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Genphysics q2 mod3 Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motions

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General Physics 1
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Kepler’s Law of Planetary
Motions, Periodic Motion &
Simple Harmonic Motion

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General Physics 1
Quarter 2 – Module Week 3:
Kepler’s Law of Planetary
Motions, Periodic Motion &
Simple Harmonic Motion

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Physics 1 - Grade12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motions, Periodic Motion & Simple Harmonic Motion!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
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For the learner:

Welcome to the General Physics1 - Grade12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motions, Periodic Motion & Simple Harmonic Motion!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
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What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

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introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
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What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
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What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

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Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

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module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

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this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
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included in the module.
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4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
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If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
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What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the momentum. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course,
but the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.

The module is contained one lesson.

• Lesson 1 – Kepler’s law of Planetary Motions, Periodic Motion and Simple
Harmonic Motion
The most essential learning competencies for this module.
For circular orbits, relate Kepler’s third law of planetary motion to Newton’s law of
gravitation and centripetal acceleration (STEM_GP12G-IIc-22)

Relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period, displacement, velocity,

and acceleration of oscillating systems (STEM_GP12PMIIc-24)

Recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple harmonic motion
(STEM_GP12PMIIc-25)

Calculate the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum, and
physical pendulum (STEM_GP12PMIIc-27)

After going through this module, you are specifically expected to:
1. State the three Kepler’s laws of planetary motions;
2.Relate Kepler’s third law of planetary motion to Newton’s law of gravitation and
centripetal acceleration;
3. Define periodic motion and its characteristics;
4. Relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period, displacement,
velocity, and acceleration of oscillating systems;
5. Recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple harmonic
motion;
6. Illustrate the motion of simple pendulum;
7. Solve word problems associated to Kepler’s law, Periodic Motion and Simple
Harmonic Motion.

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What I Know

Read and analyze each question. Write the letter that corresponds to your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. This law describes the force between any two objects, the force between the two
masses is equal to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the
distance between the masses squared.
a. Universal law of Gravitation c. Law of Equal Areas
b. Law of Periods d. Law of Orbits
2. A mass on a spring undergoes SHM. The maximum displacement from the
equilibrium is called?
a. frequency c. amplitude
b. period d. acceleration
3. In a periodic process, the number of cycles per unit of time is called?
a. period c. amplitude
b. frequency d. velocity
4. This law describes imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center
of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
a. Law of Orbits c. Law of Periods
b. Law of Equal Areas d. Law of Universal Gravitation
5. What is the SI for angular frequency?
a. m/s c. 1/s
b. m/s2 d. rad/s
6. A German astronomer, who developed the laws on planetary motion.
a. Tycho Brahe c. Johannes Kepler
b. Isaac Newton d. Niel Armstrong
7. A simple pendulum has a period of 1 s. What is the length of the string?
a. 1 s c. 2 s
b. 3 s d. 4 s
8. A motion that repeats in equal interval time is called_____.
a. angular frequency c. angular motion
b. periodic motion c. linear motion
9. The frequency per second is equivalent to______.
a. acceleration c. hertz
b. velocity d. vertz
10. This refer to the back and forth periodic motion in which the oscillator passes
from one side of the equilibrium to the other.
a. simple pendulum c. periodic motion
b. simple harmonic motion d. law of motion

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Kepler’s law of Planetary

Lesson
Motions, Periodic Motion
1 and Simple Harmonic
Motion
The Kepler’s Laws on Planetary Motion

Johannes Kepler was a German

astronomer, mathematician, and
astrologer. Kepler developed three laws
of planetary motion based on the data
obtained by his mentor- Tycho Brahe
which described the motion of planets
in a sun-centered solar system.

Johannes Kepler Tycho Brahe

Three Laws of Planetary Motion Developed by Johannes Kepler

1. The Law of Ellipses or Law of

Orbits
This law explains that all planets
in the solar systems move in
eleptical orbits with the sun at
one focus. The elliptical shape of
the orbit is a result of the inverse
square force of gravity. The
eccentricity of the ellipse is greatly
exaggerated here.

Where:
Ra = the radius of the aphelion
Rp = the radius of the perihelion
a = the semi major axis of the ellipse
e = the eccentricity of the ellipse

2. The Law of Equal Areas

This law describes imaginary line drawn
from the center of the sun to the center of
the planet will sweep out equal areas in
equal intervals of time. When the planet is
closer to the sun,

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it moves faster, sweeping through a longer path in a given time.

