Teach every child about food- Jamie Oliver

Jamie Oliver, the Ted's speaker, he's a chef and works in lots of Tv programmes.
In this Talk he tells about the power of food and the awful situation that there is right now,
especially in America, as it is one of the most unhealthy country in the world and
statistically, the majority of people are overweight or obese and they suffer from diseases
because of this,but it is even a global problem beacuse there is other countries that have
massive problems of obesity and bad health (China,Germany,Australia,Uk...). Many people
die for food because it is the main cause of death and diseases (cancer,diabets,heart
diseases).
The causes are the modern life and how people eat: fast food,supermarket,schools and
family.
Jamie would want to start a food revolution because we need it. Obesity doesn't hurt just the
people that have it but even who's around them.
He's really worried for children in particular, because they don't know what is real food
(vegetables,fruit...) because of the culture of food that there is. It need an education for
them. Food is transformed to be widespread among the majority of the population, an
example is milk: industries add sugar and chocolate and they transform this healthy product
in unhealthy for being accepted and enjoyed by everybody.
The aim of Jamie is to give to young people fresh food and cooked and share the art of
cooking.
He wants to change the unhealthy lifestyle of people, paying attention at fisrt in schools for
changing people's future and the future of their sons.

He use pictures, statistics, involves the audience making questions and he makes them laugh
and he even succeeded in create empathy, I think that his communication strategies have
been successful.

How urban agricolture is transforming Detroit-Devita Davison

In Detroy, in particular in the suburbs where there is a minority of population there is an

urban decay because of the scarcity of retail, specifically of fresh food retail, in a city where
70 percent of Detroiters are obese and overweight, and they struggle to access nutritious
food that they need, that they need to stay healthy, that they need to prevent premature
illness and diet-related diseases.
many Detroiters live closer to a fast food restaurant or to a convenience store, or to a gas
station where they have to shop for food than they do a full-service supermarket.This is the
thing that Detroiters want to change through urban agriculture and food entrepreneurship.
This city has some unique resources as open land, fertile soil, proximity to water, willing
labor and and people there want healthy and fresh food. Therefore, there is a popular
movement of people in Detroit who are transforming this city from what used to be the
capital of American industry into an agrarian paradise. She thinks that Detroit is a great
example of food security and sustainable development. There are many gardens and farms
all across the city where people collaborate creating a community and social cohesion and
give fresh food to everyone.
She shows the Oakland Avenue Farms where people can go for have dinner with products
coltivated by the farm and take a tour, they can even talk to the grower about their
curiosities.
The aim is to change the relationship between people and food and let them know where the
food they are eating comes from. ( I think it is very nice because it makes us understand that
food has a history and with this project I think we can feel the food closer and be able to
respect it)
So, farmers' cooperatives have been created that sell healthy food all across the city.
In Detroit the minority composed by many African Americans is dying because of diseases
related to a bad nutrition., so restaurants have a great responsibility in increasing access to
healthy food in the city. Through the urban agricolture they have succeeded in
strengthening the social fabric of the communities giving new opportunities in the most
vulnerable neighnorhoods, with healthy, accessible,delicious,culturally appropriate food.

She used pictures and her own experience to involve the audience. I think that her voice's
tone was very convincing so communication was successful.

How food shapes our cities- Carolyn Steel

This Ted Talk focuses on the evolution of food in cities and how societies are currently
facing a disadvantage. It highlights the fact that people take their food for granted, not
realizing the processes that make up their food systems. Speaker Carolyn Steel uses humour
and photos to capture the attention of the audience. She emphasizes serious issues that have
developed as a result of the current food systems. Cities, urbanism, and the consumption of
meat, are all identified as issues that already exist and will continue to increase if the
Western diet sustains. Steel compares the impacts of old world food systems with food
systems today. In the past, food was based on a local level, and did not have to travel far to
make it to market. People would visit markets daily to get food, but also to interact and
socialize with others in the community. Another aspect of the market was the real
connection to the food; for example, animals would be bought alive and then prepared at
home. Today people have a limited connection to their food. It is often bought frozen at the
grocery store, and then heated up in the microwave. Steel exposes that the Western diet in
unsustainable, and will not be practical for much longer. Her solution for the damaged food
systems of today is to rethink the way food shapes society, and this can allow food to shape
the world.

I found it interesting to learn more about the details of old world food systems. I was
already aware of the use and purpose of markets in the past, but Steel was able to reveal
fascinating facts about street names and locations based on the type of markets present in
the area. The views proposed by Steel were very true, and I agree that people need to have a
connection with their food and where it comes from. I think that it is important to be
involved in our food systems and to value what we have.

