5 −3 1 0
C. D. 5. Given that A =   and I =   , th
60 20 2 0 0 1
[2005: 2 Marks] value of A8 is
2. Given an orthogonal matrix
A. 15A + 12I
1 1 1 1  B. 19A + 30I
 
1 1 −1 −1
A= [AA ]T –1
is C. 17A + 12I
1 −1 0 0 
  D. 17A + 21I
0 0 1 −1
[2011: 2 Marks]
1  1 
4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
6. Let A an m × n matrix and B an n × m
   
0 1
0 0  0 1 0 0  matrix. It is given that determinant
 4  2
A.   B.   (Im + AB) = determinant (In + BA), where
0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0
 2   2  Ik is the k × k identity matrix. Using the
   
0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 above property, the determinant of the
 2   2 
matrix given below is
1 
4 0 0 0 2 1 1 1
   
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1
  0 0  1
0 1 0 0  4 1 2 1
C.  D.    
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 2
  0 0
0 0 0 −1  4 
  A. 2 B. 15
0 1
0 0
 4  C. 8 D. 16

[2006: 1 Mark] [2013: 2 Marks]

1 1 1  7. For matrices of same dimension M, N and

3. The rank of the matrix 1 −1 0 is scalar c which one of these properties
1 1 1 
DOES NOT ALWAYS hold?
A. 0 B. 1 A. (MT)T = M
C. 2 D. 3 B. (cM)T = c(M)T
[2006: 1 Mark] C. (M + N)T = MT + NT
4. It is given that X1,X2,...XM are M non-zero D. MN = NM
orthogonal vectors. The dimension of the
[2014: 1 Mark,Set-1]

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8. Consider the matrix 2 10 10

0 0 0 0 0 1 14. The rank of the matrix M = 1 0 2  is
  3 6 6 
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
JY =   A. 0 B. 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
C. 2 D. 3
0 1 0 0 0 0
  [2017: 1 Mark,Set-1]
1 0 0 0 0 0 
15. The rank of the matrix
which is obtained by reversing the order of
the columns of the identity matrix I 6. Let P  1 −1 0 0 0 
 
= I6 + αJ6, where α is a non-negativer real  0 0 1 −1 0 
 0 1 −1 0 0  is_____.
number. The value of a for which det(P) =  
 −1 0 0 0 1 
0 is______.  0 0 0 1 −1
[2014: 2 Marks,Set-1]
[2017: 1 Mark,Set-2]
9. The determinant of matrix A is 5 and the
determinant of matrix B is 40. The SOLUTION OF LINEAR SYSTEM OF
determinant of matrix AB is_____. EQUATIONS
[2014: 2 Marks,Set-2]
10. The maximum value of the determinant 16. The eigenvalues and the corresponding
among all 2×2 real symmetric matrices eigenvectors of a 2×2 matrix are given by
with trace 14 is _____. Eigenvalue Eigenvector
[2014: 2 Marks,Set-2] 1
λ1=8 v1 =  
 1 tan x  1
11. For A =   , the determinant of
 − tan x 1 
 1
λ2=4 v2 =  
ATA–1 is  −1
A. sec2x B. cos4x
The matrix i;
C. 1 D. 0
6 2  4 6 
[2015: 1 Mark,Set-3] A.   B.  
2 6  6 4 
12. Let M4 = I, (where I denotes the identity
2 4  4 8 
matrix) and M≠ I, M2 ≠ I and M3 ≠ I. Then, C.   D.  
4 2  8 4 
for any natural number k, M–1 equals:
A. M4k+1 B. M4k+2 [2006: 2 Marks]

C. M4k+3 D. M4k 17. The system of linear equations

[2016: 1 Marks,Set-1] 4x + 2y = 7
a 0 3 7 2x + y = 6
 
2 5 1 3 has
13. The matrix A= has
0 0 2 4 A. a u solution.
 
0 0 0 b
B. no solution.
det(A)=100 and trace [(A) = 14. The value C. an infinite number solutions.
of |a – b|] D. exactly two distinct solutions.
[2016: 2 Marks,Set-2]
[2008: 1 Mark]

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18. The system of equations

x+y+z=6
x + 4y + 6z = 20
x + 4y λz = μ
has NO solution for values of λ and μ given
by
A. λ = 6, μ = 20 B. λ –6, μ ≠ 20 [2020: 2 Marks]
C. λ ≠6, μ = 20 D. λ ≠6, μ ≠ 20
EIGEN VALUES & EIGEN VECTORS
19. The system of linear equations
2 1 3 a 5  23. the eigen values of the matrix
      has
3 0 1 b =  −4 2 −1 0 0
1 2 5 c  14  
0 3 0 0
are
A. a unique solution 0 0 −2 0
 
B. infinitely many solutions 0 0 −1 4

C. no solution A. 2, –2, 1, –1 B. ,2, 3, –2, 4

D. exactly two solutions C. 2, 3, 1, 4 D. None
[2014: 2 Marks,Set-2] [2000: 1 Mark]
20. Consider a system of linear equations-  −4 2
24. Given the matrix   , the eigenvector
x – y + 3z = –1,  4 3
x – 3y + 4z = 1, and is
– 2z + 4y – 6z = k 3  4
A.   B.  
The value of k for which the system has 2  3 
infinitely many solution is _____.  2  −1 
C.   D.  
k 2k   −1   2
21. Consider matrix A= 2 2
and
k −k k  [2005: 2 Marks]

x  4 2 
vector X =  1  . The number of distinct real 25. For the matrix   the eigenvalue
x2  2 4 

values of k for which the equation AX = 101

corresponding to the eigenvector   is
has infinitely many solutions is____. 101

22. Consider the following system of linear A. 2 B. 4

equation C. 6 D. 8
[2006: 2 Marks]
26. All the four entries of the 2×2 matrix
P P 
P =  11 12  arenonzero, and one of its
Which one of the following conditions P21 P22 

ensures that a solution exists for the above eigenvalue is zero. Which of the following

system? statements is true?

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A. P11P22 – P12P21 = 1 B. If A is real symmetric, the eigenvalues

B. P11P22 – P12P21 = –1 of A always real and positive
C. P11P22 – P12P21 = 0 C. If A is real, the eigenvalues of A and AT
D. P11P22 + P12P21 = 0 are always the same

[2008: 1 Mark] D. If all the principal minors of A are

27. The eigen values of the following matrix positive, all the eigenvalues of A are also

 −1 3 5 positive
are  −3 −1 6 [2014: 2 Marks,Set-3]
 0 0 3 1 
32. The value of p such that the vector 2  is
A. 3, 3 + 5j, 6 – j
3 
B. –6 + 5j, 3 + j, 3 – j
C. 3 + j, 3 – j, 5 + j 4 1 2
an eigenvector of the matrix  p 2 1 
D. 3, – 1 + 3j ,– 1 – 3j
14 −4 10
[2009: 2 Marks]
is
28. The eigen values of a skew-symmetric
[2015: 1 Mark,Set-1]
matrix are
33. The value of x for which all the the eigen-
A. always zero
values of the matrix given below are real
B. always pure imaginary
is_____.
C. either zero or pure imaginary
10 5 + j 4 
D. always real  
x 20 2 
[2010: 1 Mark]  4 2 −10
29. The minimum eigen value of the following A. 5 + j B. 5 – j
3 5 2 C. 1 – 5j D. 1 + 5j
matrix is 5 12 7
[2015: 1 Mark,Set-2]
2 7 5
34. A sequence x[n] is specified as
A. 0 B. 1
 x[n]  1 1  1 
C. 2 D. 3  =    , for n ≥ 2.
x(n − 1) 1 0 0
[2013: 1 Mark] The initial conditions are x[0] = 1, x[1] =
30. A real (4×4) matrix A satisfies the 1, and x[n] = 0 for n <0. The value of
equation A2 = I, where I is the (4×4) x[12] is______.
identity matrix. The positive eigen value of [2016: 2 Marks,Set-1]
A is _____. 35. The value of x for which the matrix
[2014: 1 Mark,Set-1] 3 2 4 
 
31. Which one of the following statements is A=9 7 13  has zero as an eigen
 −6 −4 −9 + x 
NOT true for a square matrix A?
A. If A is upper triangular, the eigenvalues value is ____.

of A are the diagonal elements of it [2017: 1 Mark,Set-1]

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36. Consider a 2×2 square matrix C. 15 D. 25

 x [2017: 1 Mark,Set-1]
A= 
   38. Let M be a real 4 × 4 matrix. Consider the
where x is unknown. If the eigenvalues of following statements:
the matrix A are (σ+jω) and (σ–jω), then x S1: M has 4 linearly independent
is equal to eigenvectors.
A. +jω S2: M has 4 distinct eignvalues.
B. –yω S3: M is non–singular (invertible).
C. +ω Which one among the following is TRUE?
D. –ω A. S1 implies S2
[2016: 1 Mark,Set-3] B. S1 implies S3
37. Consider the 5×5 matrix C. S2 implies S1
1 2 3 4 5 D. S3 implies S2
 
5 1 2 3 4
[2018: 1 Mark]
A = 4 5 1 2 3
  39. The number of distinct eigen values of the
3 4 5 1 2
2 3 4 5 1  2 2 3 3
 
0 1 1 1
It is given that A has only one real matrix A =  is equal to___.
0 0 3 3
eigenvalue. Then the real eigenvalue of A  
0 0 0 2
is
[2019: 1 Mark]
A. –2.5 B. 0

ANSWER

1. A 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. 1 9. 200 10. 49

11. C 12. C 13. 3 14. C 15. 4 16. A 17. B 18. B 19. B 20. 2

21. 2 22. C 23. B 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. 1

31. B 32. 17 33. B 34. 233 35. 1 36. D 37. C 38. C 39. 3

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SOLUTION

1  1 1 
2 −0.1 −1  2 a Now   = −1 − 1 = −2  0
1. A=  and A = 1 −1
0 3   
 o b
Hence rank of above matrix is ‘2’
Now A.A–1 = I
4. There are M non-zero, orthogonal vectors,
1 
2 −0.1  a 1 0 so there is required M dimension to
  2 =
0 3   0 1
 0 b  represent them.
5. Characteristic equation of A is
 1 
 2   2a − 0.1b 1 0
  2 |A –λI| = 0
 = 0 1
 0 3b   
−5 −  −3
or, =0
1 2a − 0.1b  1 0 2 0−
 = 
0 3b  0 1  or, (5 +λ)λ + 6 = 0
1 or, λ2 +5λ + 6 = 0
 2a –0.1b = 0and 3b =  b =
3 Now, CAYLEY-HAMILTON Theorem states
1  0.1  0.1 that every square matrix satisfies its own
 2a − 0.1   = 0  2a =   a =
3  3  6
characteristic equation i.e. if the
1 1 1
1 characteristic equation for the nth order
 
1 1 −1
2. A= square matrix A is,
1 −1 0
  |A–λI|=(–1)nλn+k1λn–1+....+kn= 0 then,
0 0 −1
(–1)nAn+k1An–1+.....+kn= 0
Here A is orthogonal matrix.1
Then, by using this theorem to equation
 A.AT = I.
(1), we get A2+5A + 6I= 0
1 ) 0 0
  or A2=–5A–61
0 . 0 0
 A.A T = ) =I Multiplying by A to equation (2) both sides,
0 1 0
0 ) 0 1  we get
 
A3 = 5A2–6I
Now inverse of identify matrix is identify
or A3 = –5[–5A–6I]–6A = 19A +30I
matrix
A3 = 19A + 30I
 option (c) is correct
6. Given A: m × n matrix
1 1 1
3.   B: n × m matrix
A = 1 −1 0
1 1 1 det (Im + AB) = det (In + BA)

|A|=1(-1)–1(1)+1(1+1)=–1–1+2=0 IK: K × K identify matrix

Hence Lane is less than 3

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To find:  1 
  
2 1 1 1 1
 ( I4 + A 41B1 4 ) = det  I1 + 1111   
   1 
1 2 1 1 
det  = det(M)   
1 1 2 1  1 
 
1 1 1 2 = det (1 + 4) { I1 = 1}
Analysis. We will break matrix m to match = det (5) = 5
(Im + AB) { determinant of a scalar is the same
Plan scalar}
1. As per analysis part we will break matrix 7. Matrix multiplication is not commutative is
m into sum of Im and AB
general.
2. Then use det (Im + AB) = det (Im + BA)
0 0 0 0 0 1
Carrying out plan  
0 0 0 0 1 0
2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
      8. J6 =  
1 2 1 1 0
=
1 0 0 1
+
1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
       
1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1  1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Now we will break second matrix in RHS of
1 0 0 0 0 0
above as follows  
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
    I6 =  
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1  0 0 0 0 1 0
     
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 
Using (2) into (1), we get Now P = I8 + α J8
2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 
       
1 2 1 1 1
= I4 +   1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0  0
1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0  0 0 0  0 0
    = + 
1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0  0 0  0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0  0  0 0 0 0
1    
  0 0 0 0 0 1   0 0 0 0 0 
1
Let A =   and B = 1 1 1 114
1 1 0 0 0 0 
   
1
0 1 0 0  0
2 1 1 1 0 0 1  0 0
P =  
 
1 2 1 1 m=4 0 0  1 0 0
 = I4 + A 41B1 4  0
1 1 2 1 n=1  0 0 1 0
   
1 1 1 2  0 0 0 0 1 

But we are given that det (Im + AB) = det 1 0 0  0 0 1 0 0 

(In + BA) 0 1  0 0 0 0 1  0
| P |= 1 0  1 0 0 − 0 0  1 0
 0 0 1 0 0  0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1  0 0 0 0

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1  0 0 0 1  0 12. Given, M4 = I
 1 0 0 0  1 0  M8= M4=I
= +
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
 M7=M–1
0 0 0 1  0 0 0
 M12=M8=I
1 0 0  0 0 0 1 0 0  0
 M11=M–1
= 0 1 0 −  0 1 0 −  0 0 1 + 2 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1  0 0  0 0  M16=M12=I

|P|=1(1)–α(α)–α((–1)(–α))+α2[(–α)(–α)]=0  M15=M–1

 1–α2–α2+α4=0 .................

α4–2α2+1=0  M-1=M4K+3
(α2–1)2=0 where k is a natural number.

