Psychrometric

PSYCHROMETRICS
J.ILANGUMARAN
ics
etr
om
hr
yc
Ps
The Psychrometric Chart
COMFORT
“We air condition buildings to provide a comfortable
environment for the occupants”
Relative Humidity:
A minimum RH of 35% is recommended to prevent dry eyes, nose and throat.
A maximum RH of 70% is recommended to prevent surface condensation and mould etc.
Electrostatic charges can be generated at RH less than 45%.
Temperature and Humidity:

24oC DB and 60% RH for summer and 21oC DB and 50% RH for winter is energy efficient.
Air Movement: The terminal velocity, at neck level, should be designed for approximately 0.2m/s.
Air Freshness: For body odour dilution of 8l/s of fresh air per person should be introduced.
If smokers are present 16l/s of fresh air is required.
Air Cleanliness: Selection of an adequate filtration system is very important and some types
of air conditioning system permit better air cleansing than others.
Noise Levels: Careful selection of equipment and consideration of both external and internal
noise pollution is important.
A certain level of noise is necessary to mask clarity of individual conversations etc.
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Dry Bulb Temperature oC

MOISTURE CONTENT
(Specific Humidity)
The weight of water in the air
Moisture Content kg/kg (Dry Air)

21oC DB and 50% RH = 0.007857 kg/kg 0.02
0.007857kg/kg
= 0.66%
1.186kg/m3 (air density)
0.015
0.01
0.005
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
RH is actual vapour pressure

compared to the vapour pressure
at saturation for the same dry bulb
temperature.
100% Relative Humidty

(Saturation Curve)
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
COOLING & HEATING
COOLING
HEATING
DEWPOINT
Dewpoint is the temperature where
moisture begins to condense.
• Cool to dewpoint (from A to B)
no change in moisture content.
• Further cooling (to C) water vapour condenses

lowering the moisture content.
Saturation Curve
B COOL A
Moisture A
Dewpoint Content
O OL 0.01kg/kg B
C
C
Moisture
Content C
0.075kg/kg
10oC 14oC 22oC

Dry Dry Dry
Bulb Bulb Bulb
WET BULB TEMPERATURE
The sling psychrometer is used to determine
the moisture content of the air.
Wet Bulb Handle

Thermometer
Dry Bulb
Thermometer
Wetted
Cotton wick If air is saturated none of the moisture on the wick will
evaporate and the WB temperature will be the same
as the DB.
If the air is less than saturated moisture will evaporate
from the wick cooling the WB thermometer.
The difference between the WB and DB is called the
WB depression.
WET BULB TEMPERATURE
On the saturation curve WB and DB

temperatures are the same 25
o
C
e
ur
20
r at
pe
m
15
Te
B
W
10
Saturation Curve
5
0
-5
15oC Dry Bulb

DENSITY (Specific Weight)
The inverse of density is the Specific Volume
m3 /kg
The volume increases with temperature increase.
The density decreases with temperature increase.
1.32 1.3 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.2 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12
Density kg/m3
TOTAL HEAT CONTENT
(SPECIFIC ENTHALPY)
75
70
100
65
60
95
55
90
50
85
45
40 80
35
30
75
25
20
70
15
65
10
5
60
0
55
50
45
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Total Heat Content kJ/kg

SPECIFIC ENTHALPY CORRECTION FACTOR
DUE TO ALTITUDE
1.0
0.9
Specific Enthalpy
Correction Factor
0.8
0.7
0 1000 2000 3000
Altitude Metres
PSYCHROMETRIC DATA
1 DB Temperature = 24oC
2 WB Temperature = 17oC
3 RH = 50%
7
4 Moisture Content = 0.0093kg/kg
5 Total Heat Content = 48kj/kg
6 Dewpoint = 13oC 5
7 Saturated Moisture 2
Content = 0.0188kg/kg
3
6 4
1
COOLING & HEATING
COOLING
HEATING
COOLING CURVES
Due to Cooling Coil inefficiency
the air loses moisture before it
reaches the saturation curve.
The cooling process of a Cooling
coil follows the Cooling Curves.
HUMIDIFYING
To add moisture
DEHUMIDIFYING
To remove moisture
DEHUMIDIFYING
HUMIDIFYING
SENSIBLE HEAT:
A change in DB temperature. No change in moisture content.
LATENT HEAT:
A change In moisture content . No change in DB temperature.
TOTAL HEAT (ENTHALPY):

