Development Studies Revision Questions

Development Studies Revision Questions
Masunga Senior Secondary School

Hewlett-Packard
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Development Studies Revision Questions Page 1

Examination Rules
-Do not repeat any term/phrase/word that are asked to define in your definition, for example, you cannot say
‘Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live.’
Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live.
‘Rural-urban migration is of people from rural to urban areas.’
-List, give, mention, state only when you are asked to do so, i.e. do not list, give, mention or state when you are
asked to describe, discuss, explain, etc. However, link your points(s) to the stem.
-When asked to describe, discuss, explain etc. write in continuous prose giving full details.
-Do not set yourself an item or substitute words in the question with your own, i.e. answer a question the way it
has been asked, for example, when a question asks you to describe characteristics of Developing countries do
exactly that, write in details the features of Developing countries.
Do not instead substitute Developing countries with ‘Third World countries’ or ‘Countries of the South’ etc.
because by so doing you are setting yourself a question i.e. you are not answering the question the way it has
been asked.
-When asked to compare and contrast, always start with the former and move to the latter, for example, when a
question asks you to compare ‘labour intensive mode of production’ to ‘capital intensive’ always start every
point you will raise with ‘labour intensive’ (the former) and compare it to/ with ‘capital intensive’ (the latter).
-Do not draw a table when you are asked to compare or contrast. The table limits you to give full details of
what you are asked to compare or contrast, for example,
Labour intensive Capital intensive
-cheap -expensive
-simple technology -advanced/ complex technology
-When asked to compare/contrast, do not write independent paragraphs of the concepts you are asked to
compare/contrast, compare/contrast one factor to another.(a complete sentence)
-Do not leave points undeveloped/hanging. Always write to the full and drive your points home.
Always link your points to what the question asks, for example, If a question asks ‘What are the causes of
urbanisation’ do not just write ‘rural-urban migration’ or ‘natural increase’ and leave it there, you must go
further and show how these factors cause or lead to urbanisation.
-In addition to the point above, do not use words like ‘it’, ‘they’, etc. to stand for the concept or phrase you are
asked to talk about, for example, if a question asks ‘What are the causes of urbanisation’ do not use ‘it’ to
stand for ‘urbanisation’ for instance ‘It is caused by’ will immediately raise the question “what?’.
-Your point must always have a stem and a locus, for example, if a question asks you to ‘Discuss the negative
effects of rural-urban migration on rural areas’, the locus is the ‘rural area’ and the stem is ‘negative effects of
rural-urban migration’.
This is to say that in all the points you raise, the stem and the locus of the question must come out clearly in
your answer.
-Avoid negative answering at all costs, for example,

1.’GNP per capita is not a good measure of development because it does not include all production’ instead
write ‘GNP per capita ignores the informal sector of the economy; economists only count goods and services
sold legally and/ or marketed openly and recorded by the government.
2. ‘Labour intensive mode of production is not an expensive method of production’ instead write ‘Labour
intensive mode of production is a cheap method of production’.

THE COMMON TASK WORDS FROM DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES QUESTIONS
1. Describe
2. Explain
3. Give
4. State
5. Suggest
6. Name
7. Difference
8. List

`Development Studies
Revision Questions
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
What is development?
- Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, better fed, richer and take
part in decision making
- Development is when societies change for the better
- Development is when the economy grows, standards of living rise, quality of life improves,
wealth is shared more fairly and more people take part in decision making
Economic Social Development Political

Indicator Development Indicator Indicator Development
Developed Developing Developed Developing Developed Developing
GNP High Low Infant Low High Democracy
mortality
rate (IMR)
GDP High Low Life High Low Peace Civil
expectancy wars/strife
GNP per High Low Death rate Low High Women in More Few
capita managerial
positions
Energy High Low Birth rate Low High Elections More Few
consumption
Doctor – Low High Human
patient rights
ratio
Employment/ High/less Low /more Teacher- Low High Justice
number of people in people in student
people in agriculture agriculture ratio
agriculture
Number of Low High Freedom
people per
telephone
Number of Low : High : few
people per Many houses with
tap houses water
with water
Dependency Low High
ratio
Literacy High Low
rate
Adult High Low
literacy rate
Calorie High Low
intake
Daily food High Low
intake
Identify and define aspect of development
- Economic aspect of development is when a country produces more or enough for everyone and
gets richer or wealthier. This is characterised by more industries, better improved technology and
higher income.
- Social aspect of development is when people’s basic needs are fully met.For example people
will have better and more shelter, access to clean water.
- Political aspect of development is when people have more freedom and justice in a country.
This means that all the basic human rights are guaranteed by law.

Why is it difficult to measure political aspects of development?
Ideas such as;

- Political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are intangible or
immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor touched.
- Most countries prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human rights violations.
- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their rights.
- Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs, for example,
women being marginalised or there are gender inequalities.
- The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political aspect of development because
countries belief that they are independent therefore nobody can tell them how to treat their
citizens.
- Political aspects of development are affected by different political systems, for example,
dictatorship prohibits human rights because they are no voting, no freedom of speech.
What is infant mortality rate?
- Infant mortality rate number of babies who die before their first birthday per thousand per year
- Infant mortality rate is the percentage of babies who die before their first birthday
*The following are acceptable
‘Children / newborns…..before the age of 1 / under 1 / between the ages 0-1
The reasons why developing countries have a high infant mortality rate
Ideas such as
- Developing countries have high doctor patient ratio/ inadequate access to health care because
there are few trained doctors and nurses.
- There is poor nutrition in developing countries leading to such health conditions as kwashiorkor
- In developing infant mortality rate is caused by teenage pregnancy which may lead to delivery
complications.
- Infant mortality rate is caused by pandemic diseases such HIV/AIDS because some of the babies
are born with the virus.
- Poor sanitation / unhygienic conditions
- Poor care / parent negligence
*Sweeping statements are not allowed; no mark for a point connoting people, the point should be
specific e.g. infant… pregnant mothers… breastfeeding mothers…etc.
What is life expectancy?
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live
What is life expectancy at birth?

- Life expectancy is the average number of years a new born baby is likely to live
The reasons why world life expectancy is rising

Ideas such as;
- The life expectancy is rising in the world because cleaner water supplies to prevent waterborne
diseases such as cholera.
- The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens to improve hygiene.
- World life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care whereby there is enough
trained medical personnel such as doctors and nurses.
- Life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary health care to citizens
who focus on the prevention of diseases and giving assistance to the sick, for example, provision
of clean water, health education and immunisation programme.
- In the world life expectancy is rising because some of the countries provide citizens with better
nutrition for example, in Botswana children are given supplementary feeding such as Tsabana.

What is calorie intake?
- Calorie intake is the energy value of the food eaten
Why is calorie intake low in developing countries?

Ideas such as:
- In developing countries there is high unemployment so less money to buy food
- There is lack of purchasable food in some areas
- Developing countries have low calorie intake because of drought
- The high illiteracy rate in developing countries lead to inability to determine food quality
Define literacy rate

- Literacy rate is the percentage of the population / average number of people who are able to
read & write
What is the importance of literacy to development?

Ideas such as;
- When people are able to read & write they are able to learn / acquire new skills easily
- They can better participate in decision making and national campaigns e.g. elections,
immunisation programmes
- They can read and understand environmental issues/conservation better
- Reduces dependency on those who are literate and promotes privacy e.g. reading own
letters/mail
- Literate mothers can access information on childcare leading to better hygiene and lower IMR
- Improved nutrition when the mother is literate
- They can easily find out and fill themselves application forms e.g. at the post office, credit
facilities forms and can even write application letters for jobs etc.
Define adult literacy rate

- Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people or number of people 18 years and above who
can read and write
Male literacy rate is higher in most countries than female literacy rate
Suggest three reasons for the difference between male and female literacy rates
Ideas such as;
- Girls are denied the chance to go to school and are expected to stay home and help their
mothers
- Girls drop out of school because they marry/get pregnant
- Girls are neglected for cultural/traditional reasons
- It is believed a girl child has a smaller brain than their male counterpart (and this makes them
less intelligent) and so sending them to school is a waste of time and money
The girl child school enrolment is lower in African countries.
Give two reasons for the low enrolment of girls in African countries
Ideas such as;
- Domestic responsibilities
- The belief that women will be married
- Religious beliefs & customs
- Oppression of women by men
- The belief that women have smaller brains and are therefore less intelligent
- Teenage pregnancy
- Poverty

Give any three negative effects low school enrolment can have on a country’s development
Ideas such as;
- The negative effect of low school enrolment can have on a country’s development is that of
low literacy rate
- A country that have low school enrolment can have fewer skilled personnel
- The negative effect of low school enrolment on a country’s development is lack of alternative
sources of income and poverty
- In a country with low school enrolment fewer people will be involved in decision making
- A country with low school enrolment will have high birth rates because many people will lack
knowledge on the use of contraceptives.
- The negative effects of low school enrolment on a country’s development is high infant
mortality rate and death rates
Describe three challenges faced by developing countries in trying to improve their citizens’ education
Ideas such as;
- The challenge that developing countries will be faced with in trying to improve their citizens’
education is shortage of funds leading to inadequate educational facilities
- Developing countries will have shortage of trained personnel in trying to improve their
citizens’ education.
- The challenge that developing countries is faced with in trying to improve their citizen’s
education is inaccessible educational facilities
- Poverty is another challenge faced by developing countries in trying to improve their citizens’
education whereby parents are unable to pay school fees for their children.
What causes high school dropout rates in developing countries?

Ideas such as;
- High school dropout in developing countries is caused by teenage pregnancy
- In developing countries high school dropout rate is caused by domestic responsibilities e.g.
looking after livestock
- Inability to pay school fees by some parents due to poverty causes high school dropout rates
in developing countries.
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of early marriage
- The cause of high school dropout rates in developing countries is lack of parental guidance
- High school dropout in developing countries may be caused by diseases such as HIV/AIDS
and Tuberculosis (TB).
- Some developing countries have problems of civil wars which may lead to high school
dropout, for example, Somalia and Sudan.
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of alcohol & drug abuse by
students.
- In Developing countries there are high school dropout rates because of poor learning
environment due to shortage of classrooms.
- High school dropout rates in developing countries is caused by long distance / proximity to
educational facilities
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of negative attitude & truant
behaviour by students.
Define Gross National Product:

- Gross National Product is the total value of goods and services that a country produces in one
year including earnings from abroad / outside

Reasons why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development:
- A few people might own most of the land, farms, shops, factories, etc. leaving the majority very
poor i.e. it ignores the difference between the rich & the poor within the country
- GNP per capita ignores the informal sector and illicit trades; economists only count goods and
services marketed openly and recorded by govt.
- Production/income statistics my be inaccurate / concealing of actual earnings to avert tax /
Business officials hiding information
- Population statistics may be inaccurate and/or outdated
- There is official biasness of statistics to score a political mileage
- GNP per capita assumes that everyone is working and benefiting from the economy and ignores
the quality of life, social & environmental consequences of wealth/ignores happiness
Define GNP per capita

- The proportion / share of a country’s wealth each individual is entitled to if the country’s money
is shared equally / evenly amongst the population
- The total money value of goods and services produced within & outside the country divided by
the total population
Give three reasons why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South
Ideas such as;
- Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South because they have mass
production due to many industries and the use of complex technology.
- The reason why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South is because
they export a lot of quality (high value / expensive) goods & services
- The Countries of the North have higher GNP than the Countries of the South because they price
the goods (commodities) themselves.
- They have favourable terms of trade
- Most MNCs originate there and operate in other countries/profit repatriation
- They earn a lot of interest from loans to the developing world
Define Sustainable Development:

- The wise use of resources by the present generation to meet its needs without jeopardizing the
ability of future generations to meet their needs
- The wise use of resources by the present generation to meet its needs so that future
generations could also meet their needs
N.B. Accept answers connoting wise use of resources provided it caters for future generations.
(Do not accept/mark ‘a theory …)
Discuss three ways of achieving sustainable development in a country:

Ideas such as;
- Stock piling of minerals / preservation
- Legislation / seasonal hunting / quotas / hunting licenses / National Parks & Game Reserves /
Anti-poaching laws
- Stabilising population growth e.g. planning for small families, birth control, practicing
population control, giving incentives to small families or penalize for large families
- Conservation measures; tree planting, recycling, re-use, reduce, refuse, clean-up, limited use
of resources, good farming methods, Wildlife Management Areas
- Education on resource use
- Use of synthetic products
- Finding alternative energy sources
N.B. Ideas must be developed to get a point
(A max. of 2 marks from the same idea)

Pollution has proved to be a global problem and an obstacle against sustainable development.
What is pollution?
- The emission of effluents or poisonous gases into the environment (air, land & water)
State three sources of air pollution

Ideas such as;
- Mines e.g. Selibe Phikwe (sulphur dioxide & coal, carbon monoxide, dust)
- Domestic / household appliances e.g. refrigerators, air-conditioners, aerosol sprays, etc
- Dump sites (smoke)
- Industries (smoke, carbon monoxide etc)
- Construction sites (smoke, dust)
- Roads / airports / railway lines/stations (dust, smoke)
- Vehicles / trains / aeroplanes (carbon dioxide)
Describe three ways by which air pollution can be prevented

Ideas such as;
- Through the polluter tax / polluter pays principle
- Environmental impact assessment
- Use of alternative sources of energy
- Elongation of chimneys
- Use of catalytic converters
- Use of unleaded petrol
- Encourage non-motorised transport e.g. bicycle, walking
- Develop shopping malls that discourage use of cars
- Develop a reliable & sustainable public transport system
- Encourage car pooling / many people using one car
Land pollution is also an obstacle towards sustainable development.
Define land pollution

- The discarding of substances that contaminate the earth’s surface including all the natural
resources found on or below it
What causes land pollution?

Ideas such as;
- Concrete pieces and bricks from construction (sites)
- Beverage containers (e.g. cans, bottles) & plastic (bags) from industries
- Oils from garages
- Clinical waste / waste from health facilities
- Worn out tyres
- Used batteries
- Effluent from industries / pumping of effluent from mines into streams
- Fertilisers & chemicals contained in run-off water from farms causing eutrophication in
streams
Describe three ways by which land pollution can be controlled

Ideas such as;
- Polluter tax / Polluter Pays Principle
- Strict waste management legislation
- Wise use of resources; 3Rs of conservation; Recycle, Re-use & Refuse (extra wrapping or
packaging)
- Alternative packaging e.g. use of returnable bottles at a refund as beverage containers

What is sustainable development theory?
- Sustainable development is a set of ideas that argue that world resources are limited and the
planet is being irrevocably changed by overpopulation, industrialisation and pollution,
therefore new forms of development must be found which will conserve resources for future
generations and lead to a more equal sharing of the world’s wealth.
State three policy implications of the sustainable development theory

Ideas such as;
Countries should:
- Set up world agreements on environmental issues
- Stabilise their population growth
- Use appropriate technology
- Ensure social justice
- Global resources should be distributed evenly between north & south
Define the modernisation theory
- Modernisation theory is a set of ideas that argue that for third world countries to develop they
must copy the path followed by (the industrialised countries) America
- Modernisation theory argues that all countries must work through five stages of change in
order to achieve high standards of living enjoyed by most people of the North
Define dependency theory
- Dependency theory is a set of ideas that argue that the South was unable to copy and adopt
the North’s path of industrialisation because the North exploited the South’s resources to
enhance their economy and kept the South poor
- Dependency theory argues that the third world lack the ability to control major aspects of
their economic life because of the dominance of the industrialised countries in the world
economy
- Dependency theory argues that less developed countries became economically reliant on the
North and thus the North became industrialised at the expense of the South who remained
underdeveloped

Module 2: Production, Consumption & Investment
Production:
- Production is a process whereby natural resources are transformed into more useful
goods/commodities
- Production is any economic activity that satisfies human needs and wants
- Production is any process whereby natural resources and human effort are used to provide goods
and services
Factors of production (defined)
- Land refers to the whole of the earth’s surface together with all natural resources found on it
- Labour refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, that is directed towards the
production of goods and provision of services / OR work done by people to produce goods and
services
- Capital refers to things people use to produce goods and provide services (e.g. tools, machinery,
factories) and money saved up and used to buy such things
- Enterprise is the organization (management) of land, labour and capital in the production
process with the intention of making profit.
*Simple mentioning without definition is unacceptable
Explain three ways by which one of the factors of production can affect the production process
Ideas such as;
Land:
- If land is unfertile crop production will be low / poor pasture for livestock
- If there is shortage of water there will be poor harvest / poor pasture for livestock
- There has to be land to start a production process
Capital:
- Capital / money is needed to pay workers
- Capital is needed to buy machinery & tools
- We need capital goods to start a production process
Labour:
- There is need for workers to provide labour in the production process
- The labour has to be trained & motivated to be efficient / productive
- The labour needs to be managed and/or coordinated for optimum production
Define subsistence production

- When land, labour, capital & entrepreneurship are employed/combined to realise a good or
service to meet family needs
Describe three ways by which subsistence production can be improved

- Provision of extension services e.g. agric demonstrators, social workers, etc
- Loan & credit schemes
- Training
- Infrastructure development
- Formation of syndicates
- Addition of modern inputs / tools / machinery / technology / methods
- Formation of cooperatives

What is division of labour?
- Division of labour is the breaking down of work into small parts so that each worker takes a part
- Division of labour is when work is shared out in different parts between different people
- Division of labour is the breaking down of the production process so that it may be based on
gender or age or training
Give three advantages of division of labour

Ideas such as;
- Work can be done faster and perfectly
- No time is wasted moving from one task to the other
- There is a chance of exploring people’s potential
- It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job (this saves a lot of money & time)
- Quality goods & services are produced
- No tools lie idle / there is full utilisation of tools and/or machinery
Give three disadvantages of division of labour

Ideas such as;
- Work becomes monotonous & boring
- Loss of craftsmanship
- It increases the chances of unemployment
- There is a lot of interdependence
What is specialisation?
- Specialisation is concentration in a specific activity / profession OR production of a specific

commodity
Describe any three forms of specialisation
Specialisation by Individual
- When a person concentrates or gives great attention to one task only e.g. a Dvs teacher, a dentist,
an optometrist, etc
Specialisation by Product
- When an individual or company concentrates on or gives great attention to making a single
commodity e.g. Nortex Company produces towels, Kgalagadi Soap Industries, Kgalagadi
Breweries Limited, etc.
Specialisation by Nation
- When a country concentrates on producing a certain good(s) / commodity (ies) which they have
comparative advantage over e.g. Botswana produces beef & diamonds, Namibia produces fish,
etc.
Specialisation by Region
- When countries of the same geographical area concentrate on or give great attention to a
particular product e.g. The Middle East countries produce oil.
- OR where the majority of people in a particular area are engaged in the same type of work due to
specific skills or resource availability e.g. basketry in North West Botswana, phane harvesting in
the Central & North East Botswana
Specialisation by Process
- When a company concentrates on or gives great attention to various aspects of a product e.g. at a
car assembly plant there are different areas of specialisation in the process of assembling a car;
there is a person responsible for fitting the engine, the wheels, the windscreen, the wipers, the
gearbox etc.

