English Assignment

Name: Mandala Putra
Subject: Study English
Study program: Agrotechonologi
DEVELOPING READING SKILLS BY LINDA MARKSTEIN AND LOUISE HIRASAWA
I. MOTHERHOOD IN A CHANGING WORLD: WOMEN IN GHANA
1. Most women in Ghana-the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural,
the young and old—work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their
roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence,
self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.
2. Most of Ghana’s working women are farmers and traders. Only one
woman in five, or even fewer, can be classified as simply housewives. Even
these women often earn money by sewing or by baking and cooking things to
sell. They also maintain vegetable gardens and chicken farms. Indeed, the
woman who depends entirely upon her husband for her support is looked upon
with disfavour.
3. Nine out of ten women fifteen years of age and over are married. Women
say they would like to have six or more children, and in fact an average of
seven children is born to every woman. In short, the normal life pattern for
most Ghanaian women is to combine an active role in the economy with an
active role as wife and mother of a large family.
4. How do these working mothers cope with their multiple responsibilities in

the home and on the job? Traditionally the tasks of motherhood have been
shared. Mothers and sisters, grandmothers and nieces are help to raise the
children and to carry out daily tasks, including housework, trading, and farming
activities. As the family grew, older brothers and sisters also helped to care for
the younger ones and helped in the home.
5. Today with more children going to school, with more people moving away
from their traditional homes where support from their family would be provided,
how can the mother cope with her many responsibilities? Not only she continue
her income-producing activities, but she must take on such heavy, time-
consuming housework as carrying water and firewood, grinding and pounding.
along with her frequent burden of pregnancy, nursing, baby and child care.
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6.Some new ideas are being tried. One of these is family planning to help
reduce family size. Another helpful solution is the day care center, but this is
available mainly in urban areas, and usually the fees are too high for the poor.
Ghanaians realize that more day care centers are needed. Ghana today is
looking for new ways to meet the needs of women and their families so women
can continue to play their multiple roles in the home and in the economy.
Reading Reconstruction: comprehension and restatement of ideas.
Women in the Middle East
In some countries, the problems for women are the opposite of those in Ghana.
In the Middle East, for example, women have traditionally stayed at home. they
were responsible for maintaining the home and did not work. In fact when
women went out in public, they covered their faces and walked behind walked
behind their husbands. Today the pattern of life is changing. Many women want
to take an active role in the economy. However, working reduces their chances
of getting married because many men still want in the traditional way.
A. Analysis the ideas and relationship. Circle the letters next to the
best answer.
1. The main ides of paragraph 1 is that:
a. women in Ghana are lazy
b. women in Ghana work and maintain families
c. most women in Ghana are young
2. In paragraph 1, the words inside the dashes (--) describe:
a. a few of women in Ghana
b. the non-working women
c. most of the women in Ghana
3. The main idea of paragraph 2 is that:
a. one women in five is a housewife
b. some women don’t want to earn money
c. even the non-working women try to earn money
4. According to the last sentence in paragraph 2, what do people in Gahana
prefer?
a. A woman who does not work at all
b. A woman who works
c. A woman who doesn’t marry
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5. Read paragraph 3, then match the number with the questions.
a. How many women are married? 1. 9 out of 10
b. How many children do women want? 2. 15
c. By what age are most women married? 3. 6 or 7
6. Paragraph 4 gives example of:
a. ideas for the future
b. the traditional way of life for mothers
c. the current situation
7. In paragraph 5 : her frequent “her frequent burden of pregnancy….,” how
does the author feel about pregnancy, nursing, and child care?
a. She thinks these are easy tasks
b. She thinks these are easier than housework
c. She thinks these are hard tasks
8. Paragraph 5 gives examples of:
b. the traditional way of life for mothers
9. Paragraph 6 gives examples of:
b. the traditional way of life
10. The author of this article probably agrees that
a. women should continue both their roles
b. women should not work
c. women should stay home with their children
B. True or False
1. Most women in Ghana work. (True)

2. Most people in Ghana disapprove of working women.(True)
3. Housewives never earn any money in Ghana.(False)
4. The average woman in Ghana has seven children.(True)
5. Traditionally, the tasks of motherhood have shared by family
members.(True)
6. Mothers traditionally raised their children without help.(False)
7. Today, many people are moving away from their traditional homes(True)
8. Women now work even harder than before.(False)
9. Most poor women send their children to day care centers.(False)
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10. Ghana wants to help the women continue their multiple roles.(True)
C. Interpretation of words and phrases: Circle the letters next to the

best answer.
1. “ Their reputation is well deserved” means:
a. there are good reasons why they are respected
b. many people do not respect them
c. four out of five women work
2. Their self- reliance is well known.
a. confidence in themselves
b. dependence on other people
c. role as mothers
3. In paragraph 2, “ Even these women…” these refers to:
a. the women classified as housewives
b. the traders
c. most of Ghana’s working women
4. Indeed they are looked upon with disfavour.
a. often
b. only
c. in fact
5. In fact, women have an average of seven children
a. the truth is
b. no one really knows
c. perhaps
6. In short the normal pattern is to work and be a mother too
a. to summarize
b. certainly
c. at last
7. In paragraph 4, “ help care for the younger ones” ones refers to:
a. activities
b. mothers
c. brothers and sisters
8. Housework is a time –consuming burden
a. time – consuming: 1. takes a lot of time
2. takes very little time
3. is not important
b. burden: 1. heavy work
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2. easy job
3. pregnancy
9. Ghana is looking for ways to meet the needs of women and their
families
a. say hello to
b. provide what is needed for
c. give money to
10. Match the following antonyms ( opposite words)
a. self – reliant 1. rural
b. urban 2. separate
c. combine 3. dependent
d. reduce 4. increase
D. synonyms: From this list, choose a synonym for the words in bold
type in each sentence.
can’t read or write to keep method

a city lowered plan
divide merited usual
farm and small town
1. How many people in the world are illiterate?(Can’t read or write)

2. I prefer living in an urban area. (A city)
3. In many countries, the rural population is getting smaller.(Farm in small
town)
4. Mr. Lee’s promotion was well deserved. he works very hard.(Merited)
5. Try to maintain some money in your savings account.(to Keep)
6. It is normal to sleep 7 to 8 hours per night.(usual)
7. I built that bookcase using a pattern I found in a magazine.(Method)
8. The children usually share the housework.(dipidie)
9. Mrs. Ramos reduced her weight by 20 pounds in just three
months.(Flowered)
10. There are several ways to solve the problems (plaid)
E. Special Expressions: Chose a synonym for the word in bold type in

each sentences.
5
Add Consider Rely on
To bring up Depend on Try to find
completed Handle
1. Ghanaians look upon a non-working mother with disfavour. (to bring up)
2. Women depend upon their families to help with housework.(Depend on)
3. Can you cope with your job, family responsibilities, and
school?(completed)
4. Peter carried out the teacher’s instructions carefully.(Hended)
5. If I take on any more projects, I won’t have time to study.(Try to find)
6. I am looking for a new job.(Rely on)
7. You can always count on Freddie to help you. (Add)
8. It takes a lot of work to raise children.( Consider)
II. U.S CITIES PAST AND PRESENT
1. The problems of the nation’s cities – pollution, crime, riots, a lack of

planning, transportation – are bad, but they were worse in the so-called “good
old days,” according to Dr. Charles Adrian. He gives pollution from automobiles
as one example. He agrees that it that it may be bad now, but he states that
there was a lot of pollution from horses and other animals in American cities in
the 19th century.
2. “Most cities had their own slaughterhouses where cows and pigs were
killed a century ago. They were careless about throwing out the remains of the
animals and that sort of thing.” he said. “And the sewer system for waste
disposal was almost non-existent.”
3. Some of the problems that bothered people living in the cities during
that period are still with us-- poor planning, problems in low—income
neighbour-hoods, police relations, and public transportation.
4. “ Pollution was a very important problem for city governments in the last
century, particularly with regard to water supplies,” Dr. Adrian said. “They had
some idea that water could be polluted, but they didn’t know how. Trying to get
pure water was a big problem.”
5. “People like to talk about the good old days, but, actually, the cities of the
19 century were dirty and, in many ways, filthier than today. Communicable
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disease was a great concern. There was still smallpox and also yellow fever,
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malaria, cholera and typhoid. The infant death rate was high, and there were
other danger as well.”
6. “It is true that people were not being killed by cars. However, they often
were killed or seriously injured by runaway horses. It was quite common, “ Dr.
Adrian said.
7. Crime was a great concern then too, according to Dr. Adrian. “ Mugging
wasn’t as common then,” he said, “ but it did exist, Pickpockets were very
skilled, too. Also, from the 1830’s on, there were a lot of summer ghetto riots.
That wasn’t just something from the 1960’s. There were several causes, but
basically, it was because many people moved to the cities from rural areas.”
8. Planning of cities and their neighbour-hoods was controlled by land

speculators and real estate developers who were only interested in making
money.
9. Finally, Dr. Adrian thinks that the situations and problems facing American
cities have not changed so much, and he suggests that we look back at the past
and try to learn from it.
The Good old Days
People like think that life was better in the past. The air was cleaner, the water
was purer, people were friendlier, life was safer and, certainly, it was cheaper.
But were the good old days really so good? Probably not. Many of today’s
problems existed in the past, and there were other problems then that we
rarely face today. For example, many contagious diseases are under control
now. It is safe to say that life has always had its problems. They existed in the
past, they exist in the present and certainly, they will exist in the future. But, in
the future, just remember we can look back and talk about the good old days!
A. True or False
1. The problem of our cities are worse now than they were a hundred
years ago.(True)
2. Automobile was worse a hundred years ago.(False)
3. Pollution began in the 20th century.(False)
4. Nineteenth century water was better than 19 th century.(True)
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5. Nineteenth century water was better than 20 th century water because
they didn’t put so many chemicals in it.(True)
6. There are more contagious diseases now than there were a hundred
years ago.(True)
7. Many people were killed or injured by horses.(True)
8. Crime was not a big problem in the past.(False)
9. City planning and development used to be much better than it is
now.(True)
10. Problems and situations of cities in the past were generally quite
different from those facing cities in the present.(True)
B. Analysis of ideas and relationships: Circle the letter next to the

best answer.
1. The main idea of this article is:
a. cities are terrible places to live.
b. things used to be better in the good old days
c. cities were worse in the past than they are now.
2. The second sentence in paragraph 1:
a. is an example supporting the main idea.
b. is the main idea
c. is not related
3. Paragraph 2:
a. gives another example of how cities were worse in the past.
b. gives an example of how cities are worse now.
c. has nothing to do with whether cities were better or worse in the
past.
4. Paragraph 3:
a. list problems that no longer exist.
b. list problems that exist now but did not exist a hundred years ago.
c. list problems that existed in the past and continue to exist in the
present.
5. Paragraph 4 and 5:
a. give more examples of how cities used to be worse than they are
today
b. deal with water pollution
c. deal with the infant death rate
6. Put the following statements into logical order. Then refer to paragraph
6 to check your work.
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a. “ However, they were killed or seriously injured by runaway
horses.”
b. “It is true that people were not being killed by cars.”
c. “It was quite common.”
7. “Crime was a great concern then too “ (Paragraph 7 ). This suggests
that:
a. crime continues to be a great concern
b. crime is no longer a great concern
c. crime was a great concern of the past only
8. Paragraph 7 gives examples of problems that:
a. occurred in the past but do not occur now
b. occurred in the past and continue to occur in the present
c. occurred in the present but did not occur in the past
9. From this article, I would say that Dr. Adrian:
a. is a pessimist. He believes that things are getting worse
b. is an optimist. he believes that things are getting better or at least
that they can get better
10. Which statement would you expect Dr. Adrian to make?
a. “Let’s look at the past and try to learn from it”
b. “Forget the past. Look to the future”
c. “ Cities are for the dogs.”
C. Interpretation of words and Phrases. Circle the letter next to the

best answer
1. Dr. Adrian gives pollution as one example of how things were worse in the
old days.
a. mention
b. hands over
c. receives
2. Dr. Adrian said that slaughter houses were careless about throwing out the
remains of animals.
a. tossing
b. getting rid of
c. keeping
3. Some of the problems that used to bother people in cities are still with us.
a. continue to exist
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b. belong to us
c. are quite in our presence
4. People had some idea that water could be polluted
a. understood clearly
b. understood vaguely
c. didn’t understand
5. Actually, the cities of the 19th century were dirty.
a. as a matter of fact
b. at the present time
c. now
6. It was quite common for people to be killed or seriously injured by runaway
horses
a. unusual
b. not at all unusual
c. in bad taste
7. Crime was a great concern then too
a. a big problem
b. a successful business
c. well developed
8. Summer ghetto riots weren’t just something from the 1960’s
a. occurred for the first time in the 1960’s
b. occurred only in the 1960’s
c. occurred at other times besides the 1960’s
9. Basically, the riots were caused by many people moving into the cities.
a. in general
b. in other words
c. first of all
10. People moved into the cities from rural areas.
a. other countries
b. the country and small town
c. the suburb
D. Synonyms: from the list, choose a synonym for the words in bold
type in each sentence
Were probably not Leftover parts Did not exist

