Content Final

FUNCTIONAL AND AESTHETICAL ASPECT OF SMALL-SCALE PARAMETRIC
STRUCTURES
ABSTRACT
Parametric architecture, a theory that helped architecture to transform in a whole new

way. It is known as a successor to modern and postmodern architecture which goes
against the theory “form follows function” “structural honesty” and “purity of form.”
Patrick Schumacher was an architect who introduced this term in 2008, and the major
aim was to eliminate the rigidity of structures from beautiful curves and shapes with the
help of some set of defined parameters and values.
Parametric design is a new approach to architectural design based on constraints in the

parametric equation, relies on programs, algorithms, and computers to get the different
possibilities of shapes and designs of the structure with stability. Many renowned
architects such as FRANK O GEHRY and ZAHA HADID used this digital technology
enabling a complete digital workflow process from design to manufacture.
As there are many parametric structures that are famous worldwide for their unique
designs and appealing façade, but the most common thing in these parametric structures
designs by different architects is their scale, which is the area occupied by the structures
which most commonly can be categorized as the large-scale structures. The paper will
first introduce the idea of parametricism, for small-scale buildings like residences,
offices, and schools which range within 500sqm of area. Followed by comparing the
manifesto with conventional architecture.
As proposed in “THE THEORY OF ARCHITECTURAL AUTOPOIESIS” Architecture is
about two questions, THE QUESTION OF BEAUTY? AND THE QUESTION OF
UTILITY? AND THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF DESIGN IS TO FIGURE OUT A
FUNCTIONAL AND FORMALLY RESOLVED, OR IN OTHER WORD, USEFUL AND
BEAUTIFUL ARCHITECTURE?
The paper will work with the same theory for small-scale structures, exploring the best
possible ways to achieve the target. The attempt has been made to understand the pros
and cons of parametric architecture, what should be done to satisfy or to overcome those
cons, and what will be the alternatives to serve the best form of structure in all the
architectural as well as economic aspects.
We will also discuss some ways and techniques to make the structure work best in both
aesthetical and functional ways with feasibility and sustainability.
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1Figure 1 CALCULATION FOR SOUND CONTROL

IN GREEK ARCHITECTURE .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2HAGIA SOPHIA PENDENTIVE ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3 UPSIDE DOWN MODEL, COLONIA GAEL GAUDI EXPERIMENT ....................................... 2
Figure 4. HANGING CHAIN MODEL, MANNHEIM BY FREI OTTO ................................................. 2
Figure 5. STADIUM MODEL BY LUIGI MORETTI, EXHIBITED IN 1960 AT PARAMETRIC
ARCHITECTURE EXHIBITION. THE STADIUM CONSIST OF NINETEEN PARAMETERS. .................... 2
Figure 6. IMPLEMENTING PARAMETRIC DESIGN WITH THE HELP OF GRASSHOPPER......... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 7. A TYPICAL GENERATIVE COMPONENT MODEL ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 8 CONVENTIONAL DESIGN PROCESS ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 9 PARAMETRIC DESIGN PROCESS.................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 10 A COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND PARAMETRIC DESIGN METHOD
................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 11 BUREAUX SNRB ......................................................................................................... 2
Figure 12 HOLE IN EACH BLOCK FOR SUNLIGHT, SNRB SAINT .................................................... 2
Figure 13 FIGURE SHOWING WOODEN FRAMEWORK WITH STEEL RODS FOR SUPPORT ............ 2
Figure 14 . THE MAOHAUS FRONT............................................................................................. 2
Figure 15 . PIXEL MAPPING TECHNIQUE .................................................................................... 2
Figure 16 CONCRETE BLOCKS .................................................................................................... 2
Figure 17 CNC MILLED USED FOR CONCRETE BLOCKS................................................................ 2
Figure 18 .IHA RESIDENCE, THIRUVANTHAPURAM .................................................................... 2
Figure 19 BAMBOO USED FOR GIVING THE CURVEDS FACADE .................................................. 2
Figure 20 .STEEL ROD INSERTED INSIDE THE BAMBOO TO STABILIZE IT. .................................... 2
Figure 21 ABROSKIN PAVALION, GERMANY............................................................................... 2
Figure 22 PROCESS REOM GRANULATION TO REGRANULATION................................................ 2
Figure 23 TETRAHYDRON SHEET CUTTING................................................................................. 2
Figure 24 .TYPICAL SOFTWARE MODEL FOR ABROSKIN ............................................................. 2
Figure 25 JOINERY DETAIL OF TETRAHYRON BLOCKS ................................................................. 2
Figure 26 HEYDAR ALIYEV CULTURAL CENTRE, BAKU................................................................. 2
Figure 27 .EXTERIOR FAÇADE OF CULTURAL CENTRE ................................................................. 2
Figure 28 SPACE FRAME EXTERIOR FACADE .............................................................................. 2
Figure 29 .BOOT COLUMNS WERE INTRODUCED TO GIVE FREE INTERIOR SPACES ............ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 30 STRUCTURE DETAIL.................................................................................................... 2
Figure 31 CLADDING OVER THE SPACE FRAMEWORK ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 32GRAPH SHOWING ANSEWRS ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 33ANALYSIS TABLE ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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CHAPTER-01 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction and background
“Parametric design”, the word itself can explain it when we see it independently,
which is “parametric” and “design.” The word parametric is derived from the Greek
word parameter, which means ‘to measure.’ The parametric architecture is not new in
this field as we are seeing it from our ancient period, which is from Egyptian pyramids,
sound control in greek architecture and Hagia Sophia Pendentive in Byzantine
architecture.
In parametric architecture we get the design and structure digitally with the help of
parameters and algorithm. The design we get is perfectly accurate and calculative
because in this we get the information of how much material is needed with its
dimensions, structure with detail and 3d rather than doing manually with lots of fault
and time consuming. we use that design to get that parametric structures with fluid and
curved shape.
The paper will work with the same theory for small-scale structures, exploring the best
possible ways to achieve the target. The attempt has been made to understand the pros
and cons of parametric architecture, what should be done to satisfy or to overcome
those cons, and what will be the alternatives to serve the best form of structure in all
the architectural as well as economic aspects.
I will also discuss some ways and techniques to make the structure work best in both
aesthetical and functional ways with feasibility and sustainability.
1.2 The Definitions and Meaning of the important parameters
Parametric design is a new approach to architectural design based on constraints in the

parametric equation, relies on programs, algorithms, and computers to get the different
possibilities of shapes and designs of the structure with stability. It is the digitally
made accurate and calculative design. Many renowned architects such as FRANK O
GEHRY and ZAHA HADID used this digital technology enabling a complete digital
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workflow process from design to manufacture.
In parametric architecture we get the design and structure digitally with the help of
parameters and algorithm. The design we get is perfectly accurate and calculative
because in this we get the information of how much material is needed with its
dimensions, structure with detail and 3d rather than doing manually with lots of fault
and time consuming. we use that design to get that parametric structures with fluid and
curved shape.
1.3 Significance of the project/topic
The term parametric raises a lot of questions as well as myths in the minds of people.
The term parametric architecture was coined in 2008, but still, in 2020 not much use of
the method can be seen, we can say that after so many years this Method of designing a
building is still not known or used by many architects.
Another and most important reason for this dissertation topic is that the parametric
structures are usually seen in a large-scale building, mainly because of the space taken
by the huge curvilinear façade and the cost of the construction.
So, to analyze the possible materials and methods of construction for small scale
parametric structures there is a need for understanding the parametric concept and
make it evolve, as it can change the whole perspective towards architecture.
1.4 Research Question

a) How to make a parametric structure to be a sustainable structure.
b) How to make parametric structure economical.

