Onarrive Ielts Hub General Workbook-1

ONARRIVE IELTS HUB
IELTS
Writing
CONTENT
Reading
Listening
Speaking
1
ONARRIVE IELTS HUB– Learn 2 Re-Learn
Day: 1 Topic
1. Introduction to Writing
2. Introduction to Speaking
The Format of the IELTS Writing Test

The writing test duration is for 60 minutes and has two parts - Task 1 and Task 2.
You must write a minimum of 150 words for Task 1 & a minimum of 250 words for Task 2.
Task 1 takes around 20 minutes and Task 2 around 40 minutes to complete.
Task 2 contributes to two third of the overall score.
Marking Criteria
The IELTS Writing test is marked according to four criteria’s and each criterion contributes
to 25% of the band score.
- Task Achievement – appropriate response to the task

- Coherence & Cohesion – the ability to present a well-structured essay
- Lexical Resource – the ability to use a range of appropriate vocabulary and to use it
correctly
- Grammatical Range & Accuracy – the ability to use grammar correctly and to use a
range of grammar forms
Skills Assessed
The IELTS writing test is designed to assess your ability in a wide range of skills including:
- Writing an appropriate response

- Organization of ideas
- Accuracy and range of vocabulary and grammar
Each criteria contributes to 25% of the band score
The assessment criteria for any specific essay will depend on the type of task you are
asked to complete, but here is a general overview.
2
IELTS Speaking Test Format
The Speaking test is the same for both the Academic and the General IELTS exams.
It can be on the same day as your Writing, Listening and Reading tests.
It can also happen 7 days before or after the other three tests.
It lasts for 11-14 minutes and is made up of three parts. All tests are recorded.
Marking Criteria
The IELTS Speaking test is marked according to four criteria’s and each criterion
contributes to 25% of the band score.
- Fluency and Coherence - the ability to speak easily, naturally and at a good speed
without pauses or repetition and the way ideas are organized, developed and connected
so that they flow from one to the other logically and what is said makes sense.
- Vocabulary – the ability to demonstrate the correct use a wide range of words
- Grammar - the ability to use a range of verb tenses and other grammatical structures.
- Pronunciation – the ability to pronounce correctly and clearly
Speaking test is designed to assess your ability to:

- communicate opinions & information on everyday topics & common experiences
- speak at length on a given topic using appropriate language
- organize your ideas coherently
- express and justify your opinions
- analyze, discuss and speculate about issues
Here are the key points you need to know:

- It is not a test of your knowledge or your intelligence.
- You are not expected to be an expert on the subjects they ask you about.
- You won’t be assessed on the content of what you know or don’t know
- You will be assessed only on your opinions and how well you communicate them.
3
Notes *
4
Day: 2 Topics
1. Introduction to Essay Writing and Opinion Essay
2. Introduction to Speaking Part 1
Writing Task 2 - Write a minimum of 250 words in 40 minutes

You must write an essay on a topic of general interest. The essay will be a response to a
specific point of view, problem or argument that will be stated in the question.
There are 5 types of Task 2 essays

- Opinion Essays
- Problem Solution Essays
- Advantages & Disadvantages Essays
- Discussion Essays
- Double Question Essays
Your essay will be assessed in relation to your ability to achieve one or more of the
following:
- Outline a problem and present a solution
- Present and justify an opinion
- Evaluate and challenge ideas, evidence or an argument
Key Information
- You are required to write 250 words or more. If you write less than 250 words, you are
unlikely to get more than a Band 5 for ’task achievement.
- You should use a formal style of writing.
- You have around 40 minutes to plan and write your essay.
- Task 2 contributes twice as many marks to your overall score as Task 1.
- It is recommended to do Task 2 first.
5
The 4 Simple Steps of IELTS Essay Planning
- Analyze the question
- Generate ideas
- Record synonyms
- Plan the structure
Analyze the question

It’s quick and easy to analyze and understand task 2 questions once you know how.
You just need to identify 3 different types of words.
1 Topic words – These words identify the general subject of the question.
2 Opinion words – These words define the opinion stated in the statement.
3 Instruction words – These words define the task given by the examiner.
25% of your marks are determined by how well you answer the question.
Generating Ideas
There are 2 main techniques for generating ideas for your Task 2 IELTS essay:
- Brainstorming - These is where you analyze the question and quickly jot down as many
related ideas as possible.
- Examples method – Here you think of specific examples related to the question. These
can come from your own experience or be something you’ve read or heard about.
Vocabulary for Your Task 2 Essay

You need to cover as much as possible in the planning stage and this includes vocabulary.
You don’t want to be searching your brain for the right words while you’re writing your
essay. The writing stage is the time for focusing on grammar and linking your ideas. You
don’t need to use complex, high level words and phrases to get a high mark but you do
need to use appropriate, topic-related vocabulary and to avoid repeating the same words
many times over. This is particularly true of the vocabulary included in the question. So,
you need to think about possible synonyms you could use.
6
Plan the structure
The 4 paragraph structure:
- Introduction - Paraphrase the question. If required, state your opinion
- Body paragraph 1 - Main idea - Explanation - Example
- Body paragraph 2 - Main idea - Explanation – Exa mple
- Conclusion - Summary of main ideas. If required, restate your opinion
How to write an Introduction

Here’s the 3 part structure you should use for all task 2 IELTS essays.
- Paraphrased question - Start your introduction by paraphrasing the questions

- Thesis statement - The thesis statement states your opinion on the topic. In most
instances, you simply need to decide whether to agree or disagree with it and to
reiterate the main idea of the statement.
- Outline statement - You must outline the two main points that you’ll cover in the rest of
the essay.
How to write Main Body Paragraphs

The structure of a good main body paragraph has 3 parts:
- Topic sentence
- Explanation
- Example
The topic sentence summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. It plays an important
role in ensuring that your ideas flow logically from one to another.
Next, we must write an explanation sentence. This explains to the examiner what we
mean. It expands on our first idea.
Finally, we add an example to support our main point. If you can’t think of a real
example, it’s fine to make one up, as long as it’s believable
7
How to Write a Conclusion
Conclusions to essays should do two things:
- Summarize the main points
- State your opinion (if opinion is asked)
A good conclusion will:

- Neatly end the essay
- Link all your ideas together
- Sum up your argument or opinion
- Answer the question
8
Opinion Essays
This type of question clearly asks for your opinion on the topic, you are
required to state whether you agree or disagree with the statement and why.
Structure
Introduction – paraphrase + opinion + outline
Main idea 1 - 1st idea sentence (first reason) + Explanation + Example
Main idea 2 - 2nd idea sentence (Second reason) + Explanation + Example
Conclusion – Summaries the reasons + Justified opinion
9
Sample Question:
A big salary is much more important than job satisfaction. Do you agree or disagree?
Sample Answer
It is argued that earning lots of money has more significance to people than being content in their
work. This essay totally disagrees with that statement. I believe that people are increasingly
concerned about the risk of stress-related ill-health frequently experienced by people in highly paid
positions and they care more about feeling fulfilled at work.
Employees earning a large income are generally under significant mental and emotional pressure
to perform well and achieve targets. This causes many individuals to suffer high levels of stress
which can result in both mental and physical health problems. This happened to my uncle. He used
to boast about his huge salary but the boss kept increasing his sales targets and in the end, the
stress became too great and he had a nervous breakdown. Now he regrets being driven by money.
Having a job that they enjoy doing, and in which they feel valued, is a major concern for most of
the modern workforce.
A significant number of people are giving up well-paid positions to do jobs which pay less but that
they find more enjoyable and less stressful. This gives an individual a chance to focus on this
passion and have a balanced the work- life ratio. I am an example of this. A year ago I left the
teaching profession because the workload had become too great and now working as a gardener. I
feel really fulfilled, much more relaxed in this work and happy even though I earn far less money.
In conclusion, for a high percentage of the population, earning a substantial wage is less important
than job satisfaction because of the negative effects of work-related stress and the desire to feel
happy and fulfilled at work.
Words: 272
10
Practice:
1. Nowadays we see an increase in social problems involving teenagers. Many people

believe that it is because parents spend more time at work and less with their children.
Do you agree or disagree?
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2. In many countries, young children are looked after during the day while their parents
go to work. In a sense, they are raised by guardians and not their biological parents.
What is your opinion of this family arrangement?
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12
Day: 3 Topics
1. Speaking Part-1 Strategies
2. Introduction to Problem- Solution Essay
Speaking Test – Part 1

Time: 4-5 minutes.
You will be asked questions about you and your life. They could include anything
connected with the following topics:
- Your work or study
- Your home
- Your family
- Your hometown
- Your likes or dislikes
These questions will be easy to answer as you already know all about yourself.
Mistakes to Avoid
Ensure you don't make these common mistakes:
- Don’t give very short answers.
- Don’t give very long answers.
- Don’t memorize answers.
- Don’t over think answers.
- Don’t freeze if you get ‘unusual’ questions.
Paraphrasing
The examiner will be particularly impressed if you are able to paraphrase their question
rather than repeating the vocabulary they used. You don’t need to do this for every
question but do so when it's easy to replace key words with synonyms.
Structure to answer Part 1 questions

- Answer the question
- Add an extra piece of information
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7 ways to develop an extended answer
- Explanation: The easiest way to add extra information to a simple answer is to include
an explanation. Connective words like ‘because’ are ideal for this.
- Combined Details: Another simple way to extend your answer is to join two pieces of
information with the word ‘and’.
- Examples: A great way to develop your answers in IELTS Speaking Part 1 is to add an
example.
- Frequency: Words expressing frequency are invaluable for developing answers.
Common words include:
- frequently - always
- sometimes - usually
- occasionally - normally
- seldom - generally
- hardly ever - often
- rarely - never
- Contrast: Connectives that express contrast are equally useful for extending answers.
For example, But, although, however, even though, despite, while
- Past Comparisons: Sometimes in Part 1, you’ll want to compare the present situation to
what happened in the past. The phrase ‘used to’ is useful here.
- Future: There will be times when you want to make a comparison between what
happens now and what you think will happen in the future or what you want or intend
to do in the future.
14
Problems, Causes & Solutions Essay
This type of question starts with a statement stating the problem, then asks you to
discuss the problems and the solutions or sometimes the causes or the solutions.
Two typical IELTS problem solution essay questions

- One problem faced by almost every large city is traffic congestion. What do you think
the causes are? What solutions can you suggest?
- Since the beginning of the 20th century, the number of endangered species has
increased significantly and we have witnessed more mass extinctions in this period than
in any other period of time. State some reasons for this and provide possible solutions.
Here are a few questions where you only have to write about the solution
1. How can this situation be improved?
2. What solutions can you suggest to deal with this problem?
3. How can this problem be solved?
4. What measures could be taken to prevent this?
It’s important that you are able to recognize the common synonyms, words and phrases
used in problem solution questions.
The key words and their synonyms used in the questions

- Problem – issues, resulting, situation
- Cause – reasons, why
- Solution – deal with, addressed, tackled, remedied, improved, measures taken, solved,
prevent
Six common errors made in IELTS problem solution essays.

- Confusing problems and causes questions.
- Having too many ideas.
- Not developing your ideas.
- Not developing both sides of the argument equally.
- Not linking the problems and solutions.
- Not being specific enough.
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Should we write One Problem/Cause & Solution or Two?
- Most questions will state problems, causes and solutions in the plural, that is, more
than one. However, it is acceptable to write about just one.
- This will give you an essay of just over the minimum 250 words. To write about two
problems/causes and solutions will require you to write between 350 and 400 words
which is a lot to plan and write in the 40 minutes allowed.
- It is better to fully develop one problem/cause and solution than ending up with one
idea missing an explanation or an example because you run out of time.
Structure
Introduction – paraphrase + outline
Main idea 1 - 1st idea sentence (Problem/Cause) + Explanation + Example
Main idea 2 - 2nd idea sentence (solution) + Explanation + Example
Conclusion – Summaries the main ideas
16
Example
Sample Question
One problem faced by almost every large city is traffic congestion.
What do you think the causes are? What solutions can you suggest?
Sample Answer
One of the most serious issues facing the majority of large urban areas is traffic jams. In
the below paragraphs, the main reason for this is that there are too many private cars on
the roads these days and a viable solution is to introduce more park-and-ride schemes
will be discussed.
The number of people owning cars increases year on year, with most families now having
more than one car. Most people like the convenience of travelling at the time they want to
rather than being restricted to public transport timetables, so they prefer to drive
themselves around rather than taking the bus or train. This is despite the fact that they
frequently have to sit in long traffic queues as they near the city centre. Whenever I have
to attend a meeting in the city, I always drive because it means that I can leave home
when I want to rather than getting stressed about getting to the station in time to catch
the train.
A solution that is proving successful in many areas is park-and-ride schemes. This is

where you park your car for free in a large car park on the outskirts of the city and take a
bus for the final part of your journey. The fee you have to pay for the bus trip is usually
very small and this public transport system is generally very regular, running every ten
minutes or so. This solution is being applied in some of the eastern countries of America
and has been showing significant results as people were able to move according to
comfort zones.
To conclude, the major urban problem of traffic congestion caused by the excessive
number of private cars on city roads can be partly alleviated by the introduction of park-
and-ride systems on city fringes. Word count – 328
17
Practice:
1. "Children are facing more pressures nowadays from academic, social and commercial
perspectives. What are the causes of these pressures and what measures should be
taken to reduce these pressures?
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18
2. A lot of older people are suffering from loneliness these days. They also lack physical
fitness. What do you think are the reasons for these problems? Can you think of
possible solutions? Use personal examples if applicable.
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19
Practice:
Topic - Friends
- Do you have many friends? [Why/Why not?]
- How often do you go out with friends? [Why/Why not?]
- Tell me about your best friend at school.
- How friendly are you with your neighbours? [Why/Why not?]
- Which is more important to you, friends or family? [Why?]
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Topic - Travelling
- Which city in the world you would like to visit? Why?
- What will you suggest to a tourist who will come to visit your country?
- Why travelling is important?
- Have you ever been to a foreign country
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20
Day: 4 Topics
1. Speaking Part-1 Practice
2. Introduction to Advantage- Disadvantage Essay
Speaking Test – Part 1 Practice:

Topic - Names
- Did your parents choose your name(s)?
- How did your parents choose your name(s)?
- Does your name have any special meaning?
- Is your name common or unusual in your country?
- If you could change your name, would you? [Why/Why not?]
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Topic - Food and cooking