3. The Law of Periods or Law of Harmonies

This law defined as the squares of the
sidereal periods of the planets are
proportional to the cubes of their
semimajor axes (T2=a3). Where, (T2) is the
period of the orbit, measured in years, and
(a3) is the semimajor axis of the orbit,
measured in Astronomical Units. The
sidereal period of a planet's orbit is the
time that it takes a planet to complete one
orbit around the Sun. This law provides
an accurate description of the period and distance for a planet's orbits about
the sun.
This law suggested that the ratio of the period of orbit squared (T2) to the mean
radius of orbit cubed (R3) is the same value k (k = 2.97 x 10-19 s2/m3) for all
the planets that orbit the sun.
Let us try this…

The orbital period and orbital radius data for the four biggest moons of Jupiter
are listed in the table below. The mass of the planet Jupiter is 1.9 x 1027 kg.
Determine the T2/R3 ratio for Jupiter's moons

Jupiter's Moon Period (y) Radius (m) T2/R3 (y2/m3)

Io 1.53 x 105 4.2 x 108 3.16 x-16
Europa 3.07 x 105 6.7 x 108 3.13 x-16
Ganymede 6.18 x 105 1.1 x 109 2.87x-16
Callisto 1.44 x 106 1.9 x 109 3.02x-16

Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation

What is the force that keeps the Earth going around the Sun?

The gravitational force that attracts two objects. The Universal Law of Gravitation
was developed by Sir Isaac Newton. This law simply defined as the attractive
gravitational force between two objects and separated by distance.
The Universal Law of Gravitation is mathematically expressed as:
𝑮𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟐
𝑭=
𝒅𝟐
Where:
G = the Universal Constant of Gravitation has a value of 6.67x10 -11 N.m2/kg2
M1 = mass of the first object
M2 = mass of the second object
d2 = distance between the two objects

The acceleration is a special case of circular motion is called the centripetal

acceleration. It is always in the direction of the center of the circle. The centripetal
acceleration is mathematically expressed as:

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𝑽𝟐
𝒂𝒄 =
𝑹
Where:
ac = the centripetal acceleration
V2 = speed of the object along its circular path
R = radius of the circle

Let us try this…

1. Calculate the centripetal acceleration of a race car that will turn at a circular
path with a speed of 45 m/s where the radius of the curve is 120 m.

Given: V2 = 45 m/s; R = 120 m

(𝟒𝟓𝒎/𝒔)𝟐
𝒂𝒄 = = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒎
2. Calculate the gravitation force the two identical objects with each mass of 0.35
kg and they are 35 cm apart.
Given: mass = 0.35 kg; d= 35 cm (0.35 m)

𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑵. 𝒎𝟐 /𝒌𝒈𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝒈)(𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝒈)

𝑭= = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝒙−𝟏𝟏 𝑵
(𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎)𝟐
Periodic Motion
A motion that repeats in equal interval time is called a periodic motion. A common
example of this is ticking of a clock.

When a person or an object is in periodic motion, this referred as

oscillator.

➢ Period is a time for one complete cycle.

The right and left swing of a pendulum is period. The
period of the pendulum depends on its length. For
instance, the movement of a pendulum is 0.5 s in the other
side and another 0.5 second when it returns, thus the
period of the pendulum is 1 second.

➢ Frequency is a measurement of how many cycles can happen in a certain

amount of time. It is also the reciprocal of period. If the period of a pendulum
is 3.5 s, what is the frequency?

𝟏
𝒇=
𝒕
Where:

f = the frequency (1/s) is equivalent to Hertz (Hz) named after Heinrich Hertz

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t = the period

So, what is the frequency if the period of pendulum is 5.5 s.?

𝟏
𝒇= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝑯𝒛
𝟑. 𝟓 𝒔
Period is also the reciprocal of frequency; this can be expressed as:
𝟏
𝒕=
𝒇
➢ Amplitude describes the maximum displacement of an oscillator. The
displacement of any vibrating object varies from zero to positive maximum and
from zero to negative maximum. Therefore, amplitude is the maximum
displacement in both directions.

Simple Harmonic Motion

The back and forth motion on a swing is good example of

simple harmonic motion. The repetitive movement of
periodic motion though an equilibrium is simple
harmonic motion. The maximum displacement on one
side of this position is equal to the maximum
displacement on the other side. The time interval of each
complete vibration is the same.