Also Extremely dirty Especially
Hurt contagious Disturbed
Says
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1. Dr. Adrian states that cities were worse in the past (Says)
2. One of the problems was that slaughterhouses were very careless in
getting rid the remain of animals ( Contagios)
3. Sewer system were non-existent (Did not exist)
4. In general, the cities were filthy (Extremely dirty)
5. As a result of the pollution, there were many communicable
diseases.(Contagios)
6. There were other dangers as well (Also)
7. many people were seriously injured by runaway horses (Hurt)
8. This problem was particularly serious then (Also)
9. Many problems that bothered people then continue to exist today
(Disturbed)
10. In general, the so-called good old days may not have been so good
(Were probably not)
III. ORDINARY ASPIRIN IS TRULY A WONDER DRUG
1. Americans this year will swallow 15.000 tons of aspirin, one of the
safest and most effective drugs invented by man. The most popular medicine
in the world today, it is an effective pain reliever. Its bad effects are
relatively mild and it is cheap.
2. For millions of people suffering from arthritis, it is the only thing

that works. Aspirin, in short, in short it is truly the 20th century wonder drug.
It is also the second larger suicide and is the leading cause of poisoning
among children> It has side effects that, although relatively mild, are
largerly unrecognized among users.
3. Although aspirin was first sold by a German company in 1999. It

has been around much longer than that Hippocrates, in ancient Greece,
understood the medical value of the leaves and the tree bark which today
are known to contain salicylates, the chemical in aspirin. During the 19th
century, there was a great deal of experimentation in Europe with this
chemical, and it led to the introduction of aspirin. By 1915, aspirin tablets
were available in the United States.
4. A small quantity of aspirin (two five-grain tablets) relieves pain and

inflammation. It is also reduces fever by interfering with some of the body’s
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reactions. Specifically aspirin in seems to slow down the formation of the
acids involved in pain and the complex chemical reactions that cause fever.
The chemistry of these acids is not fully understood, but the slowing effect of
aspirin is well known.
5. Aspirin is very irritating to the stomach lining, and many aspirin

takers complain about upset stomach. There is a right way a wrong way to
take aspirin. The best way is to chew the tablets before swallowing them
with water, but few people can stand the bitter taste. Some people suggest
crushing the tablets in milk or orange juice and drinking that.
Side Effects of Medicine
Many people suffer from a cold or cough in winter. There are many popular
drugs available which can give you some relief. However, they may also
cause some side effects. Specifically, they may make you feel sleepy and
slow down your reactions. This could interfere with your ability to work or
drive safely. Some people complain that those medicines irritate their
stomach too. Doctors suggest that you read the directions carefully before
swallowing any medicine.
A. Analysis of Ideas and relationships.
1. This article discusses:

a. only the good things about aspirin
b. only the bad things about aspirin
c. both the good and bad things about aspirin
2. Paragraph 1 describes:
a. what aspirin is made of
b. the good things about aspirin
c. the bad things about aspirin
3. The information in paragraph 2 shows that
a. aspirin can be dangerous
b. aspirin is always safe
c. aspirin has been around a long time
4. Paragraph 3 describes the _______ of aspirin
a. value
b. uses
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c. history
5. In paragraph 3, what are salicitates?
a. Leaves and tree bark
b. The chemical in aspirin
c. Aspirin tablets
a. how aspirin works in the body
b. the side effects of aspirin
c. how to take aspirin
7. Aspirin seems to ___ _ A______ the reaction that ___ _ B______ fever
(Choose one word from each group)
A: speed up – slow down – stop
B: cause – stop – understood
a. experimentation with aspirin
b. how aspirin works in the body
c. how to take aspirin
9. The author of this article seems to be
a. in favour of aspirin
b. against the use of aspirin
c. not interested in aspirin
10. A good title for this article would be:
a. Aspirin: The Most Popular Medicine in the world
b. Why I Take Aspirin
c. The Side Effects of Aspirin
B. True or False
1. Aspirin is one of the safest drugs invented by man.

2. This article states that aspirin is the only pain reliever that works for
arthritis.
3. Aspirin is the leading cause of poisoning among children.
4. The side effects of aspirin are quite serious.
5. The chemical in aspirin has been used for less than 100 years.
6. The ancient Greeks understood the value of aspirin
7. Aspirin interferes with some of the body’s reactions
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8. Aspirin speeds up the formation of acids that cause pain
9. Scientists do not completely understand how aspirin works
10. You should swallow aspirin tablets whole
C. Interpretation of Word phrases.

1. In paragraph 1, “ it is an effective pain reliever,”. It refers to:
a. pain reliever
b. drug
c. aspirin
2. Aspirin interferes with some of the body’s functions.
a. helps
b. increases
c. disturbs
3. Its side effects are relatively mild
a. other, additional effects
b. main effects
c. unimportant effects
4. Aspirin has been around for many years
a. has existed
b. has been used in many countries
c. has been effective
5. There was a great deal of experimentation with aspirin
a. important
b. a little
c. a lot of
6. “Aspirin seems to slow down the formation of acids” means:
a. the acids develop more quickly than usual
b. the acids develop more slowly than usual
c. the acids stop developing completely
7. These acids are involved in pain
a. related to
b. not related to
c. different from
8. Aspirin gives me an upset stomach
a. a full stomach
b. a pain in the stomach
c. relief in the stomach
9. match these antonyms (opposite words)
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a. safe 1. relieve
b. suffer 2. increase
c. a great deal 3. speed up
d. reduce 4. dangerous
e. slow down 5. few
10. In the last sentence of paragraph 5, “ some people suggest drinking that.”
that refers to:
a. aspirin swallowed with water
b. aspirin crushed in milk or oranges juice
c. the right way to take aspirin
D. Synonyms: Choose a synonym for the words in bold type in each

sentence.
Amount Includes Result

Brought about Obtainable Tolerate
Development Response usefulness
exactly
1. What is the medical value of aspirin?

2. Aspirin contain chemicals that reduce pain.
3. What is the effect of taking too much aspirin?
4. Some fruits are available only during the summer.
5. A small quantity of aspirin relieves pain.
6. If you have a bad reaction to the medicine, stop taking it.
7. What, specifically, do you mean?
8. The formation of a child character depends a lot of parents.
9. His marriage caused a change in his life.
10. Sometimes the pain is so bad I can’t stand it!
IV. THE CRIME OF THE MONTH
1. Crime has its own cycles, a magazine reported some years ago. Police
records that were studied for five years from over 2,400 cities and towns show
a surprising link between changes in the season and crime patterns.
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2. The pattern of crime has varied very little over a long period of years.
Murder reaches its high during July and August, as do rape and other violent
attacks. Murder, moreover, is more than seasonal: it is a weekend crime, It is
also a night time crime: 62 percent of murders are committed between 6 p.m.
and 6 a.m.
3. Unlike the summer high crimes of bodily harm, burglary has a different
cycle. You are most likely to be robbed between 6 p.m. and 2 a.m. on a
Saturday night in December, January, or February. the most uncriminal month
of all? may –except for one strange statistic. More dog bites are reported in this
month than in any other month of the year.
4.Apparently our intellectual seasonal tendencies. Professor Huntington, of the

Foundation for the study of Cycles, made extensive studies to discover the
seasons when people read serious books, attend scientific meetings, make the
highest scores on examinations, and propose the most changes to patterns. In
all instances, he found a spring peak and an autumn peak separated by a
summer low. on the other hand, Professor Huntington;s studies indicated that
June is the peak month for suicide and admissions to mental hospitals. June is
also a peak month for marriages!.
5. Possibly, soaring thermometers and high humidity bring on our strange

and terrifying summer actions, but police officials are not sure. “There is, of
course, no proof of a connection between humidity and murder.” they say.
“Why murder’s high time should come in the summertime we really don’t
know.”
Reading Reconstruction:
Creativity Cycles
What are our intellectual cycles like? When are most creative? Some reporters
looked at daily and monthly records kept by many famous such a Goethe, Victor
Hugo, Mozart, and Charles Darwin. These studies indicated that great artists,
writers, musicians, and scientists tend to have peaks of creativity every 7, 6
months, followed by a low period. Moreover, the studies propose that high
points of creativity come in a longer seven-year pattern. Sigmund Freud
believed that his best work came in seven-year cycles. Possibly, we all have
high points and low points in our creative cycles. this may be the reason why
we have “good days” or “ bad days” at work, or do well or poorly on an exam.
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A. Analysis of ideas and Relationships.
1. The main idea of paragraph 1 is :
a. There is a link between changes in the seasons and crime patterns
b. crime is not linked to the changes in season
c. 2.400 towns were studied for five years.
2. The subject of paragraph 2 is:
a. murder
b. summer crime
c. burglary
3. According to paragraph 2, a murder would most likely occur:
a. on a weekend night in winter
b. on a weekday afternoon in summer
c. on a weekend night in summer
4. According to paragraph 2 “it is a night time crime,” It refers to:
a. 62 percent
b. weekend crime
c. murder
5. In paragraph 3, what is the one strange statistic for May?
a. There are more robberies in May
b. There are more dog bites in May
c. There is the most crime in May
6. In paragraph 4, a graph for our intellectual cycles might look like this.
(winter spring summer autums)
a.
W Sp Su A
b.
W Sp Su A
c.
W Sp Su A
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7. In paragraph 4, sentence 2 gives examples of:
a. criminal tendencies
b. summer low
c. intellectual activities
8. In paragraph 4, why is there an examination point (!) after the last
sentence?
a. Because the author is surprised that so many people marry in June
b. Because the author is surprised that the marriage peak occurs in
the same month as the suicides and mental hospital peak.
c. Because the author doesn’t understand why the peak for suicides
and marriage is in the same month.
9. The information in paragraph 5 says.
a. there may be a connection between murder and hot weather.
b. there may be a definite connection between murder and hot
weather.
c. there is no connection between murder and hot weather.
10. A good title for this article would be
a. A Time for Murder
b. Summer Crimes
c. Crime Cycles throughout the Year
B. True or False
1. Crime has its own cycles.
2. There a connection between changes in the season and crime patterns.
3. Murder reaches its high during December.
4. Burglary occurs mostly in the daytime
5. The smallest number of crimes are committed in May.
6. Our intellectual cycles are the same as our criminal cycles.
7. People read the most serious books in spring and autumn.
8. June is the peak month for marriage and suicide.
9. High humidity definitely causes murder.
10. Police are not sure why there are more murders in the summer.
C. Interpretation of Words and Phrases
1. “Murder reaches a high during July, as other violent attacks” means:
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a. only murder reaches a high
b. only violent attacks reach a high
c. both murder and other violent attacks reach a high
2. Murder moreover, is a weekend crime
a. only
b. rarely
c. also
3. Unlike the summer high in crimes of bodily harm, burglary occurs in the
winter
a. if you don’t like
b. the same as
c. different from
4. You are most likely to be robbed on Saturday night in winter.
a. will find it pleasant to be
b. will never be
c. have the greatest possibility of being
5. May is the most uncriminal month except for one statistic.
a. including
b. leaving out
c. especially
6. Apparently our intellectual cycles are different.
a. evidently
b. surprisingly
c. unfortunately
7. In all instances, he found a summer peak and an autumn peak.
a. every time
b. rarely
c. never
8. On the other hand, June is the peak month for suicide
a. similarly
b. in contrast
c. rarely
9. Possibly soaring thermometers bring on our strange summer actions.
a. possibly: b. bring on:
1. perhaps 1. carry
2. definitely 2. cause
3. easily finish
10. Of course, there is no proof of the connection.
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a. strangely
b. perhaps
c. naturally
D. Synonyms:
A lot of Flew high Showed

Changes Frightening Trend
Connection High point
files patterns
1. The crime cycles change in each month

2. The department store keeps records all its customers
3. Is there a link between hot weather and murder?
4. The weather varies from month to month
5. There is a tendency these days for more people to go to college
6. Mr. Schneider has extensive experience in repairing cars
7. Mr. Albert reached the peak of his career when he became president of
the company.
8. The report indicated that more robberies occur in the winter.
9. The bird soared up into the sky
10. The monster movie was terrifying!
E. Graph Reading: Using the graphs and answer the question
ANNUAL CYCLES OF CRIME

1. VIOLENT ATTACK
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
+50%
+40%
+30%
+20%
+10%
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
-50%
Arrow point to annual average
2. AUTO THEFT
20
+50%
+40%
+30%
+20%
+10%
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
-50%
3. BURGLARY
+50%
+40%
+30%
+20%
+10%
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
-50%
4. MURDER
+50%
+40%
+30%
+20%
+10%
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
-50%
5. ACCIDENTAL KILLING
+50%
+40%
+30%
+20%
+10%
-10%
21
-20%
-30%
-40%
-50%
6. RAPE
+50%
+40%
+30%
+20%
+10%
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
-50%
1. These graphs include:

a. how many crimes were committed during the year
b. the seriousness of various crimes
c. the pattern of crime during the year
2. In each graph, what does the arrow indicate?
a. The annual (yearly) average point for each crime
b. The peak for each crime
c. The cycle for each crime
3. Compare BURGLARY and AUTO THEFT.
a. The pattern are similar
b. The patterns are quite different
c. There more auto theft than burglaries during the year
4. In what month are most murders commited?
a. February
b. July
c. August
5. What crimes reach their peak in July.
a. Violent attack, murder, auto theft
b. Violent attack, murder, rape
c. Violent attack, murder, burglary
6. In July, ACCIDENTAL KILLING reached a:
a. peak
22
b. low
c. average
7. In February, BURGLARY is:
a. exactly average
b. 15 percent below average
c. 15 percent above average
8. The graph with the greatest difference between its peak and low point is:
a. rape
b. accidental killing
c. auto theft
9. Match the low point with the crime.
a. rape 1. March
b. violent attack 2. January
c. auto theft 3. July
V. REVIEW 1
A. WORD FORMS : Choose the appropriate word in the bracket:

1. Could you please do me a (favour - favourite).
2. He ( frequent – frequently ) stays out all night.
3. Try to act in a ( responsibility – responsible) manner if you want the job.
4. Did you ever ( life – live ) in Casablanca?
5. Are you A ( support – supporter ) of the political group.
6. She got home ( safe – safely ) according to her letter.
7. Do you remember who ( invention – invented ) the telephone?
8. The Beatles were one of the most ( popularity – popular ) musical groups
in history.
9. If you don’t agree, please (suggest – suggestion ) something else.
10. Igor never ( full – fully ) understood what his boss was trying to say.
11. ( crime – criminal) has always been a serious problem.
12. You may present your ( proposal – propose) now.
13. I thought very ( high – highly ) of her after that.
14. Then again, he may be ( completion – completely ).
15. It is a good plan, but it needs ( extended, extensive ) changes.
16. In many ways, she was a very ( strange, stranger ) person.
17. Please ( reporter – report ) to us on the accident.
23
18. The mayor of the city ( office – officiate ) at the ceremony next Tuesday.
19. ( Pollution – polluted ) is a major problem.
20. That product was ( nation – nationally ) advertised on TV.
21. Don’t you recognize him? He’s the ( governor – government ) California.
22. He is usually an ( agree – agreeable) person.
23. The truck was going ( danger – dangerously) fast down the mountain
road.
24. I don’t ( care – careful ) what you do, but please do something.
25. I never understand their ( relation – relation).
B. Synonyms
Cannot read or write special Disturbed The countryside

Worth Reason for highpoint A lot of
Result Cities
1. Extensive research has been conducted on crime patterns.