- What sorts of food do you like eating most? [Why?]
- Who normally does the cooking in your home?
- Do you watch cookery programs on TV? [Why/Why not?]
- In general, do you prefer eating out or eating at home? [Why?]
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21
Advantages & Disadvantages Essays
Questions for advantages and disadvantages essays can be worded in several ways.
Here is some wording that might be used:
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of….?
- Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages and give your opinion.
It is also common for synonyms of ‘advantages’ and ‘disadvantages’ to be used, such as
‘benefits’ and ‘drawbacks’
Advantages and Disadvantages essay questions fall into two main categories:
- Questions that ask for your opinion.
- Questions that do not require you to state your opinion.
The first part of the question will always be a statement. You will then be asked to write
about both the advantages and disadvantages of the idea stated. You may also be
required to state your opinion.
Structure
Main idea 1 - 1st idea sentence (Advantage) + Explanation + Example
Main idea 2 - 2nd idea sentence (Disadvantage) + Explanation + Example
Conclusion – Summaries the main ideas + opinion if required
22
Example
Sample Question
A lot of places in the world rely on tourism as a main source of income. Unfortunately,
tourism can also be a source of problems if it is not well-managed. What are the advantages
and disadvantages of tourism in the modern world? Do you think that the benefits of tourism
outweigh its drawbacks?
Sample Answer
Although holidaymakers contribute hugely to the economies of many popular destinations,
the influx of tourists can also cause serious issues. This essay will demonstrate how tourism
can transform the economy of poor areas but will also show that this can lead to such
problems as the displacement of local people. Whilst acknowledging that there are
drawbacks, the essay will argue that the advantages of the tourist industry outweigh the
disadvantages.
One country that has experienced a significant economic boost from tourism is Thailand.
Over the past 50 years, many of its small fishing villages, where people often struggled to
make a living, have been developed into thriving holiday destinations. With all the hotels,
restaurants, shops and other tourist facilities that have been developed, there are now
enough jobs for everyone and the general standard of living has greatly increased. Many
local people have spotted new business opportunities and become entrepreneurs which have
further diversified the economy.
In Venice, on the other hand, the huge popularity of the beautiful canals and stunning
architecture with visitors from around the world has had a negative impact on local
residents. The growing need for tourist accommodation, places to eat and shops has forced
many people from their homes to make way for this new development. Not only have these
people suffered by having to move away from their family and friends but the situation has
also resulted in a lost sense of community in the worst affected areas.
In conclusion, although mass tourism can sometimes result in local residents having to be
relocated, it greatly improves the lives of most people as well as contributing significantly to
the national economy. Hence, the positive effects of developing a tourist industry definitely
outweigh the drawbacks. Words: 289
23
Practice:
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of maternity leave? Which side do you feel
outweighs the other?
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24
2. Many high school students take part time jobs. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of this?
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25
Day: 5 Topics
1. Speaking Part-1 Practice

2. Introduction to Both Views and Direct Question Essay
Speaking Test – Part 1 Practice:
Topic Photographs:
- What types of photos do you like taking? [Why/Why not?]
- What do you do with the photos you take?
- When you visit other places, do you take photos or buy postcards? [Why/Why not?]
- Do you like people taking photos of you? [Why/Why not?]
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Topic- Bicycles:
- How popular are bicycles in your hometown? [Why?]
- How often do you ride a bicycle? [Why/Why not?]
- Do you think that bicycles are suitable for all ages? [Why/Why not?]
- What are the advantages of a bicycle compared to a car? [Why?]
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Double Question Essays
These three errors are common in double question essays.

- Not answering both questions fully.
- Not outlining both answers in the introduction.
- Mistaking it for one of the other essay types.
This is sometimes called a ‘direct question’ essay. This type of Writing Task 2 question has
one statement with two different questions after it. The questions may or may not be
linked. It’s vital that you properly answer both questions.
Structure
Main idea 1 - 1st idea sentence (First question) + Explanation + Example
Main idea 2 - 2nd idea sentence (Second question) + Explanation + Example
Discussion Essays
It’s easy to recognize discussion essay questions in Writing Task 2 because the statement
will include two opposing views and the question after it will ask you to ‘discuss’ them
and, usually, to give your own opinion as well.
Structure
Main idea 1 - 1st idea sentence (First view) + Explanation + Example
Main idea 2 - 2nd idea sentence (Second view) + Explanation + Example
27
Example of a Direct Question type Essay
Sample Question
Fossil fuels are essential for producing electricity, powering industry and fuelling
transportation. However, one day we will reach a point when all the world’s fossil fuels have
been depleted. How can we conserve these resources? What are some alternatives to fossil
fuels?
Sample Answer
The world is currently reliant on oil, coal and natural gas for the majority of its energy
requirements but there will come a time when these run out. This essay will discuss how we
can help to prevent our non-renewable resources from becoming depleted by using our cars
less frequently and it will name some natural forces that can be harnessed to generate power.
Conserving energy is a responsibility of every individual and an important way in which we can
all do our bit is to use more energy-efficient means of transport. The easiest way to do this is
to leave the car at home and walk or cycle to our destination if it isn’t too far away, or take
public transport for longer journeys. Another way to reduce our fuel consumption is to car
share. Whenever my friends and I get together for coffee, we agree to meet up at a café that
we can each get to without having to drive our cars there. We usually go on foot. If everyone
made small decisions like this, it would make a real difference.
The most sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels are the generation of power from natural
forces such as the sun, wind and oceans. Solar and wind power are already widely used across
the world but it is wave power and tidal energy that have the greatest untapped potential to
provide for our energy needs in the future. Due to these energy sources we can also reduce
pollution that can be caused due to the fossil fuels. Wave energy converters are expected to
prove equally successful in the long-term.
In conclusion, our earth’s reserves of fossil fuels will not last forever and need to be
continually developing new technologies to enable us to produce energy from renewable
sources such as the sun, wind and water. In the meantime, we can help to slow the rate of
depletion by leaving the car at home and using more energy-efficient forms of transport
whenever possible. Word count: 334
28
Example of Both Views Essay with Opinion
Sample Question
Some people think that zoos are cruel and should be closed down. Others, however, believe
that zoos can be useful in protecting wild animals. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge
or experience. Write at least 250 words.
Sample Answer
Some people argue that zoos help to preserve wild creatures, while others say that they are
inhumane and should be abolished. While the development of breeding programs
contributes to the preservation of endangered species, I believe that the poor conditions
that many animals held in captivity are kept in make the existence of zoos unacceptable.
On the one hand, there are many projects in existence in zoological parks around the world
where species facing extinction have been successfully bred in captivity and their numbers
increased substantially. This is important for ensuring the survival of animals under threat
from poaching and the destruction of their natural environments. A good example of this is
the golden lion tamarin from Brazil which nearly died out because of logging and mining
activities which are destroying its habitat. Today, a third of wild golden lion tamarins were
raised in captivity.
On the other hand, a significant percentage of zoos house their animals in cramped cages
with very little space to move around or behave naturally. This can lead to them becoming
distressed and depressed as well as physical suffering through lack of exercise. A friend of
mine recently visited a wildlife park while on holiday abroad and was very upset to see the
lions pacing up and down in a narrow, bare open and eagles in enclosures so small that they
were unable to fly.
In conclusion, although zoos do help to safeguard dwindling populations of particular

species, the suffering experienced by many captive creatures due to unsuitable living
conditions amounts to cruelty and they should not be allowed to exist.
Word Count: 266
29
Practice:
1. A growing number of people feel that animals should not be exploited by people and
that they should have the same rights as humans, while others argue that humans
must employ animals to satisfy their various needs, including uses for food and
research. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
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2. We are becoming increasingly dependent on computers. They are used in businesses,
hospitals, crime detection and even to fly planes. What things will they be used for in
the future? Is this dependence on computers a good thing or should we be more
auspicious of their benefits?
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31
Self Assessment-1
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33
Day: 6 Topics
1. Introduction to Academic Writing Task-1
2. Introduction to Speaking Part 2
Academic Training Writing Task 1

You are required to write a short essay based on information contained in the given report
with a minimum of 150 words in 20 minutes
Your essay will be assessed in relation to your ability to achieve one or more of the
following:
 organise, present and possibly compare data

 describe the stages of a process or procedure
 describe an object or event or sequence of events
 explain how something works
The information will be given in one of the following:

 Bar Chart
 Line Graph
 Pie Chart
 Table Chart
 Maps
 Process Diagram
 Multiple Graphs
A model report essay structure

Paragraph 1 – Introduction
Paragraph 2 – Overview
Paragraph 3 – 1st main feature
Paragraph 4 – 2nd main feature
34
Speaking Test – Part 2
The examiner will give you a cue card with a topic written on it, along with 3-5 bullet
points telling you what to include in your talk. You will be asked to speak on this topic for
up to 2 minutes. The examiner may then ask you 1 or 2 questions about your topic.
You'll be given 1 minute for preparation during which time you are allowed to make notes.
The topic can be almost anything but will, again, be related to you in some way, for
example:
- something about you
- something that has happened to you
- something you have experienced
The most important words on the cue card are the first sentence. This is your topic. This
is what you must talk about for your 2 minutes. The bullet points are there as a guide as
to what you could include in your talk. There are many other things you could talk about
as well. You don’t have to stick to the suggestions in the bullet points.
Some ideas you can talk about will depend on the topic
- Your thoughts
- Your opinion
- Your feelings
- Background
- Descriptions
- Examples
- Present situation
- Future situation
- Anything else relevant
The topic is stated in the first sentence. The 3 bullet points and final clause are a guide
as to what you should talk about but you don’t have to stick rigidly to them.
35
Here’s an example of a cue card.
Describe a party you have been to.

You should say:
- whose party it was
- where the party was held
- who was there
And explain what you did at the party.
4 Reasons why people don’t do well in part 2

- Not speaking for the full 2 minutes: (Keep talking until the examiner stops you)
- Run out of things to say: (Have an unstructured talk)
- Read their notes rather than speak naturally: (Use your notes as a guide only)
- Panic because they think they know nothing about the topic: (Topics are related to life)
To develop a structure to your topic you can use below 3 Methods.

- Method 1: ‘question prompt’ + planning notes & sample answers.
- Method 2: ‘brainstorming’ + planning notes & sample answers.
- Method 3: ‘the 5 senses’ planning notes & sample answers.
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Day 7 Topics
1. Structure of General Writing Task 1
2. Strategies of Speaking Part 2 Cue-Card
Structure of writing Task 1

All questions for IELTS letters have the same structure. They are made up of 3 parts.
Part 1 – The topic
Part 2 – The person you must write to
Part 3 – What you should write about (listed as 3 bullet points)
Structure of the Letter

- Salutation
- Paragraph 1
- Paragraph 2
- Paragraph 3
- Paragraph 4
- Signoff
The Salutation:
- If you did not know their name you would write, ‘Dear Sir / Madam’.
- If you were writing an informal letter to a friend, you would use their first name, e.g.
‘Dear Laxmi’.
- The greeting you use will determine how you sign off your letter.
The Signoff:
For a formal letter, there are two main options. It will depend on who you are addressing:
- Dear Mrs. Laxmi (name known) – Yours sincerely
- Dear Sir/Madam (name unknown) – Yours faithfully
- You could also use ‘Kind regards’. This is formal but friendly and is appropriate for most
situations. It is particularly useful if you struggle to remember how to spell ‘sincerely’
and ‘faithfully’.
38
- Always sign off a formal letter with your full name,
- For example
Yours sincerely,
Shruthi
- For an informal letter to a friend, use one of these phrases followed by your first name
- All the best
- See you soon
- Keep in touch
For example,
Keep in touch,
Jacky
Paragraph 1: Purpose – the reason for writing the letter

Paragraph 2: Explain the bullet point 1
Paragraph 3: Explain the bullet point 2
Paragraph 4: Explain the bullet point 3.
Vocabulary tip:
- Do not use contractions in formal letters. (e.g. you're, I'm, I'd). They are used in
informal letters.
- Never add your surname when writing to a friend.
39
Structure for different types of letter
Letter of Apology
- Dear..... (Neighbour)
- Paragraph 1: Purpose – to apologize for the noise
- Paragraph 2: explain the reason for the apology (bullet point 1)
- Paragraph 3: offer your neighbour an apology (bullet point 2)
- Paragraph 4: tell them what action you will take (bullet point 3)
- Signoff
Letter of Complaint
- Dear..... (Manager)
- Paragraph 1: Purpose – to complain about the
- Paragraph 2: describe the problem (bullet point 1)
- Paragraph 3: what happened the last times you complained (bullet point 2)
- Paragraph 4: explain what you want the manager to do (bullet point 3)
- Signoff
A Request Letter
- Dear..... (Teacher)
- Paragraph 1: Purpose – to ask about language lessons
- Paragraph 2: say how you came to know about him/her (bullet point 1)
- Paragraph 3: explain why you want to learn (bullet point 2)
- Paragraph 4: ask what help they can offer (bullet point 3)
- Signoff
An Explanation Letter
- Dear..... (Friend)
- Paragraph 1: Purpose – to tell your friend about your trip
- Paragraph 2: give a brief update of your life since last in touch (bullet point 1)
- Paragraph 3: explain why you will be travelling to his/her town (bullet point 2)
- Paragraph 4: say what you plan to do when you visit their town (bullet point 3)
- Signoff
40
An Application or Resignation Letter
- Dear..... (Sir/Madam)
- Paragraph 1: Purpose – to apply for a summer camp job
- Paragraph 2: describe your personality (bullet point 1)
- Paragraph 3: say what relevant experience and skills you have (bullet point 2)
- Paragraph 4: explain what sort of work you would like to do (bullet point 3)
- Signoff
A Letter to Make an Arrangement

- Dear..... (Hotel manager)
- Paragraph 1: Purpose – to book hotel rooms
- Paragraph 2: explain your needs (bullet point 1)
- Paragraph 3: ask what the price includes (bullet point 2)
- Paragraph 4: enquire about activities & places of interest nearby (bullet point 3)
- Signoff
An Invitation Letter
- Dear..... (Manager)
- Paragraph 1: Purpose – tell the manager you are organising a seminar.
- Paragraph 2: give details of the seminar (bullet point 1)
- Paragraph 3: invite to give a presentation (bullet point 2)
- Paragraph 4: say what the presentation should be about (bullet point 3)
- Signoff
41
Example of Apology Letter
Your neighbor has written to you to complain about the noise from your flat.
Write a letter to your neighbor. In your letter

- Explain the reason for the noise
- Offer your neighbor an apology
- Tell them what action you will take
Dear Mrs. Madhuri,