Sensible Heat + Latent Heat
TOTAL HEAT
He tal
at
To
TOTAL COOLING
ota l
T at
He Latent
Heat
Sensible
Heat
Humidification
Evaporative Cooling Heating & Humidification
Sensible Cooling Sensible Heating
Cooling & Dehumidification
Dehumidification
YORK Production System
Tech Brian Fossey 03/99

All rights Reserved
Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.
THE COMFORT ZONE
Summer
Winter
Brian Fossey
Tech
Roof Solar & Conduction Sensible Gain to Ceiling Void
Occupants Gain Light

PERIMETER Sensible & Latent SensibleGain
ZONE Ceiling
CIRCULATION SensibleGain To Room
ZONE To Room
INTERIOR
Floor ZONE
Miscellaneous Equipment Sensible Gain
Sensible Gain To Room
Floor Conduction Sensible Gain

Wall Solar & Conduction Sensible Gain
to Ceiling Void
Glass Solar &Conduction Sensible Gain
to Room
PERIMETER CIRCULATION INTERIOR
Infiltration Gain - Sensible & Latent ZONE ZONE ZONE
to Room
Wall Solar & Conduction Sensible Gain

to Room
ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR
=
SENSIBLE HEAT
SENSIBLE HEAT + LATENT HEAT
=
SENSIBLE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (ESHF, GSHF, RSHF) LINES
1.) Calculate SHF.
2.) Plot line through SHF ratio and plotting point.
3.) Plot line parallel to item 2.)

through point of room condition.
Room Condition
SHF
SHF Plotting Point

Room Condition A
Heat gain from fan
Condition of air Condition of air

C B
leaving cooling coil entering cooling coil
RSHF - Room Sensible Heat Factor

Room Sensible and Latent Heat Gains
C from Walls, windows, infiltration,
people, lights and miscellaneous
equipment
B
A
Brian Fossey
Tech FAN COIL UNITS

A
Outside Air Louvre
Filter
Heating Coil
B Cooling Coil
Humidifier
C
Supply Fan
D
AIR HANDLING UNIT SUPPLYING 100% OUTSIDE AIR
D
A
Outside Air Summer
and
B C A
Entering Cooling
Coil Condition
Fan Gain Supply Air
D
Condition
Leaving Cooling
C
Coil Condition
AIR HANDLING UNIT

SUPPLYING 100%
OUTSIDE AIR SUMMER
Brian Fossey
Tech
D
WINTER
A AIR HANDLING UNIT
B C
SUPPLYING 100%
OUTSIDE AIR
A Fan Gain Supply Air

Outside Air Winter D
Condition
Steam Humidifier
and
Entering Heating Sp
Coil Condition C ra
yH
um
idi
f ier
B
Preheater for Steam Humidifier
B
Preheater for Spray Humidifier
AIR HANDLING UNIT WITH RECIRCULATED AIR
Outside Air Damper

Outside Air Louvre
Cooling Coil
Heating Coil
Humidifier
Supply
Filter
Supply
Air
Air
Fan
Outside G
A D E F
Air
Return Air Conditioned
Recirculated Air
Air
Disharge Room
C
Air B
Discharge Damper
Discharge Louvre
Return
Air
Fan
Room B
Saturation Condition
Curve RSHF
Maximum
60% RH
B
Saturation
Curve Return Air
Fan Gain
B Recirculated Air
Condition C
C B
SUMMER COOLING
Saturation
Curve Return Air
Fan Gain
B Recirculated Air
Condition C
Outside Air
Condition
Summer
A A
C B
SUMMER COOLING
Saturation
Curve Return Air
Fan Gain
B Recirculated Air
Condition C
Outside Air and
Recirculated Air
Mixture Condition
D
% Outside Air
(minimum outside air)
% Recirculated Outside Air

Air Condition
Summer
A A
D
C B
SUMMER COOLING
Saturation
Curve
B C
Outside Air and