2. Can you explain the cause of this problem
3. What was the effect of the medicine?
4. and 5 Problems in urban areas are not the same as those in rural areas.
5. It was the peak of the opera season
6. I am bothered by the increase in crime
7. 90 percent of the people in that country are illiterate
8. There was no particular reason to go out, so he stayed home
9. What is the value of this diamond ring?
C. WORD FORMS
1. help, helper, to help, helpful, helpless, helpfully, helplessly

1) Can you ___________me carry this chair?
2) I need a ___________ to carry it.
3) You have been very _________. Thank you.
4) The Child felt __________ when he got lost
5) The old woman needed ___________ to cross the busy street
6) The two boys acted ____________ by stopping the cars for the old
woman
7) The family looked on ___________ as their house burned down.
2. care, to care, careful, careless, carefully, carelessly
24
1) He dressed very _________ before he went out to dinner
2) Be __________ if you are walking alone at night
3) But did she really ___________about him?
4) This box is full of glass object. Handle it with _________
5) He knew better, but he was tired, and he made a _________ mistake.
6) She dropped a lighted cigarette on the rug _______
3. office, officer, official, to officiate, official, officially

1) The mayor _________at the Labor Day ceremony every year.
2) The mayor is an elected _________
3) His ___________ is in City Hall.
4) What is the _________ language in India?
5) _________ , the language is Hindi, but many other language are spoken.
6) _________, what do you mean? I wasn’t speeding.
VI. TIPS ON DOING BUSINESS WITH THE ARABS
[ Business between the Middle East and the West has grown
tremendously in the last twenty years. Cultural differences sometimes
cause problems in carrying out business transactions. This article gives
suggestions to Western businessmen and salesmen who do business in
the Arab world. It is intended to help them understand polite customs and
practices in the Middle East]
1. Arab consider it extremely bad manners to start talking business

immediately. Even the busiest government official or executive always takes
extra time to be polite and offer refreshments. No matter how busy you are,
you should make time for this hospitality.
2. The “conference visit” is a way of doing business throughout the Arab

world . Frequently you will have to discuss your business in the presence of
strangers, who may or may not have anything to do with your
25
business. Do not be surprise if your meeting is interrupted several times by
people who come into the room unannounced, whisper, or speak softly to the
person with whom you are talking, and leave. Act as though you do not hear,
and never show displeasure at being interrupted.
3. Making decision quickly is not the Arab custom. There is a vagueness in

doing business in the Middle East which will puzzle a newcomer. Give yourself
lots of time and ask lots of questions.
4. Patience is an important quality. You may have to wait two or three days
to see high-level government officials as they are very busy. Give yourself
enough time.
5. Personal relationships are very important. They are the key to doing
business in Arab countries. Try to identify the decision-maker regarding your
product or service immediately and get to know him on a friendly basis. Do your
homework Be prepared to discuss details of your product or proposal. Be ready
to answer technical question.
6. Familiarize yourself with the Moslem and national holidays. Avoid a visit
during Ramadan, the Moslem month of fasting. Most Arab countries have a six-
day workweek from Saturday through Thursday. When matched with the
Monday to Friday practice in most Western countries, it leaves only three and a
half workdays shared. Remember this in planning your appointment. Some are
strict about the religion’s prohibition against alcoholic beverages. If you are not
sure, wait for your host to suggest the proper thing to drink.
7. When an Arab says yes, he may mean ”maybe.” When he says maybe, he
probably means “no.” You will seldom get a direct “no” from an Arab because it
considered impolite. Also, he does not want to close his options, instead of “no,”
he will say “inshaallah,” which means, “if God is willing.” On the other hand,
“yes” does not necessarily mean “yes.” A smile and a slow nod might seem like
an agreement, but in fact, your host is being polite. An Arab considers it
impolite to disagree with a guest.
Doing Business in the United States
When you have a business meeting in the United States, come to the
appointment on time. Americans consider it extremely bad manners to be late.
26
You may be offered coffee. and then you should immediately announce the
reason for your visit. It is important to speak directly and clearly about your
subject. Be prepared to discuss details and be ready to answer questions. If
your host disagrees with you, he will say so, and you may disagree with him
too—politely, of course!
A. Analysis of Ideas and Relationships:
1. The main purpose of this article is to explain:

a. why you need extra time when you visit Arab countries.
b. how to be polite when doing business in the Arab world.
c. why Arab official are so busy
2. In paragraph 4 “give yourself enough time” refers to:
a. having patience
b. being a busy official
c. being important
3. Paragraph 5 discusses, in general.
a. personal relationships
b. decision makers
c. technical questions
4. There is a ____A____ in doing business which will ____B___ newcomer.
(Choose word from each group)
A. clarity – decision – vagueness – meeting
B. puzzle – offer --- avoid -- interrupt
5. According to paragraph 6, wht is Ramadan?.
a. The six-day workweek
b. A good month to visit Arabic countries
c. The Moslem month of fasting
6. “Some are strict about the religion’s prohibition against alcohol
beverages.” According to this sentence, in the Moslem religion a person
………….. drink alcohol.
a. should
b. shouldn’t
7. In general, paragraph 7 explains why:
a. “yes” may mean “maybe”
b. an Arab may give you a vague answer
c. you need lots of time to do business.
27
8. According to this article, would the following be considered polite ?
a. You leave angrily because of interruptions
b. You look out the window while a stranger comes in to speak with
your host.
c. You demand an immediate decision
d. You refuse a cup of tea and show pictures of your product right away
9. Why are so many sentences in this article in the imperative (command)?.
a. Because the author is giving you instruction.
b. Because the author likes these customs very much.
c. Because the author thinks you already know about these customs
10. The author of this article has probably:
a. never met any Arabs
b. worked in the Arab world
c. had bad experiences in the Arab world
B. True or False
1. Arab start talking business right away.

2. Even busy officials will take extra time for some refreshments.
3. Frequently strangers will interrupt your meeting.
4. You should show displeasure when you are interrupted.
5. Personal relationships are the key to doing business in the Arab world.
6. When you meet an official, be vague and do not discuss details.
7. Plan your appointments for any day of the week.
8. The workweek in Arab countries is different from most Western
workweeks.
9. When an Arab says yes, he may mean “maybe”
10. An Arab considers it impolite to disagree with a guest.
C. Interpretation of Words and Phrases.

1. No matter how busy you are, take some time to be polite
a. do not talk about
b. it makes no difference
c. first af all tell them
2. Make time for some hospitality.
a. sickness
b. generosity to guest
c. serious business talk
3. You might have a conference visit.
28
a. a meeting where many people take part in the discussion.
b. a meeting where strangers who have nothing to do with your
business.
c. a meeting with strangers.
4. You will have to discuss business in the presence of strangers.
a. without
b. by giving presents to
c. in front of
5. People may come in and speak softly to the person.
a. in a serious way
b. in a low voice
c. hesitantly
6. Personal relationships are the key to doing business means that
personal relationships are:
a. the most important thing
b. difficult to develop
c. one of the many items to consider
7. In paragraph 6 , What working days are shared?
a. Monday – Tuesday – Wednesday – Thursday
b. Saturday – Sunday -- Monday – Tuesday
c. Tuesday – Wednesday – Thursday – Friday
8. Read the paragraph 6, “Some are strict…” some refers to:
a. Moslems
b. Westerners
c. religion
9. When Arab says yes, he may mean “ maybe” means:
a. he definitely means maybe
b. he could mean yes or maybe
c. he definitely means no
10. He does not want to close his options
a. limit his choices
b. change the topic
c. get too close to you
D. Synonyms
Anger One essential point Specific information

Behave Prepare Think about
Confuse specialized Very
29
correct
1. Consider all the possibilities before you make a decision

2. It gets extremely hot in the Middle East in the summer
3. Do your children always act politely or are they sometimes noughty?
4. Her eyes filled with displeasure when she heard that she couldn’t have
the money.
5. All the different customs in the United States puzzle me.
6. The key to learning English is to practice as much as possible
7. Can you tell me the details of how this machine works?
8. Mr. Abramov’s job in the computer company requires technical
knowledge.
9. Mrs. Wong showed me the proper way to hold chopsticks.
10. Call me when you are ready to go.
E. Antonyms: Circle the word that completes the sentences

correctly.
1. I can’t talk to you now. Let’s talk ( immediately – later )

2. Mr Delgado ( starts – finishes ) work at 9 a.m and ( start – finishes ) at 5
p.m. every day.
3. I ( frequently – rarely ) go to the movies because I’m too busy doing
other things.
4. The law in this city are very ( strict – flexible ), so be careful!
5. Laura married Peter even though her father said he would ( prohibit her
from coming – permit her to come ) home again if she did.
6. In my house, I like to be a generous ( host – guest ).
7. The senator made such a ( clear – vague ) speech that no one
understood what he said. 8. His speech was full of ( details – generalities )
9. When you speak to a large group, you might have to ( speak softly –
shout).
10. Don’t take the test for that job until you are ( ready – unprepared)
VII. EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE SOVIET UNION: THE SHOPPING

RUNAROUND.
1. I had heard about consumer shortages before going to Moscow. But

only when we began to shop there did the Russian consumer’s problems
30
really have meaning for me. Customers the world over wait in lines, but
Soviet lines have a special quality all their own. Typically the Soviet woman
spends two hours a day line, seven days a week. Personally, I have known of
people who stood in line 90 minutes to buy four pineapples, and 3 1/2 hours
to buy three large heads of cabbages were gone as they approached the front
of the line. Lines can run from a few yards to nearly a mile. Some friends of
ours watched a line of people in Moscow signing up to buy rugs. The line
lasted two days and nights and ran four across all through an apartment
development.
2. In spite of all of this. the natural reaction of a Russian woman when

she sees a line forming is to get in it immediately—even before she know
what is being sold. However, Soviet lines are more fluid than they appear. In
most stores, for example, shoppers must stand in not one but three lines for
any purchase—the first, to select a purchase and find out its price; the
second to pay a cashier somewhere else in the store and get a receipt; and
the third, to go pick up the purchase and turn in the receipt.
3. But in a dairy store one morning. I found out that the game is both
simpler and more complex than that. I went in to buy some cheese, butter,
and bologna sausage, which were in three separate departments, eac with its
own line. Nine lines!
4. Rather quickly, though, I noticed that experienced shoppers were

skipping the first stage. They knew what most items cost, so they went
directly to the cashier for their receipts. After studying prices, I did that, too.
Then I went to the cheese line, the longest—probably 20 people—to get the
worse over with first. I was in line less than a minute when the woman in
front of me asked me to hold her place. She darted off to the butter-and-milk
line. The cheese line was moving so slowly that she got her butter and milk
and returned before we had advanced three feet. I decided to take the risk
too, and I got back with my butter while the cheese line was still inching
along.
5. The it suddenly occurred to me that all over the store, people were
getting into line, holding places leaving returning. Everyone was using the
cheese line as home base. That was why it was barely moving; It kept
expanding in the middle. So I got the man behind me to hold my place, and I
went off to buy my bologna. Once again, it worked. It took me 22 minutes yo
31
buy butter, sausage, and cheese. But, instead of being furious, I felt as if I
had beaten the system.
6. This competitive shopping gives an atmosphere of tension to

Russian life. People bargain to stores and bump into each other with faces set
in combative expressions. “ You have to understand,” said a kind, gray-haired
person, that for as long as we can remember shopping has been a sruggle.
Life is a struggle.
7. There is hardly any effective advertising to help shoppers.