What is labour intensive production?
- Labour intensive production is a way/process of making goods and providing services which
relies heavily on the use of human manual effort
Give three advantages of labour intensive production

Ideas such as:
- Creates employment to a large number of people
- Cheap to run and maintain / little capital required since simple technology used
- Provides with an opportunity to train on the job
- Causes less pollution / destruction of the environment
- Requires little skills to enter or run
- Promotes human interaction
- Encourages craftsmanship
- Uses local skills & knowledge
What is capital-intensive production?
- Capital intensive production process of making goods and providing services which relies
heavily on the use of machinery and money/finance
Describe three advantages of capital-intensive production
- Greater opportunity to use machinery / quick & efficient method of production

- Production of quality goods
- Mass production makes goods cheaper
- Acquire skills of operating machines / skills development / creates a lot of skilled manpower
- Work is made lighter and more enjoyable because of the use of machinery
What are extension services?
- Extension services is passing of information from the source to the people/beneficiary/user
How can extension services be provided?

Ideas such as
- Campaigns & training
- Brochure / newsletter (a periodic publication)
- Use of media / radio programs / post office / internet / talk shows / TV / telecommunications (e.g.
fax, telephone, etc)
- Kgotla meetings
- Demonstrations / Promotions / workshops / seminars / billboards
Privatisation:
- Privatisation is the transfer of public/state assets into the ownership of individuals and
companies usually through selling
Advantages of privatisation
Benefits of privatisation
- Improves efficiency because of competition and profit
- Increases participation in ownership of national assets / citizen empowerment
- Reduces public bureaucracy
- Accelerates economic growth by stimulating entrepreneurship
- Reduces prices and public sector budget deficit through enhancing the quality of goods and
services
- Empowers citizens where such sales are restricted to them

- Revenue/govt. gets tax from companies/revenue from sale of shares
- Removes burden from govt.
- Increases foreign direct investment
- Private companies take social responsibilities
Disadvantages of privatisation:
- There is massive job losses due to redundancy
- Open to abuse by corrupt political bureaucrats
- Widens the gap between the rich and the poor
- Expensive due to adverts and publicity
- It is a transfer of monopoly from public to private hands/may lead to emergence of private
monopolies
- Will lead to hyper-inflation to meet initial costs
The role of government in privatisation:

- Sets up regulatory price mechanism
- Makes laws that govern privatisation process
- Sets up prices of assets to be privatised
- Empower citizens
- Provide loans/grants
Localisation of labour:
- Localisation of labour is the process of replacing expatriate public servants with citizen public
servants
What is localization policy?
- Localisation policy is the process of promoting citizen labour and enterprise / The process of
giving jobs or businesses to citizens
Benefits of localisation of labour in Botswana:

- It promotes the socio-economic development of locals
- It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence
- It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too much respect for
foreigners
- Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
- Creates employment for citizens
- Development is in accordance to culture
- There is possibility of making long term decisions as there is no fear of end of contract
- Locals acquire necessary skills
- Workers are patriotic and have their national interest at heart
- Saves money wasted on foreigners
What is citizen empowerment?
- Citizen empowerment is the creation of opportunities and a conducive environment for locals to
participate fully in social, political and economic development of their country

Explain ways through which your government empower citizens
How does your government empower citizens?
Ideas such as:
- Guaranteeing locals access to credit facilities e.g. SMME, CEDA
- Organising markets for local producers
- Giving locals tax holidays & subsidies
- Protecting infant industries
- Making some production exclusively for locals
What problems may hinder the implementation of citizen empowerment in Botswana?

- Fronting
- Insufficient market
- Poor business skills
- Lack of commitment from the bureaucrats
Planned Economy / Socialism:

- A system of production where the means of production are owned and controlled by the state
- A system of production that is based on the principle that govt. controls production and
consumption in the collective interest of the society
Characteristics of planned economy:
- State ownership: All important resources (e.g. land, capital) are owned by the state
- Govt. as entrepreneur: Individuals are forbidden to set up their own businesses and the govt.
takes the role of the entrepreneur
- Collective interest: People are expected to work for the good of society and not for individual
gain. They are paid wages by the state
- Competition: Competition between businesses is not allowed
- Price control: Prices are set and controlled by the state so that they could be affordable by
everyone
- Government role: The govt. controls all parts of the economy
Define joint venture

- Joint venture is a business undertaking partly owned by a national govt and a foreign govt / a
national govt and a company / two different companies to realise profit
- Joint venture is the coming together of two or more companies to undertake a business activity
(In a joint venture, companies do not dissolve to become one as in partnership)
*Without ‘business or profit’ the answer is wrong
*‘combine’ not accepted
Give three advantages of a joint venture

Ideas such as
- Cost sharing
- Efficient/prudent management/sharing management ideas/skills
- Increased resource base
- Economies of scale
*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed
Define enterprise
- Enterprise is an act of organizing factors of production in order to make profit

*The answer must have ‘profit’.

Give three advantages of partnership in business:
Ideas such as;
- Share business skills / skills / division of labour
- Easy to set up / no winding procedures involved
- Share risks / consultative decision making
- Secrecy in business maintained / no publishing of accounts
- Share costs / contribute resources / share equipment
- Individuality maintained
- Greater chances of securing loans
- There is continuity
What is a sole proprietor?

- Sole proprietor is an individual / person who owns and runs a business
State three characteristics of a sole proprietor:

- The owner gets the profit / bears the losses
- Employees are mostly members of the family
- It is usually found within the location of the owner
- Small sphere of influence
- Unlimited liability
What is information technology?
- Information technology is a way of disseminating data using computers
Describe three ways by which information technology can enhance the development of Botswana:
Ideas such as;
- Stores a lot of data which otherwise could be lost by traditional record keeping / easier storage
of complex information
- It is easy to transfer information from one source to another
- It can be used to project future development trends in Botswana
- It links Botswana with other countries & therefore good for marketing the country
- Global communications
- Fast trade arrangements / electronic payments
- Dissemination of information
- Increased productivity / mass production / saves time
- Improvement of technology
- Development of infrastructure to suit the technology
- Draw behaviour patterns / project future trends
Suggest three disadvantages of information technology

Ideas such as;
- Very costly to acquire / costly to maintain

- Reduces craftsmanship -Enslaves the mind
- Requires complex skills/training/reliance on foreign expertise
Why is it difficult to introduce information technology in Botswana?

Ideas such as;
- Few people are computer literate
- Computers are too expensive for the general public to afford
- Computer specialists who can maintain the IT systems are few & very expensive to hire so
sustaining the IT system is not guaranteed
- Issues of security of information may discourage some people to acquire IT resources

- There is a tendency for people to fear introduction of machines such as computers so they may
prefer to use old traditional ways of doing things / conservative / rigidity / fear of the unknown
- Existing levels of production are too low to encourage use of computers
- Lack of supportive infrastructure e.g. electricity
What is technology?
- Technology refers to tools, machinery and skills that a society uses to make goods and services
Describe three major types of technology, giving examples to illustrate your answer
- Low/simple technology: The use of hand tools to produce goods and services e.g. hoes, knives.
It is cheap and made form local materials
- Intermediate technology: The use of simple manually operated machines to produce goods and
services e.g. hand sewing machine, ox-drawn mould board plough. It is also cheap but more
efficient than low/simple technology and can be used in small scale operations
- Advanced/Complex technology: The use of very big and sophisticated/advanced/modern

machinery to produce goods and services on a large scale. Most of the machinery is automatic,
power driven i.e. uses electricity and/or oil e.g. a tractor, combined harvester, computer, etc.
What is appropriate technology?
Appropriate technology is the skills, machinery/tools that are best suited to a particular locality, which
the locals would be able to afford and maintain
Describe three factors determining appropriate technology:

- Affordability/cost
- Availability of appropriate skills and knowledge
- Availability of raw materials
- Availability of opportunities
- Running cost of the technology
- Demand
- Level of development
- Flexibility
- Environmental risk/adaptability
- Sustainability
Define localisation of labour policy
- Localisation policy is the process of replacing expatriates public servants with citizen public
servants
-
Give three advantages of localisation policy in Botswana
- Promotes socio-economic development of locals

- Creates employment for locals
- It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence
- It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too much respect for
foreigners
- Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
- It saves money used on expatriates

What is balance of payments?
- Balance of payment is when the money that a country spends on buying goods and services from
outside is equal to the money that the country makes/generates from selling its goods and
services to other countries
- Balance of payment is the total money transactions of a country coming from imports and
exports
Give three ways by which a country may get into balance of payments problems
- If it spends a lot more money on imports than what it makes from the exports
- If it has a lot of debts
- When a country experiences a deficit
How does a country get money from outside and lose money to outside countries?
Ideas such as;
Through the following
Inflow
- Remittances; labourers working in other countries send money back home
- Capital investment (foreign); investing in other countries
- Grants/loans
- Exports
Outflow
- Imports
- Loans repayments
- MNC profits to mother countries
- Paying for expatriate expertise
- Taxes (tariffs, etc.)

Module 3: Rural Development
What is rural development?
- Rural development is improving the lifestyles of people found in villages or the countryside
Describe three positive aspects of rural life

Ideas such as;
- Cheap lifestyle
- Cultural bondage / familiarity with other people from the same village / kinship ties
- Homogeneity of society
- Dependence on the environment
- Environmental friendliness / non-polluted environs
- Extended family structure which brings social security
Describe three negative aspects of rural life

Ideas such as;
- Cultural instability leads to moral decay
- Rural neglect; development of towns/cities at the expense of the countryside
- Poor agric. Production due to overworked soils and poor methods of farming
- Rural poverty is common
- Urbanism
What is colonialism?
- Colonialism is when a country is ruled / controlled / dominated by another / a foreign country
- Colonialism is a policy/system of rule or control in which a more powerful country takes

complete/full control over a less powerful one
*The following are not acceptable:

‘time’, ‘period’, ‘era’
Describe three ways by which a country may benefit economically from being colonised
Ideas such as
- Organised markets
- Large scale farming/plantation agric./ranching
- Commerce/trade/cash economy/use of money/cash cropping
- Paid employment
- Technological advancement/skills development
- Resource development e.g. mining
What problems has colonialism caused for people who live in the rural areas in countries in
Southern Africa?
Negative impacts / effects of colonialism
Ideas such as;
- Low agric production / land dispossession / Europeans took good quality land from Africans
- Delay in decision-making
- Oppression of women / tripartite oppression
- Acculturation / cultural extinction / erosion / loss of culture
- Exploitation through cheap labour / servitude / Africans forced to work for low wages on
farms/plantations/mines
- Sex imbalance

- Concentration in raw material production / African raw materials were exported cheaply to the
developed countries
- Coming of cash economies / over utilisation of land
- A change in the direction of trade
- Tax enforcement
- Family breakdown / infidelity
- Detribalisation
- Increased workload for women / women as heads of families
- Resistance e.g. liberation struggles
- Usurpation of chiefs’ powers / dikgosi lost their powers
- Indiscipline (especially of the boy child) because of absence of men
- Shunning of traditional beliefs
Rule:
- The problem has to show the link of HOW the problem came about as a result of
colonialism
- There must be a locus i.e. the rural area should be clearly stated
What is meant by land dispossession?
- Land dispossession is the taking over/away of the natural resources found on the earth surface
from people
*The following are acceptable:

- area/space on earth/ground/territory
- specific examples such as from blacks by whites/colonisers
Give three reasons for land dispossession in Africa during the colonial period
Ideas such as
- For infrastructure development
- To carryout mining activities
- For agric production e.g. plantation, ranching
- For permanent settlement of European population
- For strategic reasons
Define poverty
- Poverty is the inability to fend for oneself
- Poverty is having insufficient basic needs for survival
Describe fully the vicious cycle of poverty
- Since people are poor, they do not have money to invest in improving their farming methods
or buy better seeds and better breeds of animals.
As a result their land produces very little which leads to food insufficiency, malnutrition and
ill health, hence more poverty.
(Do not credit a simple diagram of the cycle. Allow a live example.)

Causes of rural poverty
Ideas such as:
- Population pressure
- Lack of alternative income
- Lack of skills & technology
- Unequal access to land
- No investible capital
- Land dispossession
Problems associated with rural poverty

Ideas such as:
- Soil degradation & erosion
- Deforestation
- Water pollution & scarcity
- Wastage & rubbish disposal
- Rural-urban migration
- Increase in women fertility leading to high population growth
- Loss of animal species
- Poor pastures / poor food production
Describe three ways by which the government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas to solve
their problems
Describe three ways by the government of Botswana attempts to solve problems of rural poverty
Ideas such as;
- Provision of health facilities/clinics
- Old-age pension (tandabala)
- Rural industrialisation
- Provision of extension services e.g. training/advice to farmers by agric. Demonstrators
- Provision of farming inputs e.g. free seeds, subsidised fertilizers/tools/ machinery
- Financial assistance through grants and loans / credit schemes e.g. ALDEP, CEDA etc.
- Redistribution of land
- Provision of reliable, safe, piped water / clean drinking water
- Encourage family planning
- Improvement of transport facilities
- Drought relief (Namola Leuba) / job creation
- Food ration for the disadvantaged/orphans/destitutes/HIV/AIDS patients
- World War II veterans (or their spouses) allowance
Changes brought by Rural Integrated Development

- Improvement in roads & transport infrastructure
- Introduction of cash crops
- Provision of social services
- Farm modernisation
- Establishment of cooperatives
- Training of locals to continue development
- Setting up of industries
- Introduction of credit schemes
What is a farmers’ cooperative?
- Famer’s cooperative is a group of individuals that grow crops and rear livestock, who own
resources together and who make decisions together about what to produce, how to market it,
buying materials and capital goods.

Describe three advantages of joining a farmers’ cooperative:
- They may buy inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizer, fuel, in bulk and cheaper / collective
purchase of farm inputs
- They may join together to buy modern equipment such as a tractor or truck and share its use
- They may hire tractors or teams of oxen rather than each having to pay for their own
- They may market their produce together and save on transport and other costs
- They may get and be able to share expert advice on farming methods/They may be able to invite
government extension workers to talk to them and share ideas
- They may get government grants and credit through joining a cooperative / They may obtain
loans/credit through the cooperative
- They may share in communal tasks thus spreading the labour / collective work on irrigation,
dam building etc.
- Sharing of profit and loan repayment
Services provided by cooperatives

- Sales of agricultural equipment
- Govt. extension services
- Credit schemes
- Marketing & selling of produce
- Storage of produce
- Purchase and supply of fuel & inputs
- Maintenance of vehicles
- Buying of produce from farmers
Identify three changes that have taken place in rural areas in Botswana since independence
- Rural electrification
- Provision of piped water
- Tarred roads
- Telecommunications
- Allocation of land by land boards
- Designated land use
- Commercialisation of agriculture
What are agricultural communities?
- Agricultural communities are societies that depend on cultivating crops and rearing of livestock /
farming
Suggest three ways in which agricultural communities differ from hunter-gatherer societies.
- Agric. Communities get food from domestic animals and plants while hunter-gatherers get food
from wild animals, wild fruits and vegetables
- Agric. Communities live in permanent settlements while hunter-gatherers are nomadic, build
temporary structures as shelter
- Agric. Communities use relatively sophisticated technology (e.g. iron tools) while hunter-
gatherers use simple technology

What is commercial farming?
- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for sale
*The following are also acceptable…livestock for market; for profit)
Describe three benefits of commercial farming

Ideas such as:
- Mass production
- Employment creation
- Economic linkages
- Research & development / infrastructure
- More income generation
- Food self-sufficiency
- Forex acquisition
- Quality / improved yield/products
Rural development schemes in Botswana;

- SLOCA, LG 17, ALDEP, ARAP, AE 10, Drought Relief (Namola Leuba), NAMPAAD, CEDA

Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation
Define rural-urban migration

- Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside/villages to towns /cities
Describe three disadvantages of rural-urban migration for rural areas

What are the problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas?
Ideas such as
- Sex ratio imbalance leading to infidelity
- Rural depopulation/low productivity in agric/shortage of workforce
- Family break-ups/family neglect/child indiscipline
- Increased workload for women (triple workload)/young/old/sick/weak/those who remain
- Loss of culture
- Spread of diseases / introduction of STDs
- Introduction of socially undesirable behaviour e.g. prostitution
*To earn marks ideas need to be developed
Solutions to problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas
Problem Solution
- Shortage of labour in agric. / low - Improve technology
production in agric. - Improve prices for agric products
- Rural industries / job creation in rural
areas so that men work nearby
- Break-up of families - Marriage under customary law should
be strengthened by modern law
- Reproductive health education e.g. use
- Introduction of STDs of condoms
- Sex ratio imbalance - Job creation in rural areas
- Economic empowerment or job creation

- Increased rural poverty for people in rural areas
- Financial assistance
- Introduction of socially undesirable
behaviour e.g. prostitution - Legislation
What is urban growth?

- Urban growth is the absolute increase in the physical size (area) of a city or town
Describe three causes of urban growth

- Affluence / rich people can commute
- Cheap land in the periphery
- Development of infrastructure
- In-availability of paid rent houses in the CBD
- Expensive rented accommodation in the city centre
- Corresponding cheap rent in the periphery
- Less pollution in the periphery
- Urban decay
- Shortage of space/land (for expansion) in the CBD
- Cheap service levies in the periphery e.g. water, electricity, rates etc.

What is urbanization?
- Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities as opposed
to those found in rural areas / countryside
What are the causes of urbanisation?