Cooling Coil Recirculated Air
Mixture Condition
D
A D
C B
SUMMER COOLING
Saturation
Curve
Apparatus
Dewpoint B C
(ADP)
Outside Air and
Cooling Coil Recirculated Air
Mixture Condition
Leaving Cooling
D
Coil Condition
Bypass Factor E
A
normally 10%
of total coil
E
A D
C B
SUMMER COOLING
Saturation
Curve
Supply Air Supply Air
Fan Gain Condition G B C
D
E Cooling Coil
E
A D G
C B
WINTER
Minimum
Saturation 40% RH
Curve
Outside Air and E

D Recirculated Air
% Outside Air
Mixture Condition
(minimum outside air)
% Recirculated
Air
A
A E
D G
C B
WINTER - SPRAY HUMIDIFIER
Saturation
Curve
F
Spray Humidifier
D
Wet bulb Line
More than minimum D

outside air is required
A
F
A D G
In this situation a Preheater is not required
for daytime operation but would be needed
for morning warm-up.
C B
WINTER - SPRAY HUMIDIFIER
Saturation
Curve
F
Spray Humidifier
D
E
Preheat
Wet bulb Line
A
F
A E
D G
Preheater required when
low temperature or high %
outside air C B
WINTER - STEAM HUMIDIFIER
Saturation
Curve
Steam Humidifier D
A More than minimum D

outside air is required
A F
D G
In this situation a Preheater is not required
for daytime operation but would be needed
for morning warm-up.
C B
Outside Air Condition Summer 32oC DB, 19oC WB.
Supply Air Room

Fan Gain Condition Return Air
Fan Gain
RSHF
%R
etur
n Ai
r ting
Leaving RSHF plot
Cooling Coil line
Condition
Outside Air
Condition
Supply Air
Entering Summer
Condition
Cooling Coil
Condition

All rights Reserved
Outside Air Summer 28oC DB, 19oC WB.
Outside Air
Condition
Supply Air Room Summer
Fan Gain Condition
ti ng
Leaving
RSHF
RSHF plot
Cooling Coil Return Air line
Condition Fan Gain
Supply Air Entering

Condition Cooling Coil
Condition
Brian Fossey
Tech
PSYCHROMETRIC TERMS AND FORMULEA
ROOM CONDITIONS
RSH = Room Sensible Heat (watts)
RLH = Room Latent Heat (watts)
RTH = Room Total Heat (watts) = RSH + RLH
RSHF = Room Sensible Heat Factor = RSH/RTH
OUTSIDE AIR CONDITIONS

Outside Air Volume m3/s = Number of occupants X 0.008 to 0.01m3/s
OATH = Outside Air Total Heat - kW

= OA volume m3/s X (OA enthalpy kj/kg - Room enthalpy kj/kg) X OA density kg/m3
OASH = Outside Air Sensible Heat - kW

= OA volume m3/s X specific heat 1.02kj/kg oC X (OADB oC - Room DB oC) X density kg/m3
OALH = Outside Air Latent Heat - kW

= OATH - OASH
TOTAL CONDITIONS
TSH = Total Sensible Heat = RSH + OASH + *Air conditioning system gains
* Includes supply air and return air fan gains, duct leakage sensible losses,
return air gains from lights.
TLH = Total Latent Heat = RLH + OALH + supply air duct leakage latent losses.
GTH = Grand Total Heat = TSH + TLH
GSHF = TSH/GTH
EFFECTIVE CONDITIONS
ERSH = Effective Room Sensible Heat
= RSH + (BF* X OASH) + **Air conditioning system gains
* BF = Cooling coil bypass factor (approximately 0.1)
** Includes supply air and return air fan gains, duct leakage sensible losses,
ERLH = Effective Room Latent Heat
= RLH + (BF* X OALH) + **Air conditioning system gains
* BF = Cooling coil bypass factor (approximately 0.1)
** Includes supply air and return air fan gains, duct leakage latent losses,
ERTH = Effective Room Total Heat