I am writing to apologize for all the noise coming from my flat over the past days.
I am having the place rewired at the moment as I was experiencing some electrical faults
that could not be repaired. The old wiring had been in since the flat was built and needed
replacing, so I had no choice but to undertake this necessary work.
I do appreciate that there has been a lot of banging going on during the day. I sincerely
apologize for this and regret that you have been disturbed. I was hoping that most of the
work would be done while you were out at work but I admit that it has to continue into
the evening a few times.
To get the job finished as quickly as possible, I will employ an additional electrician.
Although there will inevitably still be some noise, I will ask them to be as quiet as possible
and be sure to finish by 5 p.m. when I believe you usually get home.
Please accept my apologies once again.
Yours sincerely,
Manasa Rao
Word Count: 183
42
43
Example of Complaint Letter
There is a problem with the changing rooms in the sports centre that you visit. You have
complained several times but with no success.
Write a letter to the manager of the sports centre. In your letter:

- Describe what the problem with the changing rooms is
- Say what happened the last times you complained
- Explain what you want the manager to do.
Dear Sir/ Madam,
I am writing to complain about the state of the toilets in the sports centre changing rooms.
Each time I have used the changing facilities in the past month, the toilet area has been
dirty. Particularly unpleasant are the soggy paper towels on the floor. They look horrible and
there is a danger that people could slip on them. The shower plug holes are also frequently
blocked up with the hair which stops the water draining away.
I have reported these issues on two previous occasions. The first time, I told a member of
staff and the second time I telephoned. Both the people I spoke to said that they would
make sure that the changing rooms were cleaned more often but this is not clearly
happening.
As a solution, I suggest that you set up an hourly rota where a member of staff has to check
that the toilets are clean, sign to say that they have done so and arrange a cleaner to come
if necessary. I have seen this system in operation in other places and their toilets are always
clean and tidy
Yours faithfully,
Krishna Reddy
Word Count - 193
44
Example of Request Letter
You want to learn a language. There is a teacher near to where you live.
Write a letter to the teacher. In the letter:

- Say how you came to know about him/her
- Explain why you want to learn
- Ask what help they can offer.
Dear Miss Sapna,
I am writing this letter to enquire about taking Spanish lessons with you.
I read the article about you and saw your advert in this week’s local paper and I believe that
you are just the person I am looking for. I am particularly keen to learn from a native
speaker like yourself so I do hope that you have space in your timetable to fit me in for
some lessons.
My reason for wanting to learn your language is because I will be travelling to Peru for six
months next year to volunteer in an orphanage. I really want to be able to talk to the
children and understand them so Spanish conversation is my priority.
I would be grateful if you could let me know what availability you have for lessons. Twice a
week would be ideal if that is possible. I work in the evenings so daytime would be fine.
Please, could you also tell me what you charge for tuition and how long each lesson would
last?
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Kind regards,
Amandeep Singh
Word Count - 186
45
Example of Explanation Letter
You are planning a holiday abroad and will be visiting a town where an old friend lives. You
haven't spoken to this friend in a few years.
Write a letter to your friend. In your letter:

- Give your friend a brief update of your life since you were last in touch
- Explain why you will be travelling to his/her town.
- Say what you plan to do when you visit their town.
Dear Joy,
I’m just writing to let you know that I'm going to be visiting Edinburgh in a few months’
time.
So much has happened since I last wrote so I’ll quickly bring you up to date before telling
you about the trip. The big news is that Jamie and I have finally got engaged. He even got
down on one knee to propose which was so romantic. The wedding is planned for June
next year and we do hope you can come. We even bought a flat and we moved in together
last month.
The holiday we’ve booked is a two-week coach tour of Scotland. We’re spending most of
the time on the west coast and in the Highlands but we also get a full day in Edinburgh on
12th May.
The trip includes a guided tour of Edinburgh Castle in the morning but we’re then free for
the rest of the day. It would be fantastic to catch up with you if you’re able to meet us for
tea somewhere. Let me know if you can make it.
I really hope to see you soon.
All the best.

Jaya
46
Word Count: 191
47
Example of Application/Resignation Letter
You would like a job working in a summer camp which runs sports and outdoor activities for
children and young people.
Write a letter to the organizer of the summer camp. In your letter:

- Describe your personality
- Say what relevant experience and skills you have
- Explain what sort of work you would like to do.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing this letter I order to apply for a position at your Devon summer camp this
year.
I am an outgoing person with lots of energy and a great sense of fun and adventure. I
show dedication and a high level of responsibility in everything I do and am known for
being very reliable. Furthermore, I am confident working on my own but equally enjoy
being part of a team.
I have many relevant skills to offer. These include level 4 instructor certificates for
both kayaking and climbing as well as being an experienced dinghy sailor. I was a
Scout Leader for two years before going to university and was popular with and
respected by all the boys and girls in our pack.
I am especially interested in being an activity leader at the summer camp but would
consider any position appropriate to my skills and experience. I would also be willing to
organize and lead a campfire cooking session several evenings a week as this is
another passion of mine and always a favorite with kids.
I thank you for your consideration and look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully,
Jack Hans
Word Count: 198
48
Example of Make an arrangement Letter
You want to book a hotel recommended to you for a family holiday at the seaside.
Write a letter to the hotel manager to make arrangements.

- Explain what accommodation you require and when you want to stay
- Ask what will be included in the price
- Enquire about activities and places of interest near the hotel.
Dear Sir/Madam,
A friend has recommended your excellent hotel and I am writing to enquire about vacancies
in April next year.
We would like to stay from 5th to 11th April and require two en-suite rooms; a double for
myself and my husband and a twin room for our two teenage sons. Sea views would be
preferable.
I have been told that you do a very good breakfast. Please, could you let me know if it is
included in the price? My friend has also informed me that you have a lovely swimming
pool, a well-equipped gym and spa facilities. Is there an extra charge for using these? If so,
I would be grateful if you could send me details.
We are all keen walkers and hope to do some hiking while we are staying with you. Do you
have any maps or guidebooks available for guests to borrow? My husband and I also enjoy
visiting historic houses. Are there any in the area that you could recommend?
I look forward to receiving your reply and to confirming our booking if these dates are
available.
Yours Sincerely,
Kunali Kamra Word Count: 189
49
Example of Invitation Letter
You are organizing a seminar for your company.
Write a letter to the manager of another department inviting them to give a presentation at
the seminar. In your letter:
- Give details of the seminar
- Invite them to give a presentation and say why you are inviting them
- Say what the presentation should be about
Dear Mr. Shiva,
I am writing to tell you about a training event I am organizing for the morning of Tuesday
7th February.
The seminar is on the issue of safety at work. Several people in the company have been
injured recently while doing their job and the management believes that this is because
they are either not aware of safety procedures or do not follow them. Consequently, they
feel that more training is needed.
As warehouse manager, you hold many certificates in workplace safety and I would be
grateful if you would be prepared to share some of this knowledge and make a presentation
during the seminar. I suggest that it should last for around 45 minutes.
The subject I would like you to talk about is manual handling. Back injuries are the most
common safety issue so need a particular focus. A practical session where people can
practice good lifting techniques would be ideal. If you are able to do this, please let me
know what resources you would need so that I can provide them for you.
I look forward to receiving your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Jacky Chen Word Count: 191
50
Planning Strategies of Speaking Part 2 Cue-Card
Method 1 – Using Question Prompts

Step 1 – Pick out the keywords from the bullet points.
Step 2 – Make some notes using each underlined word as a headline.
Step 3 – Organize your notes.
- Decide which to talk about (you don’t have to use them all).
- Put them in a logical order.
Step 4 – Give your talk.
Method 2 – Brainstorming
Step 1 – Read the topic sentence and jot down the phrases or single words
Step 2 –Organize your notes.
- Decide which to talk about (you don’t have to use them all).
- Put them in a logical order.
Step 3 – Give your talk
How to Begin Your Part 2 Talk

7 Adaptable Phrases we can use
- The one I’d like to tell you about is…
- My favorite was…
- I’d like to talk about...
- Let me tell you about…
- Personally, I would have to say…
- The one who/that stands out is…
- I’m going to tell you about...
51
Practice Letter Writing
1. Last month you had a holiday overseas where you stayed with some friends. They have
just sent you some photos of your holiday.
Write a letter to your friends. In your letter:
- thank them for the photos and for the holiday
- explain why you didn’t write earlier
- invite them to come and stay with you
Write at least 150 words. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
You do NOT need to write any address.
Begin your letter as follows: Dear __________
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2. You eat at your college cafeteria at lunch time every day. However, you think it needs
some improvements.
Write a letter to the college magazine. In your letter:
- explain what you like about the cafeteria
- say what is wrong with it
- suggest how it could be improved
Write at least 150 words. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
Begin your letter as follows: Dear __________
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Day 8 Topics
1. Introduction to Reading
2. Practice Cue-Card
The Format of the IELTS Reading Test

Timing: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40
Reading Sections:
Section 1 – 2 or 3 short factual texts related to everyday life, e.g.
- hotel evacuation procedure
- series of related advertisements
- a course outline
Section 2 – two short factual texts related to work, e.g.

- job description
- staff training
- disciplinary procedures
Section 3 – one longer text of greater complexity, e.g. general interest texts from:
- books
- newspapers
- magazines
- company brochures or handbooks
Skills Assessed
The Reading test is designed to assess your ability to:
- Read for gist (general meaning)
- Read for main ideas
- Read for detail
- Understand inferences and implied meaning
- Recognize writer’s opinions, attitudes and purpose
- Follow the development of an argument
54
Question types
Each text will have 3-4 different types of question from this list.
- True, false, not given

- Yes, no, not given
- Multiple choice
- Summary completion
- Short answer
- Sentence completion
- Table completion
- Diagram labelling
- Matching sentence endings
- Matching information to paragraphs
- Matching Feature
- Matching headings
Marking system
- If you spell the answer incorrectly
- If you answer with the incorrect number of words
- Answer with the number of words stated in the instructions,
- For Example
‘No more than two words’
‘No more than three words and/or a number’.
- Must fill in the answers exactly as instructed
- No extra time will be given to transfer answers to the sheet
- Do not leave the answer sheet blank
- Each correct answer is awarded 1 mark.
- Your score out of 40 (your ‘raw score’) is converted to the corresponding IELTS band
scale level using a conversion table.
55
General Reading Test - Raw Score Conversion
Raw Score Band
40 9
39 8.5
37-38 8
36 7.5
34-35 7
32-33 6.5
30-31 6
27-29 5.5
23-26 5
19-22 4.5
15-18 4
12-14 3.5
9-11 3
56
Practice
1. Describe a country you would like to visit.

You should say:
- Which country it is
- What you already know about this country
- When you want to visit this country
- Explain why you want to visit this country.
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2. Describe a historical place/site you have been to.

You should say:
- What place/site it is
- What people can see there
- What you enjoyed there the most
- Explain how you felt about being there.
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Day 9 Topics
1. Read - True/False/Not Given type
2. Practice Speaking Cue-Card
True false not given type

Identify the questions
1. Question has 1 Question Statement (QS) and 3 Options (T, F, NG or Y, N, NG).
2. Questions will be in the order of the text.
Strategy
- Read, Understand, Annotate the QS
- Read, Understand, Annotate the Passage
- Connect the QS keywords with their matching inputs in passage.
- Select the answers using Rules.
Tips
- Read the whole question, be especially careful with words such as “often” and “some”
they can change the meaning of the question dramatically.
- Be careful with questions beginning “The writer says” (here you need to think about
the writer’s opinions and not about facts)
- The questions will follow the order of the text
- Do not spend too long on any one question.
- One possibility is to mark all the “True” answers and all the “False” answers and then
guess “Not Given” for the others.
- Look out for controlling words such as “only”, “all’, “never” etc.
Challenges
- Failing to understand the difference b/w T/F/NG and Y/N/NG.
- Unable to understand exactly what each statement means and therefore cannot
identify if it is true or false.
- Focusing on keywords instead of understanding what the statement as a whole means.
- Identifying keywords in the statements and then trying to find words that match them
in the text.
58
Example Paragraph
Every school 'needs dog as stress-buster'

Every school should have a dog or another pet to reduce stress in the classroom, says Sir
Anthony Sheldon. The University of Buckingham vice-chancellor says it is "a powerfully
cost-effective way of helping children feels more secure at schools". Sir Anthony was
speaking at a conference about the need to improve young people's sense of wellbeing.
The University of Buckingham's Ultimate Wellbeing in Education Conference examined

how to respond to the stresses and anxieties facing young people. Education Secretary
Damian Hinds told the conference that the relentless presence of social media made
growing up "more pressurized". He said this could be all-pervasive for teenagers, making
them compare their own experiences with the “perfect lives” on social media. It could also
normalize exposure to harmful material on subjects like self-harm or eating disorders”. He
also reported that more schools seem to have “wellbeing dogs” and that he believed
having pets in schools can really help. Sir Anthony has been a longstanding advocate of
the need for schools to pay much more attention to mental health. He told the conference
that it was no longer possible for schools to focus solely on academic achievement without
thinking about the emotional wellbeing of pupils. His campaigns have helped to raise
awareness about the prevalence of mental health problems in schools and on university
campuses - and he has argued for more recognition of the risks from drug use.
The education secretary called for more attention to be paid to ways of building up
children's wellbeing, such as teaching emotional resilience and a sense of ‘character’. But
Sir Anthony suggested another more low-tech approach to reducing anxiety - the soothing
presence of animals such as dogs. "The quickest and biggest hit that we can make to
improve mental health in our schools and to make them feel safe for children, is to have
at least one dog in every single school in the country," said Sir Anthony. "Because
children can relate to animals when they are hurt and anxious and sad in a way that they
can't always with human beings. It will be a powerfully cost-effective way of helping
children feels more secure at schools”, he added. The education secretary said that his
visits to schools had certainly shown him how common “wellbeing dogs” were becoming.
59
"This is one of those things that weren’t around when I was at school," said Mr. Hinds. "I
hadn't really realized the incidence of it until I was the Education Secretary”. He said that
he’d been surprised at the idea at first but saw for himself that many children found the
experience really uplifting, particularly those that have different ways of expressing
themselves and coming out of themselves. He did, however, stated that although the
dogs can really help, there were no plans for a "central dog policy".
Questions:
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet write:
TRUE : if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE: if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN: if there is no information on this
1. Raising levels of literacy was the main theme of the conference.

2. Online platforms such as Facebook and Twitter can have a negative effect on young
people’s lives.
3. There is evidence that the presence of pets in schools helps kids with mental health
issues.
4. The government minister may introduce a national scheme promoting wellbeing
dogs in schools.
Answers:
1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. NOT GIVEN
4. FALSE
60
Speaking Cue-Card Practice:
1. Describe something you have lost recently.

You should say:
- What you lost
- How you lost it
- How important it was to you
- Explain what you did to find the lost item.
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2. Describe a time when you were afraid of something.