They are only two:
- Rural – urban migration &

- Natural increase
State three advantages of urbanisation on urban dwellers
Ideas such as;
- More labour force
- Increase in markets
- Urban biased developments
Identify three problems caused by urban growth on urban areas

- Deforestation
- Ruralisation of urban areas
- Pollution
- Traffic congestion / jam
- Town / urban decay
- Spiralling crime
- Overstretched social infrastructure
- Longer travel time to & from work / longer commuter times
State three problems caused by urban growth on rural areas

- land becomes expensive / rent hikes
- Urbanism / exposure to fast town life
- Cultural erosion
- Detribalize / acculturation
- Loss of land for agriculture / encroachment by the town/city / lower agric production
- Increased crime / haven for criminal activities / illicit or illegal land dealings
- Pollution from the city / dumping sites usually located in nearby villages
Give three effects of urbanisation on towns and cities

Ideas such as
Positive effects
- Reservoir of cheap labour
- Increase in market
- Emergence of a vocal group in towns
- Urban bias/development of urban areas at the expense of rural areas (allow one example
connoting urban bias)
Negative effects of urbanisation on towns & cities
- Shortage of resources e.g. land, housing, water, etc
- Increase in unemployment leading to crime e.g. prostitution, selling dagga, etc.
- Traffic jam/congestion/overcrowding
- Pressure on social amenities e.g. schools, clinics, sewage systems, etc
- Pollution (air, water & land)
- Squatting
- Acculturation/loss of culture
- Loss of ethnicity/detribalisation
- Street kids / juvenile delinquency
*Observe the 2/1 1/2 marks allocation

What are the solutions to problems caused by urbanisation in towns & cities?
- Provide serviced land / land reform

- Dual roads/flyovers/traffic lights/traffic circles
- Decentralisation of govt. services
- Creation of jobs (especially in rural areas)
- Extension services
- Destruction of squatter settlements
- Crime prevention committee/neighbourhood watch
- Encourage use of public transport
- Allow informal sector to accommodate jobless people
- Polluter tax (PPP) / proper disposal of litter / elongation of chimneys / Catalytic converters on
car exhausts / use of unleaded petrol or alternative sources of energy
- Tax holidays for industries which establish in rural areas
- Rural areas allowance for those who work there (e.g. RASA)
- Encouraging trade between rural areas & urban centres
What is the formal sector?

- Formal sector is any economic activity that is registered and legally recognized by the
government and operates in a permanent building
Suggest three ways in which governments can help the informal sector
Describe three solutions to problems of the informal sector
- License them / Govt. recognition

- Training entrepreneurs / short term technical courses e.g. through IFS (in Botswana)
- Give gazetted market places / designated places of operation
- Provide grants/loans and credit schemes
- Regulation
- Promote grouping
- Encourage them to supply what the big companies do not supply
- Grants/loans from the govt
What is a primate city?
- Primate city is the largest urban centre / area whose population is at least twice / double that of
the second largest in a country
State three characteristics of a primate city
- An area where govt. would normally set up its administration e.g. parliament / cabinet
- An area where a national university & technical training schools are located
- Has the best infrastructure & communications networks and most of the financial investment
- An area where many govt. depts. & private companies’ headquarters are found
Define industrialisation
- Industrialisation is the use of mechanical energy & technology to produce goods and services
- Industrialisation is the setting up of companies/factories for the production of goods and

services

Describe three benefits of industrialisation to developing countries
What are the advantages of industrialisation?
Ideas such as
- Income generation/improves GDP / industries pay tax
- Economic linkage / up & down stream industries
- Import reduction
- Improved balance of trade
- Widened skill base/technology use / acquisition of skill
- Participation in international trade / gain global recognition
- Encourage foreign investment e.g. MNCs
- Mass production
- Foreign exchange / increased returns
- High quality goods
What is export oriented industrialisation?
- Export oriented industrialisation is a strategy whereby countries produce goods & services
mainly to sell to the outside market
- Export oriented industrialisation is the production of goods & services with the aim of selling to
other countries/outside
Define import substitution industrialisation
- Import substitution industrialisation is when a country produces goods and services for itself
instead of buying them from other countries
- Import substitution industrialisation is a strategy whereby a country produce goods and services
for itself to replace those that it buys from other countries
Give three problems of import substitution strategy in developing countries:

Give three disadvantages of import substitution industrialisation
Ideas such as;
- Small market / home market is too small / expansion is limited
- Cut trade links with other countries / does not earn foreign exchange
- Countries have to import more in order to be self sufficient / may lead to increased costs of
imports of machinery and oil
- Tax-induced / use of incentives to attract investment
- Lack of competition, therefore goods and services may be expensive
- Poor quality goods and services due to lack of competition
- Environmental damage
- Displacement of people
- Result in unemployment due to use of machine
Describe three disadvantages of export-oriented industrialization:
- It is foreign sponsored/relies on outside financing

- Goods may be of poor quality
- Face stiff foreign competition
- Environmental problems/pollution

Give three advantages of export-oriented industrialization
- Creates employment for locals

- Improves infrastructure
- Encourages local inventions / innovations
- Locally produced goods are cheaper and therefore affordable to the local poor
- Source of foreign exchange
- Improves technology / focus on science and technology
- Encourages specialization of labour that in turn increases efficiency and output / productivity
Define infrastructure
- Infrastructure is system of network that is provided by government to support production
Explain the importance of any three types of infrastructure to industry
Ideas such as;
- Transport: Needed to carry/ferry/transport goods from one point to the other

- Power: Needed to operate machines / for lighting / welding, etc.
- Telecommunications: Needed to communicate with suppliers etc.
- Buildings: Needed to store goods and operate business from / offer services from

Module 5: Women in Development
What is a female-headed household?
- Female-headed household is a family whose breadwinner or decision maker is a woman
- Female-headed household is a family where the mother is the only parent present and is the
breadwinner and decision maker
- Female-headed household is a family where the mother is taking care of the family alone
Describe three causes of female-headed households
Ideas such as;

- Marital problems leading to / resulting in divorce / husband or father leaving family for another
woman or family
- Death of the husband / father / male partner
- It might be a result of incest / adultery / illegitimate children
- The ease with which one can have a child out of wedlock or before marriage
- The choice to have a child and remain single
- Economic independence by women / most of them can now work and support their children
- Loss of interest in marriage by women
- Disappearance of male partners
- Education / emancipation of women from sexual bondage
Describe three problems faced by female-headed families
- There is little time to spend with the children at home

- Indiscipline of the children especially the boy child leading to a high incidence of juvenile
delinquency
- Vulnerability to attack by criminals / abuse
- Low standard of living due to lower levels of education by women. This results in poverty that
may lead to engaging in illegal activities by women e.g. prostitution, selling dagga, etc
- Women’s low self esteem
- Unequal distribution of wealth/property
- Disrespect by society / tradition or culture militates against emancipation / discrimination /
stigma
What is the meaning of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome?
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a disease caused by a virus (HIV) that reduces the
body’s ability to defend itself against infections
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a disease caused by a virus that attacks the body’s
defence mechanism
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a state in which the body’s defence mechanism has
been defeated leaving the body vulnerable to infections
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a health condition marked by a severe loss of

resistance to infection

Describe three negative effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic development
Ideas such as;

- Loss of skilled manpower
- Leads to a decline in production / low productivity
- Loss of breadwinner(s)
- Increased expenditure on health and community projects / re-direction of government funds to
care for the sick and orphans / welfare department overburdened
- Possible decreased level of international investment
- Decline in the population, thereby reducing the pool of labour
- Time wasting on caring/worrying about the sick
- High funeral costs incurred by families
- Discourages tourism / scares away potential investors
- High pension, medical aid, insurance claims
- Reduce market base
Describe three positive effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic development
Ideas such as;

- Establishment of training centres
- Networking
- A change of attitude
- Trained personnel
- Research and development
- Fewer mouths to feed
- Creation of employment
- Inflow of capital / earning of aid (forex)
- Improvement of technology
- Encourages use of contraception and thus helps reduce population growth among others
- Mushrooming of businesses
What is a Women’s Organization?
- Women’s Organization is a group of people whose aim is to improve the status of females
and to empower them to fully participate in development
- Women’s Organization is a group of people that advocates or lobby for the eradication of all
forms of discrimination against females / the girl child
- Women’s Organization is a group of people that aims to empower females to fully compete
with their male counterparts without prejudice
Describe three problems / challenges that women’s organizations face in Botswana
- Lack of funds
- Male stereotypes
- Domestic violence
- Shortage of representation in the government e.g. councils, parliament
- Pull-her-down syndrome i.e. jealousy from fellow women
- Susceptibility to diseases due to the female anatomy

State three roles played by women’s organizations in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Botswana
Ideas such as;

- The Botswana Council of Women trains female trainers through workshops to become peer
educators on HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention
- The Young Vulnerable Women seeks to mitigate the spread of HIV/AIDS and prevent
teenage pregnancies. It engages on basic training on skill development and on the publication
of youth magazines that contain information on HIV/AIDS
- The Kagisano Society Women’s Shelter Project pioneers community responses to gender
crisis, sexual violence and HIV/AIDS
- The Botshabelo Rehabilitation Centre embarks on community mobilization, education and

information on HIV/AIDS and sexual violence. It also empowers men to be fully involved in
the fight against HIV/AIDS
Allow general points such as:

- Encourage parent-child discussions
- Counselling the sick
- Building orphanage centres
- Representing women in National Organizations such as NACA
- Raising awareness against abuse and rape
- Mobilising funds for the sick, the needy and the susceptible
(Any 3 at 1 mark each)
Name one women’s organization in Botswana
- Emang Basadi; Metlhaetsile; Women Against Rape, Young Women’s Christian Association;
Botswana Council of Women; Areyeng Basadi (Tonota), Kgetsi ya Tsie (Tonota)
*local women organizations are acceptable
Describe three activities that it performs to empower women
Ideas such as
- Fund raising
- Lobbying e.g. Emang Basadi (advocate for 30% women representation in parliament; petition
the govt. on laws that discriminate against women; conduct workshops / seminars about
universal suffrage & empowering women, etc)
- Education
- Legal services e.g. Women Against Rape (organises lawyers to represent victims, taking govt.
to court etc)
- Networking: address common meetings & share expertise
- Training (in some specific skill/field e.g. bread making, hair dressing)
- Counselling e.g. rape victims
What is a myth?
- Myth is a story based on popular belief
- Myth is a tale with supernatural characters, usually of how the world and mankind began

Discuss three negative effects of traditional values, customs and practices, taboos and myths on
women’s position in society today
Ideas such as;

- The disassociation of women from leadership resulted in women’s pre-determined destiny that
they should be passive in politics and assume lower position in the workplace
- Their subordination to men brought fear, respect and obedience that man is indeed the
breadwinner in the family
- Today there are few women involved in decision making because they had been made to believe
they have smaller brains than men
- Their full involvement in domestic work or household chores has indirectly convinced them that
they specialise in domestic work, which is unpaid for. This has also pre-determined the type of
work women do hence their involvement in the lowly paid jobs
- Their pre-occupation with children & domestic work has also denied women the chance to
advance in public life
- Since land was the property of the husband, women have been denied the chance to enrich
themselves by using this natural resource for commercial purposes
- Women were denied the chance to go to school as they were thought incapable of learning
(smaller brain & therefore less intelligent than men) and this has resulted in the low literacy rate
among women today.
- Women were forbidden to pass through a herd of cattle when on monthly period. This was a way
of discouraging women from owning any cattle and this has resulted in lower standards of living
today/poverty among women
- A woman is oppressed/looked down upon as she is believed to be a product of man (Eve was
made from Adam’s rib)
What is gender equality?

What is meant by equal rights for women?
- Gender equality is giving females the same / alike opportunities / treatment as males in the society
*Answer should always start with the female
Ideas must be developed to get a point
Suggest three ways by which gender equality can be achieved

Suggest three ways by which equal rights for women can be achieved
Ideas such as;
- Education (equal access to all)
- Training (women to venture into careers traditionally dominated by men) / reversal of
stereotypes
- Land rights / access to property (women should be allowed to own land)
- Legal rights
- Equal treatment at work place
- Political rights
- Through affirmative action
- Involvement of women in decision making
- Sexual freedom / right to say NO to sexual activity
*Each point must be fully described, and must always start with the female and link or move to
male. Max of 2 for the same idea

What is development for women?
- Development for women is a positive change or improvement which gives opportunities for
females to participate and benefit in the process
Why are some development programmes directed especially towards women?
Ideas such as;

- Educating women will result in healthier children and a drop in IMR
- Educating women will result in a large number of skilled people
- Women often do most of the farming and development programmes need to be directed
towards them so as to improve food production
- Women should be given equal opportunities

Module 6: Population, Health & Education
What is population distribution?
- Population distribution is the spread of people over an area OR where people are found and
why they are found there
-
*disperse, scatter, settle are acceptable
Identify three factors that influence population distribution

Describe three factors that lead to uneven distribution of the world’s population
Ideas such as;

- Climate - weather conditions
- Economic activities such as presence of minerals / employment / industries
- Resources – availability of water, food etc.
- Relief of the land
- Accessibility
- Fertility of the land
- Colonialism / political factors / the drawing of international boundaries
- Historical factors – wars e.g. Mfecane
- Slave trade
- Jihads/religion/govt policy
- Govt. policy e.g. CKGR
*Ideas need to be developed to earn marks
*statements connoting migration are unacceptable
Define population density
- Population density is the number/average number of people per unit area
*‘per given area…, per sq. km…, per sq. mile…, per sq. metre are acceptable
State three problems for the natural environment that may result from overpopulation
Ideas such as
- Soil erosion
- Desertification
- Deforestation/loss of vegetation
- Pollution (air, water and land)
- Extinction of species/destruction of the bio-diversity/ecosystem
- Overuse/over-harvest of resources e.g. water, land, minerals
What is good health?
- Good health is the sound physical, mental & social wellbeing of people
- Good health is the absence of / freedom from diseases, poverty & stress
*The definition must have the three aspects of a person’s wellbeing i.e. physical (Disease), mental
(stress) & social (poverty)

How does good health contribute to the development of Botswana?
Ideas such as
- Saves time for production / when people are healthy they will focus attention on work thereby
increasing production time (i.e. not waste time on sick leaves, visit to clinics, etc)
- High productivity / students & workers concentrate much better when they are healthy
- Less spending by families & govt. on buying medicines, paying for medical bills etc.
- Labour availability / pool of healthy workers
What is poor health?
- Poor health is the presence of disease, poverty & stress
Identify three factors that influence poor health
Ideas such as;

- Lack of clean water / using / drinking contaminated water / unclean water
- Poor diets
- Lack of health education
- Frustration
- Irregular exercises
- Low income / lack of alternative sources of income
- Lack of / shortage of clinics & hospitals
- Unhygienic conditions
- Poor shelter
- Medical costs / expenses
*Answers to show influence on poor health
What is primary health care?
- Primary health care is when one concentrates on preventing diseases
- Primary health care is a preventive system where aim is to avoid people getting sick
Give three ways by which Botswana govt. promotes better nutrition

How does the govt. ensure everyone has access to adequate food?
- Supplementary feeding at clinics, hospitals [e.g. tsabana] & schools

- Food basket for the orphans
- Old age pension
- Destitute funding
- Drought relief
- Education
What is traditional health care?
- Traditional health care is an unscientific or craft way of establishing causes, providing treatment
& preventing of ailments
What are proteins?

- Proteins are chemical substances found in food
- High biological value food made up of amino acids

Explain with examples why proteins are important for human health
- E.g. eggs, milk, meat, fish
- Body building
- Repair worn out tissue
- Source of energy
Give three reasons why educating women is important for family health
Ideas such as;

- Educated women understand good nutrition better / they cook & feed the family properly
- Educated women take their children to health clinics / know the importance of immunisation
- Educated women will keep better standards of hygiene thereby reducing IMR( Infant Mortality
Rate)
- Educated women plan their families better / have smaller families
Describe three other advantages (not connected with health) of educating women
Ideas such as;

- Half of the skills of the population is utilised (does not go to waste in uneducated/untrained
women) / more skilled people
- Women can get good jobs & earn money to improve the family standard of living
- Educated women will be in a better position to help their children with school work
(homework) and this will encourage the children to be educated
- Women can participate in the decision-making process and make some meaningful
contributions towards the country’s development
What is formal education?
- Formal education is the type of learning which takes place in special built institutes with special
rules & regulations
- Formal education is the type of learning which focuses on reading & writing, thus has great
emphasis on literacy & numeracy skills
Give three characteristics of formal education
Ideas such as;
- Has specialised personnel / trained teachers

- Has fixed time of learning
- It is syllabus based
- Examinations determine progression to the next level / certification
- There is use of official language
What is informal education?
- Informal education is the everyday learning we get through observing or interacting with others
be it our peers or the elderly

Give three characteristics of informal education
Ideas such as:
- Learning is everywhere & at any time
- It is continuous & often by word of mouth
- Based on trial & error
- Non-examinable & non-certificated
- Emphasis on conformity to one’s social group

Module 7: Politics & Development
Define socialism
- Socialism is an economic system in which means of production are state/government

owned/controlled / planned by govt.
Give three disadvantages of the socialist economic system

Ideas such as
- It is too bureaucratic/red tape
- It encourages laziness / lack of self interest
- There is lack of competition, which results in poor quality goods
- It stifles creativity/initiative
- Lack of personal choice or freedom / restricted choice
- Inefficient use / waste of resources as they are not allocated by price
- Planning gaps/some places are left undeveloped/unattended
Define democracy
- Democracy is a system of government where people elect representatives or councillors to

represent them in parliament
What is a Non-Governmental Organization?
- Non-Governmental Organisation is an independent body of people/institution helping in

development without the aim of making profit
- Non-Governmental Organisation is a non-profit making independent institution
Give three benefits of NGOs to Botswana

Describe three ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to solve
their problems
Ideas such as;

- They create employment
- Help in the management & utilisation of a country’s resources / encourage environmental

conservation
- Finance development/supplement/complement govt. (Allow specific examples such as projects

development)
- They identify themselves with the disadvantaged/local communities
- Emphasise efficiency & proficiency/development of skills
- Offer training to farmers
- Introduce/offer extension services
- Buy veld products from rural people / promote commercialisation of veld products
- Humanitarian

Module 8: Regional Co-operation, International Trade & Foreign Aid
What is regional cooperation?
- Regional cooperation is when countries of the same area come together to address common
needs
Give three challenges faced by Southern African Development Community

(SADC) in achieving its objectives
- There is no common currency

- Difficulty to reconcile different political systems / ideologies
- Language barrier
- Overlapping objectives with other organizations
- Economic disparities amongst member states
- Political instability in some member countries
- Financial constraints / outstanding debts by member countries
- Ineffective political wing
Define foreign aid
- Foreign aid is the help / assistance obtained from outside the recipient country / region
- Foreign aid is any help from outside given to a country
Describe three forms of foreign aid
- Monetary aid (allow loans and grants separately)

- Technical aid
- Humanitarian (food, medicine, clothing, tents, etc)
- Military aid
- Aid for specific projects e.g. Ebola, AIDS, Research
- Emergency aid e.g. floods, drought/famine, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.
Give three advantages of foreign aid

Benefits of foreign aid
Ideas such as;

- Provides much needed technology for LDCs / high level of knowledge
- Provides capital for investment
- Creates employment
- Improves relations between countries
- Relieves hardships in times of disaster
- Improves recipient country’s GDP / GNP
- Bring foreign exchange
Give three disadvantages of foreign aid
Ideas such as;

- Encourages waste of resources / extravagance / often misused by corrupt politicians &
dictators
- Irrelevant projects
- Indebtedness / neo-colonialism
- Tied aid
- Environmental unfriendly

- Urban bias
- Interference in domestic politics
- Encourages dependency & encourages laziness / reduces desire to work hard
- Sometimes reduces a country’s sovereignty or independence
What are imports?
- Imports are goods and services bought into the country / outside the country
Describe three ways in which a country can correct a negative balance of payment
Ideas such as;

- Fixed quota systems / fixed amount or No. of goods imported or exported
- Setting up ISI / govt. subsidies
- Devaluing the currency
- Exporting more / EOI
- Custom duties / tariffs
- Coming up with local substitutes
- Quarantine system (to control the influx of goods into another country or region)
- Exchange control (how much money one is allowed to use in a foreign country)

Section B
The table below shows results of a survey carried out by the National AIDS Coordinating
Agency (NACA) on HIV prevalence amongst pregnant women attending ante natal clinics in
Botswana. Use it to answer questions that follow.
Town / Village Total Tested Tested Positive

Francistown 702 360
Gaborone 540 266
Kanye 531 216
Molepolole 349 106
Selibe Phikwe 304 153
Tutume 339 120
(a) Which town / village had the largest number of HIV positive pregnant women?
Francistown
(b) How many pregnant women tested HIV negative in Kanye?