= ERSH + ERLH
ESHF = Effective Sensible Heat Factor = ERSH / ERTH

AIR VOLUME CALCULATIONS
Dehumidified Supply Air Volume m3/s
= ERSH / Specific Heat 1.02 kj/kgoC X (RoomoC DB - ADPoC DB) X Density kg/m3
Psychrometric
Calculation
Example
Roof Solar & Transmission Sensible Gain to Ceiling Void
Occupants Gain Light

PERIMETER Sensible & Latent SensibleGain
ZONE Ceiling
CIRCULATION SensibleGain To Room
ZONE To Room
INTERIOR
Floor ZONE
Miscellaneous Equipment Sensible Gain
Sensible Gain To Room
Floor Transmission Sensible Gain

Wall Solar & Transmission Sensible Gain
to Ceiling Void
Glass Solar & Transmission Sensible Gain
to Room
PERIMETER CIRCULATION INTERIOR
Infiltration Gain - Sensible & Latent ZONE ZONE ZONE
to Room
Wall Solar & Transmission Sensible Gain

to Room
BUILDING COOLING LOADS ASSOCIATED WITH AIR HANDLING UNIT No 1
Load peaks at 9am July when outside air condition is 21oC DB, 19oC WB
ROOM COOLING LOADS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

SENSIBLE HEAT GAINS RSH SYSTEM SENSIBLE HEAT GAINS SSH
1. Conduction Heat Gains: 5. Supply air fan and motor. = 28.59kW
walls, roof, ceiling, floor. 6. Supply air duct gain. = 23.53kW
2. Solar Heat Gains- 7. Supply air duct leakage to areas
windows, Walls,Roof. other than the air conditioned space. = 0
3. Heat gains from lighting
load to space. 8. Heat gain from lights to the return air
4. Miscellaneous equipment: plenum via the ceiling void. = 27kW
computers, printers etc.
5. Occupants 9. Minimum Outside Air Volume =4.84m3/s
Total= 329.45kW Heat gain from minimum outside air OASH.
Infiltration Gain= -5.079kW To be calculated using Psychrometric data.
Total Space Gains= 325kW
10. Return air fan and motor. = 10kW
LATENT HEAT GAINS RLH
3. Occupants= 31.9kW Total = 89kW
4. Infiltration= 11.64kW
Total = 44kW SYSTEM LATENT HEAT GAINS SLH
10. Cooling required to offset supply air
duct leakage to areas other than the
air conditioned space. =0
11. Heat gain from minimum outside air OALH.
To be calculated using Psychrometric data.
SYSTEM DESIGN CONDITIONS
Outside Air Summer = 21oC DB, 19oC WB
Outside Air Winter = - 4oC DB, 50% RH
Room Summer = 23oC DB, 60% RH
Room Winter = 21oC DB, 50% RH
Night set back room temperature winter = 10oC DB

A SYSTEM DESIGN CONDITIONS
B
20
Outside Air
21oC DB, 19oC WB
A
C
o
re
tu
ra
pe
m
Te
15
B
W
B Room 23oC DB, 60% RH
10
10 15 20 25 30

All rights Reserved
MINIMUM OUTSIDE AIR
Minimum Outside Air = 4.84m3/s
Outside Air Total Heat (OATH)

= OA air volume X (OA enthalpy - Room enthalpy) X OA density
The data in blue italics can be derived from the Psychrometric chart or from tables
= OA m3/s X (OA kj/kg - Room kj/kg) X OA kg/m3

= 4.84 X (54 - 50) X 1.19 = 23kW
Outside Air Sensible Heat (OASH)

= OA air volume X specific heat X density X (OADB oC - Room DB oC)
= OA m3/s X kj/kg oC X kg/m3 X (OADB oC - Room DB oC)
= 4.84 X 1.02 X 1.16 X (21 - 23) = -11kW
Outside Air Latent Heat (OALH)

= OATH - OASH = 23 - -11 = 34kW
EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR
Effective Room Sensible Heat (ERSH)

= RSH + (Bypass factor BF X OASH) + SSH
BF assume cooling coil is 10% efficient = 0.1
= 325 + (0.1 X -11) + 89 = 413kW
Effective Room Latent Heat (ERLH)

= RLH + (Bypass factor BF X OALH) + SLH
= 44 + (0.1 X 34) + 0 = 47kW
Effective Room Total Heat (ERTH)