c) How to make parametric structure without compromising functionality.
d) To find out the materials and techniques which can be used to achieve the
parametric forms for aesthetic or structural purpose.
1.5 Hypothesis
How parametric concept can be applied for small-scale buildings.
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1.6 Aim and the Objective of the Research
1.6.1 AIM
The aim of this research paper is to study the ways how parametric concepts and form
can be applied to small scale buildings. And to learn how the selection of materials,
form and technology can be done in such a manner that it did not affect the
construction cost and functionality of the building.
1.6.2 Objective
1- The main objective is to find out if a parametric design concept can be used for
small-scale buildings.
2- To find out the materials and techniques which can be used to achieve the
3- To learn about the different ways to make a building parametric without

compromising the functionality.
1.7 The Scope and Limitation of the Research
1.7.1 SCOPE
This dissertation will give an overview that how a parametric concept of design can be
applicable to the small scale buildings, further scope of the study can be about the cost
analysis, which will deal about the strategies on how a small scale parametric building
can be made under the low-budget, other then this a research can also be done about
the sustainable parametric buildings, learning about the strategies to make a building
sustainable by the use of locally available materials, planning , and etc.
1.7.2 LIMITAION
The study is focused on the technical and material aspect of the case studies, the
parameter and algorithmic part is not studied in depth.
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1.8 METHODOLOGY
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CHAPTER2 - LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1-INTRODUCTION TO PARAMETRICISM
“Robert Woodbury” A researcher in computational design, visual analytics and
sustainability and has over 150 publications explained the term “Parametric” in chapter
2 titled as “what is parametric modeling?” in his book elements of parametric design
that “parametric modeling introduces fundamental change: ‘marks’, that is, parts of the
design, relate and change together in a coordinated way”.
“Parametric design”, the word itself can explain it when we see it independently, which
is “parametric” and “design.” The word parametric is derived from the Greek word
parameter, which means ‘to measure.’ The parametric architecture is not new in this
field as we are seeing it from our ancient period, which is from Egyptian pyramids,
sound control in greek architecture and Hagia Sophia Pendentive in Byzantine
architecture.
Figure 1 CALCULATION FOR SOUND Figure 2 HAGIA SOPHIA PENDENT
CONTROL IN GREEK ARCHITECTURE
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This form of architecture is able to define the form with calculative values, as the main
and the most important feature of the parametric architecture is to make its application
with parameters. In this process, we can execute our design through changes in a single
or the set of the variables after which the whole new form of a building is generated by
changing one single value in the module an architect can easily shape the appearance of
the building which automatically leads to the change of a structure programming or
function.
We can also describe the parametric design as a process in which a design problem is
introduced in the form of a variable. And then by changing these sets of variables the
numbers of alternative solutions are found, and on the basis of some criteria one
solution is picked up for further designing.
Now a day, parametric design is seen as the most updated and influencing form of
design which can force a person to stop, stand and stare to it while praising its
appearance and form. This can not only make a structure look appealing, but parametric
architecture includes no. Of technology in it which helps an architect to work more
accurately in a minimum amount of time. A number of software is available in the
process which helps an architect to work with this, as it is a great opportunity to analyze
and manage multivariable design information.
2.2-ORIGIN OF PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE.
Origin of parametric design is always a debatable topic,

but the term parametric is originated first from
mathematics but the question is when did designers start
using this term for architecture and design?
aIt is believed that Antonio Gaudi gave one of the earliest
examples of the parametric modeling by giving solutions
to the new arch forms of the cathedral, that is in his
Figure 1 UPSIDE DOWN MODEL,
COLONIA GAEL GAUDI EXPERIMENT design for the Church of Colonia Gael, in this neither he
used computer programs nor coded algorithms, instead, he took gravity as a master and
he used a birdshot weight as a structural burden and hung those bird shots on different
points through a loose string from two high polls, the hung birdshot created complex
vaulted ceilings and arches within a shape that would be best formed in response to the
load, So, with changing the positions of the birdshots, the shape of the arch would
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change accordingly always presenting the best form of it according to the load applied.
This is how Gaudi introduced parametric designs without using any computer aided
program, this is why theearly works of Antonio Gaudi were also parametric designs in
their nature, but it is GregLynn who is known as the first architect to use computers for
generating architectural form with algorithms.
During the 1950’s, Frei Otto did the same experiment

as Sir Gaudi did, he worked with the hanging chain
models with riding perimeter, that can support dead as
well as self-weight of the structure defining its
boundary. The hanging chain had 4 parameters, its
length, its weight, and the two points it is attached to.
He also used the gravitational force to make the shape Figure 2. HANGING CHAIN MODEL,
MANNHEIM BY FREI OTTO
of the chain curved according to the force it is bearing, these works of his are
considered to be parametric without the use of computers is just because of the presence
of parameters used to define the shape and control it.
These two architects “Antonio Gaudi” and “Frei Otto” contributed a lot in a field of
parametric architecture, though their works may have a large gap between them.
It is also believed that the first major construction job done by using the computer
programs was by the architect Luigi Moretti during 1960-1965 when he designed the
Watergate complex, studies show that Moretti a series of researches under the title of
“ArchitetturaParametrica”, a phrase which he invented in his writings, on the subject
of relations between architectural design and parametric equations from 1940 and
1942 (Moretti, 1951). These researches were about the computer and its advantage at
that time. Moretti managed to design a stadium with parametric models in 1960 by
using an “IBM 60”, which was exhibited at the Twelfth Milan Triennial. Each
stadium derives from a parametric model consisting of nineteen parameters.
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Figure 3. STADIUM MODEL BY LUIGI MORETTI, EXHIBITED IN 1960 AT PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE EXHIBITION.
THE STADIUM CONSIST OF NINETEEN PARAMETERS.
Though researching so much about the parametric terms and their use in architecture,
Moretti was scared to use this term as according to him it was incorrect to use
mathematical terms in this field, He wrote to his friend Roisecco that “inaccuracy
[regarding mathematical terms] is, in truth, scarier than the ignorance before [when
architects knew of neither the terms nor Moretti]” (Davis,2013).
“On the Drawing of Figures of Crystals” paper written by James Dana in 1837, which
was approximately 100 years ago from Moretti writings, explains the general steps try
to draw a range of crystals. And Dana’s equations of crystal were used by architects
after 175 years to develop parametric models of buildings.
This is why it is said that parametric architecture and parametric design come from a
historical background, and when Patrick Schumacher used this term in 2008 it did not
surprise anyone.
2.3-USE OF SOFTWARE IN PARAMETRIC ARCHITRECTURE

The term used in parametric architecture for the design which is made with the help of
computers or software is known as “Parametric Modeling.” The term is defined as a
type of designing the process which contains some variables in it, as it is a collaboration
of human and machine together to generate the ample numbers of the solution to a
single problem.
In this the architect only needs to input necessary parameters and the relationship
between them, that is how they are related to each other which is generally explained
through the equations and then his work is almost done, the computer itself will
generate the forms and patterns. Each time the values are changed, the computer will
change the design with the help of new relationships between those parameters.
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Figure 6. IMPLEMENTING PARAMETRIC DESIGN WITH THE HELP OF GRASSHOPPER.
The software in the parametric architecture gave it an extra wing as it helps to generate
the form of the structure according to some fixed set of rules or constraints. Basically, a
parametric modeling is a representation of architecture through computational work
having geometrical shapes with a number of constants and variable data. It helps
architects to deal with the design
complexity and divides it into various stages and parts so that it becomes easy for the
architect to deal with it and hence give the best outcome in every stage of design. They
also detect the structural or service problems in design by themselves and alert the
architect at every step. Computational architecture not only used to make the work easy,
but it is also actually used for looking at the architecture through various perspectives at
one go, that is for a single problem it can give you an ample number of solutions based
on your input data and then you can select any one solution and make the form of the
structure from your own choice. One of the best reason to use the software in the
designing process is that when an architect needs to change anything in the design he
will be able to do that by changing Some parameters and values only, that he doesn’t
require to redraw or start from the beginning.As we have discussed above how software
helps in generating the forms of the structures it seems very easy, though it is not that.
Generating a form relates to many other steps in the design process which is relatable to
even 2-dimensional curves of design and the connection between these curves. Some of
the softwares which are majorly used in parametric design are-Genr8, Groboto, Rhino,
and Grasshopper.
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2.4-PARAMETERS OF PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE
2.4.1-GENERATIVE ALGORITHMS
The generative algorithm is a bit debatable term to be explained in terms of architecture,