315
(c) Give evidence to support the following statement:
HIV is more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas
The proportion (percentage) of pregnant women who tested HIV positive is higher in urban areas
than in rural areas e.g. Gaborone, Francistown, Selibe-Phikwe
(d) Give three reasons for a high HIV prevalence in urban areas
- Most people in urban areas are sexually active
- Majority have a negative attitude towards condom use thus practice unprotected sex
- Prostitution is common in urban areas compared to rural areas
- Multiple sexual partners
- Influence in cities/towns
- Rape incidents are common in urban areas
- Intracultural interactions e.g. trucking
(e) Show ways by which the HIV/AIDS pandemic is being addressed in Botswana
- Tebelopele Voluntary Testing Centres in the country
- Free ARVs in clinics and hospitals
- Education programmes in the media (Talk Back, Re Mmogo)
- Efforts by NACA, COCEPWA, BOTUSA, TCM, BONELA, BOFWA
- HIV testing by public figures
- District Multi-Sectoral AIDS Committee (DMSAC) / setting HIV/AIDS committees at
workplaces
- Commemoration of World AIDS Day / Month of Youth Against AIDS
- Food basket for AIDS patients / supplementary feeding
- PMTCT
- TCM
- Research into cure / Harvard HIV/AIDS Research Institute at Princess Marina Hospital in
Gaborone
- Infusion of HIV/AIDS in the curriculum
- Guidance & Counselling in schools
- Free contraception
- Home based care

Study the figure below which shows the percentage of government expenditure on education in
selected African countries (1980 & 1990).
Country 1980 1990

Botswana 16,1 15,9
Ghana 17,1 24,3
Kenya 18,1 16,7
Zambia 7,6 8,7
Zaire 24,2 6,4
(a) Which country spent the largest share of its budget on education in 1980?
Zaire
(b) Which country has increased its share of expenditure on education the most?
between 1980 and 1990?
Ghana
(c) Give two ways by which environmental information is spread

- Posters / billboards
- Kgotla meetings
- Media (TV, radio, newspapers)
- Environmental campaigns
- Workshops / seminars / conferences
(d) How can an educated woman contribute towards population control?

A: Reduction of birth rates:
- Proper use of contraceptives
- Delaying births
- Deciding on size of family
- Information dissemination
B: decline in death rates:

- Immunization programmes
- PMTCT
- Voluntary testing
- Diet / supplementary feeding
- Pre and post-natal clinics
- Information dissemination
(2/1 1/2 Max.2)
(e) Suggest ways by which the Botswana government can raise revenue for
investment in education
- Taxation (employees, businesses, goods entering Botswana)
- School fees / cost sharing
- Loans / grants
- Licensing fees
- Imposing fines and penalties
- Production and selling
- Exporting goods (foreign trade)
- Invitation of TNCs
- Direct Foreign Investment
- Privatisation

Study the figure below that shows the natural population increase in selected countries (1993) and
use it to answer the questions which follow.
Natural Natural
Country Birth rate Death rate increase per increase %
1000
Mozambique 45 18 27 2.7
Uganda 51 19 32 3.2
United Kingdom 13 11 ? ?
United States 16 9 7 0.7
(a) Which country had the lowest death rate?
United States
(b) (i) Calculate the natural population increase of the United Kingdom
2 people per 1000 (thousand) or 0.2% (No units no mark)
(ii) Which type of countries has a high natural population increase?
Less developed / developing / undeveloped (third world countries / countries of the

south) / underdeveloped countries
(iii) Discuss three problems which the type of countries you have identified
in (ii) above are likely to face as a result of high natural population increase
Ideas such as;
- Overpopulation
- Shortage of food
- Shortage of land
- Unemployment
- Shortage of social amenities
- Land degradation
*Credit ‘overpopulation’ once when it appears on its own, but when it appears with examples credit
them separately. Give a max. of 2 marks for 1 idea. There must be a link of the problem to high
natural population increase
(c) (i) What is the relationship between birth rate and natural increase in fig.1
above?
- The higher the birth rate the higher the natural increase
- The lower the birth rate the lower the natural increase
- There is a positive correlation between birth rate and natural increase (1)
N.B. The answer to always start with the former; ‘birthrate’.
(ii) Suggest three reasons for the high birth rates in countries such as Uganda
and Mozambique.
Ideas such as;
- Early marriage
- Improved diets
- Sex preference / sex speculation
- For prestige / virility
- Children used as cheap labour
- Children a form of old age security
- Polygamy
- Improved medication / health

- Cultural beliefs in large families
- Low education / no use of contraceptives
- Deliberate govt. attempts to encourage large families
- High (infant) mortality rate / poor health care / outbreak of epidemics
- Idleness
N.B. Show how the idea raised leads to high birth rate
The figure below shows fertility rate in North African countries. Use it to answer the questions
that follow.
1983 1996
Birth Death Increase Fertility Birth Death Increase Fertility
Rate Rate in Pop rate Rate Rate in Pop rate
(0/00) (0/00) (0/0) (0/00) (0/00) (0/0)
Algeria 46 14 3.2 7.0 31 7 2.4 4.4
Tunisia 35 10 ? 5.6 26 6 2.0 3.3
Morocco 44 13 3.1 6.8 26 6 2.0 3.3
Egypt 43 12 3.1 6.0 29 8 2.1 3.6
Key:
Birth and death rates are usually expressed in figures per thousand (0/00), rather than per hundred
(0/00).
(a) Which country shows the highest decrease in fertility rate?

Morocco
(b) Calculate Tunisia’s population increase in 1983.

2.5 people per 100 (hundred) (No units no mark)
(c) What is the relationship between death rate and fertility rate in fig. 3 above?
- The higher the death rate the higher the fertility rate
- The lower the death rate the lower the fertility rate
- There is a positive correlation between death rate and fertility rate (2)
N.B. The answer to always start with the former; ‘death rate’
(d) Give three advantages of decrease in fertility rate

Advantages of decrease in fertility rate:
- More consumer goods per family
- Reduction in the ratio of doctor per patient, teacher per student, etc.
- Better lifestyles for all
- Less environmental degradation (3)
(e) Suggest three reasons for decrease in fertility rate in the four countries in fig. 3.
Reasons for decrease in fertility rate:
- Education
- Family planning
- Working women
- Demand for luxury goods (3)
*Fertility rate is the average number of children born per woman during her
Lifetime

Study the figure below which shows the life expectancy and the GNP per Head of different
countries and answer questions that follow
Country Life expectancy at birth in GNP per Head (US$)

1995 (years)
Zambia 46 400
Tanzania 51 1200
Namibia 59 2000
South Africa 64 3160
Brazil 67 3640
Germany 76 27510
a. i. What is the life expectancy of Germany?

76 years (1)
ii. How much longer is a person likely to live who is born in Brazil than someone
from Zambia
21 years (1)
b. Describe the general relationship between life expectancy and GNP per Head
- The higher the life expectancy the higher the GNP per head / The lower the life expectancy the
lower the GNP per head
OR
- There is a positive correlation (2)
c. Give three reasons for high life expectancy in developed countries:

- Eating nutritious / balanced diet
- Access to better medical facilities
- Prevalence of better medical knowledge/hygiene/improved sanitation
- Immunisation against diseases
- Hygienic conditions / environment
- Good/regular exercise
- Clean drinking water
- End of wars
- Eradication of epidemics (3)
Describe the broad patterns of life expectancy in the world

- A broad description of the industrialised countries of the North having life expectancy and
those of the South having low life expectancy (1)
Life expectancy is an important indicator of human development. Where life expectancy is

rising, write a paragraph explaining how other development indicators may also change.
- A rise in the GDP per head
- A rise in the number of children attending school and going on to secondary education
- An increase in the number of teacher per student population, patients per doctor, people per
telephone/water stand pipe, etc
- An increase in the number of hospital beds per thousand population
- Etc (2)
d. Suggest three reasons for low energy consumption in developing countries:
- Few industries
- Fewer electrical appliances
- Cheaper energy source alternatives e.g. firewood
- Fewer vehicles / less mechanical energy use (3)

Study the figure below and answer the questions that follow
a.i. When did the world population reach 1000 million?

1800 (1)
ii. How many years did it take to double to 2000 million?

(After) 100 years (1)
b. Give two ways by which a country can solve under population:

- Encourage immigration
- Discourage emigration
- Encourage large families (3)
c. Give three challenges faced by developing countries in trying to control high birth rates:
- Lack of medical facilities to provide the services needed
- Lack of education / poor education
- Lack of capital / money
- Religious beliefs which encourage large families
- Ignorance of the use of contraceptives (3)
d. Describe three environmental problems caused by overpopulation:

- Land degradation
- Pollution / poor sanitation
- Extinction of species
- Depletion of resources
- Overgrazing - Deforestation (3)

Fig.1 Study the figure below, which shows some of the problems of poor farmers, and answer
the following questions.
Small land
holdings
Poor Low
transport technology
Poor farmers
Dependent on Low income

the environment
Fig.1
6.a. What is low technology? [1]
b. Give two reasons why poor people in rural areas have small land holding.
[2]
c. Describe two ways by which dependence on the environment could create problems for farmers
]2]
d. Give two reasons (not environmental) why poor farmers find it very difficult to increase their
income. [2]
e. Describe three ways by which governments can help improve the incomes of poor farmers.
[3]

The pie charts below show the percentage of rural and urban populations in developing countries with
access to different services
Rural Urban
% of population
with access to:
44%
Health
Services
88%
Clean 81%
Water 50%
27%
Sanitation
60%
a. What percentage of the rural population has access to health services?

44% (1)
b. What is the difference between the percentage of people with access to clean water in urban and
in rural areas
31% (1)
c. Give two social factors that attract people to towns:

- Improved amenities; health, education, entertainment
- Freedom from parental control
- Opportunity for blossoming love affairs
- Better relations, with absence of feuds, wars, jealousy and witchcraft
- Modernity (2)
d. State three negative effects of urbanization on rural areas:

- Depopulation of rural areas
- Family break-ups as there are high incidents of illegitimate children
- Neglect of those left at home
- Disrespect for one’s culture
- High incidents of juvenile delinquency
- Spread of diseases in rural areas by those from towns
- Urban bias – neglect of rural areas in favour of towns
- Under-utilised facilities, e.g. empty schools and clinics (3)
e. Suggest three solutions to problems of urbanization in rural areas:
- Decentralisation of government offices to rural areas
- Establishment of industries in rural areas
- Establishing non-agric based employment activities e.g. bricklaying, bakery, biltong making,
etc.

- Establishment of rural-urban trade
- Opening financial institutes in rural areas to provide people with loans
- Offering potential investors incentives to establish their businesses in rural areas
- Improvement of infrastructure to woe investors (3)
The figure below shows Colombia’s trade in 1993. Use it to answer questions that follow.
Exports % Imports %
Coffee 34 Food 8
Fuels and minerals 26 Fuels 4
Textiles and clothing 10 Other primary products 5
Machinery and transport equipment 6 Machinery and transport equipment 39
Other manufactures 24 Other manufactures 44
Total value of trade in 1993
Exports $7 052 million Imports $9 841 million
a. i. What is meant by exports? (1)

- Goods and services sold to other countries
*’product’ is acceptable
*‘selling goods and services to other countries’ not acceptable
ii. What are Colombia’s two main imports? (2)

- Machinery and transport equipment
AND
- Other manufactures
b. Colombia relies on exporting coffee. Give three problems this could cause
Ideas such as
- Fluctuating world prices/demand
- Import duty
- Prices of raw materials generally low compared to finished products
- Prices set by consumers
- Natural disasters e.g. weather adversity etc. (Allow one example connoting natural disasters)
- Bulky transportation/handling costs (3)
*Ideas need to be developed
How can Colombia diversify its economy?

Ideas such as
- New mineral discoveries
- Inviting MNCs
- Adopting ISI strategy/industrialising
- Using appropriate technology
- Using alternative energy sources
- Promoting local entrepreneurs
- Promotion of tourism
- Venture into other sectors in agric (and move away from relying just on coffee)
- Impose quotas/tariffs
- Charge customs duties on imported goods
*Ideas need to be developed
*Answers should connote variety in expressing diversification

Read the following passage and answer questions that follow
According to the Botswana Citizenship Act of 1982, Batswana women married to foreigners cannot
pass citizenship on to their children. This is in spite of the fact that some of the children might have
been born in Botswana. However, Batswana men married to foreigners can pass on their citizenship,
even if the children were born outside the country.
Unity Dow, a local Motswana attorney married to an American challenged the Act in a court of law.
The basis of her argument was that the Citizenship Act of 1982 treated women as second-class
citizens.
a. Which law is being challenged? (1)

- Botswana Citizenship Act of 1982
*The answer needs the locus, law and year to earn a mark
b. Give two examples of traditional practices which disadvantage women in Botswana
Ideas such as
- Exclusion of women from land ownership
- Women discouraged from speaking in public places like the kgotla, etc
- Women denied inheritance of chieftainship etc.
- The woman’s place is said to be in the kitchen
- Women are regarded as child bearing machines
*Show how the practice(s) above disadvantage the women

- The disassociation of women from leadership resulted in women’s pre-determined destiny that
they should be passive in politics and assume lower position in the workplace
- Their subordination to men brought fear, respect and obedience that man is indeed the
breadwinner in the family
- Today there are few women involved in decision making because they had been made to believe
they have smaller brains than men
- Their full involvement in domestic work or household chores has indirectly convinced them that
they specialise in domestic work, which is unpaid for. This has also pre-determined the type of
work women do hence their involvement in the lowly paid jobs
- Since land was the property of the husband, women have been denied the chance to enrich
themselves by using this natural resource for commercial purposes
(2)
c. How else does Botswana law discriminate against women?
Ideas such as
- Married women are discouraged from owning property
- Property inheritance is mostly biased against women
- Married women are discouraged from selling property (e.g. land) without the consent of their
husbands
- Married women need the approval of their husbands to ask for bank loans
- Women are treated as second-class citizens
*Answers should avoid words such as ‘denied’ and ‘forbidden’
d. How can the position of women be improved in Botswana?

Ideas such as
- Education (equal access to all)
- Access to loans
- Constitutional reforms / legal rights
- Attitudinal change of both men and women towards women
- Training (women to venture into careers traditionally dominated by men) / reversal of stereotypes
- Land rights / access to property (women should be allowed to own land)
- Equal treatment at work place

- Political rights
Study the figure below & use it to answer the questions that follow
Factors which influence industrialisation in developing countries
Multi-national companies
Education human
resource Markets
Political stability
Protection of
infant industries INDUSTRIALISATION
Foreign Direct Investment
Govt. policy
Privatisation
Infrastructure
Raw materials
Capital
a. Name one economic factor shown in the figure above which influences the setting up of industries
in developing countries
- Raw materials
- Capital / FDI / Infrastructure
- Markets
b. What is an infant industry?

- Newly established production unit
- Newly established local production unit
c. Give two reasons why governments protect infant industries

To
- Encourage domestic production
- Avoid foreign competition
- Prevent the import of similar goods from outside / import substitution industrialisation
- Create employment for locals
d. Give three advantages of allowing Multi-national companies to invest in Botswana

- Bring large amounts of capital (money, machinery, infrastructure)
- Create employment
- Train locals / bring skilled manpower
- Improve the GDP of a country / they encourage import substitution industrialisation
- Lead to development of economic linkages
- Sponsor local activities
- Lead to economic diversification
- Earn govt. some income / pay corporate tax
- Raise forex / bring in foreign exchange
- Lead to infrastructure development
- They market the country
Disadvantages of MNCs
Ideas such as
- Capital intensive technology so create little employment
- Profits often taken back to their countries of origin instead of being invested locally
- Competition with local companies for market

- Negative impacts on the environment because they are profit oriented
e. Give three ways by which Botswana can solve problems caused by MNCs
Ideas such as
- Encourage MNCs to use labour intensive technology / train locals
- Encourage MNCs to use locally available resources
- Strict policies on pollution
- Foreign exchange control measures
- Invite only a few MNCs
The figure below shows main exports for some developing countries. Use it to answer questions
that follow
Country Main export Main export as % of all

exports by value
Sudan Cotton 70
Zambia Copper 90
Mauritius Sugar 70
Gambia Groundnuts 60
Cuba Sugar 60
Sri Lanka Tea &rubber 65
a. Which country is dependent on one single export?