= ERSH + ERLH = 413 + 47 = 460kW
Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor

= ERSH/ERTH = 413/460 = 0.9
SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (ESHF, GSHF, RSHF) LINES
1.) Calculate SHF.
2.) Plot line through SHF ratio and plotting point.
3.) Plot line parallel to item 2.)

through point of room condition.
Room Condition
SHF
SHF Plotting Point

A EFFECTIVE ROOM
SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR
B
ERSHF
20
Outside Air
21oC DB, 19oC WB
A
C
o
re
tu
ra
pe
m
Te
15
B
B
W
ESHF = 0.9 Room 23oC DB, 60% RH
10
10 15 20 25 30

All rights Reserved
APPARATUS DEWPOINT ADP
The ADP is at the point where the ESHF

intersects the Saturation Curve.
ADP = 14.2oC DB and WB

A APPARATUS DEWPOINT ADP
B
20
Outside Air
21oC DB, 19oC WB
A
C
o
re
tu
ra
pe
m
Te
15
B
B
W
ESHF = 0.9 Room 23oC DB, 60% RH

10
10 15 20 25 30

All rights Reserved
GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR
Total Sensible Heat (TSH)

= RSH + OASH + SSH = 325 + (-11) + 89 = 403kW
Total Latent Heat (TLH)

= RLH + OALH + SLH = 44 + 33 + 0 = 77kW
Grand Total Heat (GTH)

= TSH + TLH = 403 + 77 = 480kW
Grand Sensible Heat Factor
= TSH/GTH = 403/480 = 0.84

A GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR
GSHF
B
20
Outside Air
21oC DB, 19oC WB
A
C
o
re
tu
ra
pe
m
Te
15
B
GSHF = 0.84
W
ESHF = 0.9 B Room 23oC DB, 60% RH

o
ADP = 14.2 C DB and WB
10
10 15 20 25 30

All rights Reserved
SUPPLY AIR VOLUME
Supply Air Volume m3/s
= ERSH/Specific Heat X (Room oC DB - ADP oC DB) X Supply Air Density*
= 413kW/ 1.02kj/kgoC X (23 - 14.2) x 1.215kg/m3
Supply Air Volume = 38 m3/s

RETURN AIR SYSTEM GAINS
Return Air System Heat Gain = (Return Air Fan + Lighting gain to return air)
= 10+27 = 37kW
Temperature rise due to return air system gain
= (Return air System gain) - divided by
Specific heat
X Supply Air Volume
X (1 - % pressurisation air remaining in the building)*
X Density of room air
= 37kW/ 1.02kj/kgoC X 38m3/s X (1- 0.1) X 1.19kg/m3 = 0.9oC
Recirculated Air = 23 + 0.9 = 24oC
* Assume that 10% of the total air remains in the space to pressurise the
building to offset some of the effects of infiltration and for makeup air to
toilet exhaust.
A D
F RETURN AIR SYSTEM GAIN
G
C B
20
Outside Air
21oC DB, 19oC WB
A
C
o
re
tu
ra
pe
m
Te
15
B
GSHF = 0.84
W
Recirculated Air Condition

ESHF = 0.9 B Room 23oC DB, 60% RH C
o
10
10 15 20 25 30

All rights Reserved
A D
F MIXED AIR CONDITION
G
C B
20
Outside Air
21oC DB, 19oC WB
A
C
o
re
tu
ra
pe
m
Mixed Air Condition D

Te
15
GSHF = 0.84
B
W

o
10
10 15 20 25 30

All rights Reserved
PERCENTAGE OUTSIDE AIR
The percentage of Minimum Outside Air to Supply Air Volume

= Minimum Outside Air Volume / Supply air Volume
= 4.84m3/s divided by 38m3/s
4.84/38 = 12.74%
Check the location of the mixed air condition