A guerrilla gardener in South Central LA -Ron Finley

He talks about the negative effects that the food system brings to people. He lives in south
central LA and he would want fresh food and healthy food handy so he planted a food
forest in front of his house in a space owned by the city. He and his group “Green Grounds”
started planting the food forest with fruit trees and vegetables.and they were all volunteers
and everything they did was free.
But one day he received a a mandate from the municipality to remove the garden but Green
Grounds members filed a petition on Change.org and, with 900 signatures, they managed to
win.
And his Councilman also called and said they approve and love what they were doing and
why not?
There is enough space for planting there and he suggests to people to grow their own food!
He wants to build his own reality and not the one made by other people. He considers
himself as an artist, he colivates his art beautifying the lawns and avenues. He makes you
understand how beautiful nature is, build it and look at it.
His garden has become an example for transforming the neighborhood and changing the
community and he wants that people take that food and regain their health. In addition, it's
a way for them to take control of their communities, and have a sustainable life.

He uses humor and effective slogans that engage the public and his own experience,
showing pictures.
Ron Finley is a community activist and self-taught gardener who shows how to garden in
any space and grow your own food. He teaches gardening

George Washington Carver was an American agricultural scientist and inventor who

promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion.He was one of
the most prominent black scientists of the early 20th century. He wanted poor farmers to
grow other crops, such as peanuts and sweet potatoes, as a source of their own food and to
improve their quality of life.
is work to improve the lives of farmers.
What point does Finley make about money/sustainability?

He says that free isn't sustainable and sustainability have to be sustained but coltivating
your own food you can do money by yourself. Growing your own food is like printing
your own money.

What communication strategies does the speaker use? (think of words like “gangsta” or his
slogan, “plant some shit”) - Explore background: Who is Ron Finley? (check out Wikipedia
and his website) - Who was George Washington Carver? - What point does Finley make
about money/sustainability? - Anything else?

How China is (and isn’t) fighting pollution and climate change – Angel Hsu

The speaker in this speech shows us how we are manipulated by fake information as the app
that can show us the quality of the air is not as the air we see if we look outside and she
found that through a friend who lives in Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang province in
northwest China.
So the data didn't tell the truth of what people were seeing and breathing. At this point she
started to travel all across the country to seek answers about the environmental polices used
by the government. Citizens became more aware of the pollution that there was and of its
harmfulness
to human health, even thanks to a documentary "Under the Dome" so they demanded more
transparency on the part of the government.
It's shocking how air pollution was leading to one million premature deaths every year in
China.
Alone. She showed a video that raised a public protest for air pollution. In China (the
electricity system is a problem bcs it's based on coal.) the electricity comes from coal and
China has more coal-fired power plants than any other country, that's the reason why the
government has decided to encourage a “war on coal”, closing small coal mines and setting
limits on coal consumption. They've also been making enormous investments / they are
investing in clean and renewable energy, like hydropower, wind and solar.
We should care about whta China is doing on the environment because the atmosphere is
one and what China does can have global consequences for the rest of the world as air
pollution can travel beyond its borders. It's true that China is cleaning inside, but it exports
coal-fired capacity abroad.
So we can see that even though China is cleaning up at home, it's exporting some of that
pollution to other countries. China determines our global environmental future and we can
take example from it, on what they do on carbon trading, on clean energy, on air pollution.
Clean energy is not only good for the environment, it can save lives and it's good for
economy (China was responsible for 30 percent of the global growth in green jobs).
China is polluting other countries cleaning up itself.

She uses images,statistics. At the beginning pictures which show a bad situation and in the
end a good situation.

Marketing food to children- Anna Lappé

Anna Lappe is an author, activist, and project director for the Food MythBusters, the Real
Food Media Project.

The speaker asks the audience to think of a child that they love, creating pathos.
She talks about the way in which industries do pervasive marketing of bad food to children
and teens and how it is dangerous for them because of the diseases related to an unhealthy
diet.
During her talk she describes the marketing techniques used by industries :
First, they use cartoon characters and popular cartoons to combine food and entertainment
that children enjoy, beyond television, radio and products like t-shirts and toys, even schools
have a huge market because of sponsorships,posters,funding. It seemed that they had
changed their attention to children because of a public disapproval but actually they have
just changed their way of marketing, not through advertising but putting products on toys or
school jerseys sponsored by a food brands. But all that is outside the parents control, the
parents whom the food industry says are responsible for keeping kids healthy. Parents
cannot control everything, a parent cannot control who sponsors their child’s soccer team or
that there is a coke bottle in the new movie.
The rising of obesity is worrying for all people and the fault is of the exploitation done by
food marketers. Fortunately lots of groups are developing to put pressure on these
marketers. Parents may not be able to stop marketers, but parents can help raise children
who eat good, whole, healthy foods and say to industries that their children are none of their
business.So it need to stop child marketing.
She's a strong credible speaker who uses pathos when discussing children and helath.