- Zambia
b. Identify a non-agricultural export from figure 7

- Copper
c. Give two features of the trade pattern of developing countries

Ideas such as
- Export primary products/raw materials
- Import secondary products/manufactured goods/finished goods
- Fetch little foreign exchange/sell cheap raw materials
- Spend more on imports e.g. machinery / import more than they export / negative balance of trade
/ expensive imports
d. Describe three problems which developing countries face when trading with developed countries
Ideas such as
- Tariffs / import duty
- Quotas
- Quarantine system
- Low prices on exports
- High prices for imports
- Fluctuating demand & prices / developed countries control prices
- Exchange control
- Seasonal products
- Mono economy/relying on a single product
- Substitute products/synthetic products
- Countries of the south are equally affected when countries of the north go through economic
recessions
- Dumping of used goods/machinery
- Transport difficulties / access to seaports

e. Suggest three ways in which developing countries can solve their trade problems
Ideas such as
- Economic diversification
- Import substitution industrialisation/reduce imports
- Export oriented industrialisation/increase export trade
- Use of local alternatives / encourage local inventions
- Regional cooperation / renegotiate prices / renegotiate terms of trade
- Save & invest locally
- Cut/break links with the north
- Restricting trade with the north
- Devaluation of currency
- Improve infrastructure
The figure below shows GNP per head & life expectancy at birth for selected countries. Use it to
answer questions that follow
Country GNP per head (US$) Life expectancy

Japan 28 200 81
United Kingdom 27 700 78
Germany 27 600 78
South Africa 10 700 44
Mexico 9 000 75
Russia 8 900 66
Indonesia 3 200 69
India 2 900 64
Bolivia 2 400 65
Nigeria 900 50
a. Name the country with the highest life expectancy

- Japan
b. What is the GNP per head of Mexico?
- US$ 9000 *No units no mark
c. Give two reasons for low daily food intake for developing countries
Ideas such as
- Low incomes - Water shortages
- Natural disasters e.g. floods, pests, diseases, drought etc.
- Low production in agriculture / poor methods of farming
- Fuel shortages - Landlessness/shortage of land
d. Compare three economic characteristics of developed & developing countries

Ideas such as
Developed countries Developed countries
- High employment rates - Low employment rates
- High GDP - Low GDP
- High GNP - Low GNP
- High GNP per capita - Low GNP per capita
- More people employed in the - Most people are employed in
manufacturing/service sector agric./primary sector
- More people employed in the formal sector - More people employed in the informal
sector
- High level of energy consumption - Low level of energy consumption
- More skilled manpower/technology - Less skilled manpower / low level of
technology

e. Suggest three ways in which developing countries can use the dependency theory to develop
Ideas such as
- Break off all links with the west and become self reliant
- Avoid borrowing from outside but save & invest within the country
- Spend very little on consumer goods
- Use appropriate technology & make own industries / encourage local inventions
- People should exercise patience, work hard and shun modern lifestyles
The figure below shows occupation of migrants in Maseru, Lesotho. Use it to answer the
questions below.
Occupation % Men % Women

Labouring 9.0 0.0
Construction 21.8 0.4
Engineers & drivers 13.3 0.4
Clerical 10.1 13.2
Sales 6.9 3.5
Professional & managerial 14.3 7.0
Domestic 1.6 19.7
Others 7.5 4.4
Unemployed 15.4 51.3
Source: Wilkinson (1985)
a. i. In which occupation do we find more women? (1)

- Unemployment
ii. What is the difference between percentage of men and women who are engineers
and drivers? (1)
- 12.9% (No unit no mark)
b. i. Give two examples of jobs done by women under ‘others’ (2)

- Prostitution
- Vending
(any job from the informal sector accepted)
c. Give three reasons for low women occupation of labouring, engineers & drivers
and construction (3)
Ideas such as:
- Sexual stereotypes associated with men
- Pre-occupation with household chores
- Socialisation
- Low self-esteem/self belief/pull her down syndrome
- High girl child drop out from school
d. In what three ways can women be made to participate in the three occupations
dominated by men? (3)
Ideas such as:
- Creation of girl friendly schools
- Deliberate preferential sponsorship of the girl child
- Reducing work for women at home / introduction of labour saving devices
- Positive affirmation; apportioning women quotas in those occupations

Study the table below showing the performance of primary school candidates in Botswana 1991
and answer the questions that follow
Total Grade and Percentage (%)

Area Candidates A B C D
Urban 6 473 17.9 29.7 36.4 16.0
Rural 38 223 8.4 22.1 41.1 28.4
Source: Sustainable Rural Development, The Botswana Society, 1991
a. Which area had the highest percentage of Ds? (1)

- Rural area
b. How many students took A in urban areas? (1)

- 1 159 (one thousand one hundred & fifty nine)
(17.9/100 X 6473)
c. What is the relationship between students’ performance and the areas in which they
live? (2)
- Students in urban areas performed better OR
- Performance of students in rural areas is relatively poor
d. State three reasons why students in rural areas may be at a disadvantage (3)
Ideas such as;
- Shortage of educational facilities e.g. classrooms, electricity, books
- Less qualified teachers / a lot of unqualified teachers
- Distance some children travel from home to school
- Children as labour in agric activities
e. Suggest three solutions to the problems above (3)

Ideas such as;
- Build enough educational facilities
- Rural electrification
- Provision of books and other teaching materials in time
- Train more teachers
- Provide incentives for teachers in rural areas e.g. Remote Area Service Allowance,
accommodation, etc
- Build hostels for boarding
- Encourage parents in rural areas to allow their children more time for study

Study the figure below and answer the questions that follow
A Farmers’ Cooperative System
Sale of inputs to Purchase of products

farmers from farmers
Cooperative Bank
Tractor &
other
implements Farmers’ Coop
Veterinary Service
Supply of Storage Depot

fuel
Advice & training Transport

for farmers
a. State one input that farmers may get from a cooperative for their crops (1)
- Seeds; machinery; advice & training, etc.
b. Give two advantages to farmers of selling their produce through a cooperative (2)
Ideas such as;
- Farmers save on marketing costs
- Their produce is preserved in storage depots
c. Explain how a cooperative bank can help farmers (2)

Ideas such as;
- They deposit / save their money in the bank (& accrue interest)
- They can get loans from the bank at low interest

Study the table below which shows the amount of foreign aid received by selected countries and
use it to answer the questions that follow
Country Total aid US$m Aid per head US$ Aid as % of GNP
Namibia 189 122 5.4
Mozambique 923 57 72.2
Botswana 81 56 1.9
Egypt 2212 38 3.7
Zimbabwe 374 34 6.0
Tanzania 894 30 23.2
a. Identify the country which receives the lowest total amount of aid
- Botswana
b. Which country has the highest amount of aid per head?
- Namibia
c. Describe two ways in which Botswana uses foreign aid
Ideas such as;
- To overcome emergencies
- Training of personnel
- Control of animal diseases
- Buying of machinery
- Development of infrastructure e.g. airports, roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, etc
- Provision of social amenities i.e. services
d. Describe three problems Mozambique is likely to face as a result of receiving large
amounts of foreign aid
Ideas such as;
- The country will be too dependent on other countries instead of being self reliant
- The economy of the country will collapse if there are strained relations with donors / misuse of
donations / corruption
- People may expect handouts instead of working for themselves / dependency syndrome / neo-
colonialism
- Irrelevant development / ambitious projects / tied aid
- Debt crisis: low production; high interest rates; devaluation of currencies; fluctuating demand
and prices
*Link problem to receiving large amounts of foreign aid
e. Suggest how Mozambique can become less dependent on foreign aid

Suggest ways by which developing countries can reduce dependence on foreign aid
Ideas such as;
- Govt. can encourage locals to produce more for export / EOI
- Govt. has to put corruption in check to avoid embezzlement of aids / funds
- Govt. should industrialise to reduce imports / ISI
- Govt. should privatise to encourage maximum output
- Training of locals
- Coming up with local substitutes
- Encourage local innovations/inventions
- Encourage local investment (through protection; quotas, tariffs, duty OR give locals access to
credit facilities or invite MNCs)
- Encourage local savings
- Reduce consumerism
- Come up with disaster preparedness policies
- Foreign Direct Investment
- Encourage regional cooperation

Study the figure below which shows major causes of soil erosion and answer the questions that
follow
Removal of Overgrazing
tree cover
Soil
Erosion
Farming on
Soil compaction
steep slopes
a. What is soil erosion?

- The washing away of top soil from one place to the other by water and/or wind
- The washing away of top soil from a place of use to a place of less use
b. i. In what two ways do trees help to prevent soil erosion?

Ideas such as;
- Their roots bind the soil
- Trees hold moisture & prevent rapid run-off
- Tree leaves reduce the intensity of rain drops
- Tree & tree leave remains decay and act as humus to bind soil particles
- Trees act as wind breakers
ii. Give two reasons why trees are being cut down
Ideas such as;
- For fuel / firewood
- For building materials / fencing
- To make way for agricultural expansion
- To make way fro urban development
- To clear land for infrastructure development / roads / airports / power / telecommunication
networks etc.
- For food
- Furniture
- Pulp / paper making
c. i. How does overgrazing cause soil erosion?
Ideas such as;
- Because trees & shrubs are destroyed exposing the soil to rain and wind
- Because grass is eaten down to roots thereby removing plant cover
- Because ground is trampled thereby loosening up the soil
ii. Why does farming on steep slopes cause soil erosion?

Ideas such as;
- Land is cleared & soil is exposed as a result making it easily washed away
- Growing crops in rows or ploughing up & down the hills leads to rapid run-off creating gullies /
gradient is high
d. Describe three methods of controlling soil erosion

Ideas such as;
- Mulching
- Adding manure
- Reforestation / replanting trees
- Damming

- Filling up gullies / dongas
- Putting lines of trees or stones round the contours to hold back soil
*Do not confuse control with prevention
To control is to take measures when something has occurred and to prevent is to take measures
before it occurs

Development Studies
Revision Questions
Paper II
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
Countries like Botswana are said to be lagging behind in development

What difficulties do they face in trying to develop?
What constraints do developing countries face in trying to develop?
Why are countries of the South less developed than those of the North?
Ideas such as:
- Suffer from rigidity and unwilling to accept & effect change
- Suffer from colonial legacies
- They are a raw material producing lot
- They are still enveloped in war and civil strive
- Export primary products/raw materials at low prices
- Import secondary products/manufactured goods/finished goods at high prices i.e. they spend
more on imports e.g. machinery / import more than they export / negative balance of trade /
expensive imports
- Fluctuating demand & prices / developed countries control prices
- Exchange control
- Seasonal products
- Mono economy/relying on a single product
- Substitute products/synthetic products
- Countries of the south are equally affected when countries of the north go through economic
recessions
- Dumping of used goods/machinery
- Transport difficulties / access to seaports
- Problems of widespread diseases / epidemics e.g. Ebola, HIV/AIDS which hinder their effort to
develop. A lot of money is spent on HIV/AIDS education and prevention instead of on
developing the country
- Most leaders of developing countries & government officials are very corrupt and use govt.
funds for their personal gains
- Unequal distribution of resources because of lack of finance e.g. urban areas are often given
first priority over rural areas
- Limited taxation base / lack of money
- Rapid population growth
- Lack of awareness / public education
- Lack of able leadership (small elite)
- Foreign interference
- Poor technology
- Brain drain is whereby educated or skilled people from developing countries prefer working in
developed countries.

The economy in developing countries is based mainly on the production of primary products.
Why are developing countries primary products producers?
Ideas such as;
- This is a reflection of a trading pattern which developed in the 18th & 19th century during the
industrial revolution
- Developing countries were seen as a source of raw materials
- They were also seen as a market for manufactured goods
- European influence changed colonies’ system of exchange from barter based societies to cash-
based economies
- Colonies were encouraged to grow crops for sale
- Taxes imposed by the Europeans were to be paid in cash and this forced people to grow cash
crops or to find employment in primary extractive industries
- Most colonial masters were only interested in the colonies’ raw materials and did not develop
any infrastructure to support industrial development in the colonies
- Developing countries have large supplies of valuable minerals and other primary products
- Tropical climate in developing countries favour the growing of certain crops and thus the
Europeans encouraged them to grow such crops
Why would a country like Japan find it easy to develop?

- Have the political will & drive and accept & effect change
- Have research institute to invest in modern development
- Export valuable finished goods, machinery and technology
- Decide on the prices of their products
- They enjoy political serenity and tranquillity
- They have a culture of hard work / workaholics
Identify and define the different aspects of development

- Economic development: When a country produces more/enough for everyone, the society gets
richer; improvement in production e.g. GNP, GDP, GNP per capita, energy consumption
- Social development: When people’s basic needs are more fully met; improvement of people’s
living standards e.g. birth rate, IMR, life expectancy, access to clean water, etc.
- Political development: When there is more freedom and justice, and people are free to
participate in decision making; respect for human rights/safety and security e.g. democracy,
equality, justice, etc.
(N.B. Give 1 mark for one example in each aspect)
What are the reasons for low life expectancy in developing countries?
Describe factors that can lead to the decline of life expectancy in a country
- Shortage of food / drought / famines
- Lack of medical facilities
- Poor sanitation
- Illiteracy/lack of education
- Wars / civil strife
- Poor diet
- Poor housing
- Epidemics/pandemics/diseases e.g. AIDS, Ebola
- Shortage of clean water
- Back breaking jobs e.g. digging trenches, weeding
- Natural calamities e.g. earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, etc.
- Economic decline/crises

What can a country do to raise the life expectancy of its people?
- Improvement in education
- Increase food production/ensure food security
- Improve medical facilities and personnel
- Education on diseases/primary health care
- Improved sanitation/access to clean running water
- Welfare services/social security e.g. pensions
- Provision of employment
- Introduction of less laborious production methods
Describe the distribution of countries with low GNP

Ideas such as
- Mostly found in Africa e.g. Ethiopia, Zambia
- Found in South America / Latin America
- Can be described as being located mostly in the south / southern hemisphere
- Found in the southern part of Asia
Describe the characteristics of countries with low GNP / Developing countries

Ideas such as
- Low energy consumption
- Low income countries
- High number of people in rural areas
- High population growth rate
- Low enrolment in schools / high illiteracy rate
- Use of simple technology
- High death rate
- Low life expectancy
- High birth rate
- Weak currencies
- Import manufactured goods but export cheap raw materials / unfavourable balance of payments
- Low calorie intake
- High IMR
- Reliance on foreign aid
- Less industrialised
- Unbalanced development / urban bias
- High unemployment rates
- Inadequate / poor infrastructure
- Low GNP, GNP per capita, etc.
- Shortage of skilled manpower
- High inequalities
*Characteristics of developed countries are the opposite of the above
How can developing countries encourage economic development?

Ideas such as;
- Provision of social services / infrastructure e.g. health, education, roads, etc.
- Utilising local resources / environmental education
- Creating job opportunities for the locals
- Ensuring freedom of choice
- Provision of food, medicine, clean water, electricity, etc.
- Using appropriate technology
- Ensuring that there is a variety of goods & services for people to have freedom of choice
*Economic development is different from economic growth, it is more of improving the quality
of life

Describe the strengths of the dependency theory
Ideas such as;
- It treats the world as one system, showing how the world can be linked together
- It helps us to understand some of the crippling effects of colonialism
- It also makes clear that even when the colonies became free once again, economic & political
power remained with the countries of the North
- It looks at the political, social & environmental development & not just the economic ones
Describe the weaknesses of the dependency theory

Ideas such as;
- Small countries cannot raise enough investment capital on their own to break away from the
North
- Countries lose all the benefits of international trade
- If they try to make all of their own goods, it will probably be a less efficient use of resources
- In a world linked together in so many ways, it is impossible to cut off all communication
- People often aspire to the northern way of life & they object when their govt. tells them that they
should not import western goods
Briefly describe the modernisation theory and list the five stages of this theory
Ideas such as;
- It is a set of ideas that argue that development can be achieved by copying the objectives,
technologies & economic methods of the industrialised countries, especially USA
- The theory believes that development occurs over stages through which all countries must
pass/work in order to achieve high standards of living enjoyed by people of the North
- These stages are;
1. The traditional society
2. Pre-conditions for take off
3. Take off
4. The drive to maturity
5. The age of high consumption
What do modernisation theorists suggest developing countries should do in order to develop?

Ideas such as;
- Countries should follow the capitalist path of development
- Countries should invest in industries to allow take off
- More money to be directed to industrialisation at the expense of social capital
- More emphasis on formal, vocational and technical training
- Encourage people to exercise some patience by suspending demand for high salaries that fatten
consumption levels
What problems are developing countries likely to face when they follow the modernisation
theory of development?
Ideas such as;
- Ignores countries have cultures they do not want to shed off
- Ignores that the North’s take off was financed by raw materials from the less developed
countries and the latter have few resources left
- Emphasises economic growth and ignores economic development
- It assumes a trickledown effect to less developed regions which is not always the case
- Has since divided countries into dual economies and society into haves and have nots

What evidence is used to support the modernisation theory?
Ideas such as;
- The richest countries in the world are the ones which are industrialised and have a capitalist
system
- The newly industrialised countries have successfully followed this pattern
- Some aspects of development are evident all over the world; people are moving to towns/cities,
formal schooling has spread, ideas & attitudes are changing
- In some places commercial farming has successfully taken the place of subsistence farming
Module 2: Production, Consumption & Investment
Describe the different uses of state land in Botswana

Ideas such as;
- Urban settlements e.g. Gaborone, Lobatse
- Mines e.g. Jwaneng, Sua Pan
- National Parks & Game Reserves e.g. CKGR
- Police & Army barracks e.g. Pandamatenga
- Experimental farming e.g. Sebele, Impala
- Water reservoirs e.g. Letsibogo dam, Shashe dam
- Schools e.g. Shashe River School etc.
- Hospitals e.g. Nyangabwe Referral Hospital etc
- Refugee camps e.g. Dukwi Refugee Camp
State the advantages of state land

Ideas such as’
- Use during emergencies e.g. settling flood victims
- Strategic reasons e.g. defence
- Future use e.g. resettlement, town/city expansion
- Cheap (land is readily available & govt. does not have to buy expensive land from landowners)
- Experimental purposes e.g. research & introduction of high yielding crops / animal breeds
- Creates employment
- Source of govt. revenue e.g. fees at National Parks & Game Reserves, hospitals etc.
Why is production usually low in communal areas?