as many architects already discussed upon it and gave different definitions to the term.
And an algorithm can be explained mathematically as a set of rules which are followed
step by step in a process to calculate desired data or to complete any given task. If we
change any value in that procedure the result obtained will get changed after solving it
with that changed value. Same as happening in design when we input the data in it.
According to the Cambridge

dictionary the word generative
means the ability to create or
produce something, which is
totally justifiable when we add
it with the architecture also. It
is said that the term is coined
by the American professor john
Figure 4. A TYPICAL GENERATIVE COMPONENT MODEL Holland in 1960s.
According to the research some of the architects such as (Fischer and Herr, 2001, Frazer
et al., 2002, Zhang and Xu, 2018) mentioned generative design as a process that only
uses the latest technology to create and produce the design. While some prefer it as a
generative process which uses mathematical calculations to give the best and somewhat
complex solution to a problem (Bernal et al., 2015, Bukhari, 2011, Chase, 2005,
Fasoulaki, 2008, Humppi and Österlund, 2016, Leitão et al., 2014, McCormack et al.,
2004, Mitchell, 1975, Oxman, 2008, Shea et al., 2005).mathematical calculations to
give the best and somewhat complex solution to a problem (Bernal et al., 2015, Bukhari,
2011, Chase, 2005, Fasoulaki, 2008, Humppi and Österlund, 2016,Leitão et al., 2014,
McCormack et al., 2004, Mitchell, 1975, Oxman, 2008, Shea et al., 2005).
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So after going through various research papers we can conclude that the generative
algorithms are the type of design programming which is done with the help of a
computer. It is mandatory to input various type of information which is needed by the
computer so that the output comes will be the designer’s desired geometrical shape for
the structure. And by changing these parameters or values the output geometry will
automatically get changed according to it.
Ahmad Eltaweel and Yuehong SU gave an example in their research “Parametric

Design and Daylighting: A Literature Review” explaining how these generative
algorithms work. They explained it with the help of the model consisted of Venetian
blinds. The blinds are to be designed according to the movement of the sun and its
rotational angle. They said that it can be done by mathematical equation also by
calculating the sun angle but what will happen when the sun’s angle get change?
Because we know that in a single day sun changes its angle continuously. So for this,
they said that there should be the calculation for each angle if we are doing it in a
mathematical way which in the end will become too complex a time taken so this is how
they explained the work of generative algorithm. To make this complex process easy
software can be used which can itself substitute the value to the equation and hence give
the best location or solution to place the Venetian blinds.
Generally, the generative modelling works on the basic two principles which are known
as “associated modelling.” In this principle, elements are used in a fixed order to define
the shape of the structure, or we can say that it defines some parameters and extracts the
values of the structure which can later be used in different ways to modify that.
And another principle is known as “generative modelling,” which is explained as, when
the variables are entered in the algorithm it generated an ample number of solutions, in
the generative algorithm we pick any one solution according to the desire which can be
for the aesthetic or functional purpose of the structure.
And the modelling which is done by the use of the above two principles is known as a
generative algorithm modelling.
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2.5-COMPARISON BETWEEN PARAMETRIC AND CONVENTIONAL

ARCHITECTURE
2.5.1-Difference between Parametric and Conventional Approach
Both parametric and conventional architecture is really different from each Other, as we
have already discussed some of the traits of parametric design, we can differentiate
between both the design processes.
MODELLING PROCESS
In the conventional design process, the design and building services are kept as two
different parts, though they work side by side. According to architects plan a service
consultant will manage his work and then further refer his work to the architect, and in
this process if some of the services conflicts with the planning of the space many things
have to be changed and redrawn,
For example, if a house is planned by the architect, he will further refer his planning to
the plumbing consultant, structural consultant and electrical consultant. If any of them
will face the problem in managing wiring, columns or pipes through any space of the
house. They will refer to an architect to change that space design. And in turn, every
other consultant has to change that in their drawings also, this is how much time
consuming a conventional architecture is.
Now when we talk about parametric architecture, the whole design works on the basis
of geometry, the software itself will alert the planner about the faults by taking all the
other aspects in consideration as the parameters are already mentioned in it. Parametric
modelling needs a set of data to be collected even before the starting of the work. So
that once the digital work is done the installation process will take less time.
For small scale structures, some can say conventional modelling will be best as to why
to take so much of complexity when the project can be done by conventional method
easily, so to that, I will still recommend parametric modelling process because it takes
the architecture to a different level and as already proved in the above-mentioned survey
parametric design gives a new vision to the architecture.
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DESIGN PROCESS-
As mentioned above, the way in which parametric modelling process works, it can be
said that in construction if parametric modelling is used, it can be beneficial for various
other things like construction cost of the building, the change in digital design model
throughout the design for any onsite conditions. So it is clear that the parametric design
process gives greater control of the project to the architect as compared to the traditional
method of design.
Again for example, if a curved surface is to be designed, that covers a large area, then
using conventional design process will be too long and difficult for it rather the same
thing can be done by using parametric design process in a short span of time and with
the appropriate answers.
Small-scale buildings need more concentration in the design process as there are various
aspects which have to be taken in consideration while designing or planning a small-
scale structure such as the cost, time, wastage of material, sustainability of the structure
and the major aspect is the client’s limitation imposed on the architect.
BUILDING STRUCTURE
After the designing phase is completed, the next focus is on the structural stability and
structural form of the building. The major benefit of using the parametric technique for
the construction is that the plugin software can create the whole structure from the
algorithms and the other needed information.
This technique can help in going from design to construction phase with almost no
difficulty and at last, you will have the quantity of the construction materials which is
best for the small-scale projects as this comes in the major aspect why people tend to
prefer conventional over parametrical method. And from the conventional method of
design going from the design phase to construction took a lot of time.
Figure shows the steps need to be done while designing through conventional design
method and parametric design method.
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Figure 8 CONVENTIONAL DESIGN PROCESS
Figure 9 PARAMETRIC DESIGN PROC
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2.6 CONCLUSION
Figure 10A COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND PARAMETRIC DESIGN
METHOD
CONVENTIONAL PARAMETRIC
DESIGN DESIGN
METHOD METHOD
a person with high

No or minimum
software skill can
software knowledge
handel parametric
required
project
a single software with

no. of people gets right algorithm can
engaded in a single generate and can
project present various
solutions for a design
high accuracy,as
everything is done by
less accuracy
using a algorithmic
equation
once the whole data is

collected and input in
time consuming
software, it is easy to
get the final outcome
no algorithmic algorithm is must in

knowledge is needed parametric architecture
introduced before th
a traditional method of
century yet not known
architecture
by many.
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CHAPTER-3: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY:
This study is done to gain a better understanding to study the ways how parametric
concepts and form can be applied to small scale buildings. And to learn how the
selection of materials and form can be done in such a manner that it did not affect the
construction cost and functionality of the building ,with the help of literature study and
literature case studies we can get the technologies which we can used in small scale
parametric structures.
3.1 Method(s) opted for Data/ case Selection and its Justification
The methods opted for the selection of data involves literature that helps in establishing
a strong background theoretical knowledge related to the overall need and
understanding
of parametricism on small scale structures.And with the help of literature case studies i
can get the material information and technologies used for making parametricism for
small scale architecture and making paramtericism as a sustainable architecture also.
• The main objective is to find out if a parametric design concept can be used
for small-scale buildings.
• How to make a parametric structure to be a sustainable structure.
• How to make parametric structure economical.
• How to make parametric structure without compromising functionality.
• To find out the materials and techniques which can be used to achieve the
3.2 Method(s) opted for Data Collection and its Justification
The data will be collected through the following means
3.2.1 Literature Study