– The speaker makes use of allitterations in her talk. Find some of them. - The talk
ends with a ‘call to action’. We have come across this before. What is a call to action
and why is it used in talks? (do some research)
Action is useful for social justice and we don't have just listen to bu even act and
change what we believe in.

What if there was no advertising? - George Nimeh

George is a digital entrepreneur and an award-winning innovator in advertising and

communications. He has worked with top brands, global agencies and startups for 20 years.

According to the speaker online advertising design has remained the same,especially banner
ads that irritate and create problems to users,In fact /indeed, many users have installed ad
blockers, because they costs money and time and some ads can also lead to loss personal
information. So the online advertising model that there is now, is accidental and not
sustainable.
The speaker proposes that advertising campaigns shoud change to be more approachable
and friendly to users. He suggests using more videos,interviews, valuable stuff to involve
more and make the ad experience more attractive/appealing. Using such media to narrate
inspiring stories, emerging news and other exciting stuff. He also suggest putting the option
of hiding the ads on webpages,this could help users to decide if they want ads or not,rather
than using trickery and accidental events to market products. He also advises advertising
companes or websites to directly ask for donations and eliminate ads that deduct money,
they should use 10% of their budgets and space to offer stories,inspirational interviews.
I agree with the speaker that the current ad designs are not attractive and effective. There is
the need to improve ad designs, especially banner ads and create optional, attractive and
genuine forms of advertising. The options putted by George could be helpful in achieving
better advertising mechanisms.

- Is the speaker an expert of this topic? How do we know? - Notice the way he uses humour.
Find some specific examples. (tip: he uses visuals as well as words – find some of them)

How much nature do we have? How much do we use?- Matthis Wackernagel

Mathis is the co-creator of Ecological Footprint and president of Global Footprint Network
In this presentation, Mathis explains the economic implications of consumption.

What human beings demand on nature in more than what Earth can renew.
We use more than what our ecosystems can renew.
we use more than what the earth can regenerate over the long term, so that means ecological
bankruptcy, which means a very depleted planet with harsh life. Considtions. He wanna
avoid that through metric.
Ho we can measure how much we used compared to how much we have available?
For that they developed an ecological accounting system that says how much we have (he
shows the “ecological footprints” which shows what we use) compared to how much we
use. What we have in nature is called biocapacity.
During these years biocapacity has increased because through agriculture we can generate
more stuff but if will be climate change it will reduce biocapacity.
Our demand on nature and our ecological footprint has grown rapidly.
Before we used less than the earth could regenerate.but now we use 60% more and every
country is different. He makes the example of Spain which had an ecological deficit, and
that is possible because there are 3 mechanisms:
they can use their own ecosystem more than what they regenerate, that means the import of
resources exceeds the export of resources.
The speaker remembers an oil crisis when he was 11 years old, the fight that with a
sustainable development, for the first time we went beyond human rights, we went towards
humanity
Development means we want have a “great life” and he says sustainable because our source
is just the planet.
We can manage what we measure. Having a measure means have a voice, be able to
demonstrate something and say what we need to act and ask for creating a sustainable
reality,future.
We should think how we want to live and if we wanna be resource-dependent and be
bounded to resources , if we wanna be engaged in projects that will be long-term winners or
invest our life in stranded assets.
Know How much footprint we use compared to how much biocapacity you have measuring