Ideas such as;
- Communal land is unacceptable as collateral security (guarantees pledged for the repayment of a
loan)
- Mismanagement and less sense of ownership
- Overgrazing, mono-cropping, soil erosion etc.
- Too small pieces
- Left behind for use by the old & illiterate while the young & dedicated / able-bodied migrate to
towns
- Open to use even by those with private land
How can production be improved in communal areas?

Ideas such as;
- Encourage fencing
- Encourage farmers’ cooperatives
- Training & education of the farmers
- Use of appropriate technology
- Use of high quality seeds/breeds
- Proper management

Describe factors that influence the use of appropriate technology in developing countries
Ideas such as:
- Availability of (local) appropriate skills & knowledge
- Cost of machinery (affordability)
- Flexibility i.e. easy to teach & repair under local conditions
- Sustainability
- Availability of opportunities e.g. employment
- Availability of raw materials at local level
- Running cost of the technology
- Demand
- Level of development
- Environmental risk / adaptability
- Sustainability
Describe conditions that promote labour efficiency in production

Describe ways of improving productivity in a country
Describe the factors that increase the efficiency of labour
- Good education & training / employing skilled people / establishment of a National
Productivity Centre
- Good working conditions / good ventilation
- Availability of welfare services such as pension, housing, medical scheme, etc.
- Motivation e.g. 13th cheque, promotion, future prospects, good leadership, room for self
motivation
- Attractive wages/salaries
- Improvement of infrastructure
- Privatisation
- Division of labour / specialisation
- Accessibility to all factors of production
- Availability of social services
- Good labour cooperation
- Improved technology
- Good work ethics/hardworking
Advantages of specialisation
- Easy & cheap to train for one job or profession / training time is minimised
- There is a chance of exploring people’s potential
- Greater opportunity to use machinery / brings about mechanisation & industrialisation
- Enhancement of skills / focuses on individual skills
- Mass production
- Proficiency & expertise / efficiency
- No time is wasted moving from one task to the other / saves time / work is done fast
- Quality goods & services are produced
- No tools lie idle / greater utilisation of tools & machinery
- Makes employment of specialists possible
Why do countries specialise?

- The theory of comparative advantage
- Resource endowment
- Uneven distribution of resources
- Immobility of resources
- International trade
- International relations

Disadvantages of specialisation
Ideas such as;
- Repetition brings about boredom
- Decline in traditional skills & craftsmanship
- There is a lot of interdependence
- Creates higher chances of unemployment
- Redundancy
- Limits occupational mobility of labour
Describe ways of raising capital for production

- Buying or selling of shares
- Selling personal assets
- Investing in insurance policies
- Loans & overdrafts
- Leasing / rentals
- Higher purchase
- Commercial activities (formal & informal)
Describe the differences between labour intensive & capital intensive methods of production
Labour Intensive Capital Intensive

- Cheap / little capital needed - Expensive / large capital needed
- Simple technology used - Complex/advanced technology
- More environmentally friendly / causes - Environmental problems e.g. pollution
less harm to the environment
- Promotes human interaction - Leads to alienation
- Encourages craftmanship - Reduces craftmaship
- Suited for small-scale production - Large-scale production
- Uses local skills & knowledge - Requires technical know-how
- Common in subsistence production - Commercial production
- Uses more human power - Uses more machinery / capital
- Low costs of wages because of manual - High costs of wages because of highly
& unskilled labourers qualified & skilled workers
- Creates a lot of employment - Creates large-scale unemployment
opportunities because of use of machinery / fewer j
job opportunities
- Poor quality work produced - High quality goods produced
- Slow method of production - Quick & efficient method of production
- Tiresome because work is heavy & - Work made lighter & more enjoyable
strenuous because of the use of machines /
machinery can work for longer hours
- Creates lots of skilled manpower
- Mass production makes goods cheaper
- It allows for economies of scale
(saving made from large scale
production)
* Advantages & disadvantages of the two methods of production can be drawn from the table above

Describe a Private Limited Company
Characteristics of a Private Limited Company
- The owners buy shares i.e. small equal proportions which entitle them to part ownership of the
company
- The people who own shares are joint owners of the company & are called share holders
- Shareholders enjoy limited liability
- The company’s name must end in the two words (proprietary) limited, usually abbreviated as
(pty) Ltd.
- It can sell shares by approaching individuals, but not the general public
- Shareholders in a private company have direct control over the company
- The company is managed by at least one director who is elected by the shareholders
- Shares of a private company are not freely transferable without the agreement of the other
shareholders
Describe a parastatal
Characteristics of a parastatal
Ideas such as;
- Definition of a parastatal (state owned business / public enterprise)
- Controlled by a board of directors
- Set by an act of parliament
- Concentrates in the provision of essential services e.g. electricity, water, housing
- Funds from the govt. / profit is for the govt.
- Management (CEO) is appointed by the president/minister/govt.
Reasons for owning a parastatal by a government

Ideas such as:
- To avoid wasteful duplication of services
- To protect employment in non-profit making organizations
- To avoid monopoly
- As a political ideology
- For strategic purposes
Explain the negative impacts of localisation in Botswana

- Sacrifice for quality
- Reluctance by govt. to fund local projects
- Locals may be inexperienced for those positions
- Corruption & nepotism may arise
- Entitlement syndrome
- Weakens international relations
How does the Govt. of Botswana promote a culture of investment?

- Credit facilities e.g. CEDA
- Protection of infant industries
- Encouraging import substitution & export oriented industrialisation
- Tax holidays/lowering tax
- Sale of investment certificates at Bank of Botswana/selling shares/bonds
- Lowering inflation
- Affordable water, electricity
- Political stability
- Low interest loans
- Training in business skills

How does a host country benefit from the operation of Multi-National Companies?
Describe the advantages of multi-national companies for developing countries
Ideas such as;
- Provide capital for industrialisation
- Increased govt. income (tax)
- Creation of jobs
- Provide skills & technical knowhow / bring in modern technology
- Sponsorship source & scholarships
- Improved country’s trade
- Increased production of goods
- Bring in foreign exchange
What are the advantages of developing the secondary sector in Botswana?
Ideas such as;
- Reduction of imports/increased exports/self reliance
- Skill development
- Localisation/employment creation
- Utilisation of available resources/semi-finished goods
- Use of by-products
- Diversification of the economy
- Expand the country’s GDP/GNP
- Development of economic linkages (upstream & downstream industries)
- Development of infrastructure
- Added value on finished / semi finished goods
- National pride
How does the employment structure of a developing country differ from that of a developed
country?
In developing countries there are:
- More people in agric since agric production is still labour intensive
- Very few people in highly specialised jobs (e.g. computer engineering) since few people are
educated to those levels
- Fewer women involved in the formal sector since their access to formal education has been
limited for a long time / more women are involved in the informal sector / more people in the
informal sector
- Abnormally large numbers of civil servants as the govt is usually the biggest employer
- High unemployment rate in LDCs vs low in DCs
- Import skilled labour
- Fewer people involved in industrial jobs due to lower industrial development
*No mark for the structure of developing countries only, the answer must show the difference in
employment structure of developing & developed countries
Discuss problems faced by foreign investors in Botswana
- High crime rate
- A monopoly by some businesses
- High corporate tax
- Competition from outside companies
- Preference of outside goods by locals
- Lack of skilled manpower
- Expensive infrastructure e.g. electricity / high prices of utilities
- Shortage of initial capital
- Fluctuating currency
- Poor technology/poor entrepreneurial/managerial skills
- Small domestic market
- Poor/inadequate infrastructure

Describe ways in which the government of Botswana can encourage the development of local
entrepreneurship
- Financial assistance/loans/credit schemes/grants
- Provision of serviced land
- Training of entrepreneurs
- Advertisement/campaign promoting locally produced goods
- Tax holidays/subsidies/provision of inputs
- Organising outside markets e.g. BEDIA
- Protection of infant industries (increasing import duty, quotas, tariffs)
- Reserving some production activities for Batswana e.g. welding/privatisation/localisation
- Protection of individual property rights
Discuss five sources of revenue for Botswana govt.
Describe the ways by which the government of a country can raise revenue
- Taxation (income tax, VAT, goods entering Botswana)
- Fees (schools/cost sharing, hospitals) / tourism
- Privatisation
- Interest from loans
- Licensing fees (hunting, business)
- Imposing fines and penalties
- Production and sale of services through parastatals
- Exporting goods
- Inviting MNCs
- Through the running of lotteries
- Direct Foreign Investment / giving loans to other countries & charging interest
- Sale of shares
Characteristics of economic production systems
Capitalism/Market Socialism/Planned economy Mixed Economy

economy
- Private ownership of - Public property / public - Both apply
property / capital / factors of ownership of property/means
production of production
- Freedom of choice & State guided choice / state - There is choice
enterprise determines what goods &
services to provide
- Competition allowed / - Production of uniform - Competition allowed
Privately owned enterprises products / no competition
compete in the market
- Self interest - Public interest / people - Self & public interest
work for the good of the
society / collective interest
- Profit motive - Public interest - Profit motive
- Prices of goods & services - Prices determined by the - Prices determined by
determined by supply and govt. / set & controlled by the supply & demand + state
demand govt. regulation
- Private planning - Central planning / - Private & govt. planning
- No / limited govt. role production planned &
directed by the state / Govt. is
the entrepreneur
e.g. South Africa, USA, e.g. Former USSR, Eastern e.g. Kenya, Tanzania,
Western Europe, Japan Europe Botswana

Advantages of capitalism/market economy
- High quality goods - Responds fast to people’s wants
- Effective and efficient production - There is high self motivation
- Production is for profit and self interest
- There is freedom to start or occupy any business
Disadvantages of capitalism/market economy

- There is preference of self interest at the expense of public interest
- There is uncertainty over meeting basic needs
- The market is ruled by money and only those with money can take part
- Wasteful use of resources
- High unemployment rates / competition might lead to overproduction of goods, resulting in
prices going down & factories making a loss therefore will close down (liquidation) leading to
mass unemployment & poverty
- Workers can be exploited because entrepreneurs want to make profit
- Destruction of the environment in pursuit of profit
- Businesses can overcharge because there is little or no govt. control
- Social differentiation / stratification is promoted / divide the society into rich & poor / gap
between the rich & poor widens
- Sometimes powerful people or groups get control of the market and use it to their own
advantage / monopolies and oligopolies thrive
*(Monopoly –the complete control of a business activity by a company or by govt. so that other
organizations cannot compete. Oligopoly – the control of all or most of a business activity by very
few companies, so that other organizations cannot easily compete with them)
Advantages of socialism
- Production is for social benefit than self interest
- There is equality between regions
- Basic needs are met/guaranteed
- Goods and services are availed at affordable prices
- A minimum standard of living is guaranteed
- There is saving in resources
Disadvantages of socialism
- Poor quality goods are produced
- There is low productivity / de-motivation because of lack of self interest
- Difficulty in meeting people’s wants since emphasis is on basic needs / no luxury goods are
produced
- It suppresses individual freedom to think & act. This destroys people’s morale
- It is difficult to plan for the whole country & this results in a lot of mistakes / some areas in the
country are omitted in the plan / unequal development
- State appointed managers are inefficient & corrupt because they are political appointees with no
experience in production
- Too much bureaucracy and red tape
- Most technology is resolute (firm in purpose)
- Socialist economists are less technologically efficient because they do not allow individuals to
come up with new ideas, only the planning committees are allowed to suggest changes

How does the govt. control the economy in a mixed economic system?
Ideas such as;
- It taxes private companies
- It sets up rules / laws that protect workers from exploitation by employers e.g. minimum wage,
working conditions etc.
- It controls the quantities of goods & services made available to the public or private companies
- It controls prices for goods & services to prevent unfair & destructive competition
- The govt. provides infrastructure to encourage private investors to put up industries e.g. roads,
railways, telecommunications, power & water supply
- Individuals are free to set up any business as long as it is legal & satisfies govt. rules &
regulations
Advantages of mixed economy

Ideas such as;
- It allows both private ownership and public ownership of productive assets / means of
production
- Competition is allowed between enterprises
- The govt. redistributes the benefits of production by taxing businesses
- Workers are protected from exploitation by employers
- The poor & unfortunate are helped by the govt. through welfare education & health, drought
relief, supplementary feeding such as TSABANA etc / the rich and poor are both catered for
- There is both central and private planning
- The govt. provides basic facilities cheaply such as health and education
- Consumers get quality safe goods and services because of govt. control
- Govt. laws prevent the destruction of the environment
Module 3: Rural Development
What are hunter-gatherer societies?

Ideas such as;
- Communities that lived directly from their natural environment, which provided wild plants &
animals for food.
- They lived a nomadic way of life
- They built temporary shelters
- They lived in small groups
- Domesticated the dog for hunting
Describe the division of labour in the hunter-gatherer societies

Ideas such as;
- Men generally hunted with boys
- Women and girls gathered wild food
- Children took care of the aged & sick
- Men protected their families from enemies/attacks
- Women gathered water & firewood
Aims of rural development

Ideas such as to:
- Increase productivity in agric.
- Improve standard of living
- Free women from triple work load
- Give women (and the rural populace) practical skills
- Provide credit facilities
- Create non-agriculture labour intensive manufacturing/processing industries
- Create employment
- Reduce rural-urban migration

Explain the importance of rural development
Ideas such as;
- It brings services closer to the rural populace
- Majority of the population in developing countries live in rural areas
- It help reduce rural-urban migration
- It increases agricultural productivity
- It increases the country’s self sufficiency in food
- It improves the standard of living especially of the majority of women because most of them
remain behind when men migrate to urban areas
- It helps diversify economic activities in rural areas
- It encourages education and technical & vocational training amongst the rural populace
The figure below shows some essentials for rural development
Rural Industries
Transport Schools
Essentials for Rural Land Reform

Loans & Credit
Development
Agric. Extension
Resettlement Services
Schemes Appropriate
Technology
Choose one of the labels from the figure above and explain why it is essential for rural
development
Schools
Ideas such as;
- Acquiring skills / training
- Creating employment
- Learning how to read & write / literacy
- Developing rural areas
- Agent of change / help spread messages (e.g. health, meetings etc)
Rural Industries
- Creating employment
- Improving the living standard of people in rural areas
- Learning new ways of production / skills development
- Infrastructure development e.g. roads, power etc. to support the industries
- Food self sufficiency

Describe the problems involved in the implementation of rural development schemes &
strategies such as those in the figure above
Describe obstacles to rural development in Botswana
Ideas such as;
- Difficulty in loans repayment
- Reluctance by some members of the community to accept change / cultural stereotypes / most
rural dwellers sting cling to traditional beliefs & practices which hinder development e.g. their
‘tried & tested’ traditional methods of farming
- The subordinate position of women in rural areas excludes them from taking part in the
development of the country / lack of empowerment for women
- Lack of education restricts implementation of schemes
- Land shortages
- Lack of commitment/cooperation
- Lack of credit facilities
- Lack of good markets
- Shortage of land / infertile land
- Govt. policies that are biased towards urban centres
- Majority not credit worthy / most people in rural areas are not credit worthy and can therefore
not be given loans
- Focus on agric activities only
- Shortage of active labour due to migration
- Lack of capital
- Poor infrastructure
- Lack of skills and technology
- Shortage of extension services
- Lack of a variety of business opportunities as most of the credit schemes target agric activities
- High population growth rate and large families
How did colonialism benefit people in rural areas?

Positive effects of colonialism on Africa
- Introduction of cash crops / cash economy
- Infrastructure development / built roads, railway lines, etc
- Introduction of western/modern education
- Commercial farming / large scale farming
- Political and economic unity / unity brought many tribes together
- Market linkage / linked some African countries to the ports for export
- Christianity/civilisation
- Introduction of modern health systems
Describe the characteristics of subsistence farming

Ideas such as:
- Agriculture is seasonal
- Labour intensive production
- Limited use of machinery / low/simple technology
- Division of labour is gender based
- Communal ownership and use of land
- Dependence on natural inputs e.g. reliance on natural soil fertility or rainfall for watering
- Depend on last year’s harvest for seeds
- Use of family labour or animal power
- Little or no surplus for sale / no or few cash crops
- Small scale farming / small land is used / harvest is small
- Mixed cropping
- Production for family consumption
- Use of traditional methods e.g. broadcasting

What are the problems faced by subsistence farmers?
Ideas such as;
- Unfavourable climatic conditions - Lack of machinery & tools
- Poor soils - Lack of fertilizers
- Limited variety of crops - Shortage of land
- Hand tools make work tiresome - Poor farming methods
- Pests & diseases / lack of pesticides / herbicides
- Shortage of capital / loans or credit facilities
Describe the characteristics of commercial farming

Ideas such as;
- Large scale production
- Produce is for sale/for profit/for market
- Advanced technology is used
- Paid/hired labour is used
- Use of fertilisers/pesticides/scientific methods/hybrid seeds/treated seeds
- Large plots of land
- Land is privately owned
- Capital intensive
- Monoculture
- All year round production/perennial
- Division and specialisation of labour
- Irrigation
(N.B. ……Do not credit advantages as characteristics)
What are the problems faced by commercial farmers?