A literature study is a must for every author and reader to understand the basics of the
topic. It helps me to understand my topic paramtercism and gathering information about
it like what is parametric architecture , its origin , use of software in parametric
architecture, parameters(genrative algorithms, elements of design) of parametric design
and the comparison between parametric architecture and conventional.
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3.2.2 Case Study

Case studies are often conducted to gain a deeper understanding of current
events.It will help me to gather information about technologies and material
should be used for small scale parametric architecture.
3.2.3 Interview
Interview is an one to one discussion through which we gather our informaton
and which help me in explain,better understand and explore research subjects'
opinions. And I asked open-ended questions with my interviewee so that in-
depth information will be collected.
3.2.4 Internet
The internet is a very powerful world wide instrument, which serves as a good
source for research work and learning.it genrates current information,facts-
finding,and is the most outstanding invention in the area of communication in
the history of human race.
3.3 Method(s) opted for Data Analysis and its Justification
The method opted for data analysis is qualitative research.
Qualitative research
Qualitative data is the descriptive and conceptual findings collected through

questionnaires, interviews, or observation. Analyzing qualitative data allows
us to explore ideas.It is basically based on literature study.
3.4 Advantages and Limitations of the method(s) adopted
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3.4.1 Advantages
● They will allow for a more open minded approach to the

issue.
● They will allow get better understanding of materials and
techniques.
● The methods used will help in understanding perspectives
of other individuals.
● They will enable the author to analyze their own
conclusions with respect to those of other individuals
3.4.2 Limitation
No one ever discussed the SMALL-SCALE PARAMETRIC architecture yet, so only

limited information about the topic is available on the internet.
Not many architects worked with the parametric concept on small scale buildings, so
this is the major limitation of this dissertation, as not many examples are available to
study.
The dissertation will give an overview, how parametric concept can be applied for
small- scale buildings but does not focus on the costing aspect of design.
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CHAPTER 4-LITERATURE CASE STUDIES
4.1-NON LOAD BEARING FAÇADE
4.1.1-BUREAUX SNBR SAINT-SAVINE BY ATELIER FALLACARA
4.1.1.1 INTRODUCTION-
As we are talking about the small-scale parametric

architecture, SNBR Bureaux is a great example of this; the
building is situated in France and designed by the Architect
Atelier Fall acana. The project was started in 2012 and
completed after 4 years that was in 2016.
The principal aim of the project was to create the “Haute
Qualité Environmentale” building and meet the French energy
criteria in stone and wood. The HQE methodology has 4
essential criteria’s: eco-construction, eco-project management,
comfort, and health.
Our main focus in the project is the diaphragm arch, which is

made of stone and wooden structure and totally related to the
new stone architecture by SNBR. It is designed with a precise
Figure 5BUREAUX SNRB
equation to achieve the parabolic form. The diaphragm arch is
also known as the hyper gate which is said to be the first discrete hyperbolic parabolic
made of stone”.
The sculpture covers 22 sq. of total area, in the shape of a sweeping saddle. The
interesting part is that the roof of the sculpture contains a large
void in it due to which the sunlight can pass through and make the
area under it shaded as well as lit up with natural light.
Another beautiful part of the design is that. One more sculpture
was designed a few feet away from the roof in the shape of the
staircase, which links intrinsically with the parabolic sculpture,
which depends upon the position of the viewer.
Figure 6HOLE IN EACH 4.1.1.2-CONCEPT OF THE DESIGN

BLOCK FOR SUNLIGHT, SNRB
SAINT SNBR is a cooperative company of France which was created in
1995 and labeled as “Living heritage company” from 2010 onwards. The company is
specialized in working with stone and is famous for the restoration of arts and heritage
preservation.
The client SNBR requested to the architect that while designing keeps their work and
character in mind, the old tradition they follow of stone architecture.
This is the basic and main aim of the project which clearly shows how the company
works with ancient material with the help of highly innovative techniques.
The shape of the structure was chosen parabolic which has two opposite ends
that represent the past and the future, very complex challenges. Which means
to undertake a direct confrontation with the architecture of the past while
trying to say something new in the meantime?
AREA- 22 sq.
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MATERIAL USED- Stone and Wood
4.1.1.3 TECHNOLOGY USED-
The materials were selected on the basis of the

tradition of France Society and the identity of the
building purpose. Beaulieu limestone was used for the
construction of the sculpture, and the thickness of the
material is reduced to the minimum for both
economical and aesthetical purpose.
We can define that the structure is the self-supported
vault which is achieved by the integrated parametric
analysis and with the use of advanced modeling,
analysis software, and robotic fabrication.
Firstly, the wooden framework is made in the shape of Figure 7FIGURE SHOWING WOODEN
FRAMEWORK WITH STEEL RODS FOR
SUPPORT
the desired sculpture to provide support to the stone that

was used lately above it; otherwise the whole structure
would be collapsed. The stones which were used to cover
the wooden framework were drilled and then the steel cable
was threaded into the stones through those holes. The stones
are tending to weak in tension, to overcome this weakness
the steel cable is threaded into it. This is how the team
showed how to use the ancient and sustainable material in
the modern period that too for achieving the parametric
shape.
4.1.2 THE MAOHAUS, BEJING CHINA
4.1.2.1- INTRODUCTION
The Maohaus is a residence located in Beijingchina

and was designed by the ANTISTATICS
ARCHITECTURAL firm, in year 2017 with area of
2000sqm.
The residence was of Chairman Mao, and to reflect
the historical context of the location and potentials of
Figure 8. THE MAOHAUS FRONT
the local material its façade is used. Here the question
may arise that when talking about small scale parametric architecture why we are going
to read about the project with such a large areas? So, for this let me clear that in this
residence the façade is the main feature of the project which shows the fluidity of
architecture that too with the rigid material. So here we will learn about how to make a
building parametric through its façade and how to use the technologies and materials in
such a way to obtain the parametric effect in small areas.
Despite of this beautiful appearance of the façade, it is also known for the working of
the façade, the way it is used to reflect the portrait of Chairman Mao, the Chinese
traditional painting. Beyond this the façade is used to filter the sunlight During the day
time and the rays of sunlight enter the vestibule and create an amazing effect, it can be
seen as the sculpture and at the night time the portrait can be seen.
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4.1.2.2-CONCEPT
The basic concept of the design was to show the mixture of historical architecture and
the latest advanced technology as we have already discussed and learned in the above
case study of Bureaux SNBR. In this the traditional Chinese painting is used as the main
feature of the design and to show how the historical materials can be used in modern
architecture with the help of technologies and designed using a fluid dynamics
algorithm.
Pixel mapping is the mechanism which is used to achieve this concept, where the image
is evaluated to obtain its pixels values.
MATERIAL USED- Concrete
Area of facade-14 sq. m max.