One fundamental requirement for sustainability is to demand less from the planet than the
planet’s ecosystems can renew. Ecological footprint accounting focuses on this very
requirement. It tracks human demand on ecosystems in comparison to what ecosystems can
renew. When demand exceeds renewal, ecological overshoot occurs. It leads to degradation
of natural capital, which in turn may cause a decrease in economic and social welfare. What
is the Ecological Footprint? The Ecological footprint is a measure of how much biologically
productive land and water area an individual, population or activity uses to produce all the
resources it consumes, to house all its infrastructure, and to absorb its waste1 given
prevailing technology and resource management practices. People obtain resources from
forests, cropland, fisheries, and grazing land. They also use these areas for accommodating
roads, houses and energy infrastructure. Waste absorption also utilizes area-based ecosystem
services, for example to assimilate carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning or
cement production. The Ecological footprint adds up the areas required to produce resources
or assimilate waste to the extent that they are mutually exclusive. The sum of these areas
then measures the total human demand on nature. In other words, ecological footprint
analysis builds on “mass flow balance,” where each flow is translated into the ecologically
productive areas necessary to support them. Ecosystems have a limited ability to supply us
with natural resources. This is based on factors such as water availability, climate, soil
fertility, solar energy, technology and management practices. This capacity to renew, driven
by photosynthesis, is called biocapacity. When a population’s ecological footprint exceeds
the biocapacity of its territory, it runs a biocapacity deficit. This deficit is balanced either
through the use of biocapacity from elsewhere, or local overuse, called ‘ecological
overshoot’. At the global level, deficit and overshoot are identical since there is no
interplanetary trade allowing for biocapacity use from elsewhere. Ecological footprint
accounting can be applied at all scales, from the global down to the product level. Overshoot
measured at the global scale is an indicator of unsustainability.
Global Footprint Network calculates the ecological footprint of countries on an annual basis.
All the results are presented on an open data platform at data.footprintnetwork.org.
Global Footprint Network calculates the ecological footprint of countries on an annual basis.
All the results are presented on an open data platform at data.footprintnetwork.org.

- Based on your experience with prior TED talks, identify the kind of evidence the
speaker brings in support of his statements, the way he organises his talk, the way he
presents the topic.

How I gave up processed foods (and why it matters) - Megan Kimble

Megan Kimble is the managing editor of Edible Baja Arizona, a local food magazine, she's a
food writer.
In this talk, she discusses what makes a food processed and how those processes impact our
bodies and communities.
She want to make us realize what we really eat, how is food we eat, where it comes from, by
who is made,if it's local, in season or is organic, and these are the things that we should
consider about our food. The speaker tries for one year don't eat processed food. She
believes that these choices impact food system and we have the power to unprocess the
foods we eat.
What makes a food processed?
All foods are processed, agriculture is a kind of process, but going ahead they are not. It
seems that it's less important what we're eating than how we're eating it. Foods can have the
same source but different level of processing.
She shows whta is the process of a food, from its source to our table:
1)What happens when we actually eat that food
2)How our body responds
3)How the food we buy impact the communities we live in
Often this process revolves around money, it is the economy of food.
The survival of system depends on pesticides, refrigeration and semi trucks.
She shows a product which comes from a farm owned by a guy that she knows and where
she takes food beacuse she knows how it is made. There's not a lot of storage and there are
no pesticides.
According to a study lots of products are contaminated with pesticides even when they are
washed.
What makes one product more processed than the other?
The first difference is how they are grown: conventionally or organically, on a monoculture
or on a diversified field, and the second is how that food gets to us.
Eating unprocessed food means eat less sugar or other ingredients.
She stop eating when she's full with unprocessed food.
Sugar is everywhere to let us eat more
How do the foods we buy impact the communities we live in?
If we want buy healthy and sustainable food we should spend more money
pay money for mindfully produced meat
it is so worth the money to pay someone in our community who's doing it well
if we spend in local business together we would create new revenue for the city
spending money locally is better because multinational corporations use our money to
influence politics and grow unsustainable food, to waste energy

There is a difference between things people make (with hands)and things that are made (by
machines),

How does a food get from its source to your table?

How do the foods we buy impact the communities we live in?

- This speaker speaks fast. Pause if necessary. - What point does she make about: 1) food
miles? 2) the money that goes to farmers? 3) sugar? (sugar is in everything, it comes in so
many different forms, we love it and it pulls our triggers in ways that makes us want to eat
more and food companies know that, that’s why it is in everything. The way that food
companies make desserts diet, is they process out the sugar and fat and replace them with
chemicals. )- What are the strengths and weaknesses of this talk (in terms of communication
strategies)?
UNIT 1: NEWSPAPERS
A) COME SONO CAMBIATI I GIORNALI NELL’ERA 
DI INTERNET?
People have always read newspapers in order to receive information and because of the fact
that they are a chronicle of daily life across the globe, but now people use to read more and
more news online due to the advent of Internet. Because of that, newspapers sell less copies
so the main problem concerns money due to the fact that if newspapers sell less money,
journalists may be less payed or they might lose their job. In addition, journalism online
isn’t payed so journalists who write only online are in trouble, economically speaking.
We don’t know if print newspapers will continue to exist because of the advent of Internet. 