Americans complain about the constant commercials in the United States. But
they might reconsider if they were exposed to the consumer blackout in
Russia. A typical Soviet it might be: “ If you want to live a ripe old age and be
beautiful, modest thorough and truthful, drink tea.” Most newspapers publish
without ads. The shopper has no handy Yellow Pages or daily-newspaper
supermarket or department-store ads to help her decide where to shop.
8. Bribery is wide spread. Low-paid ($80 to $120 monthly) salesclerks

take a portion of attractive items and sell them secretly to regular customers
who have either left a bribe in advance or can be counted on to pay a high
price on delivery. Ten to fifteen rubbles on a 60-rubble raincoat is standard. (
In 1976, the ruble was equivalent to $1,32.)
9. So common in this practice that the Soviet press is alwayis

complaining about it, but it doesn’t do any good. Krokodil, the Soviet humor
magazine, once showed a department- store employee promoting some
newly arrived items: Dear customers, in the leather-goods department, 500
imported women’s purses have been received. Four hundred and fifty of them
have been bought by store employees. Forty-nine are under the counter and
have been ordered in advance for friends. One purse is in the display window.
We invite you to visit the leather department to buy this purse.”
A Born Shopper and a Born Non-Shopper
My husband is a born shopper. he loves to look at things and to touch them.

He likes to compare prices between the same items in different stores. He
would never think of buying anything without looking around in several
different stores. On the other hand, I am not a shopper. I regard shopping as
boring and unpleasant. If I like something and I can afford it, I buy it
32
instantly. I never look around for a good sale or a better deal. Bargains don’t
interest me. Needless to say, my husband and I never go shopping together.
The experience would be too painful for both of us. When it comes to
shopping, we go our separate ways.
A. Analysis of Ideas and Relationships

1. The main idea of this article is that:
a. shopping in the Soviet Union is enjoyable and amusing
b. shopping in the Soviet Union is very complicated because there is not
enough merchandise
c. shopping in the Soviet Union is very efficient and well-organized
2. Paragraph 1 discusses:
a. the special qualities of shopping in the Soviet Union
b. the length of time it takes to buy cabbages and pineapples
c. general qualities of shopping lines around the world
3. If you were shopping in the Soviet Union, in what order would you do
these things?. (consult paragraph 2)
a. Pay the cashier for the chair and get the receipt
b. Get the chair and turn in the receipt
c. Pick out a chair and find out how much it cost
4. “But in a dairy store one morning. I found out that the game is both
simpler and more complex than that.” (Paragraph 3)
What does the author mean by “the game?”
a. Sopping in the Soviet Union
b. Shopping anywhere
c. Buying cheese, butter and bologna sausage.
5. Put the following statements into logical order. Then refer to paragraph 4
to check your work.
a. “After studying prices, I did that, too.”
b. “They knew what most items cost, so they went directly to the cashier
for their receipts.”
c. “Rather quickly, though. I noticed that experienced shoppers were
skipping the first stage.”
d. “Then I went to the cheese line, the longest—probably 20 people—to
get the worst over with first.”
33
6. Paragraph 5 is an example of
a. how to beat the system
b. why it is important to use the cheese line as home base.
c. where to stand in the cheese line
7. Please read paragraph 6 again. In this paragraph.
a. shopping is presented in a negative light.
b. shopping is presented in a humorous light
c. shopping is presented in a positive light
8. Paragraph 7 shows
a. how nice it is to shop without constant commercials and other forms of
advertising
b. how helpful Soviet ads are
c. how difficult it is to shop without advertising
9. In paragraph 8, bribery seems to be connected with.
a. the low salaries of the salesclerks
b. the shortage of merchandise
c. both a and b
10. In this article, the author seems to be:
a. sympathetic to the Russian shopper and the problems he or she faces.
b. critical of the Russian shopper and shopping system in the Soviet Union
c. uninterested in the subject of shopping in the Soviet Union.
B. True or False
1. Shopping is difficult in the Soviet Union
2. The average shopper in the Soviet Union spends 14 hours a week in lines
waiting to buy merchandise.
3. It is not possible to leave a line and later return to it.
4. In most stores, shoppers stand in three lines to make a single purchase
5. Time can be saved by understanding the shopping system
6. According to this article, shopping is fun the Soviet Union.
7. Advertising is not as extensive as in the United States.
8. Most Russian newspapers do not have ads to help the shopper know where
to shop.
9. People often bribe salesclerks to make sure they get attractive items when
they come in.
10. In the Soviet Union, the demand for merchandise is greater than the
supply, and this causes the difficulty in shopping.
34
1. Soviet lines are more fluid than they appear

a. watery
b. flexible
c. wet
2. I noticed that experienced shoppers were skipping the first stage.
a. were going directly to the second stage (of the shopping)
b. were hoping on a platform
c. were taking a long time to finish the first stage
3. The woman in front of me asked me to hold her place
a. to leave the line
b. to allow her to leave the line temporarily and return later to the
same position in front of me
c. to change places with her.
4. She darted off to the butter and milk line.
a. flew like a small arrow to
b. ran into
c. hurried over to
5. I got back with my butter.
a. returned
b. bought a back (for example, a chicken back)
c. went away
6. The cheese line was still inching along
a. barely moving
b. racing along
c. not moving at all
7. I got the man behind me to hold my place.
a. grabbed
b. asked
c. took
8. There is hardly any effective advertising to help shoppers.
a. a little
b. very little
c. no
9. Bribery is widespread.
a. frequently encountered
b. unusual
35
c. nonexistent
10. Ten to fifteen rubles on a 60-ruble raincoat is standard.
a. unheard of
b. the usual price
c. against the law
D. Synonyms
Complicated On the average Lack

Omit Hardly Customer
Extremely angry battle Move forward
Useful
1. The Russian consumer has a particularly difficult time shopping in the

Soviet Union.
2. The main reason seems to be the shortage of merchandise
3. Typically, a person in the Soviet Union spends two hours a day
standing in shopping lines.
4. Experienced shoppers skip the first line and go directly to the second
line.
5. Some of the lines advance very quickly
6. Other seem to barely move at all.
7. Instead of being furious, Mr. Smith was pleases when he felt that he
had learned how to master the shopping game.
8. Shopping has always been a struggle in the Soviet Union.
9. One problem is that there is very little effective advertising
10. It is certainly true that the Soviet shopping system is complex.
VII. HOW TO GIVE A GOOD SPEECH
1. So, you have to give a speech—and you’re terrified. You get nervous, you
forget what you want to say, you stumble over words, you talk too long, and
you bore your audience. Later you think, “Thank goodness, its over. I’m just no
good at public speaking. I hope I never have to do that again.”
2. Cheer up! It doesn’t have to be that bad. Here are some simple steps to
take the pain out of speech-making. First of all, it is important to plan. Do your
homework. Find out everything you can about your subject. And, at the same
time, find out as much as you can about your audience. Who are they? What do
they know about your subject? Do they have a common interest? Why are they
36
coming to hear you speak? Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your
speech.
3. Ask yourself the purpose of your speech. What is the occasion? Why are
you speaking? Are you introducing another speaker? Moderating a discussion?
Giving a lecture? Convincing someone? There are special characteristics. Make
sure you know into which category you fit. Don’t spoil your speech by confusing
one speaking role with another.
4. Let us suppose that you have been asked to introduce the main speaker
at a conference. First, find out the most important and interesting things about
the speaker. Then, summarize this information in a few remarks. It is all right
to tell a joke or an anecdote if it is in good taste and will not embarrass the
speaker. And most important, be brief. Remember, you are not the main
speaker; you are introducing the main speaker.
5. If you are a moderator, you should begin by giving a quick introduction of

the people on the panel. After that, you should try to keep the discussion
running smoothly, and you should try to focus on the connections between the
speakers. Keep yourself in the background. Don’t talk too much, and don’t
interrupt the panellists. Be tactful and be considerate.
6. If you are giving a lecture or explaining an idea, gather as many facts as

you can on your subject. Spend plenty of time doing your research. Then spend
plenty of time organizing your material so that your speech is clear and easy to
follow. Use as many examples as possible, and use pictures, charts, and graphs
if they will help you make your points more clearly. Never forget your audience.
Don’t talk over their heads, and don’t talk down to them. Treat your audience
with respect. They will appreciate your thoughtfulness.
7. If you are trying to sell something, you will need to convince. Do you
want them to vote for candidate A? Are you offering them a new improved
toothbrush? This kind of speech is usually dramatic, but here too, you must do
your research and know your facts.
8. When you are making your speech, try to relax. Speak slowly and clearly
and look at people in your audience. Use simple vocabulary and expressions
whenever possible. Pause for a few seconds now and then to give your audience
a chance to think about what you have said. Make sure that everyone in the
room can hear you. If it is a large room or an auditorium, you will probably
have to use a microphone.
37
9. Just remember: be prepared. Know your subject, your audience, and the
occasion. Be brief. Say what you have to say and then stop. And be yourself.
Let your personality come through so that you make person-to person contact
with your audience.
10. If you follow these simple steps, you’ll see that you don’t have to be
afraid of public speaking. In fact, you may find the experience so enjoyable that
you volunteer to make more speeches! You’re not convinced yet? Give it try and
see what happens.
“I Stood Up to Speak and My Mind Went Blank”
“ I stood up with to speak and my mind went blank.” Has this ever happened to
you? You may be nervous in front of an audience. You may be worried that you
didn’t prepare enough. You may have forgotten some of your facts. What can
you do? Sometimes people prepare too much and become terrified if they can’t
remember the words they practiced. It is a good idea to bring some notes to
help you organize, but don’t memorize your speech. If you “go blank,” begin by
explaining the purpose of your speech, and the rest will probably follow.

1. The main ideas of this article is:
a. you can improve your speaking ability
b. a poor speaker can never change
c. always make a short speech
2. Paragraph 1 implies, but doesn’t directly say, that:
a. many people are afraid of giving a speech
b. many people are happy to give a speech
c. many people talk too long
3. Paragraph 2:
a. gives some suggestion for how to make a better speech
b. says it is difficult to improve
c. does not give any suggestions for improvement
4. In paragraph 3, what is the correct beginning for the phrases “ moderating
a discussion? Giving a lecture? Convincing someone?”
a. Are you….
b. the occasion is….
c. What is….
38
5. Paragraph 3 explains that .
a. all speeches are similar.
b. there are different kinds of speeches
c. a successful speaker is always dramatic
6. In paragraph 4 , why are the words “ you” and “ introducing” in italics?
a. Because they are not important
b. To make them easier to read
c. For emphasis
7. Paragraph 5 suggests that if you are a moderator.
a. you should talk about yourself
b. you should act as a “bridge” between speakers
c. you should give a very long speech
8. According to paragraph 7, which of the following would be a speech to
convince you of something? Why do you think so?.
a. How to Bake Bread
b. An Evening to Honor Senator Smith’s Long Career
c. Why You Should Live in Florida
9. Paragraph 8:
a. explain how hard it is to make a speech
b. gives examples of a lecturer’s role
c. summarizes some basic for how to make a good speech
10. If the Author of this article were speaking to you instead of writing, what
type of speaker would he/she be? Why do you think so?
a. Moderator
b. Lecturer
c. Introducer
B. True or False
1. Few people know how to make good speeches
2. There are simple steps you can take to improve your speaking ablity.
3. For any good speech, it is important to plan.
4. All speaking roles are similar.
5. An introducer should give a long speech.
6. A lecturer does not need to organize his speech.
7. A salesman should give a dramatic speech.
8. Always give a dramatic speech
9. When you are making your speech.
39
10. When you are making your speech, use simple vocabulary whenever
possible.
11. Research is important in preparing a speech.

1. We are called upon to make a speech
a. afraid
b. required
c. asked
2. “They have a common interest.” In this sentence, common means:
a. simple
b. similar
c. easy
3. Put yourself in their shoes.
a. Try to imagine how they think and feel
b. Try on their shoes to see if they fit you
c. Be sure to wear nice clothing when you give your speech
4. You may tell a joke if it is in a good taste.
a. short
b. sweet tasting
c. polite
5. A moderator should keep the discussion running smoothly.
a. run around
b. argue with everyone
c. make the program work well
6. Use examples if they will help you make your points.
a. point to pictures on the wall
b. explain the important facts clearly and quickly
c. add up a group of numbers
7. Don’t talk over their heads
a. use words and ideas that are too difficult
b. look at the ceiling
c. speak too loudly
8. Don’t talk down to them
a. speak too simply
b. look at the floor
c. speak in the quite voice
40
9. Pause for a few seconds now and then.
a. right away
b. occasionally
c. when you are finished
10. Let your personality come through
a. show
b. hide
c. run away
E. Synonyms
Concentrate Not ready Short

Decide Reason Specific information
group ruin thoughtful
Not interesting
1. Jack’s speech was boring.