You should say:
- When it was
- What you were afraid of
- Why you were afraid
- Explain how you felt about it.
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Practice Paragraph:
The return of the huarango

The arid valleys of southern Peru are welcoming the return of a native plant.
The south coast of Peru is a narrow, 2,000-kilometer-long strip of desert squeezed
between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is also one of the most fragile ecosystems on
Earth. It hardly ever rains there, and the only year-round source of water is located tens
of meters below the surface. This is why the huapango tree is so suited to life there: it
has the longest roots of any tree in the world. They stretch down 50-80 meters and, as
well as sucking up water for the tree, they bring it into the higher subsoil, creating a
water source for other plant life.
Dr. David Beresford-Jones, an archaeobotanist at Cambridge University, has been

studying the role of the huarango tree in landscape change in the Lower Ica Valley in
southern Peru. He believes the huarango was key to the ancient people’s diet and,
because it could reach deep water sources, it allowed local people to withstand years of
drought when their other crops failed. But over the centuries huarango trees were
gradually replaced with crops. Cutting down native woodland leads to erosion, as there is
nothing to keep the soil in place. So when the huarangos go, the land turns into a desert.
Nothing grows at all in the Lower Ica Valley now.
For centuries the huarango tree was vital to the people of the neighbouring Middle Ica
Valley too. They grew vegetables under it and ate products made from its seed pods. Its
leaves and bark were used for herbal remedies, while its branches were used for charcoal
for cooking and heating, and its trunk was used to build houses. But now it is
disappearing rapidly. The majority of the huarango forests in the valley have already been
cleared for fuel and agriculture – initially, these were smallholdings, but now they’re huge
farms producing crops for the international market. Of the forests that were here 1,000
years ago, 99 per cent have already gone,’ says botanist Oliver Whaley from Kew Gardens
in London, who, together with ethnobotanist Dr William Milliken, is running a ‘pioneering
project to protect and restore the rapidly disappearing habitat. In order to succeed,
Whaley needs to get the local people on board, and that has meant overcoming local
62
prejudices. ‘Increasingly aspiration communities think that if you
plant food trees in your home or street, it shows you are poor, and still
need to grow your own food,’ he says.
In order to stop the Middle Ica Valley going the same way as the Lower Ica Valley, Whaley
is encouraging locals to love the huarangos again. ‘It’s a process of cultural resuscitation,’
he says. He has already set up a huarango festival to reinstate a sense of pride in their
eco-heritage, and has helped local schoolchildren plant thousands of trees.
‘In order to get people interested in habitat restoration, you need to plant a tree that is
useful to them,’ says Whaley. So, he has been working with local families to attempt to
create a sustainable income from the huarangos by turning their products into foodstuffs.
‘Boil up the beans and you get this thick brown syrup like molasses. You can also use it in
drinks, soups or stews.’ The pods can be ground into flour to make cakes, and the seeds
roasted into a sweet, chocolatey ‘coffee’. ‘It’s packed full of vitamins and minerals,’
Whaley says.
And some farmers are already planting huarangos. Alberto Benevides, owner of Ica
Valley’s only certified organic farm, which Whaley helped set up, has been planting the
tree for 13 years. He produces syrup and flour, and sells these products at an organic
farmers’ market in Lima. His farm is relatively small and doesn’t yet provide him with
enough to live on, but he hopes this will change. ‘The organic market is growing rapidly in
Peru,’ Benevides says. ‘I am investing in the future.’ But even if Whaley can convince the
local people to fall in love with the huarango again, there is still the threat of the larger
farms. Some of these cut across the forests and break up the corridors that allow the
essential movement of mammals, birds and pollen up and down the narrow forest strip. In
the hope of counteracting this, he’s persuading farmers to let him plant forest corridors on
their land. He believes the extra woodland will also benefit the farms by reducing their
water usage through a lowering of evaporation and providing a refuge for bio-control
insects.
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‘If we can record biodiversity and see how it all works, then we’re in a
good position to move on from there. Desert habitats can reduce down to
very little,’ Whaley explains. ‘It’s not like a rainforest that needs to have this huge
expanse. Life has always been confined to corridors and islands here.
If you just have a few trees left, the population can grow up quickly because it’s used to
exploiting water when it arrives.’ He sees his project as a model that has the potential to
be rolled out across other arid areas around the world. ‘If we can do it here, in the most
fragile system on Earth, then that’s a real message of hope for lots of places, including
Africa, where there is drought and they just can’t afford to wait for rain.’
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE: if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE: if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN: if there is no information on this
1. Local families have told Whaley about some traditional uses of huarango
products.
2. Farmer Alberto Benevides is now making a good profit from growing huarangos.
3. Whaley needs the co-operation of farmers to help preserve the area’s wildlife.
4. For Whaley’s project to succeed, it needs to be extended over a very large area.
5. Whaley has plans to go to Africa to set up a similar project.
Answers
1. NOT GIVEN
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
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4. FALSE
5. NOT GIVEN
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Day 10 Topics
1. Reading – Yes/No/Can’t Say type
2. Practice Speaking Part 2 Cue-Card
YES NO NOT GIVEN TYPE

Identify the Question
- YES (Y)- it agrees with the views of the writer
- NO (N)- it disagrees with or contradicts what the writer thinks
- NOT GIVEN (NG)- it is impossible to know what the writer’s point of view is
Strategy
- Read, Understand, Annotate the QS
- Read, Understand, Annotate the Passage
- Connect the QS keywords with their matching inputs in passage.
- Select the answers using Rules.
Tips
- The answers appear in the same order in the text as the order of the statements.
- There will be at least one of each answer type – Yes, No, Not Given.
- Watch out for distracters.
as given below:
Every A few
All Always
Some Often
Most Occasionally
- These single words can completely change the meaning of a sentence.

E.g. Jay often goes to the gym after work.
Jay occasionally goes to the gym after work.
- In Y/N/NG questions, the meaning of the statement must be an exact match with the
opinion of the writer for the answer to be YES
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Also be on the lookout for qualifying words that express possibility or doubt such as:
Seem Claim
Suggest Possibly
Believe Probably
- Again, they can totally alter the meaning of a statement.

E.g. He claimed that profits had gone up by 10%.
He knew that profits had gone up by 10%.
- The view or opinion of the writer may not be immediately clear from the text.
- The statements will contain synonyms and paraphrasing
- Remember that at least one answer will be NG.
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Practice Paragraph
Teens 'not damaged by screen time', study finds

There is little evidence of a link between the amount of time teenagers spend on devices
and their general wellbeing, a study has suggested. It counters claims that teenagers'
mental and physical health could be damaged by excessive screen time. Even just before
bedtime, being online, gaming or watching TV is not damaging to young people's mental
health, study authors said. They questioned the methodology of previous studies. "While
psychological science can be a powerful tool for understanding the link between screen
use and adolescent wellbeing, it still routinely fails to supply stakeholders and the public
with high-quality, transparent and objective investigations into growing concerns about
digital technologies," said Professor Andrew Przybylski, Director of Research at the Oxford
Internet Institute (OII) and co-author of the study. Earlier this year, the Royal College of
Pediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) reached a similar conclusion to the Oxford University
study, but did suggest parents tell their children to put down their devices in the hour
before they go to bed. Dr Max Davie, from RCPCH, said of the new study: "The
controversy around screen use and adolescent wellbeing has always suffered from an
excess of opinion relative to data, and this paper helps to correct this, "The analysis is
robust and suggests an overall population effect too small to warrant consideration as a
public health problem. They also question the widely held belief that screens before
bedtimes are especially bad for mental health. "However, none of this is intended to
suggest that screen time cannot become excessive in individual cases, and we would still
suggest that families follow our guidance published earlier this year. We continue, for
now, to recommend that screens be avoided for one hour before bed since there are other
reasons beside mental health for children to need a good night's sleep." But others felt
the study did not go far enough. Dr Bernadka Dubicka, chair of the child and adolescent
faculty at the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "Although this is a well conducted study
involving a large data set, the conclusions can only be limited.”The study looks at how
long children spend looking at screens but not at what harmful content they might see.
We know that screen time is not the main driver of mental illness, but dangerous online.
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Content can have an enormous impact on young people and their mental health. "As a
frontline clinician, I regularly see young people who have deliberately hurt themselves
after discussing self-harm techniques on social media. Urgent research is needed to
explore the complex relationship between online content and young people, with
particular attention given to the most vulnerable.
"Source: BBC News website (Text edited for this practice exercise.)
Questions: Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the Reading Passage?
Write:
YES: if the statement agrees with the views of the writer.
NO: if the statement contradicts what the writer thinks.
NOT GIVEN: if it is impossible to know what the writer's point of view is.
1) Viewing an electronic screen before going to sleep at night is harmful.
2) Psychological science can explain the connection between computer use and
mental and physical health problems in teenagers.
3) The RCPCH advises that kids should not view electronic devices in the 60
minutes leading up to bedtime.
4) Watching online violence is detrimental to the mental wellbeing of adolescents
according to Dr Dubicka
Answers
1) NO
2) NO
3) YES
4) NOT GIVEN
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Speaking Cue-Card Practice-
1. Describe a time when you received an unexpected gift.
You should say:
- When it was
- Who gave it to you
- What gift item it was
- Explain why it was an unexpected gift
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2. Describe a time when you gave someone directions to a place/location.
You should say:
- When it was
- Whom you gave the directions
- How you gave directions
- Explain if the person was happy about it.
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Reading Practice – Y/N/NG
Environmental practices of big businesses
The environmental practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that for
many of us offend our sense of justice. Depending on the circumstances, a business may
maximize the amount of money it makes, at least in the short term, by damaging the
environment and hurting people. That is still the case today for fishermen in an
unmanaged fishery without quotas and for international logging companies with short-
term leases on tropical rainforest land in places with corrupt officials and unsophisticated
landowners. When government regulation is effective, and when the public is
environmentally aware, environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty
ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective and if the
public doesn’t care.
It is easy for the rest of us to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people.
But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are
not charities but profit-making companies, and that publicly owned companies with
shareholders are under obligation to those shareholders to maximize profits, provided that
they do so by legal means. US laws make a company’s directors legally liable for
something termed ‘breach of fiduciary responsibility’ if they knowingly manage a company
in a way that reduces profits. The car manufacturer Henry Ford was in fact successfully
sued by shareholders in 1919 for raising the minimum wage of his workers to $5 per day:
the courts declared that, while Ford’s humanitarian sentiments about his employees were
nice, his business existed to make profits for its stockholders.
Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for
creating the condition that let a business profit through destructive environmental
policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has
the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make
sustainable environmental policies profitable.
The public can do that by suing businesses for harming them, as happened after the
Exxon Valdez disaster, in which over 40,000m3 of oil were spilled off the coast of Alaska.
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The public may also make their opinion felt by preferring to buy sustainably harvested
products; by making employees of companies with poor track records feel ashamed of
their company and complain to their own management; by preferring their governments
to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by
pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good
environmental practices.
In turn, big businesses can expert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore
public or government pressure. For instance, after the US public became concerned about
the spread of a disease known as BSE, which was transmitted to humans through infected
meat, the US government’s Food and Drug Administration introduced rules demanding
that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease
spreading. But for five years the meat packers refused to follow these, claiming that they
would be too expensive to obey. However, when a major fast-food company then made
the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers plummeted, the meat
industry complied within weeks. The public’s task is therefore to identify which links in the
supply chain are sensitive to public pressure: for instance, fast-food chains or jewelry
stores, but not meat packers or gold miners.
Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for
business practices harming the public on the public itself. I also believe that the public
must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs, if any,
of sound environmental practices. My views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses
should act in accordance with moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their
profits. But I think we have to recognize that, throughout human history, in all politically
complex human societies, government regulation has arisen precisely because it was
found that not only did moral principles need to be made explicit, they also needed to be
enforced.
To me, the conclusion that the public has the ultimate responsibility for the behavior of
even the biggest businesses is empowering and hopeful, rather than disappointing.
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My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish, a
good guy or a bad guy. In the past, businesses have changed when the public came to
expect and require different behavior, to reward businesses for behavior that the public
wanted, and to make things difficult for businesses practicing behaviors that the public
didn’t want. I predict that in the future, just as in the past, changes in public attitudes will
be essential for changes in businesses’ environmental practices.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
YES - if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO - if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1 The public should be prepared to fund good environmental practices.

2 There is a contrast between the moral principles of different businesses.
3 It is important to make a clear distinction between acceptable & unacceptable behaviour.
4 The public have successfully influenced businesses in the past.
5 In the future, businesses will show more concern for the environment.
Answers
1. YES
2. NOT GIVEN
3. NO
4. YES
5. NOT GIVEN
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Self Assessment-2
1. Write Self-Assessment
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Day 11 Topics
1. Reading – Completion type(Sentence, Summary, Note, Flowchart)
Sentence Completion Type

- You will be given a set of four or five sentences with gaps in them.
- You are required to fill the gaps with appropriate words to complete the meaning of the
sentence.
- The instructions will tell you how many words you are allowed to use to fill the gap. Read
them very carefully. They will most likely tell you to use ONE WORD ONLY or NO MORE
THAN TWO WORDS.
- The instructions will also state whether you have to use words taken from the reading text
or if you can use different ones, that is, synonyms.
Tips
- Read the instructions carefully to find out:
- How many words you should write for the answer.
- If you have to use the exact words from the text or can use synonyms.
- Read the sentences before you read the text. It’s a waste of time reading the passage
first as you don’t know what information you’re looking for until you’ve read and
understood the sentences.
- The answers appear in the same order in the text as the order of the list of incomplete
sentences.
- The completed sentences must be grammatically correct.
- When first studying the sentences, try to work out what type of word is missing, e.g. a
noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb. This will help you to find it more quickly.
- Scan to find the location of the answer, and then read in detail to find the answer itself.
- Always be thinking about synonyms and paraphrasing. Look for matching meaning
rather than exact word matches when comparing the information in the sentences and
the text.
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Strategy
- Carefully read the instructions.