B) WHAT ARE HEADLINES AND WHAT ARE THE WAYS TO MAKE THEM MORE
CATCHY?
Headlines are titles written on newspapers and they are the first thing we see and catch
when we have a newspaper. They can be shorter or longer, it depends on journalists’ choice.
In fact they have to decide how much information they want readers to know. 
In headlines we should find the 5 W questions: if headlines are shorter, we’ll find only some
of this information, if they’re longer, we’ll have more informative headlines. 
Generally, in headlines we find nouns, the most important verbs and adjectives if they’re
useful in 
order to make headlines more attractive. Instead, pronouns, auxiliaries, articles and
punctuation are usually omitted (we sometimes find exclamation marks). 
Journalists use several language advices in order to make headlines more catchy: the play on
words (use words with more than one meaning), they use cultural references, they use
alliteration and emphatic language (words with strong effect). 

UNIT 2: RADIO
A) TIPI DI RADIO?/TIPI DI CANALI, GENERI RADIO?
 BBC (British Broadcasting Company) is one of the most famous British radio stations.
Because of different subjects, we have different radio stations: 

•-  radio BBC 1 offers the best new music and

entertainment;
•-  Radio BBC 2 is the most listened-to radio in the UK;
•-  Radio BBC 3 is specialized in classical, jazz, world music, drama and the arts;
•-  Radio BBC 4 is the home of intelligent speech radio;
•-  Radio BBC 5 live is the home of live news and live sports;
•-  Radio BBC Worldwide offers impartial news and reports from around the world.
Due to the fact that we find different radio stations, we also find different genres, such as:
popular music, classical music, adult-oriented, youth oriented, global
news, news, current affairs and arts, news and sport and so on.
All radio stations are specialized in different audiences, in fact they have to decide the
specific audience segment they want to target, that is their key audience. 
Speakers usually follow a schedule and when they’re ready, they can be broadcast (= on air).
Following a schedule is quite impossible in the case of radio stations specialized in global
news because of the fact that speakers have to talk about breaking news. As regards the
commission, we find programs, strands which don’t have definite end date and slots which
are specified time in the radio schedule. 
In radio we usually listen to music or documentaries, but we also find dry version.
At the end of the radio program, it’s important to do a debriefing in order to discuss all work
that has been done. 

UNIT 3: MAGAZINES
A) DIFFERENZE TRA RIVISTA E GIORNALE? 
Newspapers and magazines are different due to structure and content: in newspapers we find
headlines which are usually catchy and attractive, so newspapers’s power are words.
Instead, in magazines authors use different ways in order to get the readers’ attention: in
fashion magazines such as Vogue, images are essential, in fact we usually find 
celebrities (such as an actress) who covers the magazine’s cover.
In other more serious magazines, such as Time (ex. We find Trump on the cover), authors of
articles are the most important aspect: they’re the reason why people buy that magazine.
Commonly, in newspapers people find global news and events that happen around the
world, instead in magazines that find whatever they’re looking for: fascia, beauty, economy,
politics, diet, fitness, nature, food and so on. It depends on the type of magazine they want
to read. 

B) E-MAIL + O - FORMALI / HOW IS A MAGAZIN ISSUE CONTRUCTED / COME

TROVARE FOTOGRAFI?
Magazines need a specific process before publication: the team, composed by the editor-in-
chief, the fashion editor, the photo editor, the deputy editor and so on, organize meetings in
order to discuss proposals on the magazine’s content. 
2 important elements that mustn’t be undervalued are money and time: money because of
the fact that the agency have not to overcome its budget and also due to the fact that money
is essential to hire stylists, make-up artists, photographers, celebrities, to publish the
magazine and so on. Time due to the fact that the agency have to respect deadlines, in fact
dates afre already fixed and the issue has to be ready on time. 
The agency have to hire a photographer in order to have photos to publish with the articles,
in fact they intend to organize a photo shoot. So, one of the managers of the agency sends an
e-mail to the photographer where he/she writes information about location and date, but for
other details (particularly the price), if the photographer accept to cooperate with the agency,
they can set up a meeting in order to discuss all the details. 
An e-mail can be more informal and more formal, but the first one should be avoided in
order to be more polite. Anyway, in more informal e-mails the manager uses the first regular
person and doesn’t talk on behalf on the agency, use question marks, abbreviation words and
slang, but also informal words and sentences such as “Hi”, “All the best”, “Gig” and so on. 
In more formal e-mails the manager talks on behalf on the agency, doesn’t use question
marks, slang and abbreviations (not even for names and greetings). Finally, the team
organize a final meeting in order to discuss the latest details before next launch. 

C) STRUTTURA ED ELEMENTI RIVISTA?