2. Before you make a speech, plan what you will say
3. Your speech will be poor if you are unprepared.
4. Ask yourself the purpose for your speech.
5. Into which category do you fit?
6. Don’t spoil your speech by taking too long.
7. A brief speech is better than a long one
8. Try to focus on the interests of the audience.
9. Be considerate of the opinions of the other panellists
10. Make sure you know all the facts.
F. Antonyms: Circle the word that complete the sentence correctly

1. Whenever I make a speech, I get (calm – nervous) and my hands shake.
2. Her speech was so ( boring – interesting ) that I wish she would talk to
us again.
3. This instruction are so ( simple - complex) even a child could understand
them!
4. Your speech will be good if you are ( unprepared – ready )
5. In the United States. It is preferable to make a ( brief – lengthy ) speech.
6. Correct any (smooth – rough) spot in your speech when you are
practicing.
41
7. Our whole family ( distributes – gathers) at my mother’s house every
Sunday.
8. If you go out the door first, everyone will ( lead – follow ) you.
9. If your speech is too difficult, you will be (talking over their heads –
talking down to them).
10. I really appreciated your ( thoughtful – inconsiderate ) gift.
VIII. WHAT YOU DON’T KNOW ABOUT EXERCISE
A. Exercise, everyone advises! But immediately, when you try, you run
into trouble. There is so much contradictory, sometimes incorrect advice
about exercising that you become confused. Test yourself on the following
true- false quiz. It will tell you what you need to know.
1. The best way to reduce the mid- section is to do abdominal exercise.
FALSE. many people believe that when specific muscles are exercised, the
fatty tissues in the immediate area are “burned up” The truth is that exercise
burns fat from all over the body and not from one specific area, regardless of
the type of exercise. Of course, if you reduce the fat throughout your body,
you will certainly see results around your waistline too!
2. To maintain an adequate level of physical fitness, you need to exercise

only twice a week.
FALSE. Studies conducted by NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration, show that unexercised muscles lose their strength very
quickly. After 48 to 72 hours, you must use the muscles again to re-establish
the good physical effects. And what does that mean to you? NASA scientist
concluded that while daily exercise is most beneficial, three alternating day
each week will maintain an adequate level of physical fitness.
3. To lose weight should always work up, good sweat, when exercising.
FALSE. Sweating only lowers body temperature to prevent overheating; it

does not help you reduce. You may weigh less immediately after a workout,
but this is due to water loss. Once you replace the liquid you replace the
weight.
42
4. You burn more calories jogging one mile than walking the same
distance.
FALSE. You use the same amount of energy whether you walk or jog the
mile, since in both cases you are moving the same weight in the same
distance. The speed doesn’t matter. Of course, if you walk rather than walk
for 30 minutes, you’ll cover more distance, and therefore burn more calories.
5. If your breathing doesn’t return to normal within minutes after you

finish exercising, your breathing should be normal, your heart shouldn’t be
pounding, and you shouldn’t be exhausted. Beneficial exercise is not overly
difficult, unpleasant, and exhausting; it is moderate, enjoyable, and
refreshing.
6. Walking is one of the best exercises
TRUE. Walking helps circulation of blood throughout the body, and thus
has a direct effect on your overall feeling of health.
7. Vigorous stretching exercises keep muscles flexible.
FALSE. Stretching exercises (for example: twisting or bending at the

waist, touching your toes) should be done slowly, allowing the muscles to
relax and “ let go.” Vigorous stretching makes the muscles become tighter.
8. The minimum amount of time you should spend exercising in a day is

20 minutes.
TRUE. There are more than 400 muscles that attach to your skeleton. A
good exercise routine should contract and stretch all these muscles, and this
simply cannot be done with four or five exercises in five or ten minutes. From
experience, I’ve found that about 20 minutes is the minimum amount of time
needed for an adequate workout.
B. How long it takes you to become physically fit depends on how unfit
you are when you start. If you are out of condition, you certainly can’t shape
up in 21 days. However, shaping up doesn’t do any good unless you plan to
stay in shape, and that means exercising from now on. It takes as much
exercise to stay in shape as it does to get there. But the work won’t seem as
hard after a while because your body will be in good condition—and all the
moves seem easier.
Reading Work Helps the Heart
43
Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by
doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs
experience fewer heart attacks that other people. These active people work
all the time at moderate speeds. Their daily routine gives them an adequate
amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape. However, machines that
can do heavy labour more speedily are replacing this type of work.

1. This article explains:
a. the difficulties of exercising
b. why exercise is good for your health
c. important information to know about exercise
2. In paragraph 1 explains:
a. the true-false quiz
b. exercise
c. the advice
3. Paragraph 1 explains.
a. the true-false quiz
b. exercise
c. the advice
4. It is ___A____ to exercise on three ____B___ days each week
(Choose one word from each group)
A: not enough – adequate – too much
B: alternating – daily - beneficial
5. According to paragraph 4, you will use the most energy if you:
a. jog for 30 minutes
b. walk for 30 minutes
c. run quickly for 30 minutes
6. Paragraph 5:
a. says you should exercise for five minutes a day
b. compares the results of beneficial exercise and too much exercise
c. gives examples of beneficial exercises
7. Paragraph 6:
a. why you feel healthy
b. how blood circulates throughout the body
c. why walking is one of the best exercises
44
8. In paragraph 7, why is “ twisting or bending at the waist, touching your
toes)” in parentheses?
a. Because these are examples of stretching exercises.
b. Because these exercises should be done slowly
c. Because these are not important exercises
9. According to the last paragraph, once you become physically fit.
a. you will stay that way naturally
b. you must keep on exercising to stay fit
c. exercise will be hard work
10. The author of this article probably:
a. exercises regularly
b. doesn’t like to exercise
c. exercises 10 minutes a day
B. True or False
1. Much of the advice on exercising is contradictory.

2. Exercise burns can burn fat from all over your body
3. Special exercise can burn fat from one specific area of your body
4. You will maintain an adequate level of fitness if you exercise on three
alternating days each week.
5. Sweating helps you lose weight.
6. You will use the same amount of energy whether you jog a mile or walk a
mile.
7. If you become exhausted, you are exercising correctly.
8. Walking is good for you
9. A good exercise routine should use all you 400 muscles.
10. Once you become physically fit you must keep on exercising to stay that
way.

1. When you try to exercise, you run into trouble.
a. encounter
b. have
c. maintain
2. If you work up a good sweat, will you lose weight?
45
a. believe
b. lose
c. develop
3. This is due to water loss
a. because of
b. more than
c. in addition to
4. In paragraph 4, “ You use the same amount of energy whether you walk
or jog a mile” means:
a. you use more energy if you jog a mile
b. it is harder to jog than to walk for one mile
c. if you go the same distance you use the same amount of energy
5. Breathing should return to normal within minutes after you finish
exercising.
a. immediately
b. in a few minutes
c. a long time
6. Five minutes or so after exercising, your breathing should be normal.
a. exactly
b. approximately
c. easily
7. Beneficial exercise should not be overly difficult
a. finished
b. high
c. too
8. You must exercise regularly from now on
a. starting now
b. occasionally
c. whenever you want to
9. Match the synonyms:
a. shape up 1. out of condition
b. stay in shape 2. in good condition
c. fit, fitness 3. develop physical condition
d. unfit 4. maintain physical condition
10. After a while, you’ll be in good condition
a. new
b. later
c. for a short time
46
D. Synonyms
Enough Permit Put back

Helpful Plan Remain
Least problems Very tired
part
1. When you try to exercise, you have trouble.

2. Can you reduce one section of your body by exercising?
3. Exercising three days a week in adequate.
4. Moderate exercise is beneficial.
5. Once you replace the liquid, you replace the weight.
6. After you exercise, you shouldn’t be exhausted
7. The minimum amount of time you should exercise is 20 minutes
8. Allow your muscles to relax after you stretch
9. A good exercise routine should take about 20 minutes
10. You must keep exercising in order to stay in shape.
IX. REVIEW 2
A. Word forms. Choose the appropriate word in the bracket.
1. He spoke to me very ( polite – politeness )

2. ( personal – personally ) I don’t agree with you.
3. Mrs. Van made the ( announcer – announcement ) at the beginning of the
meeting.
4. Please give me a ( direct – direction ) answer)
5. Don’t ( disagree – disagreeable) with me
6. There are too many ( interrupt – interruption) at my office.
7. Janet has such a ( friendly – friend ) smile
8. I ( select – selectively ) two shirts as a gift for my husband.
9. If you have a ( complaint – complain ) see the manager.
10. We usually shop ( separation – separately )
11. Please ( specify) the color you want.
12. What time is her ( arrive – arrival )
13. I like to do things in a ( system – systematic ) way
14. When you give a (speech – speaker ) be prepared.
47
15. The Smiths ( occasionally – occasion ) go to a movie.
16. My parents ( convince – convincing ) me to study hard when I was in
high school.
17. Dr. Fina gave me some ( useful – use ) exercises to strengthen my arm.
18. I ( appreciate – appreciation ) your help very much.
19. If you try, you will ( improve – improvement )
20. Always speak ( true – truly )
21. You look very (confusing – confuse ). Don’t you understand the question?
22. What is the ( distance – distant ) from London to Paris?
23. I feel so (refresh – refreshed ) after a swim in the pool.
24. My schedule is ( flexible – flex ), I can see you anytime
25. What is the fastest ( speedily – speed ) that a dog can run?
B. Synonyms
Complicated Not interesting Put back Thoughtful

Extremely angry omit short very
Part Thought about
1. If you can’t answer this question, skip it and do the next one
2. I am furious about the long wait!
3. The movie was boring
4. I appreciate your considerate words
5. Have you ever considered going to Canada?
6. Please replace the tools after you use them.
7. I feel extremely cold. What’s the temperature?
8. This is a complex test.
9. She gave a brief report on her trip to China.
10. Which section of the book did you like the best?
X. LOVE JAPANESE STYLE
The Japanese concept of love is a little different from the Western concept of
love. A young Japanese couple talk about love from their person experience
in this article.
48
1. When Mr. Yoji Morita married Miss Tamiko Minemura last year, his
father compared the couple’s new life together to a railroad train on a long,
unknown track. “ there may be curves and dark tunnels ahead,’ he told them,
“ but we wish you a safe journey.”
2. The first year of that journey together has provided a variety of

personal discoveries about everything from dirty laundry to family finances
for the newlyweds. But overall, the young couple, who are typical of millions
of Japanese, say they semi-arranged marriage is going well, and they feel a
certain closeness slowly developing between them. They call it “love.”
3. “I feel so relaxed when I get home with him,” said the 27-year old
Mrs. Morita, who has kept her job as a bank teller.
4. “She does such nice things,” said her husband, a 35-year-old

television film editor.” The other day when I was sick in bed, she gave up a
trip to the country with her friends to say home and care for me.”
5. “ During each of their six work days a week, they talk by phone and
almost always meet each evening to make the one-hour train ride home
together. In the street, they hold hands. In restaurants, they sometimes
playfully touch each other. These are subtle but significant changes in the
growth of a Japanesse marriage relationship, where open signs of affections
have not been common. It is quite different from the day when they met at
an arranged tea after their fathers, old friends from work, exchanged
photographs and suggested the possibility of a marriage between their two
“children.” The two young people, who could have said no to the idea, did not
even get to speak at first.
6. Ten days after this meeting, Mr. Morita promised phone Miss.
Minemura to propose. She decided almost immediately but waited three days
to answer.
7. “I will make you happy,” Mr. Morita promised.
8. Then in October, Japan’s most popular marriage month, the two families
were joined in a wedding and reception that cost about. $13,600. It was
planned to be the most important day in their lives.
49
9. The two newlyweds who had never kissed each other until that day,
spent their wedding night on the 19 th floor of a nearby hotel. then tey left for
a quiet southern vacation resort on a short honeymoon.
10. They live in the two upstairs rooms of the home Mr. Morita’s
parents. There they usually eat breakfast and dinner. The mother-in-law
cooks during the week, and the new bride cooks on Sundays. In exchange,
the young couple pays $280 of their combined income for food and the
housing costs. They save $240 a month for the coffee shop that Mr. Morita
would like to open and for the three children they plan to have. When they
have children, the bank may force Mrs. Morita to quit, or she may choose to.
11. I won’t tell her what to do,” said Mr. Morita. “ If she wants to quit,
okay. if she wants to work, okay.”
12. Politically they have separate views “But we never fight,” mrs.
Morita said.” We don’t hit each other like some couples. If a quarrel is heating
up, then we both just keep quiet and let it blow over. Besides, he often
apologizes to me, and that solves the problem.”
13. But Mr. Morita has, in his first 13 months of marriage, sometimes been
annoyed by what he regards as nagging. Typically this happens when he
leaves socks or shirts scattered about. This carelessness, combined with all
the housework after a day’s work at the bank, was the major unexpected
facts of married life for Mrs. Morita. “ I have to tell him and tell him to pick
up.” she said.
14. There are those tender private moments, often at work when, for
instance, Mr Morita realizes suddenly that every weekend when his wife cooks
a meal, it contains his favourite potatoes. Or Mrs. Morita will think about the
sweater she is knitting for her husband“ not because I have to but because I
want to.” Or perhaps she will admire one more time the ring that her
husband had a jeweller secretly design and make for her recently. “I don’t
know why I did it ,” Mr Morita insists. “It was for no reason.”
15. last year on her wedding day, when she was a bride of only a few
minutes, Mrs Morita said, “ I think that our love start to grow from this
moment on.” the other evening, after 13 months of marriage, she was
reminded of that. “ I remember,” she said , “ It’s growing.”
50
Love and Marriage
In many cultures, people think that love and marriage go together—like

bread and wine or meat and potatoes. They think that love is necessary
foundation for marriage and that you should love the person you marry
before you get married. In other cultures, however, a man and woman may
not even know each other before their wedding day. Romantic love is not
essential to marriage in these cultures. These people expect that love will
developed after the wedding if the marriage is a good one. You views on love
and marriage come from your culture. Have you ever thought about that?
What are you views?
A. Analysis of Idea and Relationships