A D
F MIXED AIR CONDITION
G
CHECK
C B
20
Outside Air
21oC DB, 19oC WB
A
1 0 .2 6 %
o
87
re
0%
tu
ra
pe
Mixed Air Condition

m
Te
15
GSHF = 0.84 12.74%
B
W

ESHF = 0.9
10
10 15 20 25 30

All rights Reserved
BYPASS FACTOR BF
Due to the cooling coil inefficiency assume that

the air bypassing the coil is 10% of the total air
A D
F BYPASS FACTOR BF
G
C B
20
Outside Air
21oC DB, 19oC WB
o
C
re
tu
A
ra
pe
BF Bypass Factor
m
10% of length of GSHF Te
B
W

15
F GSHF = 0.84
10
10 15 20 25 30

All rights Reserved
COOLING COIL
D Entering Cooling Coil condition = 23.8oC DB, 18.2oC WB
F Leaving Cooling Coil condition = 15.5oC DB, 14.8oC WB

ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR RSHF
Room Sensible Heat RSH = 325kW
Room Latent Heat RLH = 44kW
Room Total Heat RTH = 325 + 44 = 369kW
Room Sensible Heat Factor = 325/369 = 0.88
RSHF = 0.88
A D
F ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR
G
RSHF
C B
20
Outside Air A
21oC DB, 19oC WB
o
C
re
tu
ra
pe
BF Bypass Factor
m
B
W

15
ESHF = 0.9 GSHF = 0.88
F Recirculated Air Condition
Room 23oC DB, 60% RH C
RSHF = 0.88 B
10
10 15 20 25 30

All rights Reserved
SUPPLY AIR SYSTEM GAINS
SYSTEM SENSIBLE HEAT GAINS SSH
Supply air fan and motor.
Supply air duct heat gain.
Cooling required to offset supply air
duct leakage to areas other than the
air conditioned space.
SSH = 28.59 + 23.53 = 52kW
Temperature rise due to SUPPLY air system gain
= Supply air System gain

divided by
Density of supply air X
Specific heat X Supply Air Volume
= 52kW
1.215kg/m3 X 1.02kj/kgoC X 38m3/s
= 1.1oC
Final Supply Air condition = 15.5 + 1.1 = 16.6oC DB
A D
F SUPPLY AIR HEAT GAIN
G
C B
20
Outside Air A
21oC DB, 19oC WB
o
C
re
tu
ra
Coil Leaving
pe
BF Bypass Factor
m
Condition
Mixed Air Condition
B
W
ESHF = 0.9
15 GSHF = 0.88 Mixed Air Condition D
(Coil Entering Condition)
B Recirculated Air Condition
ADP = 14.2oC DB and WB F RSHF = 0.89
Room 23oC DB, 60% RH
Supply Air Condition G
10
10 15 20 25 30

All rights Reserved
Brian Fossey 03/99
SUMMARY - AIR HANDLING UNIT SUMMER CONDITIONS
FANS
Supply Fan Air Volume = 38m3/s
Return Air Fan Air Volume = 38 X 0.9* = 34.2m3/s

* 10% air remains in the air conditioned space to offset
toilet exhaust and for pressurisation against infiltration.
Supply Air condition = 16.6oC DB, 15.2oC WB
COOLING COIL
Entering Cooling Coil condition = 23.8oC DB, 18.2oC WB
Leaving Cooling Coil condition = 15.5oC DB, 14.8oC WB

WINTER MIXED AIR CONDITION
Outside Air DB oC = - 4
Recirculated Air DB oC = 21 + 1(Return Air Gain) = 22
Minimum Outside Air = 12.74%
0.1274 X - 4 = -0.51
0.8726 X 22 = 19.2
Mixed Air DB oC = 18.69
A F STEAM HUMIDIFIER
D G
C 20
B
Increase Moisture Content by 15 Room Winter B

0.0025kg/kg 21oC DB, 50% RH
Recirculated
Air Condition C
oC RSHF = 0.89
tu re
ra 10 G
e
e mp F
T Mixed Air Condition
B Steam
W with minimum Outside Air
5 Humidifier
D
Increased Outside Air Volume D
0
-5
Outside Air Winter
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
A F SPRAY HUMIDIFIER
D G
C 20
B