In magazines we find coverlines, which are titles or sentences we can see on them. They’re
bits of information that suggest something about the magazines’ content. Obviously, the size
of the font shows which are more important. On magazines’ covers, we always find titles,
coverlines and slogan, 
written in bold or underlined in order to get the readers’ attention, instead other elements
such as price, issue number, date and bar code are usually omitted. 
Speaking of content and specific features, it depends on the type of magazines: if we
compare Vogue and Cosmopolitan, the first one is more chic and elegant than the second
one, which is more minimal and simple, but more colorful. Its content is about losing
weight, find a partner, sex and so on, and we don’t find price and date in contrast to Vogue,
but there’s a website. 
We can talk about another kind of magazine which is similar to Cosmopolitan, but for men:
Men’s Health. It’s about body and diet so the content is similar to that of Cosmopolitan, but
there are less coverlines and it’s more minimal. However, we find the page where specific
subjects are. 
Other type of magazines are more serious, such as Time, in fact they talk about economy
and politics. Coverlines aren’t all around the cover, but only at the top and the font is very
small. In this case, authors of articles are the most important aspect: their names are written
at the top of the cover and they’re the reason why people buy the magazine. 
We can talk about other types of magazines, such as Mother Earth News, whose content is
about nature, gardens and plants and Bon Appétit, which is about food. As Men’s Health, in
Mother Earth News, we find 
the page where specific topics are, but it’s more colorful and full of coverlines.
Bon Appétit is more minimal and less colorful, because of the fact that people have to
concentrate themselves on the image of food at the centre of the page: it’s full of colors, but
we have to consider the fact that all images on magazines are modified by the team. 

D) PRESENTE E FUTURO RIVISTE: ERA INTERNET? 

Now, magazines need a specific process before publication: the team, composed by the
editor-in- chief, the fashion editor, the photo editor, the deputy editor and so on, organize
meetings in order to discuss proposals on the magazine’s content. 
2 important elements that mustn’t be undervalued are money and time: money because of
the fact that the agency have not to overcome they budget and also due to the fact that
money is essential to hire stylists, make-up artists, photographers, celebrities, to publish the
magazine and so on. Time due to the fact that the agency have to respect deadlines, in fact
dates afre already fixed and the issue has to be ready on time. 
Money are the most important aspect, but also a problem because nowadays people read
more and more online so magazines sell less copies, but consequentially the entire team
might lose their job. Printed paper is being replaced by the technological devices due to the
advent of Internet, but magazines 
online, like newspapers, aren’t paid, so people who write online can’t only rely on this
employment. 

UNIT 4: TELEVISION
A) DiFFERENZA TRA GIORNALISTA DEI GIORNALI E GIORNALISTA DELLA TV?
Nwespapers journalists and tv journalists have similar aims because they have to inform
people about whatever happens in the world. However, there are differences between them.
Newspapers journalists have to be more clear explaining facts and events and have to be
good as writing because they haven’t support of images and video: people can only read
their words. The have to respect deadlines because they have to deliver articles to the wires,
in fact articles have to be published on time. They can work at home because they have not
o be where things happen: obviously, it’s better, but it isn’t strictly necessary. Maybe,
newspapers journalists are payed less than tv journalists.
Tv journalists have greater responsibilities because they have to be more flexible: where and
when things happen, they have to be there. They can be correspondent and reporter and try
to obtain an exclusive for the tv station. They organize themselves, but they have available
camera crews for DV footage and camera operators. They can work on tv stations: they
choose the running order, the specific pitches of news and reports and follow a script. An
important 
role is played by camera operators and filming team due to the fact that journalists need a
clip spotter who identifies the specific time code essential for the television report. 
Some news and reports are more important than others: it depends on their media coverage. 

B) TYPICAL DAY OF A JOURNALIST?

Tv journalists have to be flexible because they have to be where and when things happen.
The capacity to improvise in an important skill journalists should have because of the fact
that events rarely follow a plan: there can be setbacks with filming, reconstruction,
television reports, but also with guests because they’re unpredictable and the interview
might get ugly.
Camera crews have an essential role because they lay down in order to obtain DV footage,
but also filming team work is fundamental because they have to intercut different scenes,
identify the clips that the journalists wants to use to illustrate the script and so on: they have
to follow journalists’ work step by step. 

C) DIFFERENZA TRA INTERVISTA PER UN GIORNALE E PER TV?