Frequency of an oscillator in SHM is mathematically

expressed as:
𝝎
𝒇=
𝟐𝝅
Where:
f = frequency
ω = angular frequency, rate of oscillation (radians per second (rad/s))

Angular frequency of a spring in SHM can be expressed as:

𝒌
𝝎= √
𝒎

Where:
ω = angular frequency
k = force constant (N/m)
m = mass

Frequency of a spring in SHM can be expressed as:

𝟏 𝒌
𝒇= √
𝟐𝝅 𝒎

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Where:
f = frequency
k = force constant
m = mass

The motion of simple pendulum is also simple harmonic. If the length of a pendulum
in SHS is l, its frequency can be expressed as:
𝟏 𝒈
𝒇= √
𝟐𝝅 𝒍
Where:
f = frequency
g = gravity value
l = length

Let us try this…

1. A harmonic oscillator of unknown mass has a spring with constant force 215 N/m.
It is found to vibrate with a frequency of 10 Hz. Calculate the, a) period b) angular
frequency and c) mass of the oscillator.

Sol’n:
Given: k = 215 N/m, f = 10 Hz or 10/s
1 1
a) 𝑡 = = ( ) = 0.1 s
𝑓 10𝑠

𝜔
b) 𝑓 = rearrange this formula (𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓) = (2) ( ) (10/s) = 62.82 rad/s
2𝜋

𝑘 𝑘 215 𝑁/𝑚
c) 𝜔 = √ = rearrange this formula 𝑚 = = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 0.0545 kg
𝑚 𝜔2 (62.82 𝑠 )2

Simple Pendulum
A simple pendulum is a body suspended to fix support that
moves freely, right swing and left swing under the influence of
gravity. Bob is an object attached to the string.
The period of the pendulum can be expressed in this equation:

𝑳
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√
𝒈

Where:
T = the period of pendulum
L = the length
g = the gravity value

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Let us try this…

1. How long is needed to a pendulum to have a period of 2 s?

Sol’n:

Given: T = 2 s
𝒎
𝑳 𝒈 𝑻𝟐 (𝟗.𝟖 𝟐 ) (𝟐 𝒔)𝟐
𝒔
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ rearranged the formula 𝑳 = = = 1.0 m
𝒈 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝟐

2. Calculate the period of a pendulum if it has a length of 5 m.

Sol’n:

Given: L = 5 m

𝑳 𝟓𝒎
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ =2 √ = 4.49 s
𝒈 𝟗.𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

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What’s In

Complete the last column of the table below. Use another sheet of paper for
your answer.

Planet Period (y) Semi-major axis T2/R3 (y2/m3)

(m)

Mercury 0.241 5.79x1010

Venus 0.615 1.08 x1011

Earth 1 1.50 x1011

Mars 1.88 2.28 x1011

Jupiter 11.9 7.78 x1011

Saturn 29.5 1.43 x1012

Uranus 84 2.87 x1012

Neptune 165 4.50 x1012

Pluto 248 5.90 x1012

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Notes to the Teacher

This learning module will help you understand and master the
concepts of Kepler’s law of Planetary Motions, Periodic Motion and
Simple Harmonic Motion.

What’s New

Answer the following word problems. Show your solutions. Use another sheet
of paper for your answer.

1. A planet Mars has a mass of 6.4x1023 kg and its moon, Phobos has a mass of
9.6x1015 kg. The gravitational force between Mars and Phobos is 4.6x10 15 N. Find
the radius of the orbit between Mars and Phobos.

2. Calculate the force of gravity of the husband and wife, the husband has a mass of
85 kg and the wife has a mass of 65 kg. They are 0.75 m apart.

3. A small sphere has a mass of 0.02 kg and the mass of large sphere is 0.4 kg. The
center distance between the two spheres is 0.03 m. Calculate the gravitational force
on each sphere due to each other.

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What’s More

Answer the following questions. Show your solutions. Use another sheet of
paper for your answer.

1. A spring-mass system has a constant force of 180 N/m. What mass will make it
to vibrate at:

a) 3.0 Hz and

b) 5 Hz?

2. A spring has a force constant of 80 N/m, it vibrates with a frequency of 7 Hz.

Calculate the,

a) period;

b) angular frequency;

c) mass of the spring.

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What I Have Learned

Define the following terms. Use separate sheet of paper for your answer.

1. Law of Orbits

2. Law of Equal Areas

3. Law of Periods

4. Angular Frequency

5. Periodic Motion

6. Simple Harmonic Motion

7.Simple Pendulum

8. Period

9. Amplitude

10. Frequency

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What I Can Do

Answer the following word problems. Show your solutions. Use another sheet
of paper for your answer.

1. A 1.5 m of pendulum is swinging on the planet Jupiter with a period of 3.7 s,

calculate the value of (g) on the planet Jupiter.