α2=1 13. Trace of A=14

= 1 a+5+2 b=14

α is non-negative rea (Taking the diagonal element and then

 α=1 adding)

9. |AB|=|A|.|B|=(5).(40)=200 a + b=7

10. General 2×2 real symmetric matrix is det(A)=100

y x  a 3 7
  5 0 2 4 = 100
x z 
0 0 b
 det = yz–x2
5×2×a×b=100
and trace is y + z = 14 (given)
10ab=100
 z = 14–y
ab=10
Let f=yz–x2(det)
From equation (i) and (ii)
=–x2–y+14y(u sin g*)
either a=5,b=2
Using maxima and minima of a function of
a=2 b=5
two variables, we have f is maximum at
x=0, y=7 and therefore, maximum value |a–b|=|5–2|=3

of the determinant is 49 5 10 10

14. M = 1 0 2 
 1 tan x 
11. A =   3 6 6 
 − tan x 1 
Now applying, R1  R2 in above matrix we
T  1 − tan x 
A = 
tan x 1  get
1 0 2 
1  
Now A −1 = (adj(A))
|A| 5 10 10
3 6 6 
1  1 − tan x 
A=   Applying R2  R2 –5R1 and R3  –3R1, we
2
sec x tan x 1 
get
|AT.A–1|=1

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1 0 2  1 −1 0 0 0 
   
0 10 0 0 1 −1 0 0 
0 6 0 A = 0 0 1 −1 0 
 
0 0 0 −1 1 
6 0 0 0 1 −1
Now applying, R3  R3– R2, we get
10
R5 → R5+R4
1 0 2 
  1 −1 0 0 0
0 10 0  
0 0 0 0 1 −1 0 0
A = 0 0 1 −1 0
 
The above matrix is in Echelon form Rank 0 0 0 −1 1
0 0 0 0 0
of matrix M is given by
6 2 
ρ(M)=2 16. For matrix, A =  
2 6 
 1 −1 0 0 0  We know |λI–A|=0
 
 0 0 1 −1 0   − 6 −2
15. A =  0 1 −1 0 0   =0
  −2  − 6
 −1 0 0 0 1 
 0 0 0 1 −1  λ2–12λ+32=0,
 λ=4,8 (Eigen values)
R4 → R4+R1
For λ1=4,
 1 −1 0 0 0 
   −2 −2 1
 0 0 1 −1 0  (λ1I–A) =   , v1 =  
A =  0 1 −1 0 0   −2 −2 1
 
 −1 0 0 0 1  For λ2=8
 0 0 0 1 −1
 −2 −2 1 
(λ2I–A) =   , v2 =  
 −2 −2   −1
Applying R2  R3
17. Writing equations in matrix form,
1 −1 0 0 0 
  4 2 x  7 
0 1 −1 0 0     =  
A = 0 0 1 −1 0  2 1 y  6 
 
0 −1 0 0 1  4 2
Where [A] = 
7 
0 0 0 1 −1  ,B =  
2 1  6 

R4 → R4+R2 The augmented matrix is [A|B] given as

4 2 7 
1 −1 0 0 0   
  2 1 6
0 1 −1 0 0 
A = 0 0 1 −1 0  R1
  Using R2 −
0 −1 0 0 1  2
0 0 0 1 −1
4 2 7 
We have  
R4 → R4+R3 0 0 5 2 
 

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Now, rank of [A|B] = 2 and rank of [A] = 1  1 −2 3 −1

 
Since, Rank [A|B]≠ Rank [A], no solution (A / B) =  1 −3 4 1 
 −2 4 −6 k 
exists
18. Given equations are Now applying row reduction techinque

x+y+z=6 R2 → R2–R1

x + 4y + 6z = 20 R2 → R3+2R1

and x + 4Y + λz = μ We get

If λ = 6 and μ = 20, then 1 −2 3 −1 

 
x + 4y + 6z = 20 0 −1 1 2 
0 0 0 k − 2
x + 4y + 6z = 20
If λ = 6 and μ ≠ 20, then For infinite solution

x + 4y + 6z = 20 ρ(A/B)=ρ(A)=r
 k–2 = 0
(μ≠20) no solution
21. AX = 0 has infinitely many solutions
If λ≠6 and μ = 20
(given)
x + 4y + 6z = 20 will have solution
 |A|=0
x + 4y + λz = 20
λ ≠6 and μ ≠20 will also give solution k 2k
 =0
2
k − k k2

2 1 3 5   k(k2) – 2k(k2 – k) = 0
A 
19.   = 3 0 1 −4  k3 – 2k3 + 2k2 = 0  k2(2 – k) = 0
B  
1 2 5 14   k = 0, 2
2 1 3  5   “two” distinct values of k
  
R2 → 2R2 − 3R1 0 −3 −7 −23 R3 +R 2 22.
R3 → 2R3 − R1 0 3 7  23 

2 1 3  5 
  
0 −3 −7 −23
0 0 0  0  3X1 + 7X2 = b3 …(i)

A 3X1 + 9X2 = b4 …(ii)

Since, rank (A)= rank   < number of
B In eqn. (i) we can write as

unknowns 3X1 + 6X2 + X2 = b3

 Equations have infinitely many 3b1 + X2 = b3

solutions. X2 = b3 – 3b1

20. x – 2y + 3z = – 1 and in eqn. (ii)

x – 3y + 4z = 1 3X1 + 6X2 + 3X2 = b4

–2x + 4y – 6z = k 3b1 + 3[b3 – 3b1) = b4

–6b1 + 3b3 – b4 = 0
Augmented matrix (A/B) is given by
6b1 – 3b3 + b4 = 0

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23. (λ–2)(λ+2)(λ–4)(λ–3)=0 29. |A|=3[60–49]–5[25–14]+2[35–24]=0

λ=2,3, –2,4 |A|=a1×a2×a3=0
 −4 2
24. A =   which, implies either of the above eigen
 4 3
values equal to zero. It may be one or two
first are have to find eigen value of matrix
negative eigen values.
|A–λI|=0
−4 −  2 30. A real (4×4) matrix A satisfies the
=0
4 3− equation A2 = I where I is the (4×4)
 (–4–λ)(3–λ)–8=0 identity matrix. The positive eigen value of
 –12+ 4λ –3λ + I2–λ8=0
A is 1.
 λ2+λ–20=0  λ2+ 5λ –4λ –20=0 
31. Consider,
(λ+5)–4(λ+5)=20
0.1 1 0.1 + 2  −1 1 
 λ=4 or λ = –5 = + = A  which is real symmetric matrix
6 3 6  1 −1

21 7 Characteristic equation is
= =
6 20
|A–λ|=0
 option (a) is correct
 (1+λ)2–1=0
4 2 
25. Given, Matrix M =  
2 4   λ+1=  1

4 −  2   λ=0,–2(not positive)
 M − I =  
 2 4 −  (b) is not true
101 (a), (c), (d) are true using properties of
For the eigen vector  
101
eigen values
(4–λ)(101)+2(101)=0
32. AX =λX
 4– λ + 2 = 0
λ = 6 (eigen value) 4 1 2 1 
   
  P 2 1  =  2
26. P–λI =0
14 −4 10 3
For λ=0, P = 0
P11 P12  12  1 
  =0    
 P + 7 = 2 
P21 P22 
36  3 
 P11P22 – P12P21 =0
27. Option D is the correct answer.  λ=12 ...(1)

28. Skew symmetric matrix 2λ=P+7 ...(2)

A= –A T
and 3λ=36
Since magnitude of diagonal element is
i.e.,λ=12
same only sign is changed, so eigen value
 Equation (2) gives P+7 =24  P=17
must be either zero or pure imaginary to
satisfy this relation.

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10 5 + J 4  35. From the given question,

33. Let A =  x 20

2  A has an eigen value is zero |A|=0
 4 2 −10
3 2 4 
Given that all eigen values of A are real  
9 7 13  = 0
 −6 −4 −9 + x 
( )
T
 A is Hermitical  Aθ=A i.e. A =A
3(–63 + 7 + 52)–2(–81 + 9x + 78)+4(–63
 10 x 4  10 5 + J 4 
    + 42) = 0
5 − j 20 2  =  x 20 2 
 4 3(7x – 11)–2(9x – 3) + 4(6) = 0
2 10  4 2 −10
 
21x – 33 – 18x + 6 + 24 = 0
34. Given sequence x[n] is given by
3x – 3 = 0
n
x(n)  1 1 1 
 =    ,n  2 x=1
x(n − 1) 1 0 0
36. From the given square matrix
Put n = 2, we get
2 det(A) = 2 − x
x(2) 1 1 1  2 1 1  2
 =    =   =   ( + j)( − j) = 2 − x
x(1)  1 0 0 1 1 0 1 
x(2) = 2
()2 − (j)2 = 2 − x
x(1) = 1
n=3 2 − (j2 )(2 ) = 2 − x
3
x(3) 1 1 1  3 2 1  3 2 + 2 = 2 − x (sincej2=–1)
 =    =   =  
z(2)  1 0 0 2 1 0 2
2 = −x  x = −
x(3)=3
37. |A–λ|=0
x(2)=2
From the above values we can write the 1 2 3 4 5 1 0 0 0 0
   
recursive relation is as 5 1 2 3 4 0 1 0 0 0
 4 5 1 2 3  −  0 0 1 0 0 = 0
x(n)=x(n–1)+x(n–2)    
3 4 5 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
x(2)=x(1)+x(0)=1 + 1 = 2 2 3 4 5 1  0 0 0 0 1 
x(3)=x(2)+x(1)=2 + 1 = 3
x(4) = x(3)+x(2)=3 + 2 + = 5 1 −  2 3 4 5 
 
x(5) = x(4)+x(3)= 5 + 3 = 8  5 1− 2 3 4 
 4 5 1− 2 3 =0
x(6) = x(5)+x(4)=8 + 5 = 13  
 3 4 5 1− 2 
x(7) = x(6)+x(5)=13 + 8 = 21  2 3 4 5 1 −  
x(8) = x(7)+x(6)=21 + 13 = 34
Sum of all elements in any one row must
x(9) = x(8)+x(7)=34 + 21 = 55
x(10) = x(9)+x(8)=55 + 34 = 89 be zero, i.e.,

x(11) = x(10)+x(9)=89 + 55 = 144 15 – λ = 0, λ=15

x(12) = x(11)+x(10) =144 + 89 = 233 38. Eigen vectors corresponding to distinct
So, the required value of x(12) is 233. eigen value are linearly independent.

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39. Given, → Upper triangular matrix

2 2 3 3  Eigen values of A are λ = 2, 1, 3,
 
0 1 1 1 2[diagonal elements]
Matrix A = 
0 0 3 3  The number of distinct eigen values of
 
0 0 0 2
the matrix = 3. i.e. 1, 2, 3.

❖❖❖❖

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21
 2
Calculus and Vector
www.gradeup.co

Analysis

Analysis of Previous GATE Papers

2017 Set 1

2017 Set 2

2016 Set 1

2016 Set 2

2016 Set 3

2015 Set 1

2015 Set 2

2015 Set 3
2020

2019

2018
Year →
Topic
Topic ↓

MCQ Type 1 1 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type
Limits, Continuity and
Differentiability, MCQ Type 1
Mean value Theorem : 2 Marks
Numerical Type
Total 2 1 1 1
MCQ Type
1 Mark
Numerical Type 1 1
Definite and
MCQ Type 1 1
Improper Integral 2 Marks
Numerical Type 2 2
Total 3 4 2 4 1
MCQ Type 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type
Maxima and Minima MCQ Type 1
2 Marks
Numerical Type 1 1
Total 2 1 4
MCQ Type 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type
Partial Derivative and
MCQ Type
Tayor Series : 2 Marks
Numerical Type
Total 1
MCQ Type
1 Mark
Numerical Type 1
Vector in Plane and
MCQ Type 1
Space, Vector Operations 2 Marks
Numerical Type 1
Total 2 1 2
MCQ Type
1 Mark
Numerical Type 1
Curl, Divergence, Gradient,
Gaur’s Green’s and MCQ Type
Stoke’s Theorem 2 Marks
Numerical Type
Total 1

22
www.gradeup.co

LIMITS, CONTINUITY 

sin  
&DIFFERENTIABILITY MEAN VALUE 3. lim  2  is
→0
THEOREM 
A. 0.5 B. 1
1. The derivative of the symmetric function
C. 2 D. not defined
drawn in given figure will look like
[2007 : 1 Mark]
x
 1
4. The value of lim
x →  1 + is
 x 

A. ln2 B. 1.0
C. e D. 
[2014 : 1 Mark,Set-3]
5. A function f(x) = 1 –x2+x3 is defined in the
closed interval [–1, 1]. The value of x in
the open interval (–1, 1) for which the
mean value theorem is satisfied, is
1 1
A. − B. −
2 3
1 1
C. D.
2 3
[2015 : 1 Mark,Set-1]
6. Given the following statements about a
function
f: R → R, select the right option
P: If f(x) is continuous at x = x0, then it is
Q: If f(x) is continuous at x = x0, then it
may not be differentiable at x = x0.
R: If f(x) is differentiable at x = x0, then it
is also continuous at x = x0.
[2005 : 2 Marks]
A. P is true, Q is false, R is false
2. For |x|<< 1, cot h(x) can be approximated
B. P is false, Q is true, P is true
as
C. P is false, Q is true, P is false
A. x
D. P is true, Q is false, P is true
B. x2
[2016 : 1 Mark,Set-1]
1
C. 7. Consider the following statements about
x
1 the linear dependence of the real valued
D.
x2 functions y1 = 1, y2 = x and y3 = x2, over
[2007 : 1 Mark] the field of real numbers.

23
www.gradeup.co

I. y1, y2 and y3 are linearly independent on 4 8

C. D.
–1 ≤x≤ 0. 3 3

II. y1, y2 and y3 are linearly independent [2006 : 2 Marks]

on –1 ≤x≤ 0. 11. The following plot shows a function y which

III. y1, y2 and y3 are linearly independent varies linearly with x. The value of the
2
on 1 ≤x≤ 0.
IV. y1, y2 and y3 are linearly independent
integral I =  ydx is
1

on –1 ≤x≤ 0.
Which one among the following is correct?
A. Both I and II are true
B. Both I and III are true
C. Both II and IV are true
D. Both III and IV are true
[2019 : 2 Marks]
8. Consider a differentiable function f(x) on
the set real numbers such that f(–1) = 0
A. 0.5 B. 2.5
and |f’(x)|≤2. Given these conditions,
C. 4.0 D. 5.0
which one of the following inequalities is
[2007 : 1 Mark]
necessarily true for all x  [−2,2] ?
12. The value of the integral of the function
A. f(x)≤ 2 |x + 1| B. f(x)≤ 2 |x|
g(x, y) = 4x3 + 10y4 along the straight line
1 1
C. f(x)≤ |x + 1| D. f(x)≤ |x| in the x-y plane is
2 2
[2019 : 2 Marks] A. 33 B. 35
C. 40 D. 56
LIMITS, CONTINUITY & DIFFE- [2008 : 2 Marks]
RENTIABILITY MEAN VALUE THEOREM
13. Consider points P and Q in the x-y plane,
9. The value of the integral with P = (1, 0) and Q = (0, 1). The line
 2
1  x2 
I=  exp   dx is integral 2 (xdx + ydy) along the semicircle
2 0  8 
  1

A. 1 B.  with the line segment PQ as its diameter

C. 2 D. 2 A. –1

[2005 : 2 Marks] B. 0
 C. 1
10. The integral  sin3 d is given by
D. depends on the direction (clockwise or
0
anti-clockwise) of the semicircle.
1 2
A. B. [2008 : 2 Marks]
2 3

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14. The volume under the surface z(x, y) = x  

sin x
+ y and above the triangle in the x-y plane
21. The value of integral 0 y x
dx dy, is

defined by {0≤y≤ and 0≤x≤ 12} is ____. equal to _____.

[2014 : 2 Marks,Set-1] [2019 : 1 Mark]
1 22. Consider the line integral  (xdy − ydx). The
2  D
15. The integral (x + y + 10) dx, dy, where
C

D denotes the dise: x2 + y2 ≤ 4, evaluates integral begin taken in a counter clock wise

to ______. direction over the closed curve C that

[2016 : 2 Marks,Set-1] forms the boundary of the region R shown

16. The region specified by {(p, , z) : 3 ≤ p in the area enclosed by the union of a 2 ×
3 rectangle and a semi-circle of radius 1.
 
≤5,    , 3≤ z ≤ 4.5} in cylindrical
8 4 The line integral evaluates to.

coordinates has volume of _____.

[2016 : 2 Marks,Set-1]
1
dx
17. The integral  , is equal to ____.
0 (1 − x)

[2016 : 1 Marks,Set-3]
18. Let I =  (2zdx + 2ydy + 2xdz) where x, y, z
C

are real, and let C be the straight line

A. 16 + 2  B. 6 +  /2
segment from point A: (0, 2, 1) to point B:
C. 12 +  D. 8 + 
(4, 1, –1). The value of I is ____.
[2017 : 2 Marks,Set-1] [2019 : 2 Mark]

19. A three dimensional region R of finite

MAXIMA & MINIMA
volume is described by x2 + y2 ≤ z3; 0 ≤ z
≤ 1, where x, y, z are real. The volume of 23. As x increased from −  to , the function

R (up to two decimal places) is_____. ex

f(x) =
[2017 : 2 Marks,Set-1] 1 + ex
20. The values of the integrals A. monotonically increases
1 1  1 1  B. monotonically increases
x–y x–y
   (x + y)3 dy dx and    (x + y)8 dx dy C. increases to a maximum value and the
0 0  0 0 
are decreases

A. same and equal to 0.5. D. increases to a maximum value and the

B. same and equal to –0.5. decreases

C. 0.5 and –0.5 respectively. [2006 : 2 Marks]
D. –0.5 and 0.5 respectively. 24. Which one of the following function is
[2017 : 2 Marks,Set-2] strictly bounded?

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1 32. For a right angled triangle, if the sum of

A. B. ex
2
x the lengths of the hypotenuse and a side is
C. x2 D. e–x2 kept constant, in order to have maximum
[2007 : 1 Mark] area of the triangle, the angle between the
25. Consider the function f(x) = x2 –x – 2. The hypotenuse and the side is
maximum value of f(x) in the closed A. 12° B. 36°
interval [–4, 4] is C. 60° D. 45°
A. 18 B. 10 [2014 : 2 Marks,Set-4]
C. –2.25 D. indeterminate 33. Which one of the following graphs
[2007 : 2 Marks] describes the function f(x)=e–x(x2 + x + 1)
26. For real values of x, the minimum value of
the function f(x) = exp(x) + exp(–) is
A. 2 B. 1
C. 0.5 D. 0
[2008 : 1 Mark]
27. If e = x
y 1/x
, then y has a
A. maximum at x = e
B. minimum at x = e
C. maximum at x = e–1
D. minimum at x = e–1
[2010 : 2 Marks]
28. The maximum value of
f(x) = x3 – 9x2 + 24x + 5 in the interval [1,
6] is
A. 21 B. 25
C. 41 D. 46
[2012 : 2 Marks]
29. For 0 ≤ t <  , the maximum value of the
function f(t) = e–1 2e–2t occurs at
A. t = loge4 B. t = loge2
C. t = 0 D. t = loge8
[2014 : 1 Mark,Set-2]
30. The maximum value of the function f(x) =
In (1 + x) – x (where x > –1) occur at [2015 : 2 Marks,Set-1]
[2014 : 1 Mark,Set-3] 34. The maximum area (in square unit) of a
31. The maximum value of t(x) = 2r –
3 rectangle whose vertices lies on the ellipse
9x2+12x–3 in the interval 0 ≤x ≤ 3 is ___. x2 + 4y2 = 1 is___.
[2014 : 2 Marks,Set-3] [2015 : 2 Marks,Set-1]

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35. Consider the plot f(x) versus x as shown 37. The minimum value of the function f(x)
below 1
= x(x2 − 3) in the interval –100 ≤ x ≤100
3
occurs at x =_____.
[2017 : 2 Marks,Set-2]

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES & TAYLOR SERIES

x
Suppose, F(x) =  f(y)dy. Which one of the 38. Which of the following functions would
−5
have only odd powers of x in its Taylor
following is a graph of F(x)?
series expansion about the point x = 0?
A. sin(x3) B. sin(x2)
C. cos(x3) D. cos(x2)
[2008 : 1 Mark]
39. In the Taylor series expansion of exp(x) +
sin(x) about the point x= n, the coefficient
of (x–  )2 is
A. exp(  ) B. 0.5 exp(  )
C. exp(  )+1 D. exp(  )–1
[2008 : 2 Marks]
sin x
40. The Taylor series expansion of at x =
x−
 is given by

(x − )2 (x − )2
A. 1 + + ... B. −1 − + ...
3! 3!

(x − )2 (x − )2
C. 1 − + ... D. −1 + + ...
3! 3!
[2009 : 2 Marks]
36. As x varies from –1 to +3, which one of 41. The Taylor series expansion of 3sin x+
the following describes the behavior of the 2cos x is _____.
function f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 1? x3
A. 2 + 3x – x2 − + ...
A. f(x) increases monotonically 2

B. f(x) increases, then decreases and x3

B. 2 – 3x + x2 − + ...
2
increases again.
x3
C. f(x) decreases, then increases and C. 2 + 3x + x2 − + ...
2
decreases again.
x3
D. f(x) increases and the decreases. D. 2 – 3x – x2 − + ...
2
[2016 : 1 Marks,Set-2] [2014 : 2 Marks,Set-1]

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  t2 
1 x
 n! converges to
− 
42. The series
47. Taylor series expansion of f(x) =  e  2 dt
n=O
0
A. 2I2 B. 2 a ront x = 0 has the from
C. 2 D. e
f(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2x2 + ...
[2014 : 1 Marks,Set-4]
The coefficient a2 (correct to two decimal
43. If z = xyln(xy), then
places) is equal to _____.
z z
A. x +y =0 [2018 : 1 Mark]
x y
ax2 + by2
z z 48. Let f(x, y) = , where a and b are
B. y =x xy
x y
z z f f
C. x =y constants. If = at x = 1 and y = 2,
x y x y

z z then the relation between a and b is

D. y +x =0
x y b
A. a =
[2014 : 1 Marks,Set-3] 4

44. The contour on the x–y plane, where the b

B. a =
2
partial derivative of x2+y2 with respect to y
is equal to the partial derivative of 6y + 4x C. a = 2b

with respect to x, is D. a = 4b

A. y = 2 B. x = 2 [2018 : 1 Mark]
C. x = y = 4 D. x – y = 0 49. Let r = x2 + y – z and z3 –xy + yz + y3 =
[2015 : 1 Mark,Set-3] 1. Assume that x and yare independent
45. A triangle in the xy-plane is bounded by variables. At (x,y,z) = (2,–1,1), the value
the straight lines 2x = 3y, y = 3 and x = (correct to two decimal places) of is____.
3. The volume above the triangle and [2018 : 2 Marks]
under the plane x + y + z = 6 is____.
50. Which one of the following is a property of
[2016 : 2 Marks,Set-3]
the solutions to the Laplace equation:
46. Let f(x) = ex+x2 for real x. From among the
2 f = 0 ?
following, choose the Taylor series
approximation of f(x) around x = 0, which A. The solutions have neither maxima nor

includes all powers of x less than or equal minima anywhere expect at the

to 3. boundaries.
A. 1 + x + x2 + x3 B. The solutions are not separable in the
3 2 3 coordinates.
B. 1 + x + x +x
2 C. The solutions are not continuous.
3 2 7 2 D. The solutions are not dependent on the
C. 1 + x + x + x
2 2
boundary conditions
D. 1 + x + 3x2 + 7x3
[2016 : 1 Marks,Set-1]
[2017 : 2 Marks,Set-1]

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VECTOR IN PLANE & SPACE VECTOR B. It is not necessary that these vectors
OPERATIONS span R1
C. Any four of these vectors form a basis
51.  ×  × P, where P is a vector is equal to
for R1
A. P ×  × P – 2P. B. 2P +  (×P).
D. These vectors are not linearly
C. 2P +  × P D. (.P)–2P
independent.
[2006 : 1 Mark]
[2020: 1 Mark]
52. Consider the time-varying vector
I=ˆ
x15 cos(t) + ˆ
y5 sin(t) in Cartesian CURL, DIVERGENCE, GRADIENT, GAUS’S
coordinates, where ω>0 is a constant. GREEN’S & STOKE’S THEOREM
When the vector magnitude |I| is at its
minimum value, the angle 0 that I makes
56.   (  P) ds, where P is a vector, is equal

with the x axis (in degrees, such that to

0≤θ≤ 180) is ____. A.  P.dl B.      P.dl

[2016 : 1 Mark,Set-2]
C.    P.dl D. s    .Pdv
53. If the vectors e1 = (1,0,2), e2 = (0,1,0)
[2006 : 1 Mark]
and e3 = (–2,0,1) form an orthogonal basis
57. If ˆx + x2ˆ
A = xya ay ,  A.dI over the path
of the three-dimensional real space R 3,
C
then the vector u = (4,3,–3)  R3 can be
shown in the figure is
expressed as
2 11
A. u = − e1 − 3e2 − e
3 5 3
2 11
B. u = − e − 3e2 + e
5 1 5 3
2 11
C. u = − e1 + 3e2 + e
5 5 3
2 11
D. u = − e1 + 3e2 − e
3 5 3
[2016 : 2 Marks,Set-3]
54. The smaller angle (in degrees) between 2
A. 0 B.
3
the planes x +y + z = 1 and 2x – y + 2z =
0 is_____. C. 1 D. 2 3

[2017 : 1 Mark,Set-2] [2010 : 2 Marks]

55.If v1, v2,...,v6 are six vectors in R4, which 58. Consider a vector field A(r). The closed
one of the following statements is FALSE?
A. If {v1,v3,v5,v6} spans R4, then it forms
loop line integral  A.dl can be expressed

as
a basis for R4

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61. The magnitude of the gradient for the

A.  (  A).ds over the closed surface
function f(x,y,z) = x2+3y2+z3 at the point
bounded by the loop
(1,1,1) is_______.
B.  (.A)dv over the closed volume [2014 : 1 Mark,Set-4]

bounded by the top 62. The directional derivative of

xy
C.  (.A)dv over the open volume f(x, y) =
2
(x + y) at (1,1) in the direction

bounded by the loop


of the unit vector an angle of with y–axis
4
D.  (  A).ds over the open surface
is given by___.
bounded by the loop
[2014 : 1 Mark,Set-2]
[2013 : 1 Mark]
ˆx + xa
63. Given F − za ˆy + ya
ˆz. If S represents
59. The divergence of the vector field
the portion of the sphere x2 + y2+ z2 = 1
ˆx + yay + za
A = xa ˆz is
for z ≥ 0, then    F.ds ______.
1 S
A. 00 B. ?
3 [2016 : 2 Marks,Set-4]
C. 1 D. 3 64. Suppose C is the closed curve defined as
[2013 : 1 Mark] the circle x2+y2 = 1 with X oriented anti
2
60. If ˆx + yay + za
R = xa ˆz and | r |= r, then clockwise. The value of  (xy dx + x2ydy)

div(r2  (lnr))______. over the curve C equals _____.

[2014 : 2 Marks,Set-2] [2016 : 2 Marks,Set-2]

ANSWER

1. C 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. C

11. C 12. A 13. B 14. 862 to 866 15. 20 16. 1.5pi 17. 2 18. –11 19. 0.7853 20. A

21. A 22. 2 23. A 24. D 25. A 26. A 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. 0

31. 6 32. C 33. B 34. 1 35. C 36. B 37. B 38. A 39. B 40. D

41. A 42. D 43. C 44. A 45. 10 46. C 47. 0 48. D 49. 0.50 50. C

51. D 52. 90° 53. B 54. C 55. C 56. A 57. C 58. D 59. D 60. 3

61. 7 62. 3 63. 6.28 64. 0

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SOLUTION

1. The graph of given function indicator –ve 6. Since continuous function may not be
slope in +ve half and + v2 slope in – ve differentiable at x=x0, but differentiable
half. Hence option (c) satisfies the above function is always continuous.
condition. 7. Any of the given three functions cannot be
2. Option C is correct written as the linear combination of other
two functions. Hence, the statement I and
III are correct.

3. Option A is correct. 8. Satisfy the given condition

x Given |f’(x)|≤2;f(–1) = 0  –2≤f’(x)≤2;
 1
4. lim 1 +  = e (standard limit)
x →  x where x  [–2, 2]

5. The given function is Now applying Lagrange’s Mean Value

F(x) = 1 –x2+x3, Theorem over interval [–1, 2]

where x  [–1, 1] f(2) − f(−1)

 –2≤f’(x)≤2  –2≤ 2
2 − (−1)
 F’(x) = –2x +3x2
By mean value theorem  f(b) − f(a) 
 f '(c) b − a 
R(1) – F(–1)  
F '(x) =
1 − (−1) f(2) − 0
 −2   2  –2 ≤ f(2) ≤ 6...(2)
Now F(1) = 1–(1)2+(1)3=1 3

and F(–1)= 1–(–1)2+(–1)3= 1 – 1 –1 = – Hence option (a) satisfies the equation

1   −x2 
1
1 − (–1) 2
9. I=   8  dx
2 0
exp
 F '(x) = = =1  
1 − (−1) 1
−x2
 F’(x) = 1 dt =t
8
 –2x + 3x2 = 1
2x
 3x2 – 2x – 1 = 0  dx = dt
8
 3x2 – 3x + x – 1 = 0
4dt 2
 3x(x–1) + 1(x–1) = 0  dx =  dx = dt
x E
 (3x+1) = 0orx – 1 = 0
 2 
1 − 1 −t 2
1
 x = − or x = 1
I =
2
e 8 dx =
2
e t
dt
3 0 0

1 1
Now − lies between (–1, 1)  I=   =1
3 1
1 option A is correct.
x = −
3

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Cos hx 1 1
10. Cot ht = = (y–0) = (x=1)
Sin hx x −1

11. Two points on line are (–1, 0) and (0, 1)  y = –x+1

Hence line equations is

 y − y1 
y= 2 x + c= x + c = x + 1
 x2 − x1 
2 2
5
I=  ydx =  (x = 1)dx = 2
= 2.5
1 1

(since at x = 1, y = 2)
12. Here g (x,y) = 4x3=10y4
Now the given points on stranger line are
(0,0) and (1,2) Q Q Q
Now 2  (xdx + ydy) = 2  xdx + 2  ydy
 Equation of line is given by
P P P
y, y1 0 1
(y–y1) = (x–x1) O 1  x2   y2 
x2 − x1 = 2  xdx + 2  ydy = 2   + 2  
1 O  2 1  2 0
2
 (y–o) = (x–o)
1 = –1 + 1= 0
 y = 2x  Option (b) is correct
Now according to question 14. The volume under the surface z(x, y) = x
1 1 + y and above the triangle in the x – y
3 4
 g(x, y)dx =  (4x + 10y )dx plane is given
O o
12  x 
1

( )    (x + y)dy  dx
= 3
4x + 10(2x) 4
dx Volume =
o
0 0 
1

 ( 4x )
3 12  x
= + 10(16x)4 dx y2 
o  xy +

 dx
2 
0 0
1

 ( 4x )
3
= + 160x)4 dx 12  x
x2 
o  xy +

 dx
2 
0 0
1
 4x4 160x5  1
 = x + 32x 
4 5
= +  x3 x3 
12
 2x0 + x3 
12
 4 5 
0
0
 Volume =  +  = 
 3 6 
0  6 0
= 1 + 32 = 33
12
 option (a) is correct  x3  1
=   = (12)3 = 864 [1 number]
13 Here the given points are P (1, 0) and Q  2 0 2

(0, 1) Equation of line is given by 15. Given integral is converted into polar
y2 − y1 coordinates, we get
(y – y1) = (x = x1)
x2 x1

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1 1
dx
2 
( x + y + 10 ) dxdy 17. Let I = 
1
= 12 1 − x  = −2[0 − 1]
D 0 1−x  0
2 2
1  I=2
=
2 r −0 −0
(r cos  + r sin  + 10) pdrd
18. A(0,2,1) and 6(4,1, –1)
2 2 The equation of the line AB is
=
1
2 r =0 =0
(
r2 cos  + r2 sin  + 10 dr d ) x −0 y −2
= =
z −1
= t(say)
4 − 0 1 − 2 −1 − 1
2  3 2
1 r r3   x = 4t; y = –t + 2; Z = –2t+ 1
=   cos  + sin  + 5r2  d
2 0 = 0  3 3 0  dx = 4 dt; dy = – dt; dz = – 2dt
Also t varies from 0 to 1

1 8 8 
=   cos  + sin  + 20d
2 0  3 3 
1
 I =  2(−2t + 1)4dt + 2(−t + 2)
0
2
1 8 8  (−dt) + 2(4t) + 2(4t)(−2dt)
= cos  + sin  + 20 
2  3 3 0
1 1

1  8 8 =  (−16t + 8 + 2t − 4 − 16t)dt =  (−30t + 4)dt


=  sin2 + cos 2 + 40  0 0
2  3 3 
1
 t2 
8 8  =  −30 + 4t  = (−15 + 4) = −11
−  sin0 − cos 0    2 
3 3   0
19. Let x2 + y2 = t2 andt2 = z3
1  8   8 
=  0 − + 40  −  −  
2  3   3 

1  8   8 
=  − + 40  −  −  
2  3   3 

1  8 8 8
=  − + 40 +  =  40 = 20
2  3 3  2

=
P =5 4 4.5
16. Required Volume =    Pdp.ddz
P =3  z =3
=
8 Here revolution is about z axis
  1
5 2
4.5 4  P2  4.5 4
1 Now volume of region R =  (PQ) dz
=    2  ddz =   2 (25 − 9)ddz 0
3  3 3 
8 8 Where PQ is radius of circle at some z.
  Now PQ = x2 + y2
4.5 4 4.5 4.5
4  
=8   ddz = 8    = 8  
 4 8 
dz  (PQ)2 = x2 + y2 = z3
3  3 3  1 1
8 8
 Volume of region R =  t2dz =  z3dz
4.5 4.5 0 0

=8   8 dz = 8  dz = [z]3
  
3 3 = = 0.7853
4
=  (4.5–3)=1.5 

35
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20. Option C is correct.

 (xdy − ydx) =  (−y dx + x dy); where C is a
C C
21.
Closed figure formed by rectangle and a
semi circle having radius 1.
To counter line integral to area integral
Now Using Green’s theorem, we have

 
 
 C  − y dx + y dy  =  (1 + 1)dx dy
 
 M  R
 M 

= 2   dx dy → Area of the region R

R

sin x
  x dx dy =2[Area of rectangle + Area of semi-circle]
00
 1   
Given limits are x = y → x  & y = 0 = 2 (3  2) + (12 ) = 2 6 +  = (12 + )
 2   2
→ y =  . For change of order of
ex
integration 23. Given, f(x) =
1 + ex
Consider a strip parallel to Y-axis. Then
(1 + ex ).ex − e2x ex
Limits of y are : y = 0 → y = x and Limits  f '(x) = =
(1 + e )
2
x (1 + ex )2
of x : x = 0 → x = 
   sin x
  which is always + ve, so monotonically
sin x
 dx dy =   x
 dy  dx
increases
x x =0 y =0

00 
1
  24. graph of y =
sin x x2
=  [y]0x .dx =  sin x.dx
x =0
x x =0


= –cos 0 =–[–1–1]=2


sin y
  x
dx dy = 2
0y

22.

graph of y = ex

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graph of y = ex 1
27. Given: ey =
xx
1 1
Taking log, In ey = In  y= In x
x x
x
Differentiating
dy −1  1 
= (In x) +  =0
dx x2  x2 

−1
 {−In x + 1} = 0
x2
graph of y = e–X2
−1
 = 0 or In x = 1
x2
 x =  or x = e1 = e
Differentiating equation (i), we have

d2 y −2 1 2 
= − − In x 
2 2 3
dx x x x3 
For x = e,

d2 y 2 1 2 1
= − − =− (−ve)
2 2 3 3 e3
25. Given, f(x) = x2 – x – 2 dx e e e 

df(x) 1 Hence maxima at x = e.

= 0  2x – 1 = 0  x =
dx 2 28. f(x) = x3 – 9x2 + 24x +5

d2f(x) To find maximum value of f(x), putting

 = 2(+ve),
dx2 f,(x) = 0

So it shows only minima for interval or, 3x2 – 17x + 24 = 0or,x2 – 6x + 8 = 0

[–4, 4], it contains a maximum value that x = 2,4

will be at Now, at x = 2, f’(x) = (2x – 6)|x=2=–2<0

x = 1 or x = 4 x = 4, f’(x)=(2x – 6)|x=42>0

 f(–4) = 18 Hence, a maxima occurs at x = 2 and a

and f(+4) = 10 minima occurs at x = 4

So, maximum value is 18 But at the end of interval, x = 6

2 f(x)=63 – 9 × 62 + 24 × 6 + 5 = 41
1  x
x 1 
26. f(x)=e + e = e +
x x
− +2
x e x  Which infers that maximum value of a
e  2 
 e2 
 function is simply the greatest value in the

 x 1  immediate neighborhood of the maxima

The minimum value of  − is zero at
e x  point (x = 2, in this case). IN fact there of
 2 
 e2 
 a function is an interval same is also true
x = 0 then min |f(x)| = 2 for the minimum value of a function.

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29. f’(t) = – e–t + 4e–2t = 0 Equation F”(x)-0 we get

1 e–xx(1–x)=0
 e − t[4e−t − t]  e−t =
4  x=0 or x=1
 t = log4
 andf’’(t)< 0 Now again differentiating F”(x)w.r.t.(x) will
d −x
at t = log4 get F”(x)= e (x − x2 )
dx
30. f(x) = 0
1 −x
 d
= e− x 
 dx
( 
) (
x − x0  + x − x2
 dx
e)
d −x
 −1 = 0  =0x = 0
1+ x 1+ x
–e–x(1–2x)+(x–x2)e–x(+)
−1
and f11(x) =  0 at x = 0 =e–x[1–2x – x + x2]
(1 + x)2
F”(x) = e–x[x2 = 3x+1]
31. f (x) = 6x – 18x + 12 = 0
1 2
For x = 0
 x = 1, 2  [0, 3]
F” (0)1(1)>0
Now f(0) = 3; f(3) = 6
 at x = 0 F (x) is minimum and for x = 1
and f(1) = 2; f(2) = 1
1
Hence, f(x) is maximum at ax = 3 and the F” (1) = e–1(1–3+1) = −
e0
maximum value is 6.
 at x = 1, F (x) is maximum
32.
 Option (b) is correct
34.

Here C2 = a2 + b2
Now, a + c = Constant
 Let a + c = K Area of rectangle = 2x×2y= 4 xy
1 (Area)2 = 16x2y2 = 4x2 (1–x2)
 cosθ =
2
 F = 4x2 (1–x2)
 θ = 60
Now difference ‘F’ w.r.t ‘x’ we get
d 2 d –x
33. F’(x)=e (x + x + 1)+(x2+x+ 1) e xd2
–x
dx dx F '(x) = 4
dn
( ) (
1 − x2 + 1 − x2
d
dx
)
4x2

=e –x
(2x+1) 0− (x2+x+1)e–x = 4x2(–2x) + (1–x2)8x
= e–x(x–x2) =8x3 + 8x – 8x3 =–16x3+8x
F’(x) = e–xx(1–x) Now Equaling

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F’(x) = 0 f(x) = 0
 8x(1–2x2) = 0
1
 x= 0 and x2 =
2

1
x = 
2

1
y = 
2

Now area of rectangle = 4xy 3x2 – 6x = 0

 1  1  1 3x(x–2) = 0
= 4   = 4
 2  8  16 x = 0, 2
f’(x) = 6x – 6
1
= 4 =1
4 At x = 0 f’(0) = –6 maxima

35. From the given question integration of x = 2 f’(2) = –6 minima

Then the given function f(x) increases,
ramp is parabolic, integration of step is
then decreases and increase again.
ramp.
37. Option B is correct.
So, the required graph of f(x) is shown
38. Taylor’s series about x = 0 is
below
x2
f(x) = f(0)+xf(0) + f’(0) +....
2!
For f(x) = sin x3
 t(0) = 0
f’(x) = 3x2 cos x3
 f’(0) = 0
f’(x) = 6x cos x3 –(3x2) sin x3
 f’(0) = 0
f’’(x) = 6 cos x3 – 36x3 sin x2–(3x2)2
 f’’(0) = 6

Similarly for f’1x(x) = constant we get the

Taylor’s

x3 x9
f(x) = 6+k + .......
3! 9!
39. Let f(x) = ex + sin x
Taylor’s series is
36. Given f(x) = x – 3x + 1
3 2
(x − a)2
f(x)=f(a) + (x–a) f(a)+ f’(a)
f(x) = 3x2 – 6x 2!

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where, a =  1 3
= 2 + 3x – x − x + ....
2
(x − )2
 f(x)=f(  )+(x–  )f(  )+ f’(  ) 
2! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
42.  n! = 0! + 1! + 2! + 3! = 1 + 1 + 2 + 6 + ....
f ''() n=0
confident of (x–  ) is
2 Now expansion of ex
f’(  )=ex – sin x | |atx =  =e 
x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + +
 Coefficient of (x–  )2 = 0.5 exp(  ) 2 6

x3 x5 For x = 1
40. Since sin x = x − + +−−−
3! 5! 1 1
e1 = 1 + x + + + ....
(x – ) 3
(x – ) 5 2 6
 sin (x–  )=(x–  )– + + ....
3! 5! 
1
(x – )3
(x – ) 5
  n! = e
n=0
or –sin 1 (x–  ) − + + ....
3! 5!
z  1 
3 5 43. = y x   y + 1n xy 
sin x (x – ) (x – ) x  xy 
or − =1 + + ....
(x − ) 3! 5!
z
sin x (x – )2 (x – )4 = y [1+ In xy]and = x(1 + 1n xy)
or − = −1 + − + .... x
(x − ) 3! 5!
z z
41. Taylor series expansion of 3 sin x + 2 cos x  x =y
x y
Taylor series is given by
44. The partial derivative of x2y2 with respect
f '(x0 )
f(x)=f(x0)+f(x0)(x–x0)+ (x − x0 )2 to y is 0 + 2y  2y. The partial derivative
2!
f '(x0 ) of 6y + 4x with respect x is 0 + 4 = 4.
+ (x − x0 )3 + ....
3! Green that both are equal
Here x0 = 0  2y = 4  y = 2
f '(0) 2 45. 10 is the correct answer.
 f(x) = f(0)+f’(0)(x)+ x
2 46. x = 0
f ''(0) 3 f(x)=ex ex2
+ x + ....
6
 x2 x3  x4 x6 
Now f(x) = 3 sin x + 2 cos x  f(0) = 2 = 1 + x + + + ... 1 + x2 + + 
 2! 3!  2! 3! 
Now f(x) = 3 cos x + 2(–sin x)  

= cos x – 2 sin x  f’(0) = 3 x4 x6 x5 x7

= 1 + x2 + + + ... + x + x3 +
f’’(x) = – 3 sin x – 2 cos x  f’’(0) = – 2 2 6 2 6
f’’(x) = – 3 cos x + 2 sin x x2 x4 x6 x8
+ + + + .... +
From equation (i), 2 2 4 12
f '(0) 2 f ''(0) 3 x3 x5 x7 x9
f(x) = f(0) + x + x + (x) + .... + + + + + ...
2 6 6 6 12 36
(−2) 2  −3  3 3 2 7 3
= 2 + 3x + x +  (x) + .... =1+ x + x + x
2  6  2 6

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x z
−2/2
47. f(x) =  e dt By substituting the value of
x
in
0

Differentiating f(x)w.r.t ‘x’ we get equation(ii),we get,

f(x) = e–x2/2 and f’’(x)=e–x2/2(–x) r y

− 2x −
x 2
3z + y
Now f’(0) = 0
f '(0) Now
a2 = =0
2! r (−1)
= 2(2) −
48. Here, x (2, −1,1) 3(1)2 + (−1)

ax2 + by2 x y 1

f(x, y) = = 2  + b 
xy y x = 4+ = 4.50
3 −1
f a by 50. Option C is correct.
Now = −
x y x2
51. From triple product of vector
f A×(B×C)=B(A,C)–C(A,B)
Now at x = 1 and y = 2
x
Now Here A =  , B =  and C = P
f  a by   a b(2)  a   ×  ×P =  , (J.P)–P = (  .  )
x = y − 2   − 1  = 2 − 2b
(1,2)  x  (1,2)  2 
=  (  .P)–  2P

f  ax b   option (d) is correct

Now = − + 
x  y2 x  52. 90 is the correct answer.

f 53. Option B is the correct answer.

Now at x = 1 and y = 2
x 54. Option C is the correct answer.
55. Given V1, V2,……..V6 are six vectors in IR4.
f  ax b  a
 = − +  = − +b As the dimension of IR4 is 4, any four
y 2 x  4
(1,2)  y
(1,2)
vectors that spans IR4 forms a basis for
Now according to question
IR4. So, choice A is not FALSE
f f If the dimension of a vector space is n then
=
x y
any set of n + 1 or more vectors in that
a a 3a
 − 2b = − + b = + 3b vector space are NOT linearly independent.
2 4 4
So, choice B is NOT FALSE
 a = 4b
A collection of four vectors of IR4 forms a
49. r = x2 + y – z
basis for IR4 only when they span IR4 or
r z
 = 2x − they are linearly independent
x x
Now, z3 –xy + yz +y3 = 1 So, any four of the given vectors need not
form a basis for IR4
z2 z
 3z −y+y− =0 56. According to stokes theorem
x x


z
=
y   (  P).ds =  P.dll
2
x 3z + y

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a 2 Similarly for R → S
57. A = xy 2 + x ˆ
ay,
y = 3, dy = 0
 A.dl = ? 1 1
0 S 3  x2  3
2  A.dl =  3xdx = 3  
 2 
ˆ + x ay
Here A = xyax ˆ + yay
ˆ and I = xax ˆ R 2 2
3 3

Now dI = dxax ˆ
ˆ + dyay 3 1 4 3 3
=  −  = (−1) = −
2 3 3 2 2
Now AdI = (xyaˆx + x2aˆy ),(dxax ˆ
ˆ + dyay)
Similarly for S → P
2
AdI = xydx + x dy 1
x= ad dx = 0
  A.dl = 2 3
 xydx  x dy
C C S 1 2 1 1
 1  1 1
 A.dl =   3  dy = 3  dy = 3  dy
P 2 2 2

1 1 1 1
= y 2 = [1 − 2] = −
3 3 3
Q R S P
  A.dl =  A.dl +  A.dl +  A.dl +  A.dl
C P J R S

 1 8 3 2   3 + 16 − 9 − 4 
= + − − =  =1
2 3 2 3  6 
 Option (c) is correct
For P → Q 58. According to stoke theorem

y = 1 ad dy = o  A.dl =   (  A ) .ds
2 C S
Q 3
59. A = xax
ˆ + yay
ˆ + Zaz
ˆ
 A.dl =  xdx
P 1
3
Difference of A is given by

2     
.A =  ˆ+
ax ˆ+
ay ˆ
az
1  2   1  
2 3
x 2  3  x y z 
=  =   −  
 2  1 2  3 
  3   ˆ + yay
.(xax ˆ + zaz)
ˆ
3

  
1 4 1 1 = x+ y+ z = 1 + (+)
= − = x y z
2  3 3  2
Option (d) is correct
Similarly for Q → R

2 ˆ + yay
60. r = xax ˆ + zaz
ˆ and 1r1 = r
x= dx = 0
3 div (r2  1nr)
R 3
 2 
2
4 3 4 8  1  r r r 
=   r2 
  A.dl =   3  dy = 3 y1 = 3  = 3    x
ˆ+
ar
y
ˆ+
ay
z
ˆ 
az

Q 1

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 r r r   2xy + y2 x2 + 2xy   x2 + y2 + 4xy 

=  r ax + ˆ
r +r ˆ+r +
ay ˆ
az ĥ =  + = 
 x y z   2 2   2 
   
Now ˆ + yay
r = xax ˆ + zaz
ˆ  F in direction of ĥ at (111)
ˆ + ay
= [r(ax ˆ + az)]
ˆ 1 + 1 + 4 
Now =  =3
 2 
  r r 
= ˆ+
rx ˆ+
ay ˆ  .[r(ax
az ˆ + ay
ˆ + az)]
ˆ
 x ry z  ˆ zy
ax ˆ az
ˆ
  
 r r   r r  63.   F =
= + +  + + = 1 x ry z
x ry z  x ry z 
z x y
=1 + 1 + 1 = 3
 y x   y z   x z 
61. f(x,y,z) = x2 + 3y2 + z3 ˆ
= ax − ˆ
 − ay − ˆ
 + az − 
 y z   x z   x y 
  ˆ r ˆ r ˆ  f ˆ F ˆ F ˆ
.f =  i j k  .F = i j k  x x   y   x 
 x ry z  x ry z ˆ 1 −
+ax − ˆ
 − ay ˆ 1 −
− 1  + az 
 z z   x   y
=
x
(
 2
x + 3y2 + z3 ˆi +
 2
y
) (
x + 3y3 + z3 ˆj + ) ˆ + ay
= ax ˆ + az
ˆ

Now,
=
 2
x
(
x + 3y2 + z3 k )
ˆ = 2  ˆi + 6yj ˆ
ˆ + 3z2k
   F.ds =  (axˆ + ayˆ + az).(az
ˆ ˆ − dxdy)
S
ˆ
.F (1,1,1) = 2iˆ + 6jˆ + 3k
=  dndy = 2p(1)2 = 2  3.14 = 6.28
S
Now | .F | at(1,1,1) (2)2 + (6)2 + (3)2
64. By Green’s theorem
= 4 + 36 + 9 = 7
2
C=  xy dx + x2ydy (where C = Closed
xy
62. F(x, y) = (x + y)
2 curve)
 d d 
  xy    xy  =   dx (x
2
y) − (xy2 ) dxdy
F =  (x + y)  ˆi +  (x + y)  ˆi dy 
x  2  y  2  R

 2xy + y2   x2 + 2xy  =  (2xy − 2xy) = 0

=  ˆi +   ˆi R
 2   2 
    So, the value closed curve C is 0
Now the given direction is

ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
h= i+ j
2 2
Now directional derivative in direction of

❖❖❖❖

45
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Differential Equations

Analysis of Previous GATE Papers

2017 Set 1

2017 Set 2

2016 Set 1

2016 Set 2

2016 Set 3

2015 Set 1

2015 Set 2

2015 Set 3
2020

2019

2018
Year →
Topic
Topic ↓

MCQ Type 1 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type
Type and Order,
Variation of Parameter, MCQ Type 1 1 1
Variable Separation 2 Marks
Numerical Type
Total 3 2 2 1
MCQ Type 1 1 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type
Complementary Function
MCQ Type
and Particular Integral 2 Marks
Numerical Type
Total 1 1 1
MCQ Type
1 Mark
Numerical Type
Initial and
MCQ Type 1 1
Boundary Conditions 2 Marks
Numerical Type 1 1
Total 2 2 2 2

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TYPE & ORDER, VARIATION OF dy y

B. =– 2. Straight lines
PARAMETER, VARIABLE SEPARATION dx x

1. A curve passes through the point (x = 1, dy y

C. = 3. Hyperbolas
dx x
y =0) and satisfies the differential equation
dy y
dy x2 + y2 y D. =–
= + .The equation that dx x
dx 2y x
A. A –2, B–3, C–3, D–1
describes the curve is
B. A – 1, B –3, C–2, D –1
 y2 
A. In 1 + 2  = x – 1 C. A–3, B–2, C–1, D –2
 x 

D. A –3, B–2, C–1, D –2
  y  2
[2009 : 2 Marks]
B. In 1 +  = x –1
2   x2  5. The general solution of the differential
 y equation
C. In 1 +  = x – 1
 x
dy 1 + cos 2y
= is
1  y dx 1 – cos 2x
D. In 1 +  = x – 1
2  x A. tan y – cot x = c (c is a constant)
[2003 : 2 Marks] B. tan x – cot y = c (c is a constant)
2. The following differential has C. tan y + cot x = c (c is a constant)

 d2y   dy 
2 D. tan x + cot y = c (c is a constant)
2
3  + 4  +y +2 = x
 dt2   dt  [2015 : 1 Mark, Set-2]
 
6. Which one of the following is the general
A. degree = 2, order = 1
solution of the first order differential
B. degree = 1, order = 2
equation
C. degree = 4, order = 3
D. degree = 2, order = 3 dy
= (x + y – 1)2
dx
[2005 : 1 Mark]
3. The order of the differential equation where x, y are real?

3 A. y = 1 + x + tan–1 (x +c), where c is

2
d y  dy 
+   + y4 = e–1 is constant.
2
dt  dt 
B. y = 1 + x + tan (x + c), where c is a
A. 1 B. 3
constant.
C. 3 D. 4
C. y = 1 –x + tan–1 (x + c), where c is a
4. Match each differential equation in Group I
constant.
to its family of solution curves from
D. y = 1 – x + tan (x + c), where c is a
Group II
constant.
Group I Group II
[2017 : 2 Marks, Set-1]
dy y
A. = 1. Circles
dx x

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7. The partial derivative of the function d2 y dy

+ 2 +y=0
2 dx
F(x, y, z) = e 1-x cos y
+ xze -1/(1+y2)
dx
With respect to x at the point (1, 0, e) is has two equal roots, then the values of a

A. 1 B. 1 are
e
A. ± 1 B. 0,0
C. 0 D. –1 1
C. ±j D. ±
[2020: 1 Mark] 2

8. Which one of the following options contains [2014 : 1 Mark, Set-2]

two solutions of the differential 13. Which ONE of the following is a linear non-
homogeneous differential equation, where
equation dy = (y − 1)x ?
dx x and y are the independent and
A. ln|y – 1| = 2x + C and y = 1
2
dependent variables respectively?
B. ln|y – 1| = 2x2 + C and y = –1 dy dy
A. + xy = e–x B. + xy = 0
C. ln|y – 1| = 0.5x + C and y = –1
2 dx dx
D. ln|y – 1| = 0.5x2 + C and y = 1 dy dy
C. + xy = e–y D. + = e–y = 0
[2020: 2 Marks] dx dx
[2014 : 1 Mark, Set-3]
COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION &
14. If a and b are constant, the most general
PARTICULAR INTEGRAL
solution of the differential equation

9. y = e–2x is a solution of the differential d2 x dx

+2 + x = 0 is
2 dt
equation y” + y –2y = 0. (True/False). dt

[1994 : 1 Mark] A. ae–t B. ae–1 + bte–t

10. A solution of the following differential C. aet + bte–t D. ae–2t

[2014 : 1 Mark, Set-4]
dy d2y
equation is given by –5 + 6y = 0 15. The general solution of the differential
2 dx
dx
equation
A. y = e2x + 3–3x B. y = e2x + e3x
C. y = e–ex + e3x D. y = e–2x + e–3x d2 y dy
+2 – 5y = 0
2 dx
dx
[2005 : 1 Mark]
in terms of arbitrary constant K1 and K2 is
11. Which of the following is a solution to the

dx(t) A. K1e(–1+ 6)x

+ K2e(–1– 8)x

differential equation + 3x(t) = 0?

dt
B. K1e(–1+ 8)x
+ K2e(–1– 8)x

A. x(t) = 3e –t
B. x(t) = 2e –3t

C. K1e(–2 + 8)x
+ K2e(–2– 8)x
3
C. x(t) = – t2 D. x(t) = 3t2
2
D. K1e(–2 + 8)x
+ K2e(–2– 8)x

12. If the characteristic equation of the

[2017 : 1 Mark, Set-2]
differential equation

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16. The families of curves represented by the m

2
C. y =  Am x a
dy x m
solution = –   of the equation
dx y m

For n = – 1 and n = + 1, respectively, are

D. y =  Am e a
m
A. Hyperbolas and Circles [2006 : 2 Marks]
B. Circles and Hyperbolas 20. The solution of the differential equation
C. Hyperbolas and Parabolas
d2 y
k2 = y – y2 under the boundary
D. Parabolas and Circles dx2
[2019 : 1 Mark] conditions

17. The general solution of is (i) y = y, at x = 0 and

(ii) y = y2 at x = ∞, where k, y1 and y2 are
A. y = C1e3x
constant, is
B. y = (C1 + C2x)e-3x
 –x 
C. y= C1e3x + C2e-3x A. y = (y1–y2) exp   + y2
 K2 
D. y = (C1 + C2x)e3x
 –x 
[2020 : 1 Mark] B. y = (y2 – y1) exp   + yr
 K2 

INITIAL & BOUNDARY CONDITIONS x

C. y = (y1 – y2) sinh   + y1
K 
18. A solution for the differential equation
 –x 
D. y = (y1 – y2) exp   + y2
x(t) + 2x =  (t) K 
with initial condition x(0–) = 0 is [2007 : 2 Marks]
A. e –2t
u(t) B. e u(t)
2t
21. A function n(x) satisfies the differential
C. e u(t)
–1
D. etu(t)
d2n(x) n(x)
[2006 : 1 Mark] equation – = 0 where L is a
2
dx L2
d2 y constant. The boundary conditions are:
19. For the differential equation + K2 y = 0
2
dx
n(0) = K and n (∞) = 0. the solution to
the boundary conditions are this equation is
(i) y = 0 for x = 0 and x
A. n(x) = Kexp
(ii) y = 0 for x = a L
The form of non-zero solution of y (where  –x 
B. n(x) = K2exp  
m varies overall integers) are  L
mx  –x 
A. y =  Am sin a
C. n(x) = Kexp  
m  L 
mx  –x 
B. y =  Am cos a
D. n(x) = kexp  
m  L 
[2010 : 1 Mark]

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22. The solution of the differential equation 26. Consider the differential equation

dy d2 (t) dx(t)
= ky, y(0) = c is +3 + 2x(t) = 0 . Given x(0) = 20
dx dt 2 dt
A. x = ce –ky
B. x = ke cy
10
C. y = cekx D. y = ce–kx and x(1) = where e = 2.718, the value
e
[2011 : 1 Mark]
of x(2) is ____.
23. With initial condition x(1) = 0.5, the
solution of the differential equation, [2015 : 2 Marks, Set-3]

dx 27. The particular solution of the initial value

t + xt is
dt problem given below is
1 1
A. x = t– B. x = t2 – d2 y dy
2 2 12 + 36y = 0 with y (0) = 3 and
2 dx
dx
t2 t
C. x = D. x =
2 2 dx
= –36
dx x–0
[2012 : 1 Mark]
24. With initial values y(0) = y(0) = 1, the A. (3–18x)e–6x B. (3 + 25x)e–6x
solution of the differential equation
C. (3 + 20x)e–5x D. (3 – 12x)e–6x
2
d y dy
+4 + 4y = 0 at x = 1 is ____. [2016 : 2 Marks, Set-3]
2 dx
dx
28. Consider the homogeneous ordinary
[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-4]
25. The solution of the differential equation differential equation

d2 y dy d2y dy
2
+2 + y = 0 with y(0) = y(0) = 1 is x2 – 3x + 3y = 0, x  0 with y(x) as a
dt dt dx 2 dx
A. (2 – t) et
general solution. Given that y(1) = 1 and
B. (1 + 2t) e–t
y(2) = 14 the value of y(1.5), (rounded off
C. (2 + t)e–t
of to two decimal places), is ____.
D. (1 – 2)et
[2015 : 2 Marks, Set-1] [2019 : 2 Marks]

ANSWER

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. True 10. B

11. B 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. * 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. A 20. D

21. D 22. C 23. D 24. 0.54 25. B 26. 0.85 27. A 28. 5.25

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SOLUTION

dy x2 y y dy –y
1. = + + (ii) =
dx 2y 2 x dx x
Let y = xt  log y + log x = log c
dy dt or c = xy, which is hyperbola equation
 =t+x
dx dx dy x
(iii) =
dx y
dt x tx
 t+x = + +t
dx 2t 2  ydy = xdx
 1 + t2  or y2 = x2 + c, which is hyperbola equation
dt 1 t dt
 x = x +  x = x 
dx  2t 2  dx  2t  dy –x
  (iv) =
dx y
2t
Now  1 + t2 dt =  dx + C  y2 + x2 = c, which is equation of a circle
dy 1 – cos 2y
In(1 + t2) = x + C 5. Give =
dx 1 + cos 2x
y
 t = dy dx
x  = Variable -
1 – cos 2y 1 + cos 2x
 y  2
So, In 1 + 2  = x + C Separable
 x 

dy dx
At x = 1, y = 0  =
2 sin2 y 2 cos2 x
 0 2
In = 1 +  In (1) = 0 = 1 + C   cos ec ydy =  sec2 xdx
 1

C = –1  – cot y = tan x + k  – tan x – cot y = k

  tan x + cot y = c where c = –k

y2 
So, In 1 + 2  = x – 1
 x 
 dy
6. = (x + y – 1)2 ...(i)
2. Order is highest derivative and degree is
dx

poulee of height derivative Let x+y–1 =t ...(ii)

Now differentiating equation (ii) w.r.t to ‘x’
 Order 2 and degree = 1
we get
3. The order a differential equation is the
order of the highest derivative involving in dy dt
1+ =
dx dx
equation, so answer is 2.
dy dt
4. A – 2, B –3, C – 3, D– 1  = –1
dx dx
dy y
(i) = Substituting equations (ii) and (iii) in
dx x
equation (i) we get
 log y = log x + log C
dt
or y = cx, which is straight line equation – 1 = t2
dx

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dt  y = e2x + e3x is solution of given

= t2 + 1
dx differential equation.

dt dx(t) dx(t)
2
= dx 11.  + 3x(t) = 0  = –3dt 
t +1 dt x(t)
Now integrating on both side we get, In [x(t)] = –3t + c
1 x(t) = ke–3t
 t2 + 1 dt =  dx 

d2 y(t) 2dy(t)
–1 12. + + y(t) = (t)
 tan t = x + c dt 2 dt

 x + y – 1 = tan(x + c) ( t = x + y – 1) Converting to s-domain,

 y = 1 – x + tan(x + c) [s2 + 2s + 1] y (s) + 2s + 4 = 1

–3 – 2s
y(s) =
2
(s + 2s + 1)

7. Find in verse Laplace transform

y(t) = [–2e–t –te–t]u(t)

dy(t)
= 2e–t + te–t – e–t
dt
dy(t)
= 2 –1 = 1
dt t = 0+

dy
8. 13. + xy = e–x is a first order linear equation
dx
(non-homogeneous)

dy
(b) + xy = 0 is a first order linear
Such that y ≠ 1. dx
9. y = e–2x equation (homogeneous)
y = –2e
1 –2x
(c), (d) are non linear equations
y1 = (–2)(–2)e –2x
= 4e –2x
14. A.E.: –m2 + 2m + 1 = 0  m = –1, –1
Now y1 + y1 – 2y= 4e–2x + (–2)e–2x –2(e–  general solution is x = (a + bt) e–t
2x
) = 4e–2x –2e–2x –2e–2x 15. The given differential equation is
=0
d2 y dy
–2x + – 5y = 0
y = e is a solution of the given dx 2 dx
differential equation. Now auxiliary equation for above
10. Auxillary Equation of given differential differential equation is
laudation is D2 + 2D – 5y = 0
D –5D + 6 = 0
2

–2  (2)2 – 4(1)(–5)
 (D–3) (D–2) = 0 m = = –1 ± 6
2(1)
 D = 3, 2

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Hence solution of above differential 19. Given, Differential equation,

equation is d2 y
+ k2 y = 0
y = K1e (–1 + 6)x+K
2e (–1 6 ) x dx2
Let y = A cos kx + jB sin kx
16. Given differential equation is
At x = 0, y = 0
n
dy x n
A=0
= –    dy = – x
dx y dx yn y = jB sin kx
For n = 1; we have At x = 0, y=0
dy xn  B sin ka = 0
 =–
dx yn or B ≠ 0 otherwise y = 0 always
For n = – 1; we have  sin ka = 0
dy x mx
 =–
dx y k=
a
By method of variable separable form.
 mx 
1 –1
 y=  Am sin  a 
 dy = dx m
y x
20. k2 D2y = y – y2
Integrative on both sides we get,
 2 1  –y2
ℓny = – ℓnx + ℓn(xy) = ℓnc D – 2  y = 2
 k  k
 xy = c2 1
m1 = 
k
Which represents family of hyperbolas,
For n = 1; we have C.F. C1 ex/k + C2e–x/k

dy x 1  –y2 
=–  (1) P.F.  
dx y D2 – (1 / k)2  k2 
By method of variable separable 1 1
Let  →
 ydy = – xdx k D2 – 2
integrative on both sides get
1  –1 
–1 –2 
D 1 D
y 2
x 2
x y 2 2 =  1 –  – 1 +  
=– +c + =c 2       
2 2 2 2 
–1 –y2
 x2 + y2 = c P.F. 2

2 k2
( c)
2
 x2 + y2 = which represents family  
D D2 D D2
1 – + 2 − − − +1 – – 2 − − 
of circles.      
17. Option A is correct answer y2  D 
= 1 – + − −
18. D2 – 6 D + 9 = 0 2 2  
k   
⇒ (D – 3)2 = 0 P.F. = y2
D = 3, 3 → equal roots y = C1 ex/k + C2e–x/k + y2
∴ y = (C1 + C2x)e . 3x
At y = y1 x=0

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y1 = C1 + C2 + y2 ....(i) xt =  t dt
At y = y2 x = ∞ Hence C1 must be zero
t2
 y1 = C2 + y2  xt = + c,
2
 C2 = y1 – y2
Given: x(1) =0.5
 x
y = (y1 – y2) exp  –  + y2 1
 k  0.5 = +c c=0
2
d2n(x) n(x)
21. Given: – =0 t2 t
dx 2
L2 Hence required solution xt =  x=
2 2
where, L = constant
24. A.E: m2 + 4m + 4 = 0
Boundary conditions are: n(0) = K
 m = – 2, – 2
and n (∞) = 0
 solutions is y = (a + bx)e–2x ...(1)
 2 1 1
 p 2  = 0  p=+ y = (a + bx) (–2e–2x) + e–2x (b) ...(2)
 L  L
using y(0) = 1; y(0) = 1, (1) and (2) gives
1 1
– x x
 n(x) = A1e L + A2 eL a = 1 and b = 3

Applying Boundary conditions:  y = (1 + 3x)e–2x

n(0) = Ae0 = A1 = A2 = k at x = 1, y = 4e–2 = 0.541 = 0.54

and n(∞) = 0 25. The given differential equation is of the

form
 n() = A1.0 + A2e = 0
(D2 + 2D + 1) y = 0
 A2 = 0
 D2 + 2D +1 = 0
 A1 = k
 (D + 1)2 = 0
1
– x
Hence solution is n(x) = ke L  D = – 1, –1
22. Given: y(0) = C  Solution of above differential equation is
y(t) = (c1 + c2t)et
dy dy
and = ky  = kdx
dx y (complimentary function)

Taking log, In y = kx + c  y(t) = c2 e–t + (c1 +c2t) (–e–t)

 y = ekxec  y(0) = 1, y(0) = 1
When y(0) = C, y = k1 e0 gives c1 = 1and c2 + c1 (–1) = 1

 y =cekx ...( k1 = C)  c2 = 2
23. Given differential equation is Hence y(t) = (1 + 2t)e–t

dx dx x 26. The given deferential equation is

t +x=t + =1
dt dt t d2x(t) 3dx(t)
+ + 2x(t) = 0
2 dt
1 dt
 t dt
IF = e = elog t = t;
Now Auxiliary equation of above
Solution is x(IF) =  (IF)dt differential equation is
D2 + 3D + 2 = 0

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 D2 + 2D + D + 2 = 0 dy
 = −18 + C2  – 36 = – 18 + C2
 D(D+2) + 1 (D+2) = 0 dx x = 0
 (D+1) (D+2) = 0  C2 = – 18
 D = – 1 and D = – 2.  The solution of y = 3e–6x – 18 Xe–6x
x(y) = C1 e + x C2 e–2t
(Since C1 = 3 & C2 = – 18)
Now according to question,
28. Given differential equation,
X (0) = 20
d2y dy
 20 = C1 + C2 → (1) x2 − 3x + 3y = 0 , ....(i)
2 dx
dx
10 x > 0 &y(1) =1 and y(2) = 14
ad × (1) =
e (Cauchy-Euler Linear D.E.)
10 C 2 eC + C2
 = C1e–1 + C2e–2 = 1 + C = 1 Equation (i) can be written as
e e e2 e2 [x2D2 – 3xD + 3]y = 0
 10e = eC1 +C2 → (2) Let xD = θ; x2D2 = θ(θ – 1);
Solving Eq (1) and (2) we get d
where θ = and x = ez
10e − 20 10e dz
C1 = and C2 =
e −1 e −1  [θ(θ – 1) – 3θ + 3]y = 0  [θ2 – 4θ
 10e − 20  −t  10e  −2t +3]y =0
 x(t) =   e +  e − 1 e
 e −1    Consider the Auxiliary equation as
 10e − 20  −2  10e  −4 θ2 – 4θ + 3 = 0  (θ – 3)(θ – 1) = 0
 x(2) =   e +  e − 1  e = 0.85
 e −1     θ = 1, 3 → (Roots are real and distinct)

27. The differential equation is given by  The solution is,

d2 y dy y = C1e1.2 + C2e3.2  y = C1x + C2x3[ x =
+ 12 + 36y = 0
dx2 dx ez] ...(ii)
 D2 + 12D + 36 = 0 Given y = 1at x = 1

(D+6)2 = 0  C1 + C2 ...(iii)

 D = – 6, – 6 and y = 14 at x = 2

The solution is given by  14 = 2C1 + 8C2

y = C1e-6x + C2Xe–6x ...(i)  C1 + 4C2 = 7 ...(iv)

y(0) = 3 Solving eq. (iii) and (iv) we get

 3 =C1 C2 = 2 and C1 = 1
Now from eq. (ii),
C1 = 3
(i)  y = 3e–6x + C2Xe–6x  y = (– 1)x + (2)x3
 y (1.5) = (– 1)(1.5) + 2(1.5)2
dy
dx

= −18e−6x + C2 −6xe−6x + e−6x  y(1.5) = 5.25

❖❖❖❖

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Complex Analysis

Analysis of Previous GATE Papers

2017 Set 1

2017 Set 2

2016 Set 1

2016 Set 2

2016 Set 3

2015 Set 1

2015 Set 2

2015 Set 3
2020

2019

2018
Year →
Topic
Topic ↓

MCQ Type 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type 1

Analytic Function MCQ Type

2 Marks
Numerical Type 1 1

Total

MCQ Type 1 1 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type 1 1 1
Counchy’s Integral Formula
MCQ Type 1 1
and Residue Theorem
2 Marks
Numerical Type 1 1

Total 1 3 2 1 3 3 1

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ANALYTIC FUNCTION COUNCHY’S INTEGRAL FORMULA &

RESIDUE THEOREM
1. For the function of a complex variable
W = InZ (where, W = u + jv and Z = x + 7. The value of the contour in tegral

jy, the u = constant lines get mapped in z- 1

 dz in positive sense is
2
plane as |z–j|–2 z + 4

A. set of radial straight lines. j –

A. B.
B. set of concentric circles. 2 2

C. set of confocal hyperbolas. –j 

C. D.
2 2
D. set of confocal ellipses.
[2006 : 2 Marks] [2006 : 2 Marks]

2. The equation sin(z) = 10 has 8. If the semicircular contour D of radius 2 is

A. no real or complex solution as shown in the figure, then the value of
B. exactly two distinct complex solutions 1
C. a unique solution
the integral  (s2 – 1) dx is
D

D. an infinite number of complex solution.

[2008 : 1 Mark]
3. If x = –1 .then the value of x–x is

A. e– /2 B. e /2
C. x D. 1
[2012 : 1 Mark]
4. The real part of an analytic function f(z)
where z = x + jy is given by e–y cos(x).
The imaginary part of f(z) is
A. eycos(x) B. e–ysin(x)
C. –eysin(x) D. –eysin(x) A. j  B. –j
[2014 : 2 Marks]
C. – D. 
az + b
5. Let f(z) = . If f(z1) = f(z2) for all z1 ≠ [2007 : 2 Marks]
cz + d
9. The residue of the function
z2, a = 2, b = 4 and c = 5, then d should
be equal to _____. 1
f(z) = at z = 2 is
2
(z + 2) (z – 2)2
[2015 : 1 Mark, Set-2]
6. Which one of the following functions is 1 6
A. – B. –
analytic over the entire complex plane? 32 16
A. ℓn(z) B. cos(z) 1 1
C. D.
C. e1/z D.
1 16 32
1– z
[2009 : 1 Mark]
[2019 : 1 Mark]

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1 + f(z) 2
10. If f(z) = c0 + c1z–1, then  z
dz is B.  z dz = 0
unit c
circle
1 1
given by C.
2j  z dz = 1
c
A. 2c1 B. 2(1 + c0 )
D. z (complex conjugate of z) is analytical
C. 2jc1 D. 2j)(1 + c0 )
function.
[2009 : 1 Mark]
[2015 : 1 Mark, Set-1]
11. The residues of a complex function X(z)
15. If Denotes the counterclockwise unit circle,
1 – 2z
= at its poles are the value of the contour integral
z(z – 1)(z – 2)
1
1 1 1 1 2j  Re{z}dz is ____.
A. , – and 1 B. , – and –1 c
2 2 2 2
[2015 : 2 Marks, Set-2]
1 3 1 3
C. , 1 and – D. , –1 and
2 2 2 2 16. If C is a circle of radius r with centre z0, in
[2010 : 2 Marks] the complex z-plane and if n is a non-zero
–3z + 4 dz
12. The value of the integral  (z2 + 4z + 5) dz integer, then  (z – z n +1
equals
c 0)

where c is the circle |z| = 1 is given by A. 2nj B. 0

1 j
A. 0 B. C. D. 2n
10 2
4 [2015 : 1 Mark, Set-3]
C. D. 1
5
17. In the following integral, the contour C
[2011 : 1 Mark]
encloses the point 2j and – 2j
1 2
13. Given f(z) = – If C is a 1 sin z
z +1 z +3 –
2  (z – 2j)2 dz
c
counterclockwise path in the z-plane such
The value of the integral is ____.
1
that |z+1| = 1 the value of
2j  f(z)dz is [2016 : 2 Marks, Set-1]
c
18. Consider the complex valued function f(z)
A. –2 B. –1
= 2z3 + b |z|3 where z is a complex
C. 1 D. 2
variable. The value of b for which the
[2012 : 1 Mark]
function f(z) is analytic is ____.
14. Let z = x + iy be a complex variable.
Consider that contour integration is [2016 : 1 Mark, Set-2]

performed along the unit circle in 1 e2

anticlockwise direction. Which one of the
19. The values of the integral,
2  z–2
dz
c

following statements is NOT TRUE? along a closed contour c in anti-clockwise

z 1 direction for
A. The residue of 2
at z = 1 is
z –1 2

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(i) the point z0 = 2 inside the contour c, If C is defined as |z| = 3, then the value of
and I is
(ii) the point z0 = 2 outside the contour c, A. – sin(I) B. –2 / sin(I)
respectively, are C. –3 sin(I) D. –4 sin(I)
A. (i) 2.72, (ii) 0 B. (i) 7.39, (ii) 0
[2017 : 2 Marks, Set-2]
C. (i) 0, (ii) 2.72 D. (i) 0, (ii) 7.39
23. The contour C given below is on the
[2016 : 2 Marks, Set-3]
complex plane z = x + jy, where j = –1
sin(z)
20. For f(z) = the residue of the pole at z
z2
= 0 is ____.
[2016 : 1 Mark, Set-3]
21. The residues of a function f(z)
1
= is
(z – 4)(z + 1)3
1 dz
–1 –1 1 –1
The value of the integral
j  z2 – 1 is ____.
A. and B. and c
27 27 125 125
[2018 : 2 Marks]
–1 1 1 –1
C. and D. and 24. The value of the contour integral
27 5 125 5
2
1  1
[2017 : 1 Mark,
2j   z + z  dz
Set-2]
Evaluated over the unit circle |z| = 1 is
22. An integral I over a counter-clockwise
___.
circle C is given by
[2019 : 1 Mark]
z2 – 1 z
I=  z2 + 1 e dz
c

ANSWER

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. 10 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. A 10. D

11. C 12. A 13. C 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. –133.8 18. 0 19. 0 20. 1

21. B 22. * 23. 2 24. 0

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SOLUTION

1. Given, W = log c = 5, we get

ez
2Z1 + 4 2Z2 + 4
1 =
 u + iv = loge (x + iy) = log(x2 + y2 ) 5Z1 + d 5Z2 + d
2
20 (Z2 – Z1) = 2d (Z2 – Z1)
y
+i tan–1  
x  d = 10
Since, u is constant, therefore 6. ℓn(z) is not analytic at z = 0;

log (x2 + y2) =  c x2 + y2 = c and ez is also not analytic at z = 0 and

1
which is represented set of concentric is also not analytic at z = 0
1– z
circles.
But cos (z) is analytic over the entire
2. Since – 1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
complex plane,
therefore, it has no real or complex
Since cos z = cos (x + iy) = cosx cos (iy) –
solution exists.
sinx sin (iy)= cos x cos h y – i sin x sin h
3. x= –1
y;
Now i = –1 Now comparing with u + iv we get
x = i Where u(x, y) = cos x cos h y;
Now representing in polar co-ordinates v (x, y) = – sin x sin h y
x = Cos  /2 fi Sin  /2 ux = – sin x.cosh y vx = – cos x.sinh y
e  /2 i uy = cos x sinh y vy = – sin x cosh y

   1 1
Now X–x =  e i  – i 7. Given, =
 2  2
z +4 (z + 2j)(z – 2j)

e  /2 = ( i2 = –1 ) Pole (0, 2) lies inside the circle |z – j| = 2

By Cauchy’s Integral formula,
 option (b) is correct
2j 
4. Real part u = e–r cos x and V = ? I= =
(2j + 2j) 2
v v u u
dv = dx + dy = dx + dy 1
x y y x 8. D ds = 2j (sum of Residue)
( 2
s –1 )
(Using C – R equations)
Singular points are s = ± 1
= e–y cos x dx – e–y sin x dy= d [e–y sin x]
Only s = + 1 lies inside the given contour
Integrating, we get V = e–y sin x
Residue s = + 1 = lim(s – 1)f(s)
aZ + b s →1
5. F(Z) =
cZ + d 1 1 1
= lim(s – 1) = = 2j   = j
Now F(Z1) = F(Z2) s →1
(s
2
–1 ) 2 2
aZ1 + b aZ2eb
 =
CZ1 + d CZ2 + d

Now putting values of a = 2, b = 4, and

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1 1 – 2Z 1 – 2(2) –3
9. f(z) = Residue at 2 = lim = =
2 2
(z + 2) (z – 2) Z →2 Z(Z – 1) 2(2 – 1) 2
Residue at z = a of order n is, defined as, –3z + 4
12.  z2 + 4z + 5 dz = 0
1  dn–1 n
 c
= lim  n–1 (z – a) f(z)
x → 0 n – 1  dz  Since z2 + 4z + 5 = (z + 2)2 + 1 = 0
 z =2
z = –2 ± j will be outside the unit circle.
= Rest f(z)z =2
Since the poles lies outside the circle |z| =
d  d 1  1, f(z) is analytic everywhere and
= (z – 2)2 f(z) =
3

 dz z =2  dz (z + 2)  z =2
 c f(z).dz = 2i(0) = 0 .
1
=– 1 2 –z + 1
32 13. f(z) = – ;f(z)
z +1 z +3 (z + 1)(z + 3)
10. f(z) c0 +c1 z–1
Pole at z = –1 lies within the circle |z + 1|
1 + c0 + c1z–1 = 1 and
f(z) =  dz
z
Pole at z = –3 lies outside the circle |z +1|
 (1 + c0 )z + c1 
=  
 z2
 dz

=1

 f(z) = 2  j (residue of f(z))  f(z).dz = 2i (Sum of the residues at the

Residue at z = 0 (2 – order) Singular points within C)

1 d  2 (1 + c0 )z + c1  1 1 –z + 1
= z = (1 + c0) . 1 or,  f(z).dz = Res f(–1) = Lt =1
L1 dz  z2
 L1 2i c
z →1 z+3

= (1 + c0) 14. F(Z) = Z

f(z) = 2  j (1 + c0) Now Z = x + i y
1 – 22
11. X (Z) =  Z= x – i y
Z(Z – 1)(Z – 2)
4 = x, V = – y
The poles of the given function are at 0, 1,
4x = 1, Vx = 0
2 now Residue at a point ‘a’ is given by
uy = 0, Vy = – 1
lim  1 – 2Z 
=  
2a  Z(Z – 1)(Z – 2)   4x ≠ Vy  Z is not analytic function
1
2i 
 1 – 2Z  15. De{Z}
 Residue at 0 lim  
Z →0  (Z – 1)(Z – 2) 

1 1 Z+Z
= = Now Re {Z} =
(–1)(–2) 2 2
and in Re (Z), there is no pole
1 – 2Z 1–2
Residue at 1 = lim =  Reduce at poles is zero.
Z →1 Z(Z – 2) 1(1 – 2)
+1 1
2i 
= =1  Re{Z}dZ = 0
+1

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dZ sin(Z)
16.  (Z – Z n +1 20. F(Z) =
0) Z2
Now using cauchy integral formulas use Now Residue at Z = 0
get  Z3 Z5 
Z– + + .... 
2iF(Z0 ) 2i 1 Z! 5!
dZ
 (0) = 0 = coefficient of in  
 (Z – Z n +1
=
n!
=
n! Z  Z2 
0)  
 
1 sin Z
17. I = –
2  (Z – 2j)3 dz 1 1 Z Z3 Z5 
= coefficient of in  – ++ – +
2  Z 3! 5! 7! 
Applying Cauchy integral formula 
=1
–1 2jF "(2j)
I= 
2 2! 1
21. F(Z) =
(Z – 4)(Z + 1)3
Now F (Z) = SinZ
Here poles are at z =4 and z = –1
 F’(Z) = –SinZ
Residence of F(Z) at Z = 4
–1 (– sin(2j)) –1
I =  2j = Sin (h2  )= 1 1 1
2 2 2 lin(Z – 4)  = =
3 3 125
Z–4 (Z – 4)(Z + 1) (4 + 1)
– 133.8
and residue of F(Z) at Z = –1 is
18. From the question, the complex variable
4 d  1 
function is: lim  (Z – 1)
3

2 →−1 2! dZ2
 (Z – 4)(Z + 1)3 
f(z) = 2z3 + b1 |z|3
Give f(z) is analytic. 1 2  1 –1
lim   = =
which is possible only when b = 0 2 →−1 2! (Z – 4)

3
 (–1 – 4)3 125

since |z3| si differentiable at the origin but Z2 – 1 Z

not analytic.
22. I =  Z2 + 1 e dZ
c
2z3 is analytic everywhere
Poles are at Z2 + 1= 0
f(z) = 2z + b |z | is analytic
3 3
 Z2 = –1
only when b = 0  Z2 = 0 i2
1 ez Z = ± i
19.
2  c z – 2 dz
Now path the pole at –i and +i lies inside
For Z0 = 2 (inside a circle) |Z| = 3 Now residue at Z = –i

lim ez = e2 = 7.39For Z0 = 2 li??? outside Z2 – 1

z →2 = lim(z + i) ez
zj–i Z2 + 1
circle
 Residue F(Z) = 0 = lim (z + i)
(Z 2
–1 )e z lim(z + i)
(Z 2
–1 ) ez

ez 1
z–s–i
(Z 2
–i )2 z →–i (Z – i)(Z + i)

  z–2
dZ = 2i 
2i
 (0) = 0
i2 – 1 i –2 i –1 i
c e=
= e = e = ie1
i+i 2i i

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23.  Singular point z = 0; which lies inside

unit circle |z| = 1

 Using Cauchy’s generalization integration

formula, we get.

f n–1 ( z ) 
f(z) 0 
 dz = 2j 
c ( z – z0 )n (n – 1)!
1 dz  2
( )
2
i C z2 – 1 ( )
2
z2 + 1  z +1 
  dz = 2j  
z = 0;
 1 dz 1 dz  ( z – 0)2 1!
= 2 
 2i C (z + 1)(z – 1) 2i C (z + 1)(z – 1) 
+
 1 2  = 2  j[2(z2 + 1)(2z)]z=0= 2  j[0] = 0.

  1   1   From eq. (i) we get,

= 2 –   +  
  z – 1  z =–1  z + 1  z =1 
(z )
2
2
1  1
2
1 +1
 
= 2 –  – 1  +  1   = 2
  z + z  dz = 
2j 2j ( z – 0)2
  2   2 
1
1  1
2
1 (z
2
+1 ) dz ...(i)
2
=
2j
(0) = 0
24.
2j   z + z  dz = 2j
 
 z2

❖❖❖❖

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Numerical Methods

Analysis of Previous GATE Papers

2017 Set 1

2017 Set 2

2016 Set 1

2016 Set 2

2016 Set 3

2015 Set 1

2015 Set 2

2015 Set 3
2020

2019

2018
Year →
Topic
Topic ↓

MCQ Type 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type
Solution of Non-Linear
MCQ Type
Equations 2 Marks
Numerical Type
Total 1
MCQ Type 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type 1
Single & Multi-Step
MCQ Type
Method for Different Equation 2 Marks
Numerical Type 1 1 1
Total 1 2 2 1 2

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SOLUTIONS OF NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS 2 4

A. B.
3 3
1. How many distinct values of* satisfy the
3
x C. 1 D.
equation sin (x) = , where x is in 2
2
[2007 : 2 Marks]
radians?
6. The recursion relation to solve x = e–x
A. 1 B. 2
using Newton-Raphson method is
C. 3 D. 4 or more
A. xn+1=e–xn
[2006 : 1 Marks,Set-2]
B. xn+1=xn– e–xn
2. For the function e–x, the linear
e− xn
approximation around x = 2 is C. xn+1= (1 + xn )
1 + e− xn
A. (3 – x)e–2
B. 1 – x xn2 − e−xn(1 + xn ) − 1
D. xn+1=
xn − e−xn
−2
C. 3 + 2 2 − (1 + 2) e
  7. Consider a differential equation
D. e –2
dy(x)
− y(x) = x with the initial condition
[2007 : 1 Mark] dx
3. The maximum value of θ unit which the y(0) = 0. Using Euler’s first order method
approximation sinθ = 0 holds to within with a step size of 0.1, the value of y(0.3)
10% error is is
A. 10° B. 18° A. 0.01 B. 0.031
C. 50° D. 90° C. 0.0631 D. 0.1
[2013 : 1 Mark] [2010 : 2 Marks]
4. A polynomial f(x)=a4x4+a3x3+a2x2+a1x–a0 8. A numerical solution of the equation f(x)=
with all coefficients positive has
x x − 3 = 0 can be obtained using Newton-
A. no real roots.
Raphson method. If the starting value is x
B. no negative real root.
= 2 for the integration, the value of x that
C. odd number of real roots.
is to be used in the next step is
D. at least one positive and one negative
A. 0.306 B. 0.739
real root.
C. 1.694 D. 2.306
[2013 : 1 Mark]
[2011 : 2 Marks]

SINGLE & MULTI-STEP METHODS FOR 9. Match the application to appropriate

DIFFERENT EQUATION numerical method.

Application
5. The equation x – x + 4x – 4 = 0 is to be
3 2
P1: Numerical integration
solved using the Newton-Rap son method. P2: Solution to a transcendental equation
If x= 2 is taken as the initial approximation P3: Solution to a system of linear
of the solution, then the next equations
approximation using this method will be

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P4: Solution to a differential equation Runge-Kutta method with step-size h =

Numerical Methods
M1: Newton-Raphson Method
M2: Runge-Kutta Method
1 dx
M3: Simpson’s rule
3 dt
M4: Gauss Elimination Method
A. P1–M3, P2–M2, P3–M4, P4–M1
B. P1–M3, P2–M1, P3–M4, P4–M2
C. P1–M4, P2–M1, P3–M3, P4–M2
D. P1–M2; P2–M1, P3–M3, P4–M4
[2014 : 1 Mark,Set-3]
10. The Newton-Raphson method is used to
solve the equation f(x) = x3–5x2+x–8 = 0.
Taking the initial guess as x = 5, the
solution obtained at the end of the first
iteration is ____.
[2015 : 2 Marks,Set-3]
11. Consider the first order initial
problem y = y + 2x – x2, (0)1,(0≤x≤  )
with exact solution y(x) = x2+ex. For x =
0.1 the percentage difference between the
exact solution and the solution obtained
using a single iteration of the second-order
0.1 is ___.
[2016 : 1 Mark,Set-3]
12. The ordinary differential equation
= −3x + 2, with x(0) = 1;
is to be solved using the forward Euler
method. The largest time step that can be
used to solve the equation without making
the numerical solution unstable is ____.
[2016 : 2 Marks,Set-2]
13. Starting with x = 1, t he solution of the
equation x3 + x = 1, after two iterations of
Newton Raphson’s method (up to two
decimal places) is ____.
[2017 : 2 Marks,Set-1]
14. Consider p(s) = s3+a2s2+a1s+a0 with all
real coefficients. It is known that its
value
derivative p(s) has no real roots. The
number of real roots of p(s) is
A. 0 B. 1
C. 2 D. 3
[2018 : 1 Mark]

ANSWER

1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. 4.2903

11. 0.06 12. 0.66 13. 0.68 14. B

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SOLUTION

1. Here the given equations is  for 50° → sinθ  θ doesnot hold with in
x 10% error for 90°
sin (x) = (where x is in radians)
2
90   
90 = = = 1.571
180 2
Now sin 90 = 1
 for 90 → sinθ = θ doesnot hold with in
10% error
Hence maxm value of θ for approximation

Hence there are 3 distinct values within 18% error is 18°

2. f(x) = e 4. According to Routh ??? criterea,

Lenear approximation at x = 2 x4 a4 a2 –a0

L(x) = F(a)+F’( a)(x–a)at x = a x3

a3 a1

 L(x) = F(2)+F’(a)(x–2) x2 x

Now F(2)=e–2 and F’(x) = –e–2 x1

a1

 F’(2)=e–2 x0 –a0

 L(x) = e–2 + (–e–2)(x–2) = e–2[1–(x–2)] a4a1 − a2a3

Now x =
a3
= e–2(3–x)
 option (a is correct) form above table, there is atlest one sign

3.  radian = 180° change

 ? 10°  There will be at least one positive and

negative real roots.
10
 = 0.1745
180 5. y(t) = x3 – x2 + 4x – 4 = 0; x0 = 2

Now sin 10° = 0.1736 Next approximation

 for 10°, sinθ = θ holds with in 10% f(x0 ) x3 − x20 + 4x0 − 4

x1 = x0 − = x0 − 0
error for 18° f '(x0 ) 3x20 − 2x0 + 4

18 8 4
18 − = 0.3142 = x2 − =
180 12 3
sin 18°=6.3090 6. Given: f(x) = x – e–x
 for 18° → sinθ  σ holds with in 10% By Newton Raphson method,
error for 50° f(xn ) x − e−xn
xn+1 − xn − = xn − n
50 f '(xn ) 1 + e−xn
50 − = 0.8727
180
e−xn
= (1 + xn ) −
Now sin 50° = 0.766 1 + e−xn

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dy(x) 9. Option B is correct.

7. Given: − y(x) = x;y(0) = 0
dx 10. f(x) = x3 – 5x2 + 6x – 8

h = 0.1 y(0.3) = ? x0 = 5
f(x) = 3x2 – 10x + 6
x1 = 0; y1 = 0
By Newton-Raphson method
 dy 
  dx  = 0 − 0 = 0 f(x0 ) f(5)
 1 x1 = x0 − =5−
f '(x0 ) f '(5)
 dy 
y2 = y1 + h   = 0 + 0.1 × 0 = 0 22
 dx 1 =5− = 5 − 0.7097 = 42903
31
x2 = x1 + h = 0.1 11. Given the first order initial value problem is
y2 = 0 = x2 + y2(x) dy
= y + 2x − x2
 dy  dx
  dx  = 0.1 + 0 = 0.1
 2 y(0) = 1
0 ≤ x <
 dy 
y3 = y2 + h   = 0 + 0.1 × 0.1 = 0.01
 dx 2 Given f(x,y) = y + 2x – x2
x0 = 0,
x3 = x2 +  = 0.2
y0 = 1,
y3 = 0.01
h = 0.1
 dy  k1= hf(x0,y0)= 0.1(1 + 2(0)–02) = 0.1
  dx  = x3 + y3(x)0.2 + 0.01 = 0.21
 3 k2 = hg(x0 + h,y0 + k1)
 dy  = 0.1(y0 + k1) + 2((x0 + h)–(x0+h)2)
y4 = y3 + h   = 0.01 + 0.1 * 0.21
 dx 3 (since h = 0.1)

= 0.01 + 0.021 = 0.031 = 0.1((1+0.1)+2(0.1)–(0.1)2)

= 0.1(1.1+0.2–0.01) = 0.129
x4 = x3 +  = 0.3,
y4 = 0.31  y1= y0 + 1 (k1 + k2 ) = 1 + 1 (0.1 + 0.129)
2 2
 y(0.3) = 0.031 (since k1 = 0.1 and k2 = 0.129)
f(xn ) 1 + 0.1145 = 1.1145
8. Xn+1 = xn −
f '(xn ) For exact solution
y(x) = x2 + ex
f(x0 ) = f(2) = (2 2 − 3) = 2 − 1
y(0.1) = (0.1)2 + e0.1= 0.01 + 1.1050
1 2 2 +1 = 1.1152
and, f’(x0)=f’(2)= 1 + =
2 2 2 2 error = 1.1152 – 1.1145 = 0.00069

f(X0 ) error
X1 = X0 − Relative error =
f '(X0 ) y(x)
0.00069

 X1 =2−
( 2 −1 ) = 1.694 =
1.1152
= 0.00062

2 2 +1 Percentage Error = (0.00062 × 100)%

2 2 = 0.06%

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12. 0.66 is the correct answer. 3

Now for x1 =
4
13. F(x) = r3 + x – 1
Now F(1) = 1 + 1 – 1= 1and F’(x) 3
F 
F(x1 ) 3  4  = 0.68
= 3x2 + 1 x2 = x1 =
F '(x1 ) 4 3
F’(1) = 3 + 1=4 F' 
4
Now according to Newton–raphson method
14. Here degree of p(s) is ‘3’, so it will have
F(xi)
xi +1 = xi − three roots.
F '(x1)
P’(s) = 3s2 + 2a2s + a1 will have two roots
F(x0 ) 1 3
 x1 = x0 − =1− = and has no real root
F '(x0 ) 4 4
 p(s) will have one real root.

❖❖❖❖

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Probability and
Statistics

Analysis of Previous GATE Papers

2017 Set 1

2017 Set 2

2016 Set 1

2016 Set 2

2016 Set 3

2015 Set 1

2015 Set 2

2015 Set 3
2020

2019

2018
Year →
Topic
Topic ↓

MCQ Type 1
1 Mark
Numerical Type 1 1 1 1
Probability
and MCQ Type 1 1 1
Statistics 2 Marks
Numerical Type
Total 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

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1. A fair dice is rolled twice. The probability A. 0.5 B. 0.18

that an odd number will follow an even C. 0.12 D. 0.06

number is [2007 : 2 Marks]

1 5. A fair coin is tossed 10 times. What is the

1
A. B.
2 6 probability that ONLY the first two tosses
will yield heads?
1 1
C. D. 2 2
3 4 1 10 1
A.   B. C2  
[2005 : 1 Mark] 2 2
2. A probability density function is of the form 10 10
1 10 1
C.   D. C2  
p(x)=Ke–a|x| ,x  (− , ) 2 2
The value of K is [2009 : 1 Mark]
A. 0.5 B. 1 6. Consider two independent random
C. 0.5 a D. a variables X and Y with identical
[2006 : 1 Mark] distributions. The variables X and /take
3. Three companies X,Y and Z supply 1 1
values 0, 1 and 2 with probabilities ,
computers to a university. The percentage 2 4

of computers supplied by them and the 1

and respectively. What is the conditional
4
probability of those being defective are
probability P(X + Y = 2|X – Y = 0)?
tabulated below
1
Company % of computers Probability of A. 0 B.
16
supplied being defective
1
X60%0.01 C. D. 1
6
Y 30%0.02
[2009 : 2 Marks]
Z 10%0.03
7. A fair coin is tossed independently four
Given that a computer is defective, the
times. The probability of the event “the
probability that it was supplied by Y is
number of times heads show up is more
A. 0.1 B. 0.2
than the number of times tails show up is
C. 0.3 D. 0.4
1 1
[2006 : 2 Marks] A. B.
16 8
4. An examination consists of two papers,
1 5
Paper 1 and Paper2. The probability of C. D.
4 16
failing in Paper 1 is 0.3 and that in Paper 2
[2010 : 2 Marks]
is 0.2. Given that a student has failed in
8. A fair dice is tossed two times. The
Paper 2, the probability of failing in Paper
probability that the second toss results in a
1 is 0.6. The probability of a student failing value that is higher than the first toss is
in both the papers is

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2 2 14. If calls arrive at a telephone exchange

A. B.
36 6 such that the time of arrival of any call is
5 1 independent of the time of arrival of earlier
C. D.
12 2
or future calls, the probability distribution
[2011 : 2 Marks]
function of the total number of calls in a
9. A fair coin is tossed till a head appears for
fixed time interval will be
the first time. The probability that the
A. Poisson B. Gaussian
number of required tosses is odd, is
C. Exponential D. Gamma
A.1/3 B. 1/2
[2014 : 1 Marks,Set-4]
C.2/3 D. 3/4
15. Suppose A and B are two independent
[2012 : 2 Marks]
events with probabilities P(A) ≠ 0 and P(B)
10. In a housing society, half of the families
≠ 0. Let A and B be their complements.
have a single child per family, while the
Which one of the following statements is
remaining half have two children per
FALSE?
family. The probability that a child picked
A
at random, ha a sibling is _____. A. P(A  B)=P(A)P(B) B. P   = P(A)
B
A. 0.067 B. 0.073
C. 0.082 D. 0.091 C. P(A  B) = P(A)+P(B) D.

[2014 : 1 Mark,Set-3] ( ) ( )
P(A  B) = P A P B
11. An unbiased coin is tossed an infinite
[2015 : 1 Mark,Set-1]
number of times. The probability that the
16. A fair die with faces {,1,2,3,4,5,6} is
fourth head appears at the tenth toss is
thrown repeatedly till ‘3’ is observed for
A. 0.067 B. 0.073
the first time. Let X denote the number of
C. 0.082 D. 0.091
times the die is thrown. The expected
[2014 : 1 Mark,Set-3]
value of X is_____.
12. A fair coin is tossed repeatedly till both
[2015 : 2 Marks,Set-3]
head and tail appear at least once. The
average number of tosses required is____.
17. Two random variables X and Y are
[2014 : 2 Marks,Set-3]
distributed according to
13. Parcels from sender S to receiver R pass
sequentially through two post-offices. Each 
fx,y (x, y) = (x + y) 0  x 1 0  y 1
 0 otherwise
1
post-office has a probability of using an The probability P(X +Y ≤ 1) is ____.
5
[2016 : 2 Marks,Set-2]
incoming parcel, independently of all other
parcels. Given that a parcel is lost, the 18. The second moment of a Poisson-

probability that it was lost by the second distributed random variable is 2. The mean

post-office is ____. of the random variable is _____.

[2014 : 2 Marks,Set-4] [2016 : 1 Mark,Set-1]

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19. The probability of getting a “head” in a 21. Passengers try repeatedly to get a seat
single toss of a biased coin is 0.3. The coin reservation in any train running between

is tossed repeatedly till a “head” is two stations until they are successful. If

obtained. If the tosses are independent, there is 40% chance of getting reservation

then the probability of getting “head” for in any attempt by a passengers, their the
average number of attempts that
the first time in the fifth toss is _____.
passengers need to make to get a seat
[2016 : 1 Mark,Set-3]
reserved is _____.
20. Three fair cubical dice are thrown
[2017 : 2 Marks,Set-2]
simultaneously. The probability that all
22. Let X1,X2,X3 and X4 be independent normal
three dice have the same number of dots
random variables with zero mean and unit
on the faces showing up is (up to third
variance. The probability that X4 is the
decimal place)_____. smallest among the four is ____.
[2017 : 1 Mark,Set-3] [2018 : 1 Mark]

ANSWER

1. D 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. C

10. 0.5 to 0.68 11. C 12. 1.99 to 2.01 13. 0.44 14. A 15. C 16. 6 17. 0.33

18. 1 19. 0.07203 20. 0.028 21. 2.5 22. 0.25

SOLUTION

1 1 1 K  ax 0 K  ax 
1. Required Probability =  =  e + e =1
2 2 4 a   − −a  0
(Independent events)
 K = 0.5 a
2. Here P(x) is probability density function
3. Probability that product supplied by ‘y’ and

P(snd)
 P(x)des = 1 was found dfechre P(s/d)
P(d)
where’s
−

 −ax
Ke , x  0 denotes supply by ‘y’ and ‘d’ denote
Now P(x) = Ke–a(x)  P(x) = 
−ax
Ke , x  0
 defective.

0 
Now P (snd) = 0.3 × 0.02=0.006
ax −ax
  Ke dx +  Ke dx = 1 and P (d) = 0.6 × 0.01 + 0.03 + 0.02
− 0
+ 0.1 × 0.03 = 0.015

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P(snd) 0.006 6 2 15 5
Now P(s/d) = = = = =0.4  Probability = =
P(d) 0.015 15 5 36 12
4. Probability of failing in paper –1 is P (A) = (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4,1), (5, 1) (6, 1)
0.2 and Probability of failing in paper –2 is 9. P(odd tosses) = PP(H) + P(TTH)
P(B) = 0.3 and P(A/B) = 0.6 + P(TTTTH) + ...
Now P(A/B) 1 1
3
1
5
= +   +   + ....
Required Probability P(AnB)=P(A/B)×P(B) 2 2 2
= 0.6 × 0.3 = 0.18
1 
2 4
 1 1
5. Desired outcomes = {H, H, T,T,T,T,T,T, = 1 +   +   + ....
2 2 2 
T,T}}  

1 
Probability that the first toss will yield head 2
1 1
= 1 +   +   + .....
=
1 2 4 4 

2
Probability that second toss will also yield 1 1  1 4 2
= =  =
2  1 2 3 3
1 1− 
head = and similarly from 3rd toss till  4
2
10. Let the number of families in housing
1
10th toss will yield tail = society be x.
2

1 1
2 8  x family have single child.
Required Probability =      2
2 2
 Total x children
10 2
1 1
=  =
2 1024 x
Now remaining families have 2 children.
2
6. Option C is correct.
7. Desired Outcomes {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH,
 Total x × 2 = x, sibling children
2
HTHH, THHH} Probability that a child picked at random
Now probability of each event x x2 2
has a sibling = = = = 0.667
1 1 1 1 1 x 3x 3
 2   2  2  2 = 16
x+
  2
11. P [fourth head appears at the tenth toss]=P
Now as all events are mutually exclusive
[getting 3 heads in the first 9 tosses and
1 1 1 1 1
 total probability = + + + + one head at tenth toss]
16 16 16 16 16
5  9
1 1  21
=  9 C3     = = 0.082
16  2   2  256
8. Total number of cause = 36
12. In this problem random variable is L
Total number of favorable causes
L can be 1, 2, ........
=5+4+3+2+1
= 315

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1 1 1
(1 − x)2
P{L = 1} = (x − x2 )dx +
2 =   2 dx
x =0 x =0
1
P{L = 2} = 1
4 1  1 x2   x x2  1 1
1   2 − 2  dx =  2 − 6  = 2 − 6
P{L = 3} = x =0    0
8
1
1 1 1 1 = = 0.33
H{L} = log2 + log2 3
2 1/2 4 1/4
18. Here, E(x2) = 2
1 1  V(x) = E(x2) – (E(x))2
+ log2 + ....
8 1/8
Let mean of the poisson random variable
1 1 1 be x.
= 0 + 1. + 2. + 3. + .....
2 4 8 x = 2 – x2
[Arithmatic geometric series summation] (Since V(x) = x and E((x))2 = x2)
1 x2 + x – 2 = 0
1
2 2
= + =2 x2 + 2x – x – 2 = 0
1  1
2
1−
2 1 − 2  x(x + 2) – 1 (x + 2) = 0
 
(x – 1) (x + 2) = 0
13. Probability that parcel was lost at post
 x = 1, –2
1
office – 1 = and probability that parcel Mean of random variable (λ) = 1
5
19. The probability of getting “head” for the
4 1 first time in fifth toss
was lost at post office – 2 = 
5 5
P = (0.7)4 (0.3) = 0.07203
Total probability that parcel is lost 20. when three dice are thrown
4 / 25 Total number of possible cases = (6)3
= = 0.44
9 / 25 = 216
14. Option A is correct. Outcomes for all three dice having same
15. Option C is correct. number are,
16. 6 is the correct answer.  (1,1,1) (2,2,2) (3,3,3) 
 
17. The probability P(X + Y ≤ 1) (4, 4, 4) (5,5,5) (6, 6, 6)

1 (1− x) 1 (1 − x) Hence number of favourable cases = 6

=   fXY (x, y)dxdy =   (x, y)dxdy
 Required probability
x =0 y =0 x =0 y =0
Number of favourable cases
1 1− x =
 y2  Total number of outcomes
=   xy 
 2 
x =0  0 6 1
= = = 0.028
1 
216 36
(1 − x)2 
=   x(1 − x) +
 2
 dx

x =0  

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21. There is 40% Chance of getting reservation 2

2 2 3 2 3
= 1 + 2   + 3    + .....
 probability of getting reservation 5 5 5 5 5
40 2
= =  E[X] = 10 = 2.5
100 5 4
 Probability of not getting reservation 3! 32
22. P(X4 is smallest) = =
2 3 4! 4  3  2
= 1− =
5 5 1
= = 0.25
4
Now E[X] = ΣxiP(xi)

❖❖❖❖

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Transform Theory

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