On the one hand, interviews for newspapers are more difficult and they require more time
because journalists have to take notes while respondents are talking and then create an
article based on their words. On the other hand, they have the possibility to 
set the article more freely and also to set the interview openly (ex. Interrupt and resume
later) because there aren’t DV footage.
Tv journalists should have the capacity to improvise because guests (or celebrities) can be
unpredictable and the interview might get ugly. They usually follow a script, but they have
to be careful of whatever happens in the studio because camera crew is laying down and
maybe in real time. Journalists and guests have to take care of their appearance and look
because they’re on tv and the public see them. 
We have to say that both, newspapers and tv journalists, need money to do their job. 
UNIT 5: FILM
A) FASI COSTRUZIONE FILM?
When a director want to make a film, he has to follow some steps: firstly, he has to contact a
screenwriter who writes the screenplay for the plot of his story; secondly, he has to find
actors. In order to find them and assign the several roles, he organizes a casting and at the
end, he decides the most appropriate characters for the different roles.
We have to say that, maybe, the most important aspect is money: in fact, if the budget is not
sufficient or there are no sponsors, it’s impossible to make the film. If the budget is
sufficient and there are enough sponsors, filming can start. Actors receive a screenplay
where they find their lines and dialogues 
and also some directions such as V.O., written in brackets.
The location agency has to find the most appropriate location and camera and sound crews
have to take care of shooting, lighting rig and generator.
Then, at the end of filming, the troupe works on computer in order to arrange the
soundtrack, add special effects and filters: in other words, they take care of film production.
After that, film can be deployed to cinema. 

B) COS’E’ SCENEGGIATURA?
A screenplay is the story that a screenwriter, who collaborates with the director, writes for
director’s film. In the screenplay actors find all scenes and lines they have to act and also
indications they need in order to know how to perform on the stage.
Names of characters are written in capital letters and the dialogue is usually at the centre of
the page. Indications such as V.O. are written in brackets and also description of how actors
have to deliver their lines are written in brackets.
Indication such as INT. And EXT. are written in capital letters and descriptions about
actions and settings are written in the present tenses. 

UNIT 6: NEW MEDIA

A) ELEMENTI PAGINA WEB?
In a web page, we find some elements: on the top there’s the domain name, namely the
name of the site 
where we’re surfing. In depends on the type of website we’re visiting, but we usually find a
search function, where we can write whatever we’re looking for (ex. Songs on YouTube).
Then we find a sidebar where we can read some information about the website and some
drop-down menu, which offers indications and options (it depends on the kind of website
we’re visiting). We also find one or more hyperlink that, if clicked, redirect us to other
websites or pages and finally we can find a shopping car or basket, which shows us how
many articles we want to buy and how much money they cost (ex. If we’re visiting sales
websites such as Amazon or Zalando). 

B) STRATEGIE E PIATTAFORME DA USARE X PROMUOVERE ATTIVITA’?

When people start a business, they have to promote their products (if the business provides
products) or services (if the business provides services) in order that other people know it
and consequentially who starts a business can gain some money. First of all, he has to create
a website where he explains in what his business consists (so products he sells, services he
offers and so on).
He can also ask an agency to organize for him an advertising campaign in order to promote
his business. The main objective is, as usual, gaining money.
He should also create a page on social network, such as Instagram and Facebook, especially
if young 
people are his target, because of the fact that we know that young people live with and on
smartphones and social networks are the platform where they spend more time. 

C) RISCHI IN INTERNET?
Internet has positive aspects due to the fact that it offers the possibility to have access to all
the wisdom in every field: it’s an enormous source of information. However, there are
several negative aspects and risks: first of all phishing and privacy, due to the fact that when
we visit no matter website, we unintentionally leave our traces so hackers can identify
where we are and also our computer because all computers have a number which identifies
them, so hackers can obtain information about us;
Another risk concerns children and young people: cyber-bullying and paedopornography. 
In fact mentally ill people often use Internet to take advantage or make fun of children and
young people that maybe are weaker or have relational dynamics which lead them to isolate
themselves and looking for a shelter or help in Internet;
Another serious problem concerns body-shaming: in fact both famous and not famous
people are targeted because of the fact that their bodies don’t correspond to ideals imposed
by society. This usually happen on social, especially Instagram, because of the fact that Aldo
famous people have accounts on social, so when they post photos, haters write no 
matter insult and abuse under them. Both victims of cyber-bullying and body shaming are so
desperate because of this situation that they decide to commit suicide; 
Internet is also used to reclute people and to make terrorism (ex. ISIS).
In all these cases, we’re talking about abuse and wrong use of Internet. 

D) COSE DA FARE SU INTERNET? 