- Read the sentences with the gaps; try to understand what they mean.
- Try to predict the type of word that's missing, e.g. a noun, a verb, an adjective or an
adverb. Occasionally you may even be able to guess the missing word.
- Underline key words to scan for in the text. Include names, numbers, dates and places
if there are any as these will be easy to spot. Think about possible synonyms as you do
this.
- Scan the text for the keywords in the first sentence. It’s important that you start with
this one even if you think some of the other sentences will be easier to complete.
Remember, the answers will come in order in the text so it will be much easier and
quicker if you search for them in order.
- Finding the key words will show you where the answer is located. You then need to
read that part of the text in detail to find the actual answer. The text will probably
paraphrase the incomplete sentence so you’ll need to interpret what it means to find
the correct match of information. Then identify the word or words you need for the
answer.
- When you’ve found the answer, fill in the answer sheet. Check that the sentence is
grammatically correct and that your spelling is correct.
- Repeat this process with the next sentence and so on until you have completed them all.
- If there’s a sentence you are really struggling with, take a guess at the missing word
and move on.
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Example Paragraph:
At first, von Frisch thought the bees were responding only to the scent of the food. But
what did the third dance mean? And if bees were responding only to the scent, how could
they also ‘sniff down’ food hundreds of meters away from the hive*, food which was
sometimes downwind? On a hunch, he started gradually moving the feeding dish further
and further away and noticed as he did so that the dances of the returning scout bees
also started changing. If he placed the feeding dish over nine meters away, the second
type of dance, the sickle version, came into play. But once he moved it past 36 meters,
the scouts would then start dancing the third, quite different, waggle dance. The
measurement of the actual distance too, he concluded, was precise. For example, a
feeding dish 300 meters away was indicated by 15 complete runs through the pattern in
30 seconds. When the dish was moved to 60 meters away, the number dropped to
eleven. Von Frisch noted something further. When the scout bees came home to tell their
sisters about the food source, sometimes they would dance outside on the horizontal
entrance platform of the hive, and sometimes on the vertical wall inside. And, depending
on where they danced, the straight portion of the waggle dance would point in different
directions. The outside dance was fairly easy to decode: the straight portion of the dance
pointed directly to the food source, so the bees would merely have to decode the distance
message and fly off in that direction to find their food. But by studying the dance on the
inner wall of the hive, von Frisch discovered a remarkable method which the dancer used
to tell her sisters the direction of the food in relation to the sun. When inside the hive, the
dancer cannot use the sun, so she uses gravity instead. The direction of the sun is
represented by the top of the hive wall. If she runs straight up, this means that the
feeding place is in the same direction as the sun. However, if, for example, the feeding
place is 40º to the left of the sun, then the dancer would run 40º to the left of the vertical
line. This was to be the first of von Frisch’s remarkable discoveries. Soon he would also
discover a number of other remarkable facts about how bees communicate and, in doing
so, revolutionize the study of animal behavior generally. * Hive – a ‘house’ for bees; the
place where they build a nest and live.
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Questions
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for
each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
1. Von Frisch discovered the difference between dance types by changing the position
of the ____________
2. The dance outside the hive points in the direction of the _____________.
3. The angle of the dance from the vertical shows the angle of the food from the
________.
Answers
1. feeding dish
2. food (source)
3. sun
Words in brackets are optional - they are correct, but not necessary
79
Summary Completion Type
- The input for this type of question will be a summary of all or part of the reading text.
- The summary will contain a number of gaps.
- You will also be provided with a list of words to use to fill the gaps. There will be more
words than gaps.
- Your task is to complete the summary using one word from the list for each gap.
Because the summary is a paraphrase of the reading text
- There are two types of summary completion questions
- One where a list of word choices are given (with always more choices than there are
answers) and one where you must find the correct words in the reading passage itself.
Rules Governing the Question
- There are more words in the box than questions

- The words on the box are not usually the same as in the reading passage
- The summary may relate to the whole passage or only a part of it.
- The text of the summary will follow the order of the text of the passage.
Steps/ Strategies
- Make sure you understand the instructions and the example if given.
- Read through the summary quickly for a general understanding.
- Read carefully again looking at the words before and after each gap.
- Mark the key words in the sentence and then SCAN for those target words or similar
expressions to those target words.
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Tips
- Since the ideas from the passage are rewritten into a summary, the answers usually
come in passage order.
- Finding the part of the passage that contains the idea and then working out what the
missing words are also makes it easier to find other information.
- Pay attention to the grammar of the sentence and make sure it is correct when your
answer is added.
- There may be two gaps in a sentence and this may be worth one or two marks. The
word “both” in the sentence or summary signals that two answers may be required.
Challenges
- Understanding the type of question

- Limited choice of words
- Vocabulary
- Usage of words
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Example Paragraph:
The instructions accompanying do-it-yourself products are regularly cited as a source of

unnecessary expense or frustration. Few companies seem to test their instructions by
having them followed by a first-time user. Often, essential information is omitted, steps in
the construction process are taken for granted, and some degree of special knowledge is
assumed. This is especially worrying in any fields where failure to follow correct
procedures can be dangerous. Objections to material in plain English have come mainly
from the legal profession. Lawyers point to the risk of ambiguity inherent in the use of
everyday language for legal or official documents, and draw attention to the need for
confidence in legal formulations, which can come only from using language that has been
tested in courts over the course of centuries. The campaigners point out that there has
been no sudden increase in litigation as a consequence of the increase in plain English
materials. Similarly, professionals in several different fields have defended their use of
technical and complex language as being the most precise means of expressing technical
or complex ideas. This is undoubtedly true: scientists, doctors, bankers and others need
their jargon in order to communicate with each other succinctly and unambiguously. But
when it comes to addressing the non-specialist consumer, the campaigners argue,
different criteria must apply.
82
Questions
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for
Consumers often complain that they experience a feeling of 1_________ when trying to put
together do-it-yourself products which have not been tested by companies on a 2_______.
In situations where not keeping to the correct procedures could affect safety issues, it is
especially important that 3__________ information is not left out and no assumptions are
made about a stage being self-evident or the consumer having a certain amount of
4 _________. Lawyers, however, have raised objections to the use of plain English. They
feel that it would result in ambiguity in documents and cause people to lose faith in
5__________, as it would mean departing from language that has been used in the courts
for a very long time.
Answers
1. Frustration
2. first-time user
3. essential
4. special knowledge
5. legal formulations
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Table & Flow Chart Completion Type

- You will be given a table of information with gaps in it. You could also be given a
flowchart.
- You are required to fill the gaps with appropriate words from the reading text.
- The main difference between the two is in the way the information is laid out. The
process for completing flowcharts is exactly the same as with a table.
Tips
- This type of question can be presented in several different forms, especially in the case
of flowcharts.
- The information in the table may appear in a different order to the matching information
in the reading text.
- Fill the gap with the exact words from the text, don’t use synonyms.
- When first studying the table, try to work out what type of word is missing, e.g. a noun,
a verb, an adjective or an adverb.
- Always be thinking about synonyms and paraphrasing. Look for matching meaning
rather than exact word matches when comparing the information in the table and the
text.
- Scan to find the location of the answer, and then read in detail to find the answer itself.
- The completed sentences must be grammatically correct.
- Use any little clues that are present in the table to help you understand the type of
information you need to find. For example,
- Column headings, such as Test and Findings
- Words in bold, such as Theory 1 and Theory 2
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Strategies/Steps
- Read the instructions carefully and note how many words you’re required to write in
the gaps, (e.g. no more than two words)
- Look at the layout of the table and work out the best way to read it, particularly noting
any headings that will give you clues as to its subject and content.
- Quickly read through the sentences or phrases with gaps in to get a general idea of
what information you’ll be looking for in the text. Try and work out what type of word
is missing in each case, e.g. a noun, a verb, an adjective.
- Skim read the text to get a general understanding of what it’s about.
- Go back to the table and read the first phrase or sentence with a gap in it. Select key
words and scan the text for them in order to locate the paragraph that contains the
answer.
- Read the section of text you’ve identified in detail to find the answer. Remember that
synonyms and paraphrasing may have been used. Check that your answer makes
sense, is grammatically correct and doesn’t go over the word limit.
- Write your answer on the answer sheet, making sure you spell it correctly. Repeat the
process to fill in the remaining gaps
85
Example Paragraph:
Careers with Kiwi Air Flight Attendants – Recruitment and Training Process
Recruitment the position of Flight Attendant is one of prestige and immense responsibility.
Recruitment is conducted according to operational demands and there can be periods of
up to 12 months where no new intake is required. However, applications are always
welcomed. After you submit your initial application online, the Kiwi Air HR Services Team
reviews the details you have provided. Candidates whose details closely match the
requirements of the position are then contacted via email advising that their application
has progressed to the next stage of the recruitment process. Potential candidates are then
asked to attend a Walk-In Day. This could occur several weeks or months after the
original application has been submitted depending on current needs. The Walk-In Day
consists of a brief presentation about the role and a short interview. Candidates who are
successful on the Walk-In Day are notified within 10 days and invited to attend an
Assessment Centre.
Please note that candidates are required to pass a swimming test before attending the
Assessment Centre. At the Assessment Centre, candidates attend an interview as well as
participating in a number of assessments. Verbal references are then requested, and
candidates attend a medical check. At times, there may not be a need to recruit for Flight
Attendant positions. However, the company continuously maintains a ‘recruitment pool’ of
those who have completed the Assessment Centre stage. These candidates are contacted
when a need for Flight Attendants is established, and attend a full interview before a
decision is made on whether to extend an offer of employment. Due to the volume of
applications received, Kiwi Air is not able to offer verbal feedback to candidates at any
stage of the recruitment process. Unsuccessful candidates may reapply at any time after
12 months from the date at which their applications are declined. Training upon being
offered a role as a trainee Flight Attendant, a 5-week training course is undertaken at our
In flight Services Training Centre in Auckland. This covers emergency procedures,
customer care and service delivery, and equipment knowledge. To successfully complete
the course, high standards must be attained and maintained in all subjects.
86
FLOW CHART TYPE
Question
Complete the flow-chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for
Flight attendants of Kiwi Air – Recruitment and Training Process
Candidates go online to complete their 21 …………
Suitable candidates are then invited to come to a 22 …………
After having satisfactorily completed a 23 ............... successful

candidates will then go to an Assessment Centre.
Kiwi Air then asks for 24 ...............and candidates are required to

undergo a medical check.
If there is no immediate need for flight attendants, successful candidates

are put into a 25 …………
When the need arises, these candidates will then be given a 26

..............., after which they may be offered a job
On starting the job, a 5-week training programme is given which includes

how to look after passengers and what to do in an 27 …………
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Answers
21 (initial) application
22 Walk-In Day
23 swimming test
24 verbal references
25 recruitment pool
26 full interview
27 emergency
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Example for Table Completion Type
Paragraph
Changes in Industrial Britain

The spread of railways stimulated communication and Rowland Hill’s standardisation of
postal charges in 1839 saw a boom in mail services. But this was nothing compared to the
revolution of the telegraph. If you think the Internet is big then just imagine how much
bigger it would seem if you had never before seen a computer or telephone. That’s what
the telegraph was to the Victorians. If rail travel shrank the country, the telegraph crushed
it. It opened in the 1840s and soon went stratospheric – within ten years exchanging
telegrams had become part of everyday life. By the mid-1860s London was connected with
New York and ten years later messages could be exchanged between London and Bombay
in minutes.
Questions 1 – 7
Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
89
ANSWERS
1. postal charges
2. telegraph
3. (mid) 1860s
4. New York
5. (mid) 1870s
6. minutes
7. Bombay
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Speaking Practice Part 2
1. Describe a website that you bought something from.

You should say:
- What the website is
- What you bought from this website
- How satisfied you were with what you bought
- Explain what you liked or disliked about using this website
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2. Describe a volunteer work experience you have had.

You should say:
- What volunteer work it was
- Where it was
- Why you volunteered
- Explain how you felt about it.
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Day 12 Topics
1. Reading – Completion type(Diagram, Short Answer, MCQ)
Diagram Completion Type
Strategies/Steps
- Read the instructions carefully. First, find out whether you have to label the diagram
with words from the text or from a word list.
- If the words come from the text, note how many words you’re required to write, e.g.
ONE WORD or NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
- Briefly look at the diagram and try to get a general understanding of what its showing.
There will be clues in headings, figures and any labels already added.
- Scan the text for key words. This will identify where the answers are located.
- Read the relevant section of text in detail to find each answer.
- Fill in the answer sheet and check your spelling
Tips
- A diagram is just another way of presenting information – a combination of language
and a drawing.
- Use any little clues that are present in the diagram to help you understand it, for
example,
- Some numbers,
- Some text,
- One completed label,
- A heading in the word list box
- Each gives you important information about the topic and will be related to the answers
in some way.
- You may be given a glossary of key words that could be unfamiliar to you they’ll be
below the text.
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Example Paragraph:
Introducing dung1 beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500 beetles
are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats2 in the cow pasture. The beetles
immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunneling and, if they successfully
adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self-sustaining part of the
local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the
pasture are obvious. Dung beetles work from the inside of the pat so they are sheltered
from predators such as birds and foxes. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung
in tunnels directly underneath the pats, which are hollowed out from within. Some large
species originating from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm
below the dung pat. These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the
tunnels. The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries
dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree. South African
beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat. Some
surface-dwelling beetles, including a South African species, cut perfectly-shaped balls
from the pat, which are rolled away and attached to the bases of plants. For maximum
dung burial in spring, summer and autumn, farmers require a variety of species with
overlapping periods of activity. In the cooler environments of the state of Victoria, the
large French species (2.5 cm’s long), is matched with smaller (half this size), temperate-
climate Spanish species. The former are slow to recover from the winter cold and produce
only one or two generations of offspring from late spring until autumn. The latter, which
multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually. The South
African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern
and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunneling
species. In warmer climates, many species are active for longer periods of the year.
Glossary
1. dung: the droppings or excreta of animals
2. cow pats: droppings of cows
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Answers
6. South African
7. French
8. Spanish
94
Multiple choice completion type
Identify the QS
- In this question type you will be given a ‘stem’ which may be an incomplete sentence
or a question.
- The stem will be followed by three or four options – one will be correct (the answer)
and three may seem possible but are in fact incorrect in some way (the distracters).
- There are majorly two types of questions in the reading MCQs – Single or multiple
answer. These will:
- ask you for the selecting options or
- ask you to select multiple options
- Understand the gist and main points
- Choose the correct option as there might be confusing options
- Check whether the Question is asking you about
- Writer’s opinion or
- Factual information
Strategies/ Steps
- Skim the passage – first sentences & last sentence.
- Look through the questions and underline key words
- Scan for the target words and read carefully around the target word to find your answer
- Be cautious of distracters. Check the meaning carefully.
Tips
- remember that the questions will follow the order of the text – i.e. question 2 will be
between questions 1 and 3
- Look for something specific in the text that matches the whole question
- beware of simply matching words -you will probably need to look for synonyms
- Concentrate on the stem of the question
Challenges
- Choosing the correct option
- Confusing Choices
- Word Usage
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Example Paragraph
The Economist Newspaper Limited, London, 1999