Figure 15. THE MAOHAUS GROUND FLOOR
4.1.2.3-PLANNING
Figure 15. THE MAOHAUS GROUND

FLOOR
Figure 16. SECTIONS (a)
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Figure 16. SECTIONS (a)
Figure 17. SECTIONS (b)
4.1.2.4-TECHNOLOGY USED
Computer aided design plays a vital role in achieving

the target of the project, pixel mapping is a
mechanism in which grasshopper is the major
software which is used to read or evaluate the pixels
of the image. According to Institute for advanced
architecture of Catalonia (IAAC) the whole process
involves 6 major steps from which the effect can be
obtained.
Despite of the software technology used in the
designing, it’s the material which also plays a major
role to make this façade extraordinary. This project
directly tends to question about the perception and
the mind-set of the people on the rigid material like
concrete. Figure 18. PIXEL MAPPING
TECHNIQUE
One can never think that a material like concrete,
strong hard and rigid can be used to show the fluidity and
fabric effect. The façade was not created in a single go, that
means a small portion of façade were pre casted and then
assembling of those pieces were done on site.
During the design, the

thickness of the façade
was kept as minimum
as possible to look after
the aesthetic point of
view. Total 6 individual
Figure 19CONCRETE BLOCKS panels are used to
create the façade, the height ranges from 4 to 7
meters maximum, 2-meter-wide from front and the
thickness of the panels were merely 7cm. instead of
such a less thickness the façade doesn’t need any Figure 20CNC MILLED USED FOR CONCRETE
BLOCKS
structural support.
The pre casted panels were made using the moulding technique, large CNC (computer
numerical control) milled moulds but again as I mentioned above the moulds were also
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designed using the computational software and parametric equations so that the curves
of the façade should be made in such a way that they themselves would be able to carry
the self-load and structural load then transfer them to the foundation.
4.1.3-IHA RESIDENCE, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
`4.1.3.1-INTRODUCTION
IHA residence is project designed by architect

Vinu Daniel, the wall makers in
Thiruvananthapuram in 2018. Vinu Daniel is a
famous architect who believes in using the
sustainable material for his projects and managed
to make parametric shapes with these materials.
The project covers the total area of 288sq m,
which clearly falls under our criteria.
The residence is designed on a low-lying area
which became the major concern about making
the environmental imbalance. Minimum decors
were used in both an exterior as well as interior of Figure 21.IHA RESIDENCE,
the building to keep the design simple. The THIRUVANTHAPURAM
planning was done in such a way that the peace and the quietness can be achieved in the
house in the busy city. A pond was made at the edge of the site automatically because
the whole structure was lifted up from the ground.
Daniel planned the building in such a way that it is said the house emits positive vibes
and the pure atmosphere. Staircase of the residence takes it to the next level, the
cantilevered staircase is designed with bamboo coverings which is hanging from the
façade and adding a beautiful view to it. Some spaces are created in such a way that
serve the purpose of semi-private areas, outside the residence yet shaded and provides a
place which can be used to sit, relax and helps to focus the users in their work properly.
4.1.3.2-CONCEPT
The clients of the project wanted to have a residence which

can make them feel away from the perks of outside city. So the
architect planned the residence in such a way that the spaces
provide the warmth and calmness to the residence. Low lying
site had the issues of water clogging which he dealt by raising
the whole building upward from the ground and by other
sustainable solutions.
Majorly the waste items and sustainable materials were used in
the residence which not only makes it economical but also
shows how a waste from dump yard can be converted to a
building construction material to beautify it.
Figure 22BAMBOO USED FOR
GIVING THE CURVEDSFACADE
MATERIAL USED- bamboo, bricks

Area- 288sqm.
4.1.3.3-PLANNING-
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Figure 23 FLOOR PLANS, IHA RESIDENCE
Figure 24SECTION AA
Figure 25 SECTION BB
GROUND FLOOR-The catchment pond was made algonside the site, which also
tackels the water logging problems.
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It also works as a vista for staircase and living areas.
FIRST FLOOR-The roof slab of this floor only extends till the water body and the space
between it is covered by the bamboo grills, which gives it a exotic curved façade.
ELEVATION- The elevation shows a detailed bamboo façade, which worked as a grill
for living area on first floor and gives a screening to the bedroom.
JAALIS- The waste whirlpool washing machine baseplates were used to create the jaali
in front façade for the lighting in living room and dining area, and for prevention against
the mosquitos the mesh were used at its back.
4.1.3.4-TECHNOLOGY USED
IHC Residence is a project which shows how the

sustainable materials can be used in a way that makes
the structure appealing and yet economical. Daniel
used bricks and bamboo in the structure and proved the
myths related to these materials wrong. Like it was
said that bamboo couldn’t be used in a structure
exterior as is doesn’t have that properties to sustain the
climatic conditions and also they cannot give a long
life span to the structure.
He used the bamboo in the front elevation of the
building to create an exotic view from both outside as
well as inside of the building; he used steel rods to
reinforce the bamboo sticks. The holes were drilled
into the bamboo and then the steel rods were inserted in Figure 26.STEEL ROD INSERTED
between them to provide the tensile strength to it. He INSIDE THE BAMBOO TO STABILIZE IT.
also treated the bamboo with the mixture of “borax and
boric acid” for a certain period of time before working with it. This treatment helps to
achieve the curve shape from the bamboo and also provides it the time span of 30-35
years.
Instead of giving rectangular windows or solid walls, Daniel gave the rotated brick jails
on the enclosure of the residence which helps to ambient of natural light to fall inside
the house, only bedrooms were given glass windows for the privacy purpose.
He also used scarp from the dump yard in this project and made a beautiful wall out of
that dump waste, like the motor plates of washing machine which he welded together
and used on the walls of the structure at one part.
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4.2- LOAD BEARING FAÇADE
4.2.1- ABROSKIN PAVALION STUTTGART, GERMANY
4.2.1.1-INTRODUCTION
The abrasion curved pavilion is situated in

Germany and was made by the students and
professor of Stuttgart University. The façade
was designed as an experiment and to show that
even bio plastic materials can be used in a
construction and architectural industry. The
interesting part of this project was that this
parametric structure is made up from the waste
bio plastic material which not only gives it the
Figure 27ABROSKIN PAVALION, GERMANY
beautiful curved shape but also provides a
structural stability.
The façade project was created within the supervision of research project Bio plastic
façade and was supported by EFRE (Europäischer Fond für Regionals Entwicklung/
European Fund for Regional Development).
The façade was made with the fusion of varying size of triangular elements together
made up of mesh.
4.2.1.2-CONCEPT
The aim of the project was to show
the world about how a bio plastic
can be used as a construction
material, so the students of
Stuttgart University worked on bio
plastics with the proper research
and hence gave this wonderful
façade made up of the renewable
materials.
The façade was built up with total
90 present of renewable materials
with many sharp edges to get the
perfect curve.
Abroblend was the bio plastic used
to make the pavilion façade which
is produced by the German based
firm known as TECNARO.
Figure 28PROCESS REOM GRANULATION TO REGRANULATION
They used to combine many polymers together like a lignin which is a by-product of
wood pulping process usually discarded in other industries, is mixed with resin and flax
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fibres to naturally reinforce it. This behaves like plastic due

to its naturally shape-shift property, and can be moulded
into any form.
Bio plastic is basically are plastic made up of the renewable
biomass such as starch and cellulose and many other
biopolymers which can be used as the sustainable
alternative to the plastic.
MATERIAL USED-bio plastic renewable