Ideas such as;
- Unserviced land
- Poor soils
- Pests
- Diseases
- Poor infrastructure (storage, roads, etc.)
- Natural disasters e.g. drought/unreliable rainfall
- Lack of funds/expensive farm inputs
- Lack of skilled labour/lack of skills and knowledge
- Shortage of market/lack of processing industries
- Foreign competition for market
Explain how govt. schemes help solve problems faced by commercial farmers in Botswana
Ideas such as;
- Funding e.g. NAMPAAD, CEDA, National Development Bank
- Trading / information / research e.g. Sebele, Impala
- Introduction on new technology / irrigation schemes e.g. RIIC, BOTEC
- Storage facilities / improvement of infrastructure
- Marketing of products e.g. BAMB, BMC
- Control of diseases e.g. foot & mouth, cattle lung disease
- Extension service through Agric. Demonstrators & Veterinary Officers
- Protection of smaller producers; exclusive licenses on Arable products
- Inputs e.g. ALDEP
- Control of pests e.g. quelea birds

How can the foot & mouth (or cattle lung) disease affect the rural economy in Botswana?
Ideas such as;
- Shortage of meat and milk to supplement diet leading to poor health & low productivity
- Retrenchment at cattle posts, meat processing industries
- Low standards of living; some families will have nothing or less cattle and by products to sell
and earn a living
- Lack of / shortage of draught power
- Rural urban migration
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation
Describe five push factors of rural-urban migration in Botswana

- Unemployment
- Shortage / lack of improved social facilities
- Rural poverty
- Rapid population growth
- Desire to break away from traditional life
- Poor farming methods
- Wars
- High prices on goods
- Fear of witchcraft
- etc.
Rule: Ideas to show how they push people out of the rural areas.
Describe five pull factors of rural-urban migration in Botswana

- Improved social amenities
- Improved sanitation
- Opportunities of (jobs) employment / self employment
- Cheap goods, transport, etc.
- Security offered by towns/cities
- Prospects for better relationships
- etc
Rule: Ideas to show how they attract people to the towns/cities
Describe the positive effects of rural-urban migration on rural areas

Ideas such as
- Job creation (leads to fewer people remaining therefore less competition for jobs)
- Fewer mouths to feed
- Bring home remittances
- Skills and new technological development
- Rural investments
- New lifestyle / modernisation

How is the formal sector different from the informal sector?
Formal sector Informal sector

- Business run according to law - Business is illegal
- Workers have written contracts with their - Workers have verbal contracts with their
employers employers
- Jobs require education & (training) - Jobs require unskilled labour
technical skill
- Regular & guaranteed wages - Irregular wages
- Employees work for someone - People are self employed / free entry jobs /
do small services for others
- Workers can belong to trade unions - Non unionised labour
- Workers and economic activities are - Informal sector activities are illegal and
protected by the legislation or state laws therefore are unprotected by the law
- Takes place in buildings / permanent - Takes place on the streets or home /
workplaces temporary structures
- Operates on large scale - Operates on small scale
- Pays tax - Owners take all the profit
e.g. jobs in mines/quarries, factories, shops, e.g. Selling goods on streets, street shoe
offices, commercial farms, hospitals, police, cleaning & mending, street car wash,
army, schools etc. prostitution, selling home brew etc.
Rules:
- No negative answers
- Students not to draw a table but to describe in detail
- Points to always start with the former (formal sector) and move to the latter (informal sector)
- Credit one mark for a comparison clearly shown
How does the informal sector benefit the urban dwellers?

- Opportunities for unskilled labour / self employment e.g. re-selling items that have been bought
cheaply
- Offers work that enables people to use natural skills
- Social networks that help people to make contact & feel at home
- Cheap shelter
- It is an opportunity to turn an informal activity into a successful business – a spring board for
the formal sector business
- Provide opportunity to gain skills which could eventually enable people to get a job in the
formal sector
- Poor people can get cheap goods at small quantities
Why is it easy to join the informal sector?

- Easier entry requirements
- High/ample opportunities for self employment
- A chance to use one’s natural skills/craftsmanship
- Existence of social networks
- Cheap accommodation / limited overhead costs
Describe the problems posed by the informal sector to the national economy
- Operates on filthy environments
- Gives room to illegal/illicit trade
- Existence of pirated/substandard/imitated products
- No health standards observed
- Existence of unfixed terms of trade
- Illegal occupation of places of operation
- Unregulated-able/non-taxable sector

Describe the problems faced by the informal sector
Ideas such as;
- Lack of finance capital
- Lack of entrepreneurial skills
- Lack of proper regulations
- Lack of collateral security
- Illegal/ungazetted places of operation
- Competition from the formal sector
- Weather conditions
- It is uninsured
- Crime (theft, robberies etc)
Describe any five problems caused by rapid urbanisation on towns & cities
- Pressure on social services
- Unemployment that results in crime
- Shortage of clean water
- Poor sanitation
- Overcrowding
- Shortage of land / housing / shanty towns
- Pollution
Describe problems of urbanisation on rural areas

Ideas such as;
- Low agric production as farm work is left to the young and old
- Development tends to be urban biased
- More work load for women
- Neglect of rural areas
Describe modern industries

Characteristics of modern industries:
- Production of goods & services using advanced technology
- Production takes place in large, automated factories / Automation & robotics / use of computers
- Much mechanical energy is used [coal, oil, gas, electricity]
- There are many roads & railways
- People live in large towns & cities
- Machines are also used in production / mechanisation / capital intensive
- Feminisation of labour / nimble fingers
- Specialisation & division of labour
- Sub-contraction
- Wide range of raw materials / synthetic raw materials & products
- Cottage industries
- Coordination of specialised tasks
- Mass production
- Free to locate anywhere
- High use of energy
- Use of highly skilled workers
Describe five factors that should be considered when setting up industries
Ideas such as;
- Capital
- Land
- Technological capability
- Labour
- Raw materials
- Infrastructure
- Pollution

How does industrialisation negatively affect development?
Effects on people:
- People have to change their way of life, move into cities & often lose touch with family &
friends / disturbance of family life/divorce/child delinquency due to absence of father or mother
/ population dislocation
- Depopulation of rural areas
- Work has to match the pace of the machine, some jobs are repetitive & boring, people may get
stressed & dislike their work / too much fatigue
- People may become greedy for more & more goods. Wealth becomes more important than
human relations / individualisation / alienation of workers / dehumanisation
- They may forget the importance of agric. & craft production / loss of traditional skills
- Traditional culture may be lost or changed / de-culturalisation
- Diseases resulting from pollution
- Loss of land/relocation
Effects on the environment:
- Large cities grow up around industries, often with problems of poor housing, overcrowding, bad
sanitation, diseases etc.
- Industries pollute the land, air & water
- Industries tend to use up natural resources like minerals, fossils, which are not renewable /
depletion of natural resources (3/2)
Suggest possible solutions to the negative effects of industrialisation on people

- Land redistribution / compensation
- Legislation / Control measures for pollution e.g. Polluter Pays Principle, planting trees
- Stress management workshops
- Improved working conditions / creation of social clubs within the workplace
- Welfare services e.g. recreational facilities
- Investing in rural areas to prevent movement to towns / provide financial assistance to farmers /
creation of jobs in the rural areas
- Formation of cultural associations
- Town planning should allow space for agricultural practices e.g. backyard gardens
- Promotion of craft production
- Environmental education
- Promote conservation & preservation
Why are most manufacturing industries found in the eastern part of Botswana?
Ideas such as;
- Availability of transport & communication
- Availability of power
- Availability of markets (more population in the eastern part)
- Availability of improved social facilities
- Availability of raw materials
- Availability of (cheap) labour due to higher population
- Advantages of agglomeration
How can the Botswana govt. encourage industrialisation in other parts of the country?
Ideas such as;
- Tax rebates / holidays for industrialists who locate in other parts
- Subsidies for industries that locate in other parts
- Encourage small scale industries in those areas
- Give grants & loans to those industries which would like to locate in other parts
- Provision of supporting services such as telephones, internet etc. in those areas
- Develop infrastructure in those areas e.g. roads, warehouses, power, water etc
- Provide social amenities in those areas e.g. hospitals/clinics, schools etc.

Identify and define the sectors of production
- Primary Sector: Involves the extraction of raw materials e.g. mining, fishing, farming
- Secondary Sector: Deals with the manufacturing of products/processing/turning raw materials
into semi-finished or finished goods e.g. Kgalagadi Soap Industries, Kgalagadi Breweries
Limited, etc.
- Tertiary Sector: This is the services provision sector or where goods & services are distributed
to the customers e.g. transport, banking, Metsef etc.
- Quaternary Sector: Involves the use of information technology where there is use of computers
Benefits of the secondary sector

- Economic linkages
- Value added products produced
- Increased returns
- Control of the prices
- Stability in prices & demand enjoyed
What problems are faced by developing countries in their attempt to industrialise?

Ideas such as;
- Lack of finance / Developing countries face financial constraints, sometimes they borrow
money from world financial institutions at high interests resulting in huge debts
- Lack of skilled manpower
- Poor infrastructure
- Competition with MNCs/TNCs
- Lack of markets (ability to buy)/low purchasing power
- Inadequate raw materials/lack of raw materials
- Technological incapability
- Political instability/war/natural disasters
- Lack of or low levels of entrepreneurship
- Poor currencies
- Rigidity
- Exploitation by the industrialised countries / unfair trade relations between the developing &
developed countries
- Overuse of developing countries’ finite resources by the developed countries
- Problems of widespread diseases / epidemics e.g. Ebola, HIV/AIDS which hinder their effort to
develop. A lot of money is spent on HIV/AIDS education and prevention instead of on
developing the country
- Most leaders of developing countries & government officials are very corrupt and use govt.
funds for their personal gains
- Unequal distribution of resources because of lack of finance e.g. urban areas are often given
first priority over rural areas
How does a developing country benefit if it adopts the import substitution industrialisation
strategy?
Discuss the advantages of import substitution industrialisation
- Increased wealth/GNP or GDP
- They make goods for themselves/self dependence or reliance
- Creates employment in industries
- Encourages good education/training system/skills development
- More exports (country can sell goods)
- People take pride in their own goods and this motivates them
- Industrial growth is stimulated
- Utilisation of local resources/raw materials
- Improves infrastructure
- Saves foreign exchange/less money spent on imports

- Availability of a variety of goods / diversify the economy
- Relevant goods are produced / promoting local market
- Cheaper goods made available
Why did Newly Industrialised countries take a shorter period of time to industrialise?
Ideas such as;
- There was heavy reliance on science & technology
- Had access to international markets
- Also had large domestic markets
- Had access to international loans
- Enjoyed Direct Foreign Investment & MNC activity
- Had abundance in resources / raw materials / good supply of raw materials
- Used import substitution & export oriented industrialisation/strategies
- Enjoyed general preferential treatment in foreign markets
- Enjoyed good work ethics because of cultural homogeneity / workaholics e.g. Hong Kong,
South Korea, etc.
- Copied & perfected foreign technology as opposed to wholesale transplantation of technology /
appropriate technology
- Unionised labour
- Reliable communication networks
- Low wages / child labour / large pool of cheap labour
Examples of Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs):

- Brazil, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Spain, China, Greece, Portugal,
Yugoslavia
What challenges are Newly Industrialised countries facing in an attempt to sustain their
development levels?
Ideas such as;
- Competition
- Corruption
- Increase in costs of production
- Shrinking domestic & foreign markets
- Labour unrests
- Political instability
- Unstable / pegged currencies
- Indebtedness
- Falling standards of living

Module 5: Women in Development
Discuss any five roles of women in the African traditional society

Ideas such as;
- Bear children for the family / husband
- Cooking / household chores / cleaning / collecting firewood
- Working in the fields
- Tendering livestock / looking after livestock
- Taking care of the sick, children and the old
- Teaching young ones adulthood / moulding especially the daughters into responsible
women/mothers
- Building of huts for rulers / chiefs
- Gathering wild fruits, berries, honey, etc.
- Attending social events (funerals, weddings, etc) where they were expected to cook
Describe five negative effects of colonialism on women

- Land dispossession / fertile land was taken away & women had to till infertile land (less
productivity)
- Female-headed families
- Political marginalisation
- Suffered tripartite oppression; suffered as colonial subjects, as women & as blacks
- Little chances of education / fewer girls went to schools as they were regarded as home bearers
- Increased workload/burden of work due to migrant labour (men) / triple workload / women left
as family heads
- Migrant labour brought diseases (STDs) back home
- Contributed very little to major decisions on matters relating to their daughters / Decision making
was delayed because women had to wait for men to come back
- Women performed inferior jobs / provided cheap labour as domestic workers
- Slavery / They were exploited as cheap labour
- Social problems like breakdown of marriages occurred
- Labour demand in plantations segregatory against women
Describe five positive effects of colonialism on women

- Income generation / some women produced cash crops
- Introduction of literacy for women
- A platform for women to prove themselves that they were as capable as men e.g. struggle for
liberation
- Modern health introduced women to family planning, immunisation
- Job opportunities outside home e.g. cashiers, cleaners, nurses etc.
- New religion (Christianity) removed some bad practices relating to culture e.g. polygamy, wife
battering
How do women contribute towards rural development?

Ideas such as;
- They produce crops
- They tend to livestock
- They get involved in rural development projects / provide labour in certain projects
- Women produce crafts for sale
- Women harvest thatch grass for provision of shelter
- They are involved in home based care programmes
- Women do household duties
- Fund raising / prominent in informal activities

Describe some of the hardships faced by women in their daily lives
- Existence of female-headed households
- Vulnerability to rape
- High illiteracy rate
- Sexual / physical / emotional abuse
- High unemployment
- Denied chance to join the army
- Poverty
- Discrimination
- Low numbers in councils, parliament, etc.
- High teenage pregnancy
Describe the efforts of prominent women organizations in trying to uplift the status of women in
Botswana
- Metlhaetsile: Challenges discriminatory laws / legislature
- Metlhaetsile: Offers or secures legal representation for women
- Emang Basadi: Advocates for women reps in politics / decision making / managerial positions,
etc
- BCW: Cultivates women’s self-esteem
- BCW: Trains women in business skills
- BCW: Finances or secures financing of women’s small businesses
- WAR: Protects women from abuse
Describe the achievements of either Botswana Council of Women or Emang Basadi in

addressing women’s issues
BCW:
- Established over 33 nursery schools all over Botswana. These schools provide Day Care & food
for children while the mothers are at work
- Established a goat rearing project in Ditlharapeng that generates income
- It offers six months’ courses on dress making & fashion design & train at least 20 people every
year
- Trains people on hair dressing i.e. the correct use of chemicals, plating & styling
- It also offer one month courses on linen making (cushions, comforters, curtains) and train at
least 20 people every year
Emang Basadi:
- Conducts voter education seminars to bring different political party issues (manifestoes) to
community level
- Holds workshops to assist women candidates from all political parties
- Assists women in starting businesses
How does rural-urban migration negatively affect women in rural areas?

- Imbalance in age / sex structure
- Reduced birth rate
- Increased agric. Load
- Lack of fatherly care for the children / mother assumes fatherhood
- Juvenile delinquency / mothers unable to control or discipline children esp. boys
- Infidelity / diseases / marriage break-ups
- Poverty

Read the following passage & answer the question below
Women tea pickers in Sri Lanka
Let’s consider the case of Sri Lankan women who work as tea pickers. What
happens to the money that they earn? According to Anberia Hanifa, who is an
advisor to a foreign aid group, the women’s wages have traditionally been paid
to their husbands and fathers. The men collect their wives’ and teenage
daughters’ pay, and the women have no rights to the money they have earned
and no say as to how it is spent.
How do practices, such as the one suggested in the passage above, affect women in developing
countries?
- Treated as minors
- They are powerless / feeling of powerlessness
- Lack of property rights
- Women have to be obedient and never question their husbands/men
- Women are denied rights to take action
- Wealth is concentrated on men while women are impoverished
- Denied chances of education because of early marriage
- Women are over worked
Describe five problems faced by women in Botswana

- Less ownership of fixed assets
- Domestic violence / vulnerability to assault/abuse/spouse abuse
- Discriminatory laws e.g. The Marriage & Property Acts
- Lack of skills to compete for jobs / high unemployment rate
- Pull-down syndrome / [phd] pull her down syndrome
- Low self esteem
- Stereotypes / traditional beliefs
- Shortage of capital / live in poverty / forced by circumstances to indulge in prostitution or
commercial sex work
- Over burdened with responsibilities – triple work load
- Political inactiveness – less decision making power / lower in numbers in councils, parliament,
cabinet
- Rape / diseases e.g. HIV/AIDS
- Female headed homes / families
- High illiteracy rate
- Sexual harassment: any unwelcome sexual attention
- Too much dependency on their male counterparts
- Unequal rates of payment
Provide solutions to problems faced by women in Botswana

How is the govt. of Botswana trying to improve the status of women??
Ideas such as;
- Workshops to educate people on the importance of a life free from gender violence
- Give women access to education and training for various skills
- Severe punishment for those who abuse women / protect them against abuse
- Standing sub-committees to review laws & asses their gender implications / Amend
discriminating laws
- Promote measures to appoint women to decision making positions in Private Sector, Govt. &
Parastatals
- Promote women’s reproductive health & rights
- Promote gender awareness right from primary school level

- Women should form organizations & fight for their rights
- Give women equal opportunities to jobs
- Reduce women’s triple work load
- Guarantee property rights
- Give them access to credit facilities
Describe five ways by which women’s status has improved

Ideas such as;
- Women have access to credit facilities
- They hold leadership positions in schools, banks, parliament, etc.
- Girls are allowed to go to school and follow the same curriculum as boys
- Laws have been passed that ensure that women are not oppressed or discriminated against
- Women now make decisions concerning family planning
- Women do the same jobs as men e.g. the BDF has recently started recruiting women soldiers
- Female headed households have increased because of the emancipation of women e.g. equal
access to education, jobs, etc.
What problems is society facing in empowering women?