1. This article is about:
a. the unusual relationship between husband and wife
b. the relationship of a typical young Japanese couple
c. the difficulties of marriage in modern Japan
2. At the wedding of the couple, the bride’s father compared their new life
together to a railroad train on a long, unknown track. ”There may be curves
and dark tunnels ahead,” he told them, “but we wish you a safe journey.
this comment suggests that:
a. the father favoured the marriage and wished to offer his support and
encouragement to the newlyweds.
b. the father opposes the marriage and felt that it had little chance of
succeeding.
c. the father was probably a retired train engineer, and he was speaking
from his professional experience.
3. The last sentence of paragraph 2, why does love appear with quotation
marks around it?
a. Because the writer believes this will be an unfamiliar world for most
of his readers.
b. the writer does not think that the relationship between the young
couple is truly a love relationship.
c. The writer wants to show that the definition and interpretation of love
in Japan is different from the Western view of love.
4. Paragraphs 3, 4, and 5:
a. give examples of their growing love for each other.
51
b. show how much Mrs. Morita loves her husband.
c. show that their relationship has not changed since their wedding.
5. Paragraphs 5, 6, and 7 suggest that.
a. the young couple had no voice in the arrangement of their marriage.
b. the parents had an important role also.
c. the parents had no role in the arrangement of the marriage. the
young couple made the decision entirely on their own.
6. Why does the writer mention the cost of the wedding and reception in
paragraph 8.
a. To show how inexpensive weddings and receptions are in Japan
compared to Western countries.
b. To show how important the occasion was and what a financial
investment it was.
c. The writer had no particular reason.
7. A Westerner, upon reading paragraph 9, would be surprised that:
a. the newlyweds spent their wedding night in a hotel close to home
rather than going away.
b. the newlyweds spent their wedding night in high-rise hotel
c. the newlyweds had never kissed each other before their wedding day.
8. The newlyweds live with Mr. Morita’s parents because:
a. they want to save money.
b. it is the custom for couples in Japan to live with their parents at first.
c. probably a and b
9. Paragraph 13 reveals:
a. Mrs. Morita’s tendency to nag and complain
b. Mr. Morita’s carelessness.
c. Some of the difficulties they have encountered in their first year
together
10. Overall, this marriage seems to be:
a. successful, and the love between the husband and wife is steadily
growing.
b. a disappointment to both the husband and the wife
c. headed for failure because there are too many differences between
the husband and wife.
B. True and False

1. According to this article, Mr. and Mrs. Morita have been married about a
year.
52
2. Mr, and Mrs. Morita were in love with each other when they got
married.
3. They have become closer to each other since their wedding, but they
were not in love with each other before their marriage.
4. They work at the same place.
5. Their fathers worked in the same place.
6. Their fathers suggested that they marry, but they could have refused.
7. Mr. and Mrs. Morita had a number of dates between their first meeting
and their wedding and they got to know each other well during this
time.
8. They have the same political views.
9. Mr. Morita nags at his wife because she is so careless and leaves her
things scattered all over their apartment.
10. Mr. and Mrs. Morita feel that their marriage is a success and that
their love for each other is growing.
C. Interpretation of Words and Phrases:
1. Overall, the young couple say their marriage is going well.

a. in some ways
b. sometimes
c. in general
2. Their semi-arranged marriage seems to be successful.
a. partially arranged
b. completely arranged
c. freely chosen
3. They almost always meet each evening to ride home together.
a. now and then
b. usually
c. sometimes
4. Open signs of affection have not been common.
a. in poor taste
b. unusual
c. usual
5. The two young people could have said no to the marriage proposed by
their fathers.
a. could have refused
b. could have been angered by
53
c. could have agreed with
6. The newlyweds spent their wedding night in a nearby hotel.
a. man and woman
b. recently married man and woman
c. married man and woman
7. The two newlyweds, who had never kissed each other until that day
spent their wedding night at a nearby hotel.
a. their wedding day
b. the daytime
c. the day after their wedding
8. “When they have children, the bank may force Mrs.Morita to quit, or she
may choose to, “ May choose to means that Mrs. Morita may choose to:
a. have children
b. stay on the bank after she has children
c. quit her job after she has has children
9. Politically they have separate views.
a. disagree
b. agree
c. have no options.
10. “I have to tell him and tell him to pick up.” she said
a. tell him loudly
b. tell him repeatedly
c. tell him two times
D. Synonyms
Stop working Feeling of trust and understanding

Small All things considered
A little bit angry For example
Out of place Really important
Saying (he) is sorry Made a marriage offer
1. Mr. and Mrs. Morita say that a closeness is developing between them
2. Overall, I would say that Mr. and Mrs. Morita have a good marriage.
3. There are a number of subtle signs that their love is growing
4. Mr. Morita proposed over the telephone
5. Mr. Morita confessed that he sometimes is annoyed with his wife
because he thinks she complains too much about his carelessness.
54
6. Mrs. Morita said that she doesn’t like it when her husband leaves his
clothing scattered about.
7. They both say that they have no major problems between them
8. For instance, they do not fight or hit each other
9. Their disagreements often end with Morita apologizing
10. Mrs. Morita may quit her job after they have children
XI. IS THERE A SAFE WAY TO DRINK?
(The author of this article is Dr. Morris Chafetz, president of the Health
Education Foundation and Principal Research and principal research scientist
at the John Hopkins University Metropolitan Center for Planning and research.
As an authority on alcoholism and drug abuse. Dr. Chafetz is particularly
interested in educating people to drink a safe, responsible manner.
1. I have devoted most of my professional life to the problems of

alcohol and its abuse, most recently as most recently as director of the
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. So I’ve spent much of my
time trumpeting the fact that alcohol is a drug and that alcohol can do more
good than harm. for there is a safe way to drink.
2. Pharmacologically, alcohol is an anesthetic, not a stimulant. in

moderate amounts, it appear to stimulate because it inhibits those brain
centers which make us aware of exhaustion. The we feel physically abler and
emotionally freer. But with increasing doses, alcohol puts to sleep the brain
centers which affect judgment knowledge and social controls. Sufficient
dosage can put us to sleep for keep by anesthetizing those centers which
control breathing and heartbeat.
3. Responsible people, therefore, must choose rather carefully the

time, place and circumstances of drinking. Obviously, if you are to engage in
complex mental or physical activities—writing, driving, business- it is scarcely
appropriate to be under the influence of an anesthetic drug. On the other
hand. If you’re going to be sharing a meal or some other human interchange
in a relaxed way, alcohol can be a rewarding adjunct to the experience- a
true servant of man.
4. An essential point is that there is a known safe level of drinking. In

preparing the second report to the Congress on Alcohol and Health, we found
55
that researchers all over the world were independently using the same level
to define safe or moderate drinking: 1 ½ ounces of pure alcohol per day-the
equivalent of three one-ounce drinks of 100-proof whiskey ( which is 50
percent alcohol, four eight-ounce glasses of beer, or half a bottle of wine.
5. This limit, of course, is only a statistical average. For some people,

even one drop of alcohol is too much. Nor do our findings permit saving up
one day’s ration in order to drink more the next day. At no time should any
individual wishing to remain within the safe limits consume more than 1 ½
ounces of pure alcohol in a single day.
6. Studies show that the driver who has consumed an amount of

alcohol within this limit is no more likely to have an automobile accident than
the driver who does not take any alcohol. But beyond this limit, when the
blood alcohol level (the concentration of alcohol level (the concentration of
alcohol in the blood) begins to creep over the 0,5 percent ‘sober’ level, the
risk of a traffic accident jumps enormously. By the time the blood-alcohol
level reaches 0,2 percent- the level of most drunk drivers who are arrested-
the risk of an accident is 100 times that of the nondrinking driver.
7. The manner of drinking is also crucial. One should always sip slowly.
Alcohol is a high unusual foodstuff in that at least 20 percent of it is absorbed
directly from the stomach into the bloodstream without going through any
digestive processes. Therefore gulping alcohol produces a sudden, marked
rise in the alcohol level in the blood and hence in the brain. Once alcohol is in
the bloodstream, nothing, with the exception of a kidney-dialysis machine,
can clear it from the blood more quickly than the body’s own steady
metabolism rate of three quarters of an ounce of pure alcohol per hour.
8. “Another rule of safe drinking is that food in the stomach, preferably

protein or fatty products, effectively delays alcohol’s invasion of our systems.
Food covers the stomach wall, making capillaries less accessible. It also
sponges up, the alcohol and carries it gradually through the digestive
process, slowing absorption and allowing the metabolism and brain to adapt.
So, as any experienced drinker knows, the same dose taken with food in the
stomach will provide a more pleasant outcome than alcohol on an empty
stomach.
9. A number of other factors also influence our response to a drink. It’s

best not to take alcohol when physically or emotionally upset, lonely or in
56
need of solace, It is true that alcohol is no substitute for another person. in
other words, do not drink alone.
10. It’s also best to drink in a relaxed setting. If I had to come up with
an unhealthy drinking situation, I would have created the American cocktail
party. Standing around uncomfortably in a crush of people most of whom one
does not kno, one tends to gulp that first drink. People like to think that the
alcohol at cocktail parties makes it easier to get acquainted, and they cite the
fact that strangers frequently pour out intimate details of their lives. In my
judgement, a stranger sharing intimacies so freely is not relating to you- he is
relating to himself.
11. A medical colleague once tested this at a cocktail party when a

woman was pouring out her heart to him. “ I have just murdered my
grandmother” he said. The woman smiled sweetly, said, “Isn’t that nice.” and
babbled on.
12. Regardless of where and how you drink, what you expect for the
alcohol is what you get. As with almost all drugs, expectation is strongly
related to outcome. If you’re part of a group that wants to act drunk, even
with small doses, you’ll feel drunk.
12. it’s best then, to drink with people who set expectations that are
socially useful and not destructive. Too many Americans, preoccupied with
drinking, fail in this regard. We spend a good deal of time thinking about
drinking or talking about it. Our liquor advertisements imply that alcohol is
proof of sophistication and worldliness. Or else it’s funny. Just think about
how we laugh when a comedian acts drunk. Thinking something is funny is a
society’s way of giving it social sanction. it is also a sign of discomfort- for
jokes are a ‘safe’ way to ventilate deeper worries. Study after study have
shown that Americans are uncomfortable, ambivalent, almost guilt-ridden
about their use of alcohol.
13. Why is this country so uptight about drinking? In my opinion, one

major reason is that our society places a great deal of stock in order and to
control. And being overdosed with a drug - drunk- means being out of
control. When we see someone who has lost control, it threatens our sense of
control. Alcoholism is threatening because so many of us use alcohol. When
we see an alcoholic, we are afraid that we could become alcoholics also.
57
14. If our culture were more open endless guilty about alcohol, I think
we could do more for people with alcohol problems. We might also do more
for our children. Surveys completed in1975 show that children in this country
between this age of 12 and 17 are already manifesting severe alcohol abuse;
in fact, five percent of these “kids” get drunk at least once a week.
15. What can parents do? for one thing, they can alter the use of
alcohol in the home. I contend that we teach our children about alcohol very
early. toddlers notice that when Mommy and Daddy drink this particular
liquid, they behave differently. The children can’t miss the fact that it’s
something special-especially when we can have it “ because it’s not good for
you”
16. I see no harm in becoming more relaxed about alcohol in the home,
even giving your child a taste if you’re drinking and he wants it. Why not?
Other cultures do, in a matter-of-fact way Chinese, Lebanese, Spanish,
Jewish and Italian people do not think there is anything special about giving
alcohol to their young. Nobody makes a fuss about it, and these culture use
alcohol without appreciable problems.
18. Indeed always to focus on alcohol in the context of alcoholism is, I