The general assumption is that older workers are paid more in spite of, rather than
because of, their productivity. That might partly explain why, when employers are under
pressure to cut costs, they persuade a 55-year old to take early retirement. Take away
seniority-based pay scales, and older workers may become a much more attractive
employment proposition. But most employers and many workers are uncomfortable with
the idea of reducing someone’s pay in later life – although manual workers on piece-rates
often earn less as they get older. So retaining the services of older workers may mean
employing them in different ways. One innovation was devised by IBM Belgium. Faced
with the need to cut staff costs, and having decided to concentrate cuts on 55 to 60-year
olds, IBM set up a separate company called Skill Team, which re-employed any of the
early retired who wanted to go on working up to the age of 60. An employee who joined
Skill Team at the age of 55 on a five-year contract would work for 58% of his time, over
the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary. The company offered services to IBM, thus
allowing it to retain access to some of the intellectual capital it would otherwise have lost.
The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such ‘bridge’ jobs:
part time or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-time
work to retirement. Studies have found that, in the United States, nearly half of all men
and women who had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such ‘bridge’ jobs at
the end of their working lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on
working. There seem to be two very different types of bridge job-holder – those who
continue working because they have to and those who continue working because they
want to, even though they could afford to retire. If the job market grows more flexible,
the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often, they will be self-employed. Sometimes,
they may start their own businesses: a study by David Storey of Warwick University found
that in Britain 70% of businesses started by people over 55 survived, compared with an
overall national average of only 19%. But whatever pattern of employment they choose,
in the coming years the skills of these ‘grey workers’ will have to be increasingly
acknowledged and rewarded.
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Questions
Questions 1 – 4. Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1. In paragraph one, the writer suggests that companies could consider

A. abolishing pay schemes that are based on age.
B. avoiding pay that is based on piece-rates.
C. increasing pay for older workers.
D. equipping older workers with new skills.
2. Skill Team is an example of a company which

A. offers older workers increases in salary.
B. allows people to continue working for as long as they want.
C. allows the expertise of older workers to be put to use.
D. treats older and younger workers equally.
3. According to the writer, ‘bridge’ jobs

A. Tends to attract people in middle-salary ranges.
B. is better paid than some full-time jobs.
C. originated in the United States.
D. appeal to distinct groups of older workers.
4. David Storey’s study found that

A. people demand more from their work as they get older.
B. older people are good at running their own businesses.
C. an increasing number of old people are self-employed.
D. few young people have their own businesses.
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Answers
1 A abolishing pay schemes that are based on age
2 C allows the expertise of older workers to be put to use
3 D appeal to distinct groups of older workers
4 B older people are good at running their own business
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Short Answer Questions
Key tips
- Read the questions first, then the text. It’s important that you understand what is
being asked in the questions before looking at the text. You will then know the main
ideas to look out for as you skim read.
- The answers will be in order in the text. So, once you've found the answer to question
1, you’ll know that the answer to question 2 will come soon after, and so on.
- Don’t go over the word limit stated for your answers, for example, ‘NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.’
- Use only the actual words from the text for your answer. You may need to change the
tense of any verbs you use to ensure your answer is grammatically correct.
- Most questions will contain synonyms or paraphrasing of the text, that is, the meaning
will be the same but the wording slightly different.
Strategy
- Reading the instructions very carefully taking particular note of the word limit for your
answers.
- Read the questions and try to understand what is being asked.
- Underline key words in the questions. Also, think about possible synonyms for them.
- Don’t worry if there are unfamiliar words. If they also appear in the text, you may be
able to work them out in context. Alternatively, synonyms that you do understand
may have been used.
- Skim read the text. Be alert for the keywords and synonyms you identified but don’t
read in detail.
- Read the first sentence of each paragraph in a little more detail than the rest of the
text as this will introduce the main idea of the paragraph.
- Go back and re-read question 1, then scan the first paragraph, maybe the second as
well, until you find the location of the answer. Then read in detail to find the exact
word or words you need to answer the question.
- Repeat this process for each of the questions.
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Example Paragraph
The Endangered African Rhino

The rhinoceros is Africa’s armored giant – like a tank on legs – and has been on our
planet for millions of years. But right now they need our help. Poaching of rhinos for their
horns and habitat loss are huge threats to both white and black rhinos.
White rhinos (the name doesn’t come from their colour but originally a reference to their
‘wide’ mouths) have had mixed fortunes. Sadly there are no ‘northern’ white rhinos left in
the wild, and only a handful in captivity. But the ‘southern’ white rhino is a conservation
success story – it’s been helped back from under 100 in 1895 to over 20,000 in the wild
today.
For the black rhino (slightly smaller, with a more pointed top lip) the worst period was
between 1970 and 1992, when around 96% of them were lost to wide-scale poaching.
Only 5,000 are left in the wild today. Poaching of rhinos for rhino horn is still a huge
threat, and the poachers have got increasingly better equipped. To ensure that these
incredibly precious creatures survive, more action needs to be taken against this Illegal
wildlife trade
Questions 1 – 4
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1. What is the African rhinoceros compared to?
2. Which type of rhino fell in number to below a hundred?
3. What percentage of black rhinos had been illegally killed by 1992?
4. How have the criminals improved their success?
Answers
1. tank on legs
2. southern white rhino
3. 96%
4. better equipped
100
Speaking Practice - Part2
1. Describe a time when you made a promise to someone.

You should say:
- When it was
- Who you made the promise to
- Why you made this promise
- Explain how this is helpful for you and your family.
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2. Describe a famous business person that you know about.

You should say:
- Who this person is
- What kind of business this person is involved in
- What you know about this business person
- Explain what you think of this business person.
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Day 13 Topics
1. Reading – Matching Heading type
2. Practice Speaking Part 3
Matching heading type

- The question is divided into two parts.
- The first part would consist of probable answers.
- The second part would have the paragraph indicators.
- The number of options (headings) would be more than the number of questions
(paragraph indicators).
Rules Governing the Question

- Skim the general idea of the paragraph.
- There may be two ideas in a paragraph, you will find one idea supporting the other and
the main idea discussed in the paragraph is the heading of that paragraph or section
- Check the logical connection and logical ordering between the organized words
- Relate each heading to the paragraph and try to match.
- Check your predictions by reading your headings in order.
- Don’t match the words; match the major idea in the paragraph or section.
Strategies/ Steps
- Study the example answer carefully.
- Read through the list of headings.
- Skim through the passage
- Try looking at the shortest paragraph(s) first.
- Skim through the passage and headings again. Go back and forth.
- Continue with the same process through the rest of the paragraphs.
- Read more carefully around the key words you matched.
- Use your vocabulary knowledge.
102
Tips
- Do this question first
- You are not expected to read every word of the text.
- Be aware of synonyms
- If there are two or three headings that are similar, write them beside the paragraph
and try to find out the difference between the two headings.
- If you still can’t decide which one suits best, move on and come back to it later. The
answer will normally be easier to find after you have matched some more headings.
Challenges
- Too much information
- Getting the matching sequence wrong
- Time management
- Not understanding the paragraph
- Following the sequence of the answer
- Time consuming and difficult
- Too many options
103
Example Paragraph
A) The shepherds of the North Caucasus region of Europe were only trying to transport
milk the best way they knew how – in leather pouches strapped to the side of donkeys –
when they made a significant discovery. A fermentation process would sometimes
inadvertently occur en route, and when the pouches were opened up on arrival they
would no longer contain milk but rather a pungent, effervescent, low alcoholic substance
instead. This unexpected development was a blessing in disguise. The new drink – which
acquired the name kefir – turned out to be a health tonic, a naturally-preserved dairy
product and a tasty addition to our culinary repertoire.
B) Although their exact origin remains a mystery, we do know that yeast-based kefir
grains have always been at the root of the kefir phenomenon. These grains are capable of
a remarkable feat: in contradistinction to most other items you might find in a grocery
store, they actually expand and propagate with use. This is because the grains, which are
granular to the touch and bear a slight resemblance to cauliflower rosettes, house active
cultures that feed on lactose when added to milk. Consequently, A bigger problem for
most kefir drinkers is not where to source new kefir grains, but what to do with the ones
they already have!
C) The great thing about kefir is that it does not require a manufacturing line in order to
be produced. Grains can be simply thrown in with a batch of milk for ripening to begin.
The mixture then requires a cool, dark place to live and grow, with periodic unsettling to
prevent clumping (Caucasus inhabitants began storing the concoction in animal-skin
satchels on the back of doors – every time someone entered the room the mixture would
get lightly shaken). After about 24 hours the yeast cultures in the grains have multiplied
and devoured most of the milk sugars, and the final product is then ready for human
consumption.
D) Nothing compares to a person’s first encounter with kefir. The smooth, uniform
consistency rolls over the tongue in a manner akin to liquefied yogurt. The sharp, tart
pungency of unsweetened yogurt is there too, but there is also a slight hint of
effervescence, something most users will have previously associated only with mineral
waters, soda or beer.
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Kefir also comes with a subtle aroma of yeast, and depending on the type of milk and
ripening conditions, ethanol content can reach up to two or three percent – about on par
with a decent lager – although you can expect around 0.8 to one percent for a typical
day-old preparation. This can bring out a tiny edge of alcohol in the kefir’s flavour.
E) Although it has prevailed largely as a fermented milk drink, over the years kefir has
acquired a number of other uses. Many bakers use it instead of starter yeast in the
preparation of sourdough, and the tangy flavour also makes kefir an ideal buttermilk
substitute in pancakes. Kefir also accompanies sour cream as one of the main ingredients
in cold beetroot soup and can be used in lieu of regular cow’s milk on granola or cereal.
As a way to keep their digestive systems fine-tuned, athletes sometimes combine kefir
with yoghurt in protein shakes.
F) Associated for centuries with pictures of Slavic babushkas clutching a shawl in one
hand and a cup of kefir in the other, the unassuming beverage has become a minor
celebrity of the nascent health food movement in the contemporary West. Every day,
more studies pour out supporting the benefits of a diet high in probiotics1. This trend
toward consuming probiotics has engulfed the leisure classes in these countries to the
point that it is poised to become, according to some commentators, “the next
multivitamin”. These days the word kefir is consequently more likely to bring to mind
glamorous, yoga mat-toting women from Los Angeles than austere visions of blustery
Eastern Europe.
G) Kefir’s rise in popularity has encouraged producers to take short cuts or alter the
production process. Some home users have omitted the ripening and acculturation
process while commercial dealers often add thickeners, stabilisers and sweeteners.
H) But the beauty of kefir is that, at its healthiest and tastiest, it is a remarkably
affordable, uncluttered process, as any accidental invention is bound to be. All that is
necessary are some grains, milk and a little bit of patience. A return to the unadulterated
kefir-making of old is in everyone’s interest.
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Glossary
1 Probiotic = substance containing beneficial and intestine-friendly microorganisms
Questions
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A–G. Choose the correct heading for each
paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i–x, in boxes 1–7 on
your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. A unique sensory experience
ii. Getting back to basics
iii. The gift that keeps on giving
iv. Variations in alcohol content
v. Old methods of transportation
vi. Culinary applications
vii. Making kefir
viii. A fortunate accident
ix. Kefir gets an image makeover
x. Ways to improve taste
Questions 1–7
1. Section A 2. Section B
3. Section C 4. Section D
5. Section E 6. Section F
7. Section G
Answers
1. viii 2. iii
3. vii 4. i
5. vi 6. ix
7.ii
Speaking Part 3
106
Time: 4-5 minutes.
The examiner will ask you questions related to the topic on your cue card that you
discussed in Part 2. These questions will be more abstract in nature to encourage you to
explore ideas and concepts rather than just relating facts. This will be more of a dialogue
between you and the examiner which will give you the opportunity to express your
thoughts and feelings about the topic or to develop your ideas. The most challenging
aspect of Speaking Part 3 is the abstract nature of the questions. Even if you’ve had the
opportunity to talk extensively with native English speakers or high-level learners, you’re
most likely to have chatted about yourself, and your interests and experiences. You
almost certainly won’t have spent much, if any, time discussing abstract ideas.
There will be questions such as:

- When do people usually have parties in your country?
- What makes a good party?
- How important is it to celebrate important events with a group of people?
- Why do some people not enjoy going to parties?
- How do people in your country usually mark the New Year?
- Do you think that festivals or celebrations are over-commercialized or have lost their
original meaning?
The key facts about IELTS Speaking Part 3:

- It is a two-way discussion with the examiner lasting for 4-5 minutes.
- You will be asked more questions about your Part 2 topic.
- It gives you the opportunity to show a greater range of speaking skills.
- The examiner’s questions will encourage you to express your thoughts, feelings and
opinions.
- You will only be assessed on your English language skills, not on the content of what
you actually say.
107
Level of difficulty
Expect some of the questions to be challenging. The purpose of this final part of the
Speaking test is to push you to the limit of your ability. The examiner needs to do this in
order to accurately assess the full extent of your English language skills. You won’t be
expected to give a long talk in answer to each question, but your answers will need to be
longer than in Part 1. You can develop them with explanations and examples.
6 common types of questions

There are 6 common types of questions in Part 3. These aren’t the only possible types,
but most questions will fall into one of these categories.
- Opinion – In these questions you have to share your clear opinion.
- Hypothetical questions - These are about ‘unreal’ or imaginary situations.
- Compare and Contrast – In these type of questions you need to compare.
- Change - Questions about change ask you to talk about the past and the present.
- The Future - You may also get a question asking you to speculate about the future.
- Benefits – These questions could be about the benefits of a particular situation or one
thing over another.
Some key mistakes that lead to a low score in Speaking Part 3

There are 4 key reasons:
- Their answers are too short
- They get stressed over difficult questions
- They don’t listen carefully to the question
- They don’t fully understand the question:
- There are just three things you can ask:
- Can you repeat the question please? (when you want to hear the question again)
- Can you explain what you mean? (when you want the examiner to rephrase the
question)
- Can you explain what the word means please? (when you want the examiner to
explain a specific word)
108
These are the only questions you’re allowed to ask and only do so if
absolutely necessary. Ask no more than two questions in total. Asking the examiner a
couple of questions won’t affect your score but do keep it to two and don’t ask them
anything else.
These are the 30 common topics they cover:
Animals Hometown, Towns & Cities

Architecture & Buildings Media
Art Money
Books Music
Clothes & Fashion People & Relationships
Communication Photographs
Daily routine Plants
Education Shopping
Environment Sport
Family Technology
Film & TV Transportation
Food & Cooking Weather & Seasons
Friends Work
Health Holidays, Travel & Tourism
Hobbies & Leisure Homes & Accommodation
109
Day 14 Topics
1. Reading – Matching Information type
Matching information type