Ideas such as;
- Tradition or culture militates against emancipation
- Lack of cooperation between men & women or amongst women
- Low self esteem amongst women
- Govt. laws discriminating against women
- Fear of the unknown by both men & women
- Unequal distribution of wealth / ownership of property
- Women organizations are centrally located & operated e.g. main centres
Module 6: Population, Health & Education
The Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

From earliest times - 1740 - 1880 1880 - 1940 1940 – to date
1740

Give reasons for high birth rates in stage 1 of the DTM
Ideas such as
- No effective forms of birth control
- IMR is high so there is need to have more babies to replace those that have died
- Provision of labour / children used as labour in agriculture
- Children as security for old age
- Low levels of literacy / low education
- Traditional beliefs & customs e.g. polygamy
- Viewing children as a sign of prestige and virility
- Sex speculation
- Culture/religion in favour of large families
Why a fall in death rate in stage 2 of the DTM

- Improved medical care / better medical knowledge especially vaccination to prevent diseases
- Better sanitation / sewage systems / better public health services
- Provision of clean drinking water
- Stability and tranquillity among nations
- Improved food supplies/eating balanced diets
- Decrease in infant mortality rate
- Better living conditions
Describe problems faced by a country in stage 2 of the DTM

Ideas such as
- Unemployment / underemployment
- Pressure on social services
- Depletion of natural resources
- Overcrowding / shortage of land
- Crime
- Spread of diseases/high morbidity
Describe a pyramid associated with stage 1 of the DTM

- Narrow apex/top
- Narrow middle
- Broad base
Give reasons for the shape described above (3/1/3)
Narrow Apex – Low life expectancy due to:

- Prevalence of hunger
- Stress from overworking
- Poor medical care
- Incidence of war
- Outbreak of pandemics
Narrow Middle – Small working age group due to:
- High IMR (not all children born survive to become workers). This results in a High
Dependency Ratio because of high birth rates (broad base)
Broad Base – High birth rates due to:
- Polygamy
- Early marriage
- Children used as labour in agriculture
- Children used as old age security
- etc.

Characteristics of the four stages of the Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3: Stage 4:

High Fluctuating Early Expanding Late Expanding Low Fluctuating
1. High birth rate 1. Birth rate remains 1. Fall in birth rate 1. Low birth & death
(see reasons above) high because because rate
- Children were - Laws which
still a useful stopped child
source of labour &
labour forced them to
- Parents did not go to school
realise at first were
that all their introduced
children would - The fall in
survive IMR meant
- + Reasons for that parents no
high birth rate longer needed
in stage 1 to have so
many children
- Effective
methods of
birth control
became
available &
accepted
2. High death rate 2. Falling death rate 2. Constant death 2. Slow population
because of (see reasons above) rate increase
- Frequent
outbreaks of
diseases like
plaque,
typhoid, TB,
smallpox
- Limited basic
health care
knowledge
- Poor living
conditions &
diet
3. Low natural 3. High natural 3. Slow population
increase because of increase because of increase
high IMR low IMR
How have HIV and AIDS affected the population structure of Botswana?
Ideas such as
- Fewer children / narrow base (0 – 5 years)
- Fewer 15 – 49 age bracket because they are the most affected
- Reduction in life expectancy / narrow top
- Fewer women in the population composition especially in the middle because they are the most
affected

Why is Europe experiencing lower population growth than the rest of the world?
Ideas such as:
- Education / people take a long time in education system
- Provision of old-age pensions / social welfare security service
- Liberty / emancipation of women to make family planning decisions / women empowerment
- Same sex marriages / relationships
- Careers / duties making having babies undesirable
- Effects of population policies / family planning
- Improved standards of living
- Survival of children / low IMR
- High ambitions / materialism
- Laws against child labour
- High cost of maintaining children
Rule: Answer should refer to Europe and ideas should show how they reduce population growth
What problems are European countries likely to face as a result of low population growth?
- Small market
- Shortage of labour / skilled / unskilled labour
- Under utilisation of resources
- Ageing population with its problems e.g. high dependency ratio
- Less foreign investment
What are the major factors contributing to rapid population growth rate in developing
countries?
What are the reasons for large families in Africa / Asia / Latin America?
Ideas such as;
- Lack of birth control / family planning / contraceptives
- Need for children as labour in agriculture / employment in agriculture
- Religious beliefs
- Desire for either a boy or girl child
- Traditional beliefs & customs e.g. polygamy
- Early marriage
- Children viewed as security for old age
- High IMR
What problems do African countries face due to high population growth?

What challenges do countries with high population growth face?
Ideas such as:

- Over load of social facilities/amenities / high cost to the govt. / increase in demand for water /
shortage in medical facilities / increase in demand for power
- Shortage of food / starvation
- Poor living conditions / poor sanitation
- Overcrowding / shortage of land / increase in demand for housing / squatter settlements
- Easy spread of diseases
- Poverty
- Environmental degradation
- Unemployment / shortage of resources resulting in crime
- Street children
- Inflation as demand exceeds supply
- High dependency ratio

Suggest ways by which African countries can reduce / slow their population growth rate.
Ideas such as:
- Formal education
- Population policy / one-child policy
- Educating society on family planning and birth control
- Distribution of contraceptives / family planning / birth control / sex education / sterilisation
- Maternity benefits limited to a small number of children
- Improving women’s status in society
- Giving incentives to smaller families / fining larger families
- Making children’s things expensive / school fees
- Legalising abortion
- Abolition of child labour
- Pension scheme
Why is it difficult for developing countries to control high population growth rates?
Ideas such as;
- Low education levels in rural areas
- Unavailability of contraceptives in some areas
- Apathy negative attitude
- Lack of sexual freedom by women / women low self esteem
- Conservative cultures / religions which encourage large families
- Cultural rigidities (sexual talk is taboo)
- Alcohol & drug abuse
Why would population growth experienced by a country have an important influence on its
future development?
Ideas such as;
- Pressure on living space
- Pressure / shortage of food resources
- Shortage of employment opportunities
- Shortage of health facilities
- Shortage of water supplies & education facilities
Modern medicine is divided into primary & secondary health care.

With examples from your country discuss the components or features of Primary Health Care
System
Ideas such as;
1. Immunisation Programmes
- Child vaccination against polio, measles, tetanus & TB
2. Health Education
- Radio programmes (Tsa Boitekanelo, Tsa Botsogo)
- Cleanest Village Campaigns / competitions
- Village Health Committees
- World Environment Day Commemoration etc.
3. Child Care
- Pre & post natal clinic
- Immunisation of children
- Nutrition (govt. feeding programmes in schools & clinics)
4. Family Planning
- Free contraception
5. Maternal Care
- Pre & post natal education of the mothers

Suggest ways in which the community can participate in primary health care delivery
Ideas such as;
- Attending pre & post natal clinics
- Forming health committees
- Digging protected wells
- Giving families balanced diets
- Use of contraceptives
- Taking their children for immunisation
Describe traditional health care

Describe the characteristics of traditional health care
- Based on beliefs
- Cultural based
- Hereditary / passed from generation to generation
- Surrounded by secrecy
- Surrounded by mystery / taboos
- Power beyond human capacity
- Associated with rituals
- Uses raw properties of natural medicine (no processing)
- Knowledge memorised
- Arbitrary instructions
- Superstition
What are the advantages of traditional health care?

Ideas such as;
- Use medicinal properties in traditional medicine
- In-depth knowledge & understanding of patients
- Awareness of culture & attitudes
- Cheap & easy
Describe factors that influence good health

- Clean drinking water
- Nutritious / balanced diet
- Stress free environment
- Clean environment / good sanitation
- Entertainment
- Education
- Regular exercise
- Good hygiene
- Good health care system
Suggest ways in which governments of low-income (developing) countries can promote good
health
Ideas such as;
- Education
- Building clinics/hospitals / employ health personnel
- Provision of supplementary food
- Provision of clean drinking water
- Empowering women / educate women
- Training health personnel
- Promoting clean-up campaigns / sanitation
- Increasing recreational facilities
- Counselling programmes

Describe the causes of poor health
Ideas such as;
- Unhealthy diets that lack certain nutrients
- Dirty drinking water may cause diseases such as cholera
- Pollution & smoking can weaken the body and result in heart & lung related complications
- Shortage of health facilities/services can result in poor health
- Stress, unemployment, poverty can result in illness or depression
How can common causes of poor health be overcome?

Ideas such as;
- Providing balanced diet
- Educating people on cleanliness
- Providing clean drinking water / piped water
- Providing well equipped health facilities
- Protecting the environment / reducing pollution of the environment & discouraging smoking
- Providing recreational facilities (change of lifestyle)
How can health messages be spread in a country?

- Through the media (radio, TV, newspapers, etc)
- Through family welfare educators
- The establishment of health committees
- Through fairs, seminars, workshops, etc.
- Through home based care programmes
- Through public address / kgotla meetings
- Through propaganda or use of billboards and posters
Explain the importance of diet on the health of a population

Ideas such as;
- Need for sufficient food to prevent starvation
- Provide resistance to diseases / fight infections
- Provide energy/strength/more active
- Right balance prevents malnutrition
- Body building/repair/growth
Explain the importance of water supply on the health of a population

Ideas such as;
- Need for sufficient water to prevent dehydration
- Clean water to ensure non-transmission of diseases e.g. cholera
- To use for watering crops/irrigation
- To ensure higher yields/more food
- To mix with powdered baby milk
- To use for watering livestock/more milk & meat
Suggest ways by which your community or govt. should develop health care in the 21st century
Ideas such as;
- Building more hospitals
- Training more doctors & nurses
- Supplementary feeding
- Improvement of sanitation
- Training environmental health workers

How would the suggestions made above lead to development?
Ideas such as;
- A healthier population; which will be more productive/grow more food
- Produce more goods for export (& not waste time on sick leave etc) – thus improving balance
of payments situation
- More money to invest in infrastructure (saving money on health)
- Less burden (economic, physical & social) in terms of caring for the sick
- Low infant mortality
- High life expectancy
Why are doctor-patient ratios high in low income countries / developing countries
Ideas such as;
- Shortage of training facilities
- Long period of training
- Lack of funds to train
- Lack of capital to pay attractive salaries / brain drain
- Stringent entry requirements
- Unsustainable training programmes / cost effectivity
- High population growth rate / high birth rate / high population
Describe the benefits of education

Describe the importance of education to development
- Society becomes literate
- Development of the human resource / trains workers for the future
- Acquisition of knowledge – skills & values
- Increased participation in decision-making/politics / development
- Better paying jobs / improved standards of living
- Improvement in society’s health / improved nutrition / high life expectancy / improved hygiene
/ sanitation / less diseases / low IMR
- Help with population control
- Creates environmental awareness
- Ensures spread of technology / easier transfer of technology
- Creates a sense of responsibility
- Brings about personal wholeness/fulfilment
- Increased productivity
How does education help in environmental conservation?

- Teaches the importance of taking care of the environment
- Fosters wise use of resources
- Inculcates a sense of sustainable development
- Teaches about energy consumption
- Helps avoid incidents of global warming, erosion, etc.

A comparison of formal and informal education
Formal / Modern Education Informal / Traditional Education

- Emphasis is on numeracy, literacy & - Emphasis is on belonging to a certain
reading group / socialisation / social
- Emphasis on excellence & responsibility
specialisation - Emphasis on conformity
- Learning takes place in institutes - Learning is everywhere
- Timetabled - Non timetabled
- Learning is through use of books - Learning is by word of mouth, observation
and emulation
- Recognizable teachers / facilitated by - Everyone/society is the teacher
qualified teachers
- Based on tried & tested methods - Based on trial & error
- Uses official/national language - Uses local language/one best
understood/coined by peers
- There is a curriculum to be followed and - Initiation is considered as a certificate /
examinations & certification at the end progression into adulthood
What are the advantages of formal education?

Ideas such as;
- Develops new & appropriate technology
- Bring up their children well
- Solve problems peacefully / equips people with problem solving skills
- Improved productivity
- People are prepared for change / changed attitudes e.g. environmental issues/population/family
planning/decision making
- Improved self esteem / self gratification / confidence / self actualisation
- Keep themselves and others healthy
- International communication
- Global understanding
- Ability to compete for jobs worldwide
What are the disadvantages of formal education?
- The curriculum is based on needs of former coloniser, not the needs of the community
- Courses are based on the culture of overseas education
- Expensive to run
- Low educational achievement due to inadequate basic resources
- Encourages role learning to pass exams, rather than practical skills to improve people’s quality
of life
Compare formal education with non-formal education
Formal education Non-formal education

- Carried out in learning institutions - Carried out anywhere
- There are specialised buildings e.g. - Learning takes place anywhere, even under
classrooms, Art & HE labs, etc. a tree
- Enhances knowledge, skills & values - Meets specific needs e.g. literacy,
numeracy
- There are examinations & certification at - Certification is there and determines one’s
end of programme progression to the next stage
- School fees paid - School fees paid
- There is a syllabus - There is a syllabus

Describe the characteristics of non-formal education
Ideas such as;
- It can take place anywhere e.g. outdoor learning, workplace learning
- Takes place anytime
- It takes place at any age
- Undertaken at the learner’s level of understanding / interest
- Exams/certificates are not important / sometimes exams are taken & certificates awarded
- Learning can be undertaken through distance learning modes or correspondence e.g.
BOCODOL / self learning
- Recognised & organised by govt.
- The teacher is trained or an experienced member of the community
- Learners are free to put on their own clothes
Explain the role of education in addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS

- School curriculum
- Educational programmes e.g. Re Mmogo
- Allows students’ participation in extra-curricular programmes such as PACT
- Media [newspapers, radio, television, magazines, etc]
- Billboards
- Meeting with other stakeholders
- Research & development
- Creating awareness
- Training personnel
- Change of attitude / stigma
- Inflow of information
- Protecting the innocent
- Convince people to go for HIV/AIDS testing
- Essay competition with HIV/AIDS themes
Suggest ways through which the community can be involved in the teaching learning process
Ideas such as;
- Through participating in PTA activities
- As Board of Governors - Ownership of private schools
- Financially / donations - Attending school functions
- Payment of school fees - Helping with children’s homework/checking progress

Module 7: Politics & Development
Discuss the role of the modern state in providing conditions for development under the
following headings:
Peace & Security, Infrastructure & Mobilisation of the population.
1. Peace & Security

Ideas such as;
- Creation of an atmosphere which encourages investment
- Using the police & army as law enforcement officers
- International trade force country to maintain peace & security
- Govt. can encourage foreign investors through the following
i. Political stability / stable political system
ii. Liberal/low tax system/tax holidays
iii. Discouraging unions among workers
iv. Providing serviced land
v. Financial assistance
vi. Training skilled labour
2. Infrastructure
Ideas such as;
- Investment in constructing & repairing roads, railways, electricity, telecommunication, water,
sewage etc.
- Physical infrastructure such as roads, railways needed for the movement of goods & services
- Infrastructure is most important part of a nation’s productive capacity – country’s ability to
provide goods & services to its people
- Infrastructure is base/foundation fro development
- Infrastructure important factor for development because
i. It provides better communication networks
ii. It provides an educated workforce
iii. It provides a healthy workforce
3. Mobilisation of the population / public participation/involvement

Ideas such as;
- Population/public is both the channel & target of development
- Modern state has a role to transmit information
- The governed population to participate in development
- Collective decision making
- Govt. to represent all people in the country
- Elimination of tribalism / creation of ethnic tolerance
The three roles above can be achieved by:

- Elections for govt. representatives
- General meetings (e.g. Kgotla) to discuss govt. policies
- National referendums
- Writing articles / participation through media
- Free Opposition Political Party activity whose views represent one’s wishes
Political systems – characteristics

Monarchy
Ideas such as;
- A system in which the country ruled by a King / Queen / Emperor
- King/Queen/Emperor traditionally has divine power/divine right of kings
- S/he personally made laws & administered justice
- Gains position through inheritance
- Constitutional monarchs represent country as Head of State, but role is mainly ceremonial

Parliamentary Democracy
Ideas such as;
- A system where political authority lies with the people/govt. of the people by the people
- There is voting for parliamentary reps. in free elections / universal adult suffrage
- Political party with largest number of votes forms govt.
- Ministers are chosen from political party with largest number of votes
- Parliament makes laws for the country which are administered by the judiciary
Republic
Ideas such as;
- This is where Head of State is a president elected directly by the people or their elected
representatives
- President can only hold office for a limited number of years
Dictatorship
Ideas such as;
- When one person or a group of people control the govt
- No elections held, so people have no power over the govt.
- There is use of force/army/secret police
- Opposition is highly suppressed
- Human rights not respected
Describe the characteristics of multi-party democracy / representative democracy

Ideas such as;
- Regular elections at regular intervals / 4 / 5 years
- Secret ballot
- People elect representatives
- Consultation / people involved in decision making
- There is a number of political parties / opposition parties exist / opposition is legal / pressure
groups are allowed
- Universal adult suffrage (right to vote in all elections) / 18+ allowed to vote
- Freedoms are guaranteed e.g. freedom of speech, opinion, association, etc.
- Equality before the law / there is rule of the law; everyone follows an agreed procedure
- Party with majority forms government / executive
- The leader of the party with majority becomes the president / head of govt. is the president
- There is limited use of force
What are the disadvantages of multi-party democracy / representative democracy?
Ideas such as;
- Waste through campaigns/elections/expensive to conduct regular elections
- Decision making is slow due to consultations / consultation of people at grassroots is time
consuming / little consultation at grassroots
- It can lead to ethnic conflicts/parties can be formed along tribal, ethnic, religious, racial,
political ideologies and other divisive tendencies
- Majority could be wrong
- Possibility of disruption of continuity e.g. development plans change with new govt.
- Possibility of dominance of one party / development projects used by ruling party as election
bait / use of national resources to canvass for support
- Rigging of elections / cheating
- Abuse of freedom of speech into character assassinations
- Clientalism: gives unfair advantage to the ruling party

Why is it important to involve people in decision making?
Ideas such as;
- To get different ideas
- Ownership of projects since they had input
- Accountability / checks & balances
- For transparency
- To address needs of the community/accurate/relevant needs identified (& addressed)
- To empower people/capacity building
- To ensure acceptance of what is happening
What are the benefits of the private sector in Botswana?

Ideas such as
- Acquisition of skills
- Technological & infrastructure development
- Empowerment of local entrepreneurs
- Foreign exchange generation
- Govt. revenue from taxes
Why would government take over some businesses?

Ideas such as
- For strategic reasons
- To sustain non-profit making businesses thereby avoiding mass layoffs or retrenchments
- Provision of affordable goods & services
- For political reasons
- To generate income
Describe the role of government in the economy

Ideas such as;
- Manpower development
- Economic planning
- Raising revenue
- Provision of infrastructure
- Setting quality standards
- Licensing of businesses
How can developing countries governments encourage self-reliance?

Ideas such as;
- Financial assistance to local producers / subsidies
- Protect infant industries (from local giants)
- Impose quotas on imported goods & services
- Encourage people to buy locally produced goods & services