Figure 29TETRAHYDRON SHEET
CUTTING
4.2.1.3-TECHNOLOGY USED-
At the starting of the project it was explained by the team that a thermoform able sheets
of bio plastic will be used that has a tendency to replace the other material like plastics,
glass and metal in future. Bio plastic sheets have a combination of high malleability and
recyclability of plastics that too with the environmental friendly in nature, consisting
renewable resources.
The façade is created in various steps after the
collection of granules and fibres the Air carbon
method is used to replace the oil in the mixture so
that the unnecessary co2 emission can be stopped
and avoid harming the air.
After that firstly the sheets are formed by
compressing the bio plastic granules in the sheet,
then after taking the required size to make the
pyramidal modules, the excess material trim off.
After cutting the sheets into triangular shapes, the
extruding process was done to give it a pyramidal
Figure 30.TYPICAL SOFTWARE MODEL form, the double skin curved was forms by sticking
FOR ABROSKIN
the two pyramids together with the help of bracing
rings and joists, so that the façade can act as a load
bearing wall.
CNC milling was used to shape the sheets and remove
the extra sections after taking out the triangular
modules, the waste that obtained from trimming again
get re-granulated and used in the production process.
Any oil based components and additives were used
minimum in the production process, the main part of
the design is that this flame retardant material is
found to meet the high durability and flammability for
building standards and can be used in both exterior Figure 31JOINERY DETAIL OF
and interior cladding purpose. The façade was TETRAHYRON BLOCKS
designed to bear the wind and snow load also as it
itself act as a load bearing wall due to its two faced pyramidal structure which
gives it much strength above that joists and bracing of the structure makes it
more stable.
4.2.2- HEYDAR ALIYEV CULTURAL CENTRE BAKU, AZERBAIJAN
4.2.2.1INTRODUCTION
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The heyday Aliyev is a cultural centre consisting of

museum, library and conference centre with the area of
57,519 sq. The building was designed by famous
British Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. The building
became an important and renowned architectural work
of Baku due to its innovative and unique façade design
as well the interior design. Not only was this but the
building also nominated for the world architecture
festival and inside biennial festival 2013.
The façade design of the building shows the
continuous fluid relationship between all of its
surroundings, its interiors as well the landscape of the
site. The plaza is designed in such a way that it is able
to show the tradition and Azeri culture. The elaborated
form of the plaza including its smoothly rising up and Figure 32HEYDAR ALIYEV CULTURAL
down, folds and the division performs amble of CENTRE, BAKU
functions, that is welcoming, embracing and directing
visitors to the different spaces inside the plaza, and forms a pure architectural landscape
from the outside. The reason we are studying this cultural centre of such a large area is
its façade design, materials and techniques used in its design. Also this large scale
façade is a load bearing. So the aim of studying this case study is to find out the details.
Figure 33.EXTERIOR FAÇADE OF CULTURAL CENTRE
4.2.2.2-CONCEPT
This plaza design holds a lot of concept behind it, we can say there is a lot of challenges
that architect have to face while designing this plaza, first from the culture of the place
where the site is situated and second is the site cons.
The first concept of this fluid design is that the place Baku is a part of former Soviet
Union, its architecture and urbanism was very much influenced by the rigidity of
structures during that era and this plaza was going to be the first building for the nations
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Figure 34SPACE FRAME EXTERIOR FACADE
culture programs and zaha Hadid was appointed as an architect to design a building
which breaks the rigidity and monumental sovient architecture that was so prevalent in
that part. So this is why the structure was designed purely in a fluid form that too goes
with the harmony in surroundings.
The second concept of design is based on the cons and disadvantages of the site itself
which is dealt in such a way that it turned out to be the major strength of the design and
the most attractive feature of the building. The topographic sheer was found in the site
which automatically divided into two parts, so that a precisely designed terrace was
formed in a shape of landscape that establish a beautiful connection and route to the
three different zones named as public plaza, the main building and underground
parking. Which in turn resolves the problem of extra excavation and landfill process
and added a key design feature to the building?
Figure 35 BOOT COLUMNS
MATERIAL USED- reinforced concrete combined with the steel truss
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4.2.2.3-PLANNING-
Figure 36GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Figure 37SECTION AA
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Figure 38FIRST FLOOR PLAN
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4.2.2.4- TECHNOLOGY USED-
Figure 39Figure
STRUCTURE DETAIL DETAIL
39 STRUCTURE
At the time of designing this project, the architect zaha Hadid give various challenges to
the engineers while creating a curvilinear façade to show the sublimity and the culture
of the Azerbaijan people. The biggest challenge was to make this conceptual design in a
reality and to do that they have to make such a large curved façade to look homogenous
and continuous without the breakage and to achieve this ambition one has to do a lot of
algorithmic work with the integration of the latest technology and materials together so
that the span resulted in a high bearing capacity of wind and seismic load without the
help of any columns or beams to let the visitors enjoy interior fluidity also.
To achieve this ambition the materials selected were the concrete and the truss; truss
was used in a form of space frame so that a large span can be achieved without the
hindrance of the column below it. This framework also helped in saving a huge amount
of time in a construction process. During this the introduction to a new types of column
is made, that is a curved “boot column” which are specifically used to enhance the inner
beauty of the structure without showing the structural element to the visitors. To
maintain the stability of the structure and support the large span of frame work it was
connected to reinforced concrete structure which will pass the load directly into the
foundation. A steel core beam was extended from the reinforced concrete core tube after
fixing the vertical steel member with the joist and connected the space frame to the joist
also.
Glass fibre reinforced concrete and glass fibre reinforced polyester were choose as a
cladding material as they have a great plasticity and hence shows a flexible relationship
between the rigid framework of the structure and a cladding for the exterior. Reinforced
concrete shear walls were made to support the framework as well as the partition to the
spaces.
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CHAPTER 5-ANALYSIS
5.0-OVERALL ANALYSIS
After reading and going through about parametric architecture how it gets started and
how it worked, helped me to know the basic concept behind the term. The term was first
coined by PatrickSchaumer, but that does mean before that time it wasn’t in work. We
can say that this method of designing a building can be seen from our very ancient time
but why in the large-scale structures only? Honestly, after I have studied these case
studies and information about how they built let me say it is a myth that parametric
structures need to be large scale and huge or they consume a lot of money and other
resources. It’s a wrong perception about parametric architecture that it doesn’t work to
create small scale budget friendly and sustainable building.
The case studies I have mentioned above changed my whole perception about the
parametric architecture, as there are architects and some of their works that clearly
shows “to achieve a parametric architectural form or a building it isn’t necessary to
spend a lot of money, it can be achieved from the local materials even from the scrap”
As many people thought that the parametric form can be achieved by making small
small variations in a façade or structure that as a whole will bring out the form. To
answer those, an architect Vinu Daniel makes a lot of other buildings too which shows
how sustainability can be achieved with parametric forms hand in hand and that too for
the small-scale buildings.
Many materials like brick, bamboo, concrete and stone, the most inexpensive, easily
available and rigid materials can be used to create a flowing structure which shows the
fluidity of parametric architecture when used with the proper equations and
technologies. The case study about Maohaous gives us the vision how concrete can be
used to show the flowing fabric in the best possible way. The SNBR building also gives
a nice example on how to use the sustainable and traditional material to get the beautiful
curved or parabolic form.
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5.1-ANALYSIS BASED ON THE LITERATURE CASE STUDIES?
As the buildings we have studies in our literature case study are of two different types,
with no- load bearing façade (non-structural) and with load bearing façade (structural).
All the buildings are made up by using different kind of materials and technologies. A
table is shown below to compare all the buildings based on some aspects like structural,
area, material used, functionality, technology used, cost efficient and other remarks.
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5.2-HOW THE MATERIALS ARE APPROACHED FOR SMALL SCALE