think, o miss the point. If you are pre occupied with alcohol, if you or others
in your environment are discomfited by this preoccupation, if alcohol
interferes with your ability to function in other necessary ways, then you have
an alcohol problem.
19. Our country is very concerned these days with safety and health.
We have to remind ourselves that anything that affects human beings has a
potential for harm. In too great a quantity, even oxygen and water, those
essential of life, can harm or kill. So life is a risk, and I suspect the only sure
way to be safe from disease and dying is to be dead.
20. But there are safe limits that people can use in making their
decisions about risk-taking, such as choosing to drink or not to drink or how
much to drink. We ought to share with young and old alike the best available
knowledge on such subjects. And then let each individual make up his or her
own mind.
1. The main idea of this article is:
58
a. drinking is bad for you
b. alcoholism is the worst single problem in the United States today.
c. drinking can be good for you if you drink in a care responsible
2. Dr. Morris Chafetz’s views on drinking are important because.
a. he is the former alcoholic, and he can speak of the danger of
drinking from first-hand experience
b. he is a medical doctor
c. he is a medical doctor specializing in alcoholism and drug abuse
3. Paragraph 2 explains:
a. what alcohol does to the body and how it works
b. how the brain operates
c. the difference between a stimulant and an anesthetic
4. Paragraph 3 shows.
a. activities that should not be combined with drinking
b. activities that can be combined with drinking successfully
c. both a and b
5. Which has more alcohol in it Three one-ounce drinks of 100-proof
whiskey, four eight-ounce glasses of beer, or half a bottle of wine?
a. The whiskey
b. the beer
c. they have the same amount of alcohol in them
6. If you drank only once a week, how much could you safely drink that
day?.
a. 1 ½ ounces of pure alcohol
b. 7 x 1 ½ ounces ( 10 ½ ounces)
c. None
7. Put the following statements into the logical order. The refer to paragraph
6 to check your work:
a. “But beyond this limit, when the blood-alcohol level ( the
concentration of alcohol in the blood) begins to creep over the 0,5
percent “sober” level, the risk of the traffic accident jumps
enormously.
b. “studies show that the driver who has consumed an amount of
alcohol within this limit is no more likely to have an automobile
accident than the driver who does not take any alcohol”
c. “ by the time the blood level reaches 0.2 percent- the level of the
most drunk drivers who are arrested- the risk of an accident is 100
times that of the non-drinking driver.”
59
8. Which statement is NOT necessarily true?
a. You should not drink when you have not eaten
b. you should not drink
c. you should not drink when you are lonely or depressed
9. Dr. Chafetz recommends that:
a. parents forbid alcohol in the home
b. parents allow their children to have a taste of alcohol from time to
time
c. parents encourage their children to drink
10. From this article, you could say that:
a. Dr. Chafetz enjoys a social drink now and then
b. Dr. Chafetz does not allow liquor in his home
c. Dr. Chafetz has a drinking problem
B. True or False
1. Alcohol is a drug.
2. This article says that drinking is bad for you and that you should not
drink.
3. Alcohol is a stimulant; it speeds up breathing and heartbeat.
4. Safe and moderate drinking is defined as 1 ½ ounces of pure alcohol per
day.
5. If you drink less than 1 ½ ounces of pure alcohol, you are no more likely
to have an automobile accident than someone who has had no alcohol.
6. The best way to drink is to drink quickly.
7. You should never drink after you have eaten.
8. American cocktail parties are usually good places for social drinking
because they are relax and formal.
9. Dr. Chafetz says that parents should never allow their children to taste
alcohol at home.
10. Dr. Chafetz says that Americans feel guilty about drinking because they
like to be in control all the time.
C. Expression of Words and Phrases
1. Too much alcohol can put us to sleep for keeps.

a. give us a good night’s sleep
b. kill us
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c. help us fall asleep in a gentle, restful way
2. At certain times. “ it is scarcely appropriate to be under the influence of
an anesthetic drug.”
a. not really
b. quite
c. a little bit
3. The manner of drinking is also crucial
a. The way you drink is important
b. You should not forget your manners when you are drinking
c. You should be serious when you drink
4. Alcohol is highly unusual in that at least 20 percent of it is absorbed
directly into the bloodstream.
a. The way you drink is important
b. You should not forget your manners when you are drinking
c. You should be serious when you drink
5. In other words, do not drink alone.
a. to make the same point with different words
b. to make the same point with the same words
c. to say the same thing the same way
6. “If I had to come up with an unhealthy drinking situation, I would have
created the American cocktail party.”
a. invent or create
b. arrive at
c. accompany
7. Strangers frequently pour intimate details of their lives.
a. People introduce themselves and talk about who they are and what
they do.
b. People talk about the most private and personal parts of their lives
quite openly with people whom they do not know.
c. People meet and talk with people whom they do not know in open,
friendly fashion.
8. Expectation is strongly related to outcome
a. What you expect is what you get
b. What you is what you want
c. What you expect is what you need
9. “Our society places a great deal of stock in order and control.”
a. stocks (as in stocks and bonds) in
b. a lot of importance on
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c. an investment of money in
10. Nobody makes a fuss about it.
a. Nobody cries about it
b. Nobody starts a fight about it
c. Nobody gets upset about it
D. Synonyms
Drink (it) too quickly Suitable The more probable it is that (you) will
Limited amount Disturbing In spite of this
misuse conditions Influence
Drink
1. Dr. Chavetz is not against alcohol, but he is against the abuse of alcohol
2. It is not appropriate to drink in certain circumstances
3. You should not consume more than 1 ½ ounces of pure alcohol a day
4. It is also important to remember that you cannot save up one day’s
ration in order to drink more the next day.
5. The more you have to drink, the more likely you are to have an
automobile accident.
6. People should carefully choose the time, place, and circumstances of
drinking.
7. Alcohol abuse is the most serious problem in the United States today.
Nonetheless, Dr. Chavetz believes that alcohol can do more good than
harm if it is properly controlled.
8. It is upsetting to see the number of young people who drink too much.
9. Alcohol affects the brain centers that control judgement, knowledge ,
and social behaviour.
10. You should sip alcohol slowly, not gulp it.
XII. LEARNING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLAY AND SPORT
[ This article discusses the role sports have in developing character and
contributing to education. L. Pierce Williams the writer of this article, is a
teacher and an enthusiastic sportsman]
62
1. I like pain. “This is an acquired taste and can be overdone, but pain
is important to me. This rather bizarre taste makes me an avoid player of all
sports and a fantastic spectator. Pain raises sport from the level of
entertainment to that of human achievement, and I consider it central to a
humane education.
2. I became conscious of the difference between play and sport when I

helped organize a sandlor football team at the age of 12. Since this was a
“child-directed” (ie, our parents didn’t know where we were) activity, we had
to figure out what we would do. The first thing is to schedule a game with a
similar team from a nearby town.
3. It never occurred to us to practice or prepare for the game except

to do what we had done for years-run around, pass the football and yell. The
result was catastrophic. Our opponents were prepared. They slaughtered us.
Half the team was injured, and all of us were humiliated.
Follow the Leader
4. It down on us that we were engaged in a sport, not in play. If we

were to play decently, let alone win, we would have to prepare, and the only
way was to learn the discipline of practice.
5. Looking back. I realize that at that moment we underwent a

profound experience. We entered into a social contract that bound us
together with ties still strong after more than 30 years.
6. Our quarterback imposed his rule on us . he was never elected

captain or coach, but simply assumed these offices. His voice was stentorian,
and his will was indomitable. He focused my attention on the importance of
pain and the reaction to it.
7. We had been pushed around unmercifully by a larger and stronger

opponent. On our 5-yard line. He told the team he would take the ball on
every play until we lost it. And, from the look in his eye, we all knew we had
better not lose it. He was not large and it seemed folly to plunge into the
center of the line, especially since we had no pads or helmet to protect him.
8. The first rush caught the other team by surprise, and we went for
10 yards. On the second plunge,they stiffened, but we still moved. For 60
yards, we inched forward. After the first few rushes, it was clear that our
63
offense consisted of one play up to the center. By the time we had penetrated
to their 30-yard-line, our quarterback was covered with dust and blood but
still giving the same command, “Snap the ball to me on three.”
9. A surprising thing happened. The opposition collapsed. We moved 5,

then 10, then 15 yards until the touchdown was made.
10. One boy, determined to break his opponents regardless of personal

agony, had demoralized 11 other boys, all as big as (or bigger than) he, and
as good (or better) football players. Their undoing was their inability to
understand how the human will can drive the body to do things that defy
reason.
11. I have never forgotten that day and the lesson I learned. Like my
teammates, I had a healthy fear of pain, but I realized that this fear could be
overcome and that the man who could overcome it had a distinct advantage.
At that moment, I became a sports nut.
12. In the year since, I have used the lesson well. Pain of one sort or
another is everywhere. It is painful to confront a problem in mathematics that
you cannot solve. It is excruciating to roll blank paper into typewriter and
have no words come for hours. It hurts to give a lecture that puts students to
sleep or worse that is terrible but applauded.
13. These are mental agonies, but they are no less real than the
physical, and I convinced that learning to live with and transcend physical
pain can give one the strength to conquer the mental variety.
Onward and Upward
14. And so I have continued to punish myself. Even at the slow pace I
run, it hurts; my pass patterns in touch football are becoming fuzzy and less
clean; the weights get heavier to lift, even when they add up to the same
total; I don’t bounce quite so lightly any more in a judo throw. It is still worth
it, for my will remains firm though I must lower my physical sights.
15. And more and more, I have become a faithful spectator, for what I
think I see in sports is the process by which young people become mature
men and women. I realize that modern psychology has claimed that sports do
not build character. It is true that sports may not improve a person, just as a
college education is often wasted.
64
16. I chose to teach because I thought (and think) that a human
education can or must create better people, and I firmly believe that sports
are the fundamental part of that education. To know of what one is capable,
both mentally and physically, is to know the scope of one’s freedom. And that
is what education is all about.
A. Analysis of ideas and Relationship
1. The main idea of this article is that

a. sports are a lot of fun
b. sports help develop determination and character
c. competitive sports are not good for people, especially children
1. The team lost the first game because:
a. they had not practiced, and they were not prepared
b. the other team had not practices and they were not prepared
c. they gave up without trying
2. The quarterback of the team:
a. was elected to the position of captain or coach by his teammates.
b. was very shy person and refused to take the position of captain or
coach
c. selected himself to be the captain or couch
3. How did the writer of this article feel of the quarterback?.
a. He hated him because he was loud and bossy and domineering
b. he was afraid of him because the quarterback was bigger and stronger
than he
c. He admired and respected him because he set a powerful example for
the other team members to follow.
4. the quarterback’s actions in the game show the importance of:
a. persistence and determination in spite of pain
b. being bigger and stronger by the others
c. knowing want to quit because you can’t possibly win
5. Pain is important because:
a. it feels good
b. it has to be recognized so that it can be avoided
c. if you can overcome your fear of pain, you will have an advantage over
others who cannot overcome their fear of pain.
6. The lesson of the importance of overcoming pain can be applied to:
a. all physical activities
b. all mental activities
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c. both a, and b
7. The writer of this article suggests that a person should continue practicing
sports:
a. as long as the person can even when the person’s physical condition
not as good as it once was.
b. until he or she sees that performance is not as good as it once was
c. until he or she graduated from high school or college
8. In paragraph 15, it is stated, “ I realized that modern psychology has
claimed that sports do not build character. “ L. Pierce Williams, the writer of
this article, probably:
a. doesn’t have much use for modern psychology
b. has a lot of respect for modern psychology
c. doesn’t really understand modern psychology
9. If a school proposed to cut back on its athletic (sports) department in order
to save money. L. Pierce William would probably:
a. support the school’s proposal
b. not care one way or the other
c. strongly oppose the school’s proposal
B. True or False
1. The writer of this article says that he is afraid of pain

2. There is no significant difference between play and sport according this
article
3. The team did not practice or prepare for the first game, and they were
defeated as a result.
4. The team learned an important lesson from the first game.
5. The quarterback was elected captain by his teammates because he was
popular and easy going.
6. The writer learned about the importance of pain and overcoming it from
the quarterback was bigger and stronger than the members of the other
team.
7. The quarterback was bigger and stronger than the members of the other
team.
8. According to the writer, it is important to learn to overcome pain in any
field whether physical or mental.
9. The writer believes that sports help people develop into mature men nad
women
66
10. The writer is a professional football player.
1. Pain is central to a humane education

a. extremely important
b. related
c. connected
2. A sandlot is:
a. an empty lot in a town or city
b. a lot filled with sand
c. a place where there is a lot of sand
3. “If we were to play decently, let alone win, we would have to prepare”.
a. and perhaps win
b. and perhaps not win
c. not to even mention winning
4. “ He focused attention on the importance of pain and the reaction to it.”
“It” refers to:
a. importance
b. attention
c. pain
5. “ For 60 yards, we inched forward.”
a. moved forward a little bit
b. moved forward slowly
c. moved forward a little bit at a time
6. “Like my teammates, I had a healthy fear of pain, but I realized that this
fear could be overcome and that the man who could overcome it had a
distinct advantage,” “It” refers to:
a. fear of pain
b. pain
c. fear
7. “ At that moment, I became a sports nut”.
a. became insane about sports
b. became insane because of sports
c. became deeply enthusiastic about sports
8. “Pain of one sort or another is everywhere.”
a. Whatever you do and wherever you go, you can encounter pain
b. There are different kinds of pain
67
c. Some experiences are more painful than others
9. “ My will remains film though I must lower my physical sight.”
a. must look down upon myself
b. must lower my expectations of my performance in sports
c. must look down in order to see well
10. “To know of what one is capable, both mentally and physically, is to know
the scope of one’s freedom. And that is what education is all about.” That”
refers to:
a. mental capability
b. physical capability
c. to know the scope of one’s freedom
D. Synonyms
Very strange Insanity Aware