0.0015kg/kg 21oC DB, 50% RH
Recirculated
Air Condition C
oC RSHF = 0.89
tu re
ra 10 G
e
e mp F
T Mixed Air Condition
B Spray
W with minimum Outside Air
5 Humidifier
D
0 Increased Outside Air Volume D
-5
Outside Air Winter
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
HUMIDIFIER SIZING
STEAM HUMIDIFIER
Increase moisture content by 0.0025kg/kg
Density = 1.24 kg/m3

Steam Volume = 38m3/s X 3600 (m3/hour) X 0.0025kg/kg X 1.24kg/m3
= 424kg/Hour
SPRAY HUMIDIFIER
Increase moisture content by 0.0015kg/kg
Density = 1.24 kg/m3

A F STEAM HUMIDIFIER
D G WITH PREHEAT
C 20
B

0.0025kg/kg 21oC DB, 50% RH
Recirculated
Air Condition C
oC RSHF = 0.89
tu re
ra 10 G
e
e mp F
T
B Steam
W
5 Humidifier
D Mixed Air Condition D
with high percentage
of minimum0 Outside Air
-5 Preheater
Outside Air Winter
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
A F SPRAY HUMIDIFIER
D G WITH PREHEAT
C 20
B

0.0015kg/kg 21oC DB, 50% RH
Recirculated
Air Condition C
oC RSHF = 0.89
tu re
ra 10 G
e
e mp F
T
B Spray
W
5 Humidifier
0 Preheater
-5 Mixed Air Condition
with high percentage of D
Outside Air Winter minimum Outside Air
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
A F G H REHEAT
D
C 20
B

0.0015kg/kg 21oC DB, 50% RH
Recirculated
Air Condition C
oC RSHF = 0.89
tu re
ra 10 G
e
e mp F
B
T Reheater
W Spray
5 Humidifier H
0 Preheater
-5 Mixed Air Condition
with minimum Outside Air D
Outside Air Winter
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25

Psychrometric

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Psychrometric

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PSYCHROMETRICS

Temperature and Humidity:

Dry Bulb Temperature oC

Moisture Content kg/kg (Dry Air)

RH is actual vapour pressure

100% Relative Humidty

• Further cooling (to C) water vapour condenses

10oC 14oC 22oC

Wet Bulb Handle

On the saturation curve WB and DB

15oC Dry Bulb

Total Heat Content kJ/kg

TOTAL HEAT (ENTHALPY):

Sensible Cooling Sensible Heating

Cooling & Dehumidification

YORK Production System

Tech Brian Fossey 03/99

Occupants Gain Light

Floor Conduction Sensible Gain

Wall Solar & Conduction Sensible Gain

1.) Calculate SHF.

2.) Plot line through SHF ratio and plotting point.

3.) Plot line parallel to item 2.)

SHF Plotting Point

Condition of air Condition of air

RSHF - Room Sensible Heat Factor

Tech FAN COIL UNITS

AIR HANDLING UNIT

A Fan Gain Supply Air

Outside Air Damper

% Recirculated Outside Air

Outside Air and

Outside Air and E

Wet bulb Line

More than minimum D

A More than minimum D

Supply Air Room

YORK Production System

Tech Brian Fossey 03/99

Supply Air Entering

RLH = Room Latent Heat (watts)

RTH = Room Total Heat (watts) = RSH + RLH

RSHF = Room Sensible Heat Factor = RSH/RTH

OUTSIDE AIR CONDITIONS

OATH = Outside Air Total Heat - kW

OASH = Outside Air Sensible Heat - kW

OALH = Outside Air Latent Heat - kW

GTH = Grand Total Heat = TSH + TLH

ERTH = Effective Room Total Heat

ESHF = Effective Sensible Heat Factor = ERSH / ERTH

Occupants Gain Light

Floor Transmission Sensible Gain

Wall Solar & Transmission Sensible Gain

ROOM COOLING LOADS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Outside Air Summer = 21oC DB, 19oC WB

Outside Air Winter = - 4oC DB, 50% RH

Room Summer = 23oC DB, 60% RH

Room Winter = 21oC DB, 50% RH

Night set back room temperature winter = 10oC DB

B Room 23oC DB, 60% RH

YORK Production System

Tech Brian Fossey 03/99

Outside Air Total Heat (OATH)

= OA m3/s X (OA kj/kg - Room kj/kg) X OA kg/m3