2. The swinging pendulum has a period of 4.5 s, find the length of a swinging
pendulum.

3. Calculate the period of simple pendulum in the following lengths.

a. 3.0 m

b. 6.0 m

c. 9.0 m

d. 12.0 m

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Assessment

Read and analyze each question. Choose the letter that corresponds to your
answer. Use separate sheet paper for your answer.

1. Which of the following statements is true about law of orbits?

a. planets move in elliptical c. inner planets move in linear
orbits with the sun at one direction under the influence of
focus. gravity.
b. planets move in skeptical d. inner planets move in circular
direction. motion under the influence of
centripetal acceleration
2. Two objects are attracted to each other by a gravitational force X. If one mass is
doubled and the other is tripled without changing the distance, what is the new
gravitational force between the objects in terms of X?
a. 3 X c. 6 X
b. 4 X d. 12 X
3. In pendulum, the object attached to the string is called_____.
a. cab c. bob
b. dob d. lab
4. This refer to the reciprocal of period.
a. linear motion c. period
b. amplitude d. frequency
5. In a periodic process, the time required to complete one cycle is called?
a. period c. amplitude
b. frequency d. circular motion
6. What is the period if an object vibrates with a frequency of 5 Hz?
a. 5 s c. 0. 4 s
b. 0.2 s d. 2.5 s
7. What is the period of a swinging pendulum if its length is 1.5 m?
a. 2.45 s c. 3.35 s
b. 3.0 s d. 3.15 s
8. What is the gravitational force between the two objects, the smaller object has a
mass of 0.25 kg and the larger object is 0. 55 kg. They are 0.55 m apart?
a. 4.25x10-11 N c. 6. 16 x10-11 N
b. 5.0x10 N-11 d. 3.03x10-11 N
9. What is the angular frequency if an object vibrates with a frequency of 5 Hz?
a. 5 rad/s c. 25 rad/s
b. 31.42 rad/s d. 10 rad/s
10. The swinging pendulum has a period of 3.5 s, what is the frequency of the
pendulum?
a. 0.29/s c. 0.5/s
b. 3.5/s d. 1.5/

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Additional Activities

The Swinging Pendulum

Objective:

Illustrate the motion of simple pendulum

Materials:

1.5 m string

6 large washers
Stop watch

Meter Stick

Procedures:
1. Make a pendulum about 1.5 m long using the string tied at the end of the six
washers

2. Start the pendulum swing and measure the time it takes for 20 complete cycles.
3. Calculate the time for one cycle

4. Calculate (g) using the equation

𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑳
𝒈=
𝑻𝟐
5. Repeat using two other lengths, 1.0 m and 0.5 m

6. Calculate the value of (g)

7. Calculate the percentage error of (g) by comparing the average value of g

experimental to the theoretical value of g which 9.8 m/s 2

Essential questions

1. Is the period affected if the number of waters was increased to nine or 12

washers?

2. Among the measured (g), which is the most accurate among the lengths used?

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What’s in
Planet Period (y) Semi-major axis (m) T2/R3 (y2/m3)
Mercury 0.241 5.79x1010 2.99 x1034
Assessment
1. A Venus 0.615 1.08 x1011 3.00 x1034
2. C
3. C Earth 1 1.50 x1011 2.96 x1034
4. D
5. A Mars 1.88 2.28 x1011 2.98 x1034
6. B
7. A Jupiter 11.9 7.78 x1011 3.01 x1034
8. D
9. B Saturn 29.5 1.43 x1012 2.98 x1034
10. A
Uranus 84 2.87 x1012 2.98 x1034
Neptune 165 4.50 x1012 2.99 x1034
Pluto 248 5.90 x1012 2.99 x1034
What can I What’s more What I What I know What I know
do have
1. a) 0.51 kg 1. A 1. A
learned 2. C
1. 4.33 m/s2 2. C
b) 0.18 kg For the 3. B 3. B
2. 5.03 m 4. B 4. B
2. a) 0.14 s answer
5. D 5. D
3. a) 3.48 s refer to
b) 43.98 rad/s 6. C 6. C
lesson 1
b) 4.92 s 7. C 7. C
c) 0.20 kg 8. B 8. B
c) 6.02 s 9. C 9. C
10. B 10. B
d. 6.95 s
Answer Key
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References
Beiser, A. Concepts of Modern Physics 6th Edition. Mc-Graw-Hill Education.1221
Avenues of America, New York, N.Y. 1003. 2003

Santos, G.N.C. General Physics 1 1st Edition. Rex Book Store, 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr.
St. Manila, Philippines. 2017

Sears, F.W, Zemanky, M.W & Young, H.D. College Physics 7th Edition. Addison-
Wesley Publication Company, Inc. 1992

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