- You will be given a set of 3 to 6 statements.
- You are required to match the information in each statement to matching information
in a paragraph in the reading text.
Strategies/ Steps
Carefully read the instructions.
- Read the statements before you read the text. Take note of the main idea of each
statement and think about possible synonyms that might be used in the passage.
- Skim read the text to get a general understanding of what it’s about. (It will help you if
you quickly identify the main idea of each paragraph and note it in a couple of words
beside the paragraph. Although the main ideas may not be the information you need to
match, doing this will make it quicker to find relevant paragraphs again).
- Return to the statements. Read them again and decide which one you think will be the
easiest to match. Since the answers won’t come in the same order as the order of the
list of statements, it doesn’t matter which you do first. (These criteria may help
determine which statements might be the easiest ones to match. There are names,
numbers, places and dates that will be easy to scan for. There are other key words that
should be easy to spot in the text. Notes you made beside a paragraph of its main idea
match information in one of the statements.)
- Once you’ve selected your statement, scan the text for key words. When you think
you’ve identified the paragraph with matching information, read it in detail to check if
you’re right. Expect synonyms and paraphrasing to be used.
- If you are right and can confirm the match, fill in the answer sheet and cross through
the statement to eliminate it from further consideration. If you’re wrong, continue
scanning for the correct paragraph.
- Repeat this process until you have matched all the statements to paragraphs.
110
Tips
- The answers will not come in the same order in the text as the order of the list of
statements.
- Some paragraphs may not contain an answer.
- A paragraph could contain more than one answer.
- The answer will not necessarily be in the main idea of a paragraph as in ‘matching
headings’ questions. In ‘matching information’ questions, you will be looking for specific
information. Some students confuse these two types of question so be sure that you
know which you are answering.
- Do the other questions on this text first. Each text will have several types of questions
attached to it. If you do the matching information question last, you will have a good
understanding of the passage by the time you get to it. This will make it easier and
quicker to complete.
- Expect lots of synonyms. Be particularly aware of information that can be represented
in words and figures. For example,
½ – a half
15º – fifteen degrees
69% – sixty-nine per cent
- Usually, you’ll find the matching information in a phrase or whole sentence, not in an
individual word.
- Search for the easiest information to match first. This will usually be in a statement
that contains key words that are easy to find in the text such as names, numbers,
places and dates. This way, if time runs short and you’re forced to move on before
completing the question, you’ll at least have picked up the easiest marks rather than
wasting lots of time on a difficult question.
- You can narrow down the match of statement and paragraph by a process of
elimination. For any specific statement, there will be paragraphs that are clearly not a
match.
111
Example Paragraph
A) There are now over 700 million motor vehicles in the world - and the number is rising
by more than 40 million each year. The average distance driven by car users is growing
too - from 8km a day per person in Western Europe in 1965 to 25 km a day in 1995. This
dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems, including environmental
pollution, depletion of oil resources, traffic congestion and safety.
B) While emissions from new cars are far less harmful than they used to be, city streets
and motorways are becoming more crowded than ever, often with older trucks, buses and
taxis which emit excessive levels of smoke and fumes. This concentration of vehicles
makes air quality in urban areas unpleasant and sometimes dangerous to breathe. Even
Moscow has joined the list of capitals afflicted by congestion and traffic fumes. In Mexico
City, vehicle pollution is a major health hazard.
C) Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20km range, the distance
conveniently accessible by horse. Heavy freight could only be carried by water or rail.
Invention of the motor vehicle brought personal mobility to the masses and made rapid
freight delivery possible over a much wider area. In the United Kingdom, about 90 per
cent of inland freight is carried by road. The world cannot revert to the horse-drawn
wagon. Can it avoid being locked into congested and polluting ways of transporting people
and goods?
D) In Europe most cities are still designed for the old modes of transport. Adaptation to
the motor car has involved adding ring roads, one-way systems and parking lots. In the
United States, more land is assigned to car use than to housing. Urban sprawl means that
life without a car is next to impossible. Mass use of motor vehicles has also killed or
injured millions of people. Other social effects have been blamed on the car such as
alienation and aggressive human behaviour.
112
E) A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment found that
car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it
entails - congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion
of oil resources, and so on. Yet cars easily surpass trains or Academic Reading sample
task – Matching information buses as a flexible and convenient mode of personal
transport. It is unrealistic to expect people to give up private cars in favour of mass
transit.
F) Technical solutions can reduce the pollution problem and increase the fuelled efficiency
of engines. But fuel consumption and exhaust emissions depend on which cars are
preferred by customers and how they are driven. Many people buy larger cars than they
need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively. Besides, global car use is
increasing at a faster rate than the improvement in emissions and fuel efficiency which
technology is now making possible.
G) Some argue that the only long-term solution is to design cities and neighborhoods so
that car journeys are not necessary - all essential services being located within walking
distance or easily accessible by public transport. Not only would this save energy and cut
carbon dioxide emissions, it would also enhance the quality of community life, putting the
emphasis on people instead of cars. Good local government is already bringing this about
in some places. But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision – and the
capital – to make such profound changes in modern lifestyles.
H) A more likely scenario seems to be a combination of mass transit systems for travel
into and around cities, with small ‘low emission’ cars for urban use and larger hybrid or
lean burn cars for use elsewhere. Electronically tolled highways might be used to ensure
that drivers pay charges geared to actual road use. Better integration of transport
systems is also highly desirable - and made more feasible by modern computers. But
these are solutions for countries which can afford them. In most developing countries, old
cars and old technologies continue to predominate
113
Questions
Questions 14 – 19 Sample Passage 7 has eight paragraphs labelled A-H. Which

paragraphs contain the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any
letter more than once
14. a comparison of past and present transportation methods

15. how driving habits contribute to road problems
16. the relative merits of cars and public transport
17. the writer’s prediction on future solutions
18. the increasing use of motor vehicles
19. the impact of the car on city development
Answers:
14 C
15 F
16 E
17 H
18 A
19 D
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1. Topic: Family
- Is family important in your country?
- How has the size of the family changed in the last few decades in your country?
- How do you think the family will change in the future?
- What role do grandparents play in the family in your country?
- Who do you think should be responsible for the care of the elderly, the family or the
government?
- Why is the number of joint families decreasing in modern time?
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2. Sports and competitions.

- Why are some sports fans so passionate?
- Is there any violence at sporting events in your country?
- Should athletes be better role models?
- What benefits do international sporting events bring?
- Is it important for a country to win lots of medals?
- The money professional sportsmen earn is significantly higher than that the earning of
other professionals.
- Is it justified?
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Day 15 Topics
1. Reading – Matching Features
Matching features

For feature matching questions, you have to match a list of people’s names to a list of
statements using the information in the text to make the correct matches.
Tips
- The statements will not appear in the same order in the text as they are listed in the
instructions. Neither will the names appear in the same order that they are listed.
- The statements will usually paraphrase information in the text.
- Some of the names might be shortened in the text to an initial and surname, or just
the first name or last name might be used. For example, ‘Gregor Borek’ may be
shortened to ‘G. Borek’, ‘Gregor’ or ‘Borek’.
- It can be helpful to have different coloured pens to underline the different names in the
text.
- Don’t spend too long on any one statement. If you get stuck, move on to the next one.
Come back to it when you’ve eliminated other statements and there are thus fewer to
choose from.
- In some test papers, there will be more statements than there are names and you will
be told in the instructions that you can use a letter (i.e. a name) more than once. This
is the case in the following instructions from a real test paper.
Strategy
- Carefully read the statements and try to understand what they mean. Don’t spend too
long on this but get the general meaning if you can.
- Scan the text for the names and underline them. Do this before reading the text. You'll
find them extra quickly by focusing on the capital letter at the start of the name.
- Some names will appear more than once. Using a different coloured pen for each name
can be helpful. Ignore any names not in the list of answers.
116
- The easiest names to match to a statement will be those that appear only once in the
text. Do these first. This will also quickly eliminate the matching statements from
further consideration thus narrowing the options for the rest of the names.
- The opinion, research findings or theory of the person may be stated either before or
after their name appears so read the section of text around the name to locate it.
- Carefully read the details of their opinion, research findings or theory. As you do so,
think of likely synonyms that might be used in the matching statement.
- Go to the list of statements and look for a match. When you are sure you have the
correct match, fill in your answer and cross through the statement.
- Repeat this process with the rest of the names.
117
Example Paragraph
The Science of Yoga The term yoga comes from the Sanskrit word ‘yuji’ meaning yoke or
union. Yoga is said to unite the mind and body. There are many different forms but all
include physical poses, meditation and breathing exercises intended to bring relaxation
and stress reduction. It’s physical and mental benefits have been lauded for centuries and
now science can back up some of these claims. A number of studies have looked at the
effect of yoga on stress. Research carried out in 2005 by Andreas Michalsen of the
University of Duisburg- Essen in Germany, followed 24 women suffering from emotional
distress on a three-month yoga programme. Findings showed a significant reduction in
their levels of cortisol which is the primary stress hormone. Their levels of anxiety, stress,
fatigue and depression also dropped considerably. A comparable study was carried out in
2007 at the University of South Australia by researcher Caroline Smith, in this case,
comparing the effect of yoga and relaxation on stress and anxiety. Smith’s work with 131
people over a period of 10 weeks showed similar results. In addition, yoga did appear to
provide a comparable improvement in stress, anxiety and health status compared to
relaxation. Another area of health that has been subject to research is heart health.
Scientists at the Department of Physiology, Government College, Nagpur, focused their
research on the effect of yoga on the cardiovascular system in subjects over 40 years old.
The results were encouraging with Vijay Bharshankar reporting that, “participants over 40
years of age who practiced yoga for five years had a lower blood pressure and pulse rate
than those who didn’t”. Other research suggests that making yoga a part of a healthy
lifestyle can actually help to slow the progression of heart disease. A study on 113
patients with heart disease conducted by Dr J. Yogendra of The Yoga Institute, Santacruz,
Mumbai, looked at the effects of a lifestyle change that included one year of yoga training
combined with dietary modifications and stress management. The encouraging results
showed an average decrease in cholesterol of 23% and the progression of heart disease
stopped in 47% of patients. While it was unclear how much of a role yoga had versus
other factors like diet, yoga was shown to reduce stress which is one of the major
contributors to heart disease.
118
Questions
Questions 1–4. Look at the following ideas (Questions 1–4) and the list of researchers
below. Match each idea with the correct researcher, A, B, C or D. Write the correct
letter, A, B C or D, in the boxes 1–4 on your answer sheet.
1. the importance of yoga in decreasing the main hormone linked to stress

2. the advantage of yoga compared to relaxation in decreasing stress and anxiety
3. the significance of yoga in relation to existing cases of heart disease
4. the connection between practicing yoga and improvements in the circulatory system
List of Researchers
A Caroline Smith
B Jayadeva Yogendra
C Andreas Michalsen
D Vijay Bharshankar
Answers
1C
2A
3B
4D
119
1. Topic: Choosing work & Work-Life balance.

- What kinds of jobs do young people not want to do in your country?
- Who is best at advising young people about choosing a job: teachers or parents?
- Is money always the most important thing when choosing a job?
- Do you agree that many people nowadays are under pressure to work longer hours and
take less holiday?
- What is the impact on society of people having a poor work-life balance?
- Could you recommend some effective strategies for governments and employers to
ensure people have a good work-life balance?
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2. Topic: Historic Place.

- How do people in your country feel about protecting historic buildings?
- Do you think an area can benefit from having an interesting historic place locally? In
what way?
- What do you think will happen to historic places or buildings in the future? Why?
- How were you taught history when you were at school?
- Are there other ways people can learn about history, apart from at school? How?
- Do you think history will still be a school subject in the future? Why?
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120
Top 9 IELTS Speaking Tips
1. Commit to Speaking English Every Day
2. Practice Answering IELTS-Style Questions
3. Grow Your Vocabulary
4. Know the Exam
5. Understand What You’ll Be Tested On
6. Know Your Strengths & Weaknesses
7. Practice Identifying Grammatical Structures
8. Focus on Fluency
9. Work on Your Pronunciation
Top Tips for Extra Marks in Your IELTS Speaking Exam

Improving Your Opening Sentence
Use Contractions. Instead of ‘I have seen...’ contract to ‘I’ve’. If you do, you will get a
better score for your pronunciation.
The Speaking Practice Technique

Level 1 – Words
Make your whole day one long IELTS speaking practice by thinking of the English words
for the objects you can see, your activities and the activities going on around you
Level 2 – Sentences
Thinking in words is great when you’re really busy but when you’re not quite so rushed;
try thinking in complete phrases and sentences.
Keep them simple at first until you become more confident.
Level 3 – Narrative (telling a story)
You’ll need a little more time for this one but it can still easily become a part of your
everyday life and here’s why.
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Self Assessment – 3
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Day 16 Topics
1. Understanding Listening Format
2. Speaking Part 3 Practice
IELTS Listening Test Format

The Listening test is the same for both the Academic and General exams. Timing is 30
minutes for answering 40 Questions (plus 10 minutes to transfer the answers to your
answer sheet in case of Paper Based Test). The Listening test is made up of four sections.
In each section, you will listen to a recorded text and then answer a series of questions on
it. The audio will be played only once.
Over the course of the test, you will hear a variety of voices and native-speaker accents
such as British English, Australian, American and Canadian. You may also hear a range of
different regional British accents.
2 points to note:
- There will be 10 questions in each section.
- The questions get harder as you progress through the test.
Skills Assessed
The Listening test is designed to assess your ability to:
- understand main ideas and factual information
- recognise the opinions and attitudes of speakers
- recognise the purpose of the communication
- follow the development of ideas or arguments
Marking Tips
It is important to note that your answers will be marked wrong if:
- Your spelling and grammar is incorrect
- You write the incorrect number of words
For example,
- Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER
- Write ONE WORD ONLY
- Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
124
 Each correct answer is awarded 1 mark.
You’re score out of 40 (raw score) is converted to the corresponding IELTS band scale
level using this conversion table:
Raw Score Band

39-40 9
37-38 8.5
35-36 8
32-34 7.5
30-31 7
26-29 6.5
23-25 6
18-22 5.5
16-17 5
13-15 4.5
11-12 4
125
How to Improve Listening Skills
Strategy1- Listen to a range of things ideally for at least 10-15 minutes,

- Online News Channels (UK, Ireland, US, Canada, New Zealand, Australia & South Africa)
- Podcasts (Stitcher)
- TED Talks
- YouTube
- Online Radio
Strategy 2 – Complete practice tests

Strategy 3 - Identify your weaknesses
Strategy 4 – Practice paraphrasing
Strategy 5 – Practice prediction
Strategy 6 – Understanding connected speech
For Example:
What are you going to do? à Whadya gonna do?
I’m going to read a book. à I’m gonna re dabook.
Come on. Let’s go to the park. à Cmon. Let’s getethe park.
I have to do my homework first. à Ivte dome homework first.
Listening Test Strategies

- Question analysis
- Answer prediction
- Keyword clues
Question Analysis
The listening test contains four recordings. Before listening to each of them you will be
given time (around 20-35 seconds) to read the questions they relate to. Use this time to
analyse the questions, while analyzing the questions, there are 3 key things to note:
- Which section of the test are they in?
- What type of questions are they?
- What sort of information do you need to listen for?
126
Answer Prediction
To predict an answer is to say what type of word you think it will be based on the
evidence you have. That evidence will be in the question clues we’ve just been talking
about and the information in the questions.
Here are some things you may be able to predict

- The type of information required, e.g.
- Name, date, phone number, percentage, price, place name.
- The type of word required, e.g.
- Noun, adjective, verb.
- Synonyms or paraphrasing that might be used, e.g.
- ‘a half’ for ‘50%’, ‘located in the countryside’ for ‘is in a rural area’.
Keyword Clues
The technique is to identify the keywords or phrases in the question because the answers
will very likely be synonyms or paraphrasing of these.
The Four Parts: These are the 4 parts of the IELTS Listening test.
Section 1 – A conversation between two people set in an everyday social context (e.g.
booking tickets to the theatre).
Section 2 – A monologue set in an everyday social context (e.g. a welcome talk for new
college students).
Section 3 – A conversation between up to four people set in an educational or training
context (e.g. a group of students discussing a university assignment).
Section 4 – A monologue on an academic subject (e.g. a lecture on wildlife)
(A monologue is where just one person is speaking.)