PARAMETRIC BUILDINGS?
As already discussed under the head of challenges faced by parametric architecture, the
major issue is about the construction cost of the building, so while dealing with the
small scale project this becomes even more sensitive.
The most of the architectural projects depends upon the clients imposed limitations, so
the selection of materials play a major role on the construction budget also. From the
above literature studies we can conclude that there are various ways in which a small
scale parametric building can be designed. The two options are to play with façade
either load bearing or not, all the buildings mentioned in a literature study shows the
different materials, their use and the ways in which we can use them.
For a sustainable parametric structure one must try to use the materials which can be
locally available and doesn’t emit more carbon while using it. A lot of material can be
listed while talking about the small scale parametric architectural buildings. A rigid
materials like stone and concrete are able to show their fluidity if used in a best way, in
a both ways either by reinforcing them or not. Vinu Daniel showed how a brick and a
bamboo can also be used in a parametric façade, because using a bamboo in the exterior
was rare and that too by moulding it in a curvilinear shape.
5.3-PLANNING STRATEGIES FOR SMALL SCALE BUILDINGS
As till now we have studied the concepts of all the literature case studies, it can be
concluded that the planning strategies of the building lies behind the client’s own
requirements and expectations from the building. When we talk about the word
parametric, the different forms and shapes comes in our mind because of which it is said
that during the parametric construction the space is not given more importance rather
the focus stays on form. At somehow this can be considered as true, but when talking
about the small scale buildings even the small area of the site is valuable. The design
should be done in a way that it will not leave the negative spaces and unused areas.
So we can say that during the planning for small scale parametric building, the form
should be made in such a way that it complements the plan. In small scale structures,
planning is a crucial part and then comes the façade design.
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5.4-SIDES OF PARAMETRIC DESIGN
A survey was done by YaseerZarei in which he asked 5 questions to different architects

and represented answers in a graphical form. (Zarei,2012) the survey was done by
mainly asking about five major things to the architects who work on with parametric
approach, these five things were finance, learning time, usage problems,data
management, and changes in approaches towards design.
The question he asked was-
1- Parametric design is financially attractive?

2- Parametric design is strong and comfortable due to the data
management?
4- Parametric design requires long time to learn how to use
software?
5- Parametric design is difficult to use?
6- Parametric design changes the way you think about design?
The And the answers are shown in figure.
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This shows how strongly architects agree on how parametric design changes the vision
of architecture, the design, and how they see towards it. Parametric design really is the
architectural approach which changes the whole aura of the place, and a well-designed
parametric building can alone be sufficient to increase tourism of a place.
But the problems architects have to face while working with this method is the financial
one, means the construction cost of the building and the thing which troubles the most is
that not anyone can work on a parametric project but only those who knows the use of
software, and have a good knowledge about algorithm used in parametric architecture.
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CHAPTER -06
6.1-QUESTIONS SUMMARY IN PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE.
Parametric architecture is always been a debatable term since it is discovered. Many

controversies arose even by using or replacing the term “parametric” with any other
related synonym like algorithmic, computational, geometric and etc. and this is because
every other people have different perspective about the parametric architecture, as we
have already discussed about the generative algorithm also that how many authors
describe is in their research work by defining it in a different way each time. Same goes
with the term parametric architecture.
Patrickschaumer was the architect who first coined the term “parametric architecture”
and gave its explanation as “contemporary architectural style that has achieved
pervasive hegemony within the contemporary architectural avant-garde” in 2008.
Due to his this statement many other architects goes against him. As Owen Hatherley
(2010) represented his argue against Patrick statement and mentioned him as an
“Arrivisite” to define parametric in this way. Another architect Daniel Davis argued
(Davis 2010) that the parametric is not the type of architectural style. Many arguments
arouse starting from the defining the term and using suffix “ism” also discussed in a
detail by many architects.
So now it is clear that the challenges faced by parametric architecture started since it
was rooted, about its definition and about the term also. But in this research paper we
are discussing about the functional and aesthetical aspect of parametric architecture, so
now we are going to discuss the challenges faced by parametric architecture according
to these aspects.
Many architects not want to share about the method they have constructed and
maintained their parametric modeling, as already in the past decade there are many
challenges faced by the computational and algorithm in the past decade. This made
architects to focus more on the computational process of parametric modeling then to
the other aspects of architectural designing.
All the architects who worked with parametric design process faced many problems and
critics related to their work. Despite of the fact that parametric buildings are appealing
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to everyone and they are so attractive that they can even use to generate tourism of that
place by attracting people towards its beauty and appealing structure, these buildings get
criticized by many architects also. First thing which was criticized about these structures
are the way they are formed, that is the techniques, the cost and the material. Many
questions get arose on the cost of the building, that why there is needs to expend such a
huge amount on a construction when the beauty of architecture can also be achieved by
conventional design method also?
Another challenge faced by this designing process is that the basic rule it follows
“function follow form”. The parametric designs are started as the opposition of
modernism movement which says “form follow function” or “purity of form”. People
tend to question about it that why a large amount of negative spaces should be avoided
only to get the façade of the structure appealing? They said that architecture should first
focus on the functional aspect and on the spaces to be created form of the structure
should come on second step when the spaces come out to be best designed.
Last challenge faced by the parametric design process I am going to describe is one of
the major thing, that why the sustainability of the structure should be sacrificed only for
the achieving the complex form which should be appealing to eyes? It is always argued
that why is it necessary even at the cost of sustainability of the building?
There are many other challenges despite these three I have mentioned above which are
faced by the architects who deal with parametric structures.
6.2-Research Question Aroused are:
A. Many questions get arose on the cost of the building, that why there
is needs to expend such a huge amount on a construction when the
beauty of architecture can also be achieved by conventional design
method also?
B. How parametric structures can be sustainable?
C. How can we neglect negative spaces in parametric design ?
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6.3-ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS.
So before answering to the challenges I have mentioned above I would like to clarify
something I have gone through while writing this dissertation. Before even finalizing
my topic, I had discussed with many of my colleagues and seniors. Many of them have
already warned about the challenges I am going to face while writing this dissertation.
So I have listened their thoughts about parametric architecture and how they criticize it,
how many negative things people conclude about it. After listening to them I have
mentioned above challenges.
Now that I have already gone through many journals, literature reviews and works of
known architects I think I am able to answer these questions according to my
perspective.
When the question of cost arises I would like to mention the respected Architect Vinu
Daniel, he was an architect I admire and look up the most whenever I go through the
parametric structures. He almost answered all the three questions I have mentioned in
not words but in his own designs, he managed the cost of the structure, its function and
the sustainability part as well. Ar. Vinu Daniel used only the sustainable and
economical materials for his building design and used them in such a way that they can
create a parametric facades or structures in such a way which is categorized as a
parametric yet sustainable building. While looking at his works I was automatically able
to answer all the questions I have gone through or listened about parametric structures.
He proved from his work that it is not necessary to expend huge amount of money for
the construction purpose, if an architect wants and is willing to do something extra
ordinary, he can easily do it with his skills. He usually used bricks as a basic
construction material, which is being used in conventional architecture through ages and
yet he used it in a way that it created an interesting facades and forms. Now when the
functional question arises I will again refer the work of Vinu Daniel in IHC Residence,
in that he created the spaces in a way his client demanded from him, that is quiet and
peaceful.
The structures he designed were usually a small scale structures, which this dissertation
topic is about, so if a small scale structures can be made economically and functionally
appropriate then according to me it should also be easy to design large scale structures
with the same methodology because in large areas the negative spaces come out in
42
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design and also behave to be functional because of the large span. So this is beneficial
part for large scale structures.
After going through his work all the theories of parametric structures I have read till
now seems a myth to me, because it’s not done by many architects yet.
The another architectural association dealing with the parametric structures is “Rat Lab”
research architecture and technology, researches for the computational design and they
claim that their main goals areSustainability, Design-to-Fabrication Workflow
,Geometry Optimization, Material Intelligence, Cost Optimization, Enhancing Design
Experience.
6.4 FUTURE RESEARCH POSSIBILITIES
This study focuses on the how parametricism is done in small scale with achieving
functional and aesthetical aspect by using different kind of materials. Further it helps in
making small scale parametric structures sustainable and cost efficient and time
consuming as compare to conventional architecture which will help in future to make
small scale parametric structure easily which help to attract tourism. Parametric
structures are not possible for small scale and they includes huge construction cost and
they can't be sustainable are all myths"!
The parametricism is a concept of architecture which works as the fluidity of