Enthusiastic Deep and powerful Disgraced
Beat (us) badly terrible Disastrous
(we) realized
1. I admit that my taste for pain is bizarre, but I can explain it.
2. I am conscious of a relationship between pain and human achievement.
3. this awareness has caused me to become an avid sports fan.
4. The results of my team’s first game were catastrophic because we had
not practiced or prepared in any way for the game.
5. The other team slaughtered us.
6. Half of the member of our team were injured, and all of us were
humiliated.
7. It dawned on us then that if we wanted to play well, we would have to
prepare.
8. This was the beginning of a truly profound experience.
9. The actions of our quarterback in our next game seemed to be folly.
10. It was obvious that he was in excruciating pain—but we had won, and
we had learned an important lesson.
XIII. ARE THESE THE BEST YEARS OF YOUR LIFE?
[ which are the best years of life? All of us ask ourselves this question from
time to time, and we probably come up with different answers. The reason
68
seems to be that different periods are related to different kinds of
achievement. This article looks at specific areas of achievement and relates
these areas to specific periods of life]
1. The ups and downs of life may seem to have no predictable plan.
But scientists now know there are very definite life patterns that almost all
people share . Today, when we live 20 years longer than our great-
grandparents, and when women mysteriously outlive men by seven years, it
is clearer than ever that the “game of lifeaa’ is really a game of trade-offs. As
we age, we trade strength for ingenuity, speed for thoroughness, passion for
reason. These exchanges may not always seem fair, but every age, there are
some advantages. So it is reassuring to note that even if you’ve passed some
of your “prime,” you still have other prime years to experience in the future.
Certain important primes seems to peak later in life.
2. WHEN ARE YOU SMARTEST? From 18 to 25, according to I.Q.

scores; but you’re wiser and more experienced with increasing age.
You’re sharpest in 20’s; around 30, memory begins to decline, particularly

your ability to perform mathematical computations. “ But your I.Q. for other
tasks climbs,” says Berkeley psychologist Arthur Jensen. Your vocabulary at
age 45, for example, is three times as great as when graduated from college.
At 60, your brain possesses almost four times as much information as it did
at age 21. This trade-off between sharpness and wisdom has led psychologist
Dr. Leopold Bellak to suggest that “ mutually quotients (M.Q’s instead of IQ’s
be adopted for adults.
3. WHEN ARE YOU HEALTHIEST? For men, from 15 to 25; for women
from 15 to 30.
“A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25,” says New York
internist Dr. Donald Tomkins. “His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds
and infections is highest, and his body is most efficient in utilizing nutrients.”
Women, for reasons scientists do not understand, get a five-year bonus. Peak
health begins to decline when the body process called anabolism (cell growth)
is overtaken but the opposite process, catabolism (cell death). Cells have
been dying since birth,” says Tomkins, but in our late 20’s they start dying
faster than they are replaced” Also, muscle is replace is with fat.
4. Women also get an additional bonus of good health later in life:

National Institute of Health figures show that the onset of such “old age”
69
diseases as arthritis, rheumatism, and heart ailments begin around age 60 in
men at age 65 in women. It is hard to deny generally greater fitness of
women: Life expectancy for men is now 68.3; for women, 75.9. Sys U.S.
aging authority William Kannel, “ Older women with low blood pressure are
practically immortal.” However, psychologists believe that by entering the
competitive job market in increasing numbers, women may eventually give
up their statistical advantage.
5. WHEN ARE YOU MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP MENTAL DISORDERS?

from 30 to 35.
This surprisingly narrow peak is very real. the National Institute of Mental
health (NIMH) reports that more than half on the patients in mental hospitals,
male and female, are in this age group (men leading women by about 20%).
6. But if we’re most neurotic between 30 and 35, apparently we

recover quickly. Admissions to mental hospitals drop sharply around age 40
and stay down until age 65. Yet, say psychiatrists, between ages 40 and 55,
more people report they “feel” on the verge of a nervous breakdown.
Relatively few actually occur. “We become veterans at coping, “ says
psychologist Marvin Karlins.
7. Suicide, a measure of mental problems, peaks from 20 to 24 and

then again around 70. Incidences of suicide are smallest among people with
intact marriages, highest among the divorced.
8. WHEN ARE YOU HAPPIEST? You have the best physical sense of
yourself from 15 to 24; the best professional sense from 40 to 49. Pessimism
peaks between 30 and 39.
San Diego State University psychologists Marilyn and Linda found

that before age 24, we believe that our happiest years are yet to come; over
30. we believe that they’re behind us. A National Health Survey agrees; After
age 30, we “become more realistic and do not view happiness as a goal in
itself. If we maintain our health, achieve professional and emotional goals,
then happiness, we feel, will follow.
9. The American Institute of Public Opinion says that the pessimism

peak occurs when we realize that talent and determination aren’t enough to
guarantee success. Lady Luck must help.
70
10. Also, youth’s good physical sense of self apparently does little to
foster happiness. “Parents who tell their teenage children. ‘These are the
happiest years,” says Ligget, “couldn’t be more wrong. Adolescence is very
difficult. Only when you are 40 and looking back does youth look blissful.”
11. WHEN DOES YOUR SEXUAL DRIVE PEAK? Around 16 to 18 for men;
between 35 and 40 for women.
While the male’s sex drive diminishing, the female is reaching her sexual
peak. some psychologists believe that nature arranged it this way in order to
control population.
12. WHEN ARE YOU MOST CREATIVE? Generally between 30 and 39,
but the peak varies with different professions.
Mozart wrote a symphony and four sonatas by age eight, and
Mendelssohn composed his best known work, a midsummer Night’s Dream at
17, but most of the great music was written by men between 33 and 39. In
his monumental work, Aging and Achievement, psychologist H.C Lehman
presents the years for peak work in many fields: Grand opera (35 to 39) ,
musical comedy (40 to 44) , chemistry (26 to 30), mathematics, physics, and
electronics (30 to 34) , astronomy (40 to 44), writing novels (40 to 44), short
stories (30 to 34) and poetry 924 to 29- the earliest peak for all types of
writing), painting and sculpture (32 to 39), architecture (40 to 44), inventions
(30 to 40), and economics (30 to 39).
13. Though the peaks in most fields comes early-most Nobel prize
winners did their top research in their late 20’s and 30’s- creative people
continue to produce quality work throughout their lives. Psychologist Dr. John
Mc Leish, in the Ulyssean adult, explains that for the “well-conditioned mind,”
there is no upper limit, At 71, Tolstoy completed Resurrection, writing all its
200,000 words by longhand. Voltaire wrote his marvellous satire Candide at
64. Will Durant began to write five volumes of the monumental History of a
Civilization in collaboration with his wife, Ariel, when he was 69, and he
finished at 89.
14. By viewing life’s various peaks, we can easily get the feeling that we
are part of a giant give-and-take plan. Though statistically the plan is there,
we must remember that every peak has many exceptions. Says McLeish,
“The human life journey cannot be charted by a single curving line.”
71
1. The main idea of this article is that:
a. different periods of life are related to different kinds of achievements
b. the best years are from 20 to 29 for both men and women
c. there is no pattern for achievement. You have to look at each
person’s life separately
2. Put the following statements into logical order. Then refer to paragraph 1
to check your work.
a. “The ups and downs of life may seem to have no predictable plan.”
b. “Today, when we live 20 years longer than our great – grandparents
and women mysteriously outlive men by seven years, it is clearer
than ever that the game of life” is really a game of trade-offs”
c. “But scientists now know there are very definite life patterns that
almost people share”
3. Which statements is not necessarily true?

a. Memory begin to decline after 30
b. Your vocabulary begins to decline after 30
c. Your ability to perform certain mathematical computations begins to
decline after 30
4. Paragraph 5, 6,and 7 are all related to;
a. suicide
b. the National Institute of Mental Health
c. mental disorder
5. Please arrange these fields in the order of their peak period, beginning
with the earliest age.
a. astronomy (40 to 44);
b. short stories (30 to 34);
c. grand opera (35 to 39):
d. poetry (24 to 29);
e. chemistry (26 to 30);
6. Paragraph 13 shows that:
a. creative people do not produce quality work after their peak
b. the peak in the most fields occurs late in life
c. creative people produce fine work throughout their lives
7. Which statement is not true?
a. Life has certain pattern of achievement.
b. There are individual exceptions to the general pattern
72
c. If a person does not achieve according to the achievement pattern,
it means that he or she never will achieve.
8. The tone of this article is:
a. pessimistic
b. indifferent
c. optimistic
B . TRUE OR FALSE
1. The high points and low points of life have a predictable plan according to
this article.
2. At every age, there are some advantages.
3. A person’s memory is greatest when that person is about 45.
4. The peak for vocabulary is 30.
5. According to this article, women are generally healthier than men.
6. You are more likely to commit suicide if you are married than if you are
divorced.
7. People are more pessimistic when they are in their twenties.
8. Adolescence is the happiest period of life.
9. Creative people produce high level work throughout their lives
10. Although there is a predictable life that people share, there are exceptions
to the plan.
C. INTERPRETATION OF WORDS AND PHRASES

1. “ The ups and downs of life may seem to have no predictable plan.”
a. high points and low points
b. beginning and ending
c. directions
2. “The ‘game of life’ is really a game of trade-offs.”
a. sacrifices
b. victories
c. exchanges
3. Your vocabulary at age 45… is three times as great as when you
graduated from college.
a. larger than
b. better than
c. less than
73
4. “Around 30, memory begins to decline… but your I.Q. for other tasks
climbs”.
a. When do you like to develop mental disorders?
b. When would you most like to develop mental disorders?
c. When does a person have the greatest chance of developing mental
disorders?
5. “When are you most likely to developed mental disorder?”
a. When do you like to develop mental disorders?
b. When would you most like to develop mental disorders?
c. When does a person have the greatest chance of developing mental
disorders?
6. “Life expectancy for men is now 68,3: for women, 75,9”.
a. Four women have lived to be 75,9.
b. Four women life expectancy is 75,9.
c. Four women life expectancy is 75 to 79.
7. “Between age 40 and 55, more people report they ‘feel” on the verge of a
nervous breakdown. Relatively few actually occur.”
a. Relatively few nervous breakdowns actually occur
b. Relatively few feelings actually occur
c. Relatively few people actually occur
8. “Before age 24, we believe that our happiest years are yet to come.”
a. here
b. past
c. in the future
9. “When are you most creative? Generally between 30 and 39.”.
a. usually
b. sometimes
c. occasionally
D. SYNONYMS
Decrease Grow older High point

Handling Together Edge
Booking at healthy Live longer than
outstanding
1. The peak in most fields comes early

2. Women outlive men, by approximately seven years.
3. As we age, we change.
74
4. People have more than one prime period in their lives
5. Memory begins to decline after 30
6. Many people between ages 40 and 55 say that they feel that they are on
the verge of a nervous breakdown.
7. People become better at coping with their problems as they grow older.
8. Cases of suicide are smallest among people with intact marriages.
9. Will Durant wrote History of a Civilization in collaboration with his wife,
Ariel Durant.
10. By viewing life’s various peaks, we can easily get the feeling that we are
part of a giant plan.
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Name: Mandala Putra

Subject: Study English

Study program: Agrotechonologi

DEVELOPING READING SKILLS BY LINDA MARKSTEIN AND LOUISE HIRASAWA

I. MOTHERHOOD IN A CHANGING WORLD: WOMEN IN GHANA

4. How do these working mothers cope with their multiple responsibilities in

Reading Reconstruction: comprehension and restatement of ideas.

Women in the Middle East

1. Most women in Ghana work. (True)

C. Interpretation of words and phrases: Circle the letters next to the

can’t read or write to keep method

1. How many people in the world are illiterate?(Can’t read or write)

E. Special Expressions: Chose a synonym for the word in bold type in

II. U.S CITIES PAST AND PRESENT

1. The problems of the nation’s cities – pollution, crime, riots, a lack of

8. Planning of cities and their neighbour-hoods was controlled by land

Reading Reconstruction: comprehension and restatement of ideas.

The Good old Days

B. Analysis of ideas and relationships: Circle the letter next to the

C. Interpretation of words and Phrases. Circle the letter next to the

Were probably not Leftover parts Did not exist

III. ORDINARY ASPIRIN IS TRULY A WONDER DRUG

2. For millions of people suffering from arthritis, it is the only thing

3. Although aspirin was first sold by a German company in 1999. It

4. A small quantity of aspirin (two five-grain tablets) relieves pain and

5. Aspirin is very irritating to the stomach lining, and many aspirin

Reading Reconstruction: comprehension and restatement of ideas.

Side Effects of Medicine

A. Analysis of Ideas and relationships.

1. This article discusses:

A: speed up – slow down – stop

B: cause – stop – understood

1. Aspirin is one of the safest drugs invented by man.

C. Interpretation of Word phrases.

D. Synonyms: Choose a synonym for the words in bold type in each

Amount Includes Result

1. What is the medical value of aspirin?

IV. THE CRIME OF THE MONTH

4.Apparently our intellectual seasonal tendencies. Professor Huntington, of the

5. Possibly, soaring thermometers and high humidity bring on our strange

C. Interpretation of Words and Phrases

1. “Murder reaches a high during July, as other violent attacks” means:

A lot of Flew high Showed

1. The crime cycles change in each month

E. Graph Reading: Using the graphs and answer the question

ANNUAL CYCLES OF CRIME

1. These graphs include:

A. WORD FORMS : Choose the appropriate word in the bracket:

Cannot read or write special Disturbed The countryside

1. Extensive research has been conducted on crime patterns.

1. help, helper, to help, helpful, helpless, helpfully, helplessly

2. care, to care, careful, careless, carefully, carelessly

3. office, officer, official, to officiate, official, officially

VI. TIPS ON DOING BUSINESS WITH THE ARABS

1. Arab consider it extremely bad manners to start talking business

2. The “conference visit” is a way of doing business throughout the Arab

3. Making decision quickly is not the Arab custom. There is a vagueness in

Doing Business in the United States

A. Analysis of Ideas and Relationships:

1. The main purpose of this article is to explain:

1. Arab start talking business right away.

C. Interpretation of Words and Phrases.