• Maps (Google Maps);

-  Reviews (TripAdvisor);
-  Shopping (Amazon, Zalando);
-  Tutorials (make-up, hair, food, Aranzulla);
-  Chats (WhatsApp, also Web version);
-  File sharing tools (Dropbox);
-  Music (apps or sites to listen to music such as YouTube and also to share music such
as
Soundcloud);
-  E-mails;
-  Translation websites;
-  Social networks.
UNIT 7: ADVERTISING
A) COSA MI SAI DIRE DELLA PUBBLICITA’?
The objective of advertising is to persuade people and the team on an agency have to
persuade the customers that they’re the perfect agency for them. If they persuade customers,
they have to create an advertising campaign trying to satisfy all customers’ 
requests and also consider the timing: in fact they have to plan a timetable and follow it.
The team is composed by several experts such as the managing director, the general account
manager, the copywriter, the fashion director and all collaborate to organize a meeting with
the customers in order to develop all details for the realization of the campaign (deadlines
and, not least, budget). 
Advertising uses a lot of slogan which are powerful, effective and catchy in order to get
readers’ attention. We can find 2 different types of ads: print ads and screen ads, which
involve print, tv, radio and billboards. 
After the meeting with the customers, the agency organize another meeting, known as
brainstorming meeting, maybe the following week, in order to discuss logistics and other
details. 
If the customers want to use screen ads, the agency have to organize a pre-production
meeting in order to find the perfect slogan, the super, the music, the setting and so on. 
B) DIFF TRA PRINT ADS AND SCREEN ADS?
In digital world, 2 different types of ads will exist: print ads and screen ads.
Print ads, known as single or static image, are the traditional type of ads, in fact we can find
them on billboards, on buses, in the subway and also in Internet. They’re the oldest type of
ads, in fact we can 
find them in newspapers more than 100 years ago (ex. In Belle époque).
Screen ads, or video ads. Develop later with the advent of television . They’re very
widespread on Internet (platforms such as YouTube, but also in new websites and so on). 
When customers want to realize an advertising campaign in orde to promote a service or a
product or a newspaper and so on, they have to decide what type of ads use taking into
account timing and budget. In fact, in case of screen ads, the agency have to organize a pre-
production meeting in order to find the perfect slogan, the super, the music, the setting and
so on.
In ads we always find slogan which are catchy, powerful and effective in order to get the
readers’ attention, but in some ads we often find few slogan because of the fact that there’s a
big image in the centre of the page, in order to grab people’s attention. 

UNIT 8: MARKETING
A) COSA MI SAI DIRE DEL MARKETING?
Marketing tries to find the best way to sell things and it starts from an analysis of trends
(market trends) and then tries to set up a strategy in order to increase companies’ market
share.
Marketing is useful to understand the language to use and it’s a flexible set of tools. 
It’s useful lo launch initiatives, so not only for things that already exist and it’s useful in life,
but not only for market: in fact we have to market ourselves well when we’re looking for a
job or when we want to start a business.
Marketing is useful to analyze sales for companies in order to understand if they felt or not,
for ex. Over a period of one year. Bar charts and pie charts are important to see graphically
sales alterations.
If they felt, market managers have to redesign a communication strategy and to consider
both the trend report and the market segment in order to increase companies’ readership - if
we’re talking about a newspaper - and to give a big boost to sales. The company have to
raise brand awareness and organize an activity scheduling.
Another aspect to consider are 4 Ps (product, price, place, promotion); however nowadays
these concept is almost overcame. 

B) DIFF. TRA MARKETING AND ADVERTISING? 

Advertising is useful to persuade people and to promote a business, a product, a service, a
newspaper and so on. 
It uses slogan, print ads and screen ads.
The team of the agency have to organize an advertising campaign with the customers in
order to satisfy all their requests, but also taking account of timing and budget. 
Instead, marketing is a flexible set of tools which starts from an analysis of market trends in
order to understand if sales’ companies felt or not, for ex. Over a period of one year.
Marketing uses charts (bar and pie), analyze figures, data and tries to set up a strategy to
increase companies’ market share. 
If sales felt, market managers have to redesign a communication strategy and to consider
both market segment and trend report in order to give a big boost to sales and increase the
company readership (in the case of newspapers). 
They have to raise brand awareness and to organize an activity scheduling.
SO —> Advertising is useful to launch and promote products, services, new business and so
on (using an advertising campaign with slogan, print ads and screen ads); 
Marketing is useful to analyze market trends, try to set up a stray in order to increase
companies’ market share, to understand if companies’ sales felt or not and, if they felt, they
have to redesign a communication strategy in order to give a big boost to sales. 

C) STEPS OF MARKETING?
Marketing is a flexible set of tools which starts from an analysis of market trends and then
tries to set up a strategy in order to increase companies’ m