architecture, to get complex forms of the building. Parametric for small scale structures
are still not seen very often, but that doesn't mean it cannot be used for small scale
structures. There are some criteria which if followed and taken care properly, then it
will be easy to make a small scale building as a parametric. The material selection is
one of the major criteria for small scale parametric structures, as this selection
contributes alot in many factors like the construction cost, form and structural ability of
the building. A façade either structural or non-structural both and yet be able to show
the fluidity in a structure. And when talking about the negative spaces which are
automatically created because of the curvilinear façade or form of the structure, Ar.
Vinu Daniel showed how to used even the negative aspects of the site. For small scale
structures a planning part is really critical and important, so here the focus applies on
this more. The planning for small scale must be done in the same process as in any other
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design concept, like a phrase
"Form follow Function" but the both form and function goes together simultaneously.
6.5 FUTURE PROJECT
After further study on this research project and after Carrying out some
researches on these projects can be taken further as
● Parametric in sustainable structures
● Parametric in small scale structures
● Application of parametric and generative design techniques in mass production

environment of the building industry.
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REFERENCE
SOURCE IN TEXT CITATION REFRENCE
LIST
Journal article ‘marks’, that is, parts Woodbury,2010
with an of the design, relate ‘What is parametric
author(online and change together in modelling’ in
) a coordinated way” “elements of
parametric design”.
Routledge; 1 edition
(July 3, 2010)
Journal article that Moretti a series of (Heidari, 2018);
with an researches under the “parametric
author(online title of architecture in
) “ArchitetturaParametr second phase of
ica” evolution”.
Journal article “inaccuracy (Davis,2013); “A

with an [regarding history of
author(online mathematical terms] parametric”.
) is, in truth, scarier
than the ignorance
before [when
architects knew of
neither the terms nor
Moretti]”
Journal article general steps try draw (Dana,1837); “On the
with an a range of crystals…. Drawing of Figures
author(online of Crystals”.
)
Journal article help of model (Eltaweel A
with an consisted venetian &Yuehong SU,2017)
author(online blinds…. “Parametric Design
) and Day lighting: A
Literature Review”
Journal article I will still recommend (Zarei,2012)“The
with an parametric modelling Challenges of
author(online process because it Parametric Design in
) takes the architecture Architecture Today:
to different level and Mapping the Design
as already proved in Practice”
the above mentioned
survey…….
Journal article The question he asked (Zarei, 2012), “The
with an was- Challenges of
author(online Parametric design is Parametric Design in
) financially Architecture Today:
attractive?........ Mapping the Design
Practice”
45
STRUCTURES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
⮚ https://outsourceplan.com/new-to-parametric-architecture-heres-everything-
you-need-to-know
⮚ https://www.designboom.com/architecture/hypargate-installation-
stereotomy-italy-08-09-2016/
⮚ https://www.wallmakers.org/tara-pillai-residence-
mananthala/hh5i9gyidmjg6cgol3s8100c1htbed
⮚ https://www.wallmakers.org/tara-pillai-residence-
mananthala/hh5i9gyidmjg6cgol3s8100c1htbed
⮚ https://aasarchitecture.com/2017/05/bureaux-snbr-saint-savine-atelier-
fallacara.html/
⮚ https://www.archilovers.com/projects/231724/bureaux-snbr.html#info
⮚ http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/maohaus-antistatics-architecture/
⮚ https://www.archdaily.com/886282/the-maohaus-antistatics-architecture
⮚ https://parametric-architecture.com/arboskin-pavilion-made-by-itke/
⮚ https://www.arch2o.com/arboskin-pavilion-institute-of-building-structures-
and-structural-design-itke/arch2o-arboskin-pavilion-made-from-bioplastic-
by-itke-4/
⮚ https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/09/arboskin-spiky-pavilion-with-
facademade-from-bioplastics-by-itke/
⮚ https://www.designboom.com/architecture/zaha-hadid-heydar-aliyev-
cultural-centre-progress/
⮚ https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-
architects
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FUNCTIONAL AND AESTHETICAL ASPECT OF SMALL-SCALE PARAMETRIC

Parametric architecture, a theory that helped architecture to transform in a whole new

Parametric design is a new approach to architectural design based on constraints in the

Figure 1Figure 1 CALCULATION FOR SOUND CONTROL

1.1 Introduction and background

1.2 The Definitions and Meaning of the important parameters

Parametric design is a new approach to architectural design based on constraints in the

workflow process from design to manufacture.

1.3 Significance of the project/topic

1.4 Research Question

b) How to make parametric structure economical.

How parametric concept can be applied for small-scale buildings.

1.6 Aim and the Objective of the Research

3- To learn about the different ways to make a building parametric without

1.7 The Scope and Limitation of the Research

CHAPTER2 - LITERATURE REVIEW

Figure 1 CALCULATION FOR SOUND Figure 2 HAGIA SOPHIA PENDENT

CONTROL IN GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Origin of parametric design is always a debatable topic,

During the 1950’s, Frei Otto did the same experiment

2.3-USE OF SOFTWARE IN PARAMETRIC ARCHITRECTURE

Figure 6. IMPLEMENTING PARAMETRIC DESIGN WITH THE HELP OF GRASSHOPPER.

2.4-PARAMETERS OF PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE

The generative algorithm is a bit debatable term to be explained in terms of architecture,

According to the Cambridge

Ahmad Eltaweel and Yuehong SU gave an example in their research “Parametric

2.5-COMPARISON BETWEEN PARAMETRIC AND CONVENTIONAL

2.5.1-Difference between Parametric and Conventional Approach

Figure 8 CONVENTIONAL DESIGN PROCESS

Figure 9 PARAMETRIC DESIGN PROC

a person with high

a single software with

once the whole data is

no algorithmic algorithm is must in

CHAPTER-3: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY:

• How to make a parametric structure to be a sustainable structure.

• How to make parametric structure economical.

• How to make parametric structure without compromising functionality.

3.2 Method(s) opted for Data Collection and its Justification

The data will be collected through the following means

3.2.1 Literature Study

3.2.2 Case Study

3.3 Method(s) opted for Data Analysis and its Justification

The method opted for data analysis is qualitative research.

Qualitative data is the descriptive and conceptual findings collected through

3.4 Advantages and Limitations of the method(s) adopted

● They will allow for a more open minded approach to the

No one ever discussed the SMALL-SCALE PARAMETRIC architecture yet, so only

CHAPTER 4-LITERATURE CASE STUDIES

4.1-NON LOAD BEARING FAÇADE

4.1.1-BUREAUX SNBR SAINT-SAVINE BY ATELIER FALLACARA

As we are talking about the small-scale parametric

Our main focus in the project is the diaphragm arch, which is

Figure 6HOLE IN EACH 4.1.1.2-CONCEPT OF THE DESIGN

MATERIAL USED- Stone and Wood

4.1.1.3 TECHNOLOGY USED-

The materials were selected on the basis of the

the desired sculpture to provide support to the stone that

4.1.2 THE MAOHAUS, BEJING CHINA

The Maohaus is a residence located in Beijingchina

MATERIAL USED- Concrete

Area of facade-14 sq. m max.

Figure 15. THE MAOHAUS GROUND