(A conversation is where more than one person is speaking.)
127
10 Top Tips for a High Score
- Listen to English every day
- Listen to a range of things
- Improve your vocabulary
- Have a strategy
- Identify your weaknesses
- The introduction
- Signpost language
- Capital letters
- Read the instructions
- Are you ready?
Question types
You will be asked a variety of different types of questions selected from this list. Most
types could appear in any of the four sections of the test.
There are 10 different types of IELTS Listening questions that you could get in your test.
These are:
- Matching
- Multiple choice
- Note completion
- Form completion
- Table completion
- Sentence completion
- Summary completion
- Short answer questions
- Map & plan labelling
- Diagram & flowchart completion
128
Matching
Matching questions are especially common in Section 1 where you're required to listen for
detail in a conversation between two people. You will have to match the items in two lists
of options.
Example Audio
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yKFaEXVH0nGSOP0gZIVPw67GmjQBd0Mb/view?usp=sharing
Questions
Write the correct letter, A, B or C next to questions 21- 25. You may choose any letter
more than once.
Q: What does Jack tell his tutor about each of the following course options?
A. He'll definitely do it.
B. He may or may not do it.
C. He won't do it.
21. Media Studies

22. Women and Power
23. Culture and Society
24. Identity and Popular Culture
25. Introduction to Cultural Theory
Answers:
21. C (He won't do it.)
22. A (He’ll definitely do it.)
23. B (He may or may not do it.)
24. B (He may or may not do it.)
25. C (He won't do it.)
129
Multiple choices
You are required to choose the correct answer from a shortlist (usually 3 words or
phrases). Often the answers will look similar in meaning so you will need to listen very
carefully. Don’t just select the first answer you hear.
Example Audio
https://drive.google.com/file/d/101yyahgJmFQ1LaaENZvrWQnws7L7NoWo/view?usp=sharing
Questions 1-3 Choose THREE letters A-H

What THREE items are you recommended to take with you to the spa?
A. Money
B. Slippers
C. Fruit
D. Towel
E. Ticket
F. Watch
G. Make-up
H. Swimming Costume
Answers
1. C fruit
2. E ticket
3. H swimming costume
130
Note completion
This type of question can take many different forms. It will be a gap fill activity of some
sort where you have to fill in the missing words. This could, for example, be missing
words in a set of notes from a lecture. Pay careful attention to the number of words or
numbers you are allowed to write for the answer.
Example Audio
https://soundcloud.com/user-424094897/national-arts-centre-part-1
Questions 11-16. Complete the notes below

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer
THE NATIONAL ARTS CENTRE
Well known for: 11……………….

Complex Consists of concert rooms
theatres
cinemas
art gallery
public library
restaurants
12………….
Historical Background 1940- area was destroyed by bombs
1960s - Centre was a 13………..
In 14……….. was opened to public
Managed by 15………..
Open 16……….. days per year
Answers:
11. classical music (concerts) 12. (a) bookshop
13. planned1983 14. (the) 1980’s
15. (the) City Council 16. 363
131
Form completion
Form completion questions often come up in Section 1, which is a conversation between
two people, but do appear in other sections too. The most common type is an application
or an order form. It's generally easy to predict what information you'll need to listen out
for. In this sample question, for example, the answers will be a surname, a street name, a
postcode, the type of item ordered and a number for how many items are ordered.
Example Audio:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j6kImk-K9pn4P4HErrDzy_X1jKQ_XUi/view?usp=sharing
Questions 1-8. Complete the form below

Packham’s Shipping Agency - Customer Quotation form
Name: Jacob 1…………

Address to be collected from : 2…….. college, Down lands Rd
Town : Bristol
Postcode: 4…………
Size of the Container :…………...
Height: 5......
Length: 1.5m
Width: 4.........
Contents: clothes
6.
7.
Total estimated value 8 £………...
132
Answers:
1. Mkere
2. Westall
3. BS8 9PU
4. These 3 variations are acceptable:
 0.75 m/metre(s)/meter(s) (wide)

 ¾ m (wide)
 75 cm(s) (wide)
5. These 4 variations are acceptable:
 0.5 m/metre(s)/meter(s) (high/deep)

 half metre/meter (high/deep)
 ½ m (high/deep)
 50 cm(s) (high/deep)
6. These 2 answers can be written in either order:
 (some) books
 (some) toys
7. These 2 answers can be written in either order:
 (some) books
 (some) toys
8. 1,700
133
Day 17 Topics
1. Understanding Listening Format
2. Speaking Part 3 Practice
Table completion
The table will be made up of columns and rows containing information some of which will be
missing. Tables generally categorise information, that is, they group pieces of information
that are related in some way or share the same features.
Example Audio
https://soundcloud.com/user-424094897/national-arts-centre-part-2
Questions 17-20
Complete the table below
Day Time Event Venue Ticket Price
Monday & 7:30PM ‘The Magic Flute’ 17…….. from £8.00

Tuesday (Opera by Mozart)
Wednesday 8PM 18’..........’ Cinema 2 19……..

(Canadian Film)
Saturday & 11AM to10PM 20’.................’ Gallery1 free

Sunday (art exhibition)
Answers:
13 (the) Garden Hall
14 Three Lives
15 £4.50
16 Faces of China
134
Sentence completion
This is a gap fill type question. You must listen to the recording and fill in the missing
words in the sentences to complete them. You may have to add the ending to the
sentences or fill in words within the sentences. Take careful note of how many words you
are allowed to write and do not write more than this or your answer will be marked
‘incorrect’ even if the information you give is correct. Don’t expect to hear the exact
words written in the questions. The speaker will most likely paraphrase the information.
Example Audio
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RFEE3ba1aKqEfhAsNkTJUh6Pnc1Ki7yT/view?usp=sharing
Question 27-30
Complete the sentences below
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer
Studying with the Open University demanded a great deal of 27……… .

Studying and working at the same time improved Racheal’s 28 ……… skills.
It was helpful that the course was structured in 29……… .

She enjoyed meeting other students at 30 …….. .
Answers
27 motivation
28 time(-)management
29 modules
30 summer school(s)
135
Summary completion
You will be given a summary of the recording, typically a monologue on an academic
subject such as a lecture on wildlife. There will be words missing from the summary which
you must fill in. Expect synonyms and paraphrasing to be used extensively.
Example Audio
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cquZpvBKaYLMZrFLYCQePQOujesQso1-/view?usp=sharing
Question
Question 32-36
Complete the summary below
Write ONLY ONE WORD for each answer

Sydney Opera House
Sydney Opera House is famous for its roof’s architecture resembling 32 ………. . The opera
house was designed by Jørn Utzon from Denmark and it was built between 1959 and 33
……………. . .
The roof is covered with more than 1 million roof tiles which were manufactured in 34
……………. . Every evening the roof is lit up in a 35 ……………. spectacle.
The opera house has a variety of performance halls and theatre and exhibition spaces.
More than 36 ……………. shows are staged there every week. Every year, more than 8
million visitors visit this Australian landmark.
Answers
- 32 sails
- 33 1973
- 34 Sweden
- 35 colourful
- 36 40
136
Short answer questions
In this type of question, you must identify specific information about a topic. It’s
particularly common in Section 2 which will be a monologue set in an everyday social
context, for example, a welcome talk for new college students.
Example Audio
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1V16cYprjr0mqd4FXzsfkIY_Xrn-4LXVo/view?usp=sharing
Questions
Answer the questions 1-3 below
Write NO More than Three words and/or A Number for each answer
What time does the park part open?

1.
Which TWO attractions are most popular with visitors?

2.
3.
Name TWO Improvements that are planned for the venue next season?
4.
5.
Answers:
1. 9.30 (a.m./am)
2. (new) boating lake
3. (miniature) steam train
4. (trout) fishing lake
5. (outdoor) trampolines
137
Map & plan labelling
For this type of question, you’ll be given a plan of a building, a map of a specific location
or a diagram of something and must fill in the missing labels. To do well in map and plan
questions, you need to understand the language of location, especially prepositions of
place, and direction.
For example
- Location – where something is in relation to another object or place.
- Direction – the position towards which someone moves or faces.
- Common vocabulary of location: near, in front of, next to, beside, across from,
between
- Common vocabulary of direction: turn right, turn left, go straight on, travel northwest,
go past
Map Vocabulary
Set 1 Set 2 Set 3

- facing - left-hand side - north
- in the middle / centre of - right-hand side - south
- behind - turn right - east
- between - to your right - west
- next to / by - pass through - northeast
- in front of - on the other side - northwest
- corner - beyond - southeast
- go/carry straight on - along - southwest
- beside - opposite - dead end
- same side - bend - junction
- across the road - just past - leads off
- before you get to - alongside - adjoining
138
Example Audio
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uIvl2IlvCGO9lFT7DIlmOEfNdG2relMe/view?usp=sharing
Questions
Label the Plan below: Choose FIVE answers from the box & write the correct letters A-I
next to questions 11-15
Answers:
11………………………
11 H (Reference books)
12………………………
12 G (Periodicals)
13………………………
13 D (Local history collection)
14………………………
14 B (Children’s books)
15………………………
15 F (Multimedia)
139
Diagram & flowchart completion
A flowchart shows the steps of a process. The process will have a start and an end with
several steps in between. It could be about almost anything that can be broken down into
stages, for example, the outline of a lecture or essay, an application process, the stages
of a training course or a short manufacturing process
Diagram completion example audio
https://soundcloud.com/user-424094897/diagram-labelling-float-
project?utm_source=clipboard&utm_campaign=wtshare&utm_medium=widget&utm_content=https%253
A%252F%252Fsoundcloud.com%252Fuser-424094897%252Fdiagram-labelling-float-project
140
Answers:
23 (is) activated
24 (average) (around/about/approximately) 50 kilometres/kilometers
25 All these answer options are correct:
change(s) in temperature
(water/ocean/sea) temperature
(water/ocean/sea) temperature change(s)
temperature of water/ocean/sea
Flowchart completion example audio
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zPRElRD2hES8GlNJLWj28U9UHUeuKfj-/view?usp=sharing
Answers 1-5:
1. client’s/ clients’ needs
2. materials
3. plans
4. contractors
5. clarifying
141
Speaking Mock test
Part 1 (Interview)
– What is your full name?
– Do you work or are you a student?
– What do you do at weekends?
– Do you carry a purse or a wallet?
– Have you ever lost a wallet?
– Let’s talk about relaxation.
– What relaxation techniques do you know?
– Is relaxation important?
– Do you think vacations are a good source of relaxation?
Part 2 (Cue Card)

Talk about a situation when you were not allowed to use a mobile phone. Please say
– When it was
– Where it was
– Why you needed to use a mobile phone
– Explain how you felt about this situation.
Part 3 (Discussion)
– What are the advantages and disadvantages of constant communication through mobile
phones?
– What is the main purpose that people nowadays use mobile phones for?
– Are there any differences between the younger and older generations, regarding their
use of mobile phones?
142
Day 18 Topics
Revision of all 4 modules
Question / Answer and doubt clarification
Dos and Don’ts
First Mock test for Reading and Listening (Home assignment)
Listening
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Reading
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Day 19 Topics
Revision of all 4 modules
Question / Answer and doubt clarification
Speaking Mock test in class
Second Mock test for Writing and Listening (Home assignment)
145
Day 20 Topics
Review of the Mock Tests
Doubt clarification
146
Notes *
147
148

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The Format of the IELTS Writing Test

- Task Achievement – appropriate response to the task

- Writing an appropriate response

Speaking test is designed to assess your ability to:

Here are the key points you need to know:

Writing Task 2 - Write a minimum of 250 words in 40 minutes

There are 5 types of Task 2 essays

Analyze the question

Vocabulary for Your Task 2 Essay

How to write an Introduction

- Paraphrased question - Start your introduction by paraphrasing the questions

How to write Main Body Paragraphs

A good conclusion will:

1. Nowadays we see an increase in social problems involving teenagers. Many people

Speaking Test – Part 1

Structure to answer Part 1 questions

Two typical IELTS problem solution essay questions

The key words and their synonyms used in the questions

Six common errors made in IELTS problem solution essays.

A solution that is proving successful in many areas is park-and-ride schemes. This is

Speaking Test – Part 1 Practice:

Topic - Food and cooking

1. Speaking Part-1 Practice

Speaking Test – Part 1 Practice:

These three errors are common in double question essays.

In conclusion, although zoos do help to safeguard dwindling populations of particular

Academic Training Writing Task 1

 organise, present and possibly compare data

The information will be given in one of the following:

A model report essay structure

Describe a party you have been to.

4 Reasons why people don’t do well in part 2

To develop a structure to your topic you can use below 3 Methods.

Structure of writing Task 1

Structure of the Letter

Paragraph 1: Purpose – the reason for writing the letter

A Letter to Make an Arrangement

Write a letter to your neighbor. In your letter

Dear Mrs. Madhuri,

Write a letter to the manager of the sports centre. In your letter:

Dear Sir/ Madam,

Write a letter to the teacher. In the letter:

Dear Miss Sapna,

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Write a letter to your friend. In your letter:

I really hope to see you soon.

All the best.

Write a letter to the organizer of the summer camp. In your letter:

Write a letter to the hotel manager to make arrangements.

You are organizing a seminar for your company.

Dear Mr. Shiva,

I look forward to receiving your reply.

Method 1 – Using Question Prompts

How to Begin Your Part 2 Talk

The Format of the IELTS Reading Test

Section 2 – two short factual texts related to work, e.g.

- True, false, not given

Raw Score Band

1. Describe a country you would like to visit.

2. Describe a historical place/site you have been to.

True false not given type

Every school 'needs dog as stress-buster'

The University of Buckingham's Ultimate Wellbeing in Education Conference examined