D.I.Y.

DIY (Do It Yourself) practice predates recorded history as human survival itself often relied on the ability
to repair and repurpose tools and materials. For hundreds of years, people have been fixing water leaks,
remodeling their homes and decorating their clothes without hiring professional plumbers, architects or
designers. Modern societies oppose the principle of self-reliance with mass production and consumer
economy. Tangible things can be bought. Professionals can be hired to build and repair. Artists can be
employed to decorate or customize. Nevertheless, people all over the world continue to create and
modify objects with their own hands, ranging from knitting, to gadgets, music, and software.

We define DIY as any creation or modification without the aid of paid professionals. We use the term
“amateur” not as a reflection on a hobbyists’ skills, which are often quite advanced, but rather, to
emphasize that most of DIY culture is not motivated by commercial purposes. Over the past few
decades, the integration of social computing, online sharing tools has facilitated a renewed interest and
wider adoption of DIY cultures and practices through easy access to and affordability of tools and the
emergence of new sharing mechanisms.

https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1145/1868914.1868950

Do-It-Yourself (DIY) travel is related to free independent travellers (FITs) (Kireineko, 2011). DIY is an
activity in which an individual creates, changes, or produces something. Unlike any other form of
‘creation’, DIY projects typically require a great deal of innovation, designing, knowledge, skills, and
time. With the aid of technology, such as the Internet and social media as rich sources of information,
and mobile applications, DIY travellers can acquire the skills needed to learn about cultures, places, and
people online without the help of professionals (Ge and Gretzel, 2018; Ryoko, 2012). Whilst other forms
of independent and self-organised travels such as free independent travellers (FIT) are related to the DIY
concept, DIY puts a stronger emphasis on the time and effort needed to plan and arrange a trip, along
with the criteria of independence and flexibility (Tianhong, 2018).

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexander-Trupp/publication/
357877563_THE_EMERGENCE_of_A_NEW_RELIGIOUS_TRAVEL_SEGMENT_UMRAH_DO_IT_YOURSELF_
TRAVELLERS_DIY/links/61e5471c8d338833e3767dfd/THE-EMERGENCE-of-A-NEW-RELIGIOUS-TRAVEL-
SEGMENT-UMRAH-DO-IT-YOURSELF-TRAVELLERS-DIY.pdf

Kireienko, K.V. (2011). English for Tourism.

http://dspace.luguniv.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1232/1/Kirienko.pdf

Ge, J., & Gretzel, U. (2018). A taxonomy of value co-creation on Weibo – a communication perspective.
International Journal of

Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(4), 2075-2092.

Ryoko, N. (2012). DIY Tourism as Learning Culture and Accessing Authenticity (Doctoral dissertation,
UCLA).

Tianhong, Z. (2018). A study of Chinese Free Independent travellers’ motivations and their preferred
accommodation types in New

Zealand. Auckland University of Technology

Women leisure studies has gradually evolved through many dimensions that goes parallel with
other related work in different areas of women studies (Henderson, Hodges & Kivel, 2002). A study
shows that female's enthusiasm for self-govern tourism relate to the wish to challenge
themselves, find out a sense of self governance and their will to interact with new people and
stretch themselves beyond their zone of comfort (Butler 1995; Wilson and Little, 2005: Jordan
and Gibson 2005). According to Deem(1996)use of photography during holiday will encourage more
women to share their travel experiences and may create better avenues for future research. As
compared to past women have started making their journeys more socially visible which truly has
increased number of solo women travellers around the world. Feminism trend has also changed
perspective towards women leisure by recreating the importance of their lives and making them
feel more valued in the society (Henderson, 1991). Compared to men, women are more active in solo
travel activity in many countries, and prefer to travel various destinations repeatedly alone if
provided with valuable experiences (Bond, 1997). And their success stories are constantly motivating
other women to travel independently without waiting for a perfect travel partner (Collins, 2018).

Women's leisure studies have increasingly progressed through a variety of directions that run
concurrently with other relevant work in many fields of women's studies (Henderson, Hodges & Kivel,
2002). According to a study, women's passion for self-govern tourism is related to their desire to expand
themselves beyond their comfort zones, take on new challenges, develop a sense of self-governance,
and engage with others (Butler 1995; Wilson and Little, 2005: Jordan and Gibson 2005). Use of
photography while on vacation, in Deem's opinion, may inspire more women to share their travel stories
and may open up more opportunities for future research. In comparison to the past, women have begun
to make their travels more public, which has significantly boosted the number of lone female travelers
worldwide. The feminism trend has also impacted perceptions of women's leisure by reinforcing the
value of their lives and elevating their sense of worth in society (Henderson, 1991). Women travel solo
more than males do in many countries, and they prefer to go to different places alone time and time
again if they can gain worthwhile experiences (Bond, 1997). Additionally, the success of these ladies
inspires other women to embark on solo journeys without holding out for the ideal traveling companion
(Collins, 2018).
https://journal.lasigo.org/index.php/IJTL/article/view/125/74

Henderson, K., Hodges, S., & Kivel, B. (2002). Context and Dialogue in Research on Women and
Leisure.Journal of Leisure Research,34(3), 253-271.doi:
10.1080/00222216.2002.11949971

Butler, K.L. (1995). Independence for Western women through tourism. Annals of Tourism
Research 22 (2),487–489

Wilson, E., & Little, D. E. (2008). The solo female travel experience: Exploring the "geography of
women's fear." Current Issues in Tourism, 11(2), 167–186.
https://doi.org/10.2167/cit342.0

Henderson, K.A. (1991). The contribution of feminism to an understanding of leisure constraints. Journal
of Leisure Research,23 (4), 363–377

Bond, M. (1997). Women Travellers: A New Growth Market (PATA Occasional Paper No. n 20).
Singapore: Pacific Asia Travel Association

Collins, C. (2018). 7 empowering solo travel stories that will make you want to book your ticket today.
Retrieved from https://www.adoration4adventure.com/solo-female-travel-success-stories

Women are particularly affected by the risks of traveling alone; they are, therefore, more concerned
with safety issues than men, which is one more manifestation of male hegemony. That is why the study
of solo travel involves the study of gender inequalities. Women who travel alone feel more vulnerable,
especially at night, avoiding going out to dinner alone in the evening. This is because they risk unwanted
male attention, sexual harassment, and even rape or appear sexually available for the simple fact of
being alone. This leads women who travel alone to plan the trip with the aim of avoiding dangerous
encounters and to feel intimidation when they pass through places where they feel more vulnerable.
This reduces their enjoyment and interactions, and even leads them to modify their way of dressing.
Women are afraid of the threat of male violence even in hotel accommodation and transportation,
considering elevators and hotel corridors dangerous spaces.
Women are more vulnerable to the dangers of traveling alone than men are, thus they are more worried
about safety than men are, which is another example of male dominance. This is why researching
gender gaps is a part of studying solo travel. Women who travel alone feel more exposed, particularly at
night, and avoid going out to dinner alone themselves. This is due to the fact that women are at risk of
rape, sexual harassment, and unwelcome male attention just by fact of being alone, or they may appear
to be sexually open. Because of this, women who travel alone tend to plan their journeys to avoid
potentially risky situations and to feel intimidated when they pass through areas where they feel more
exposed. Their happiness and social interactions are decreased, and they even start to change how they
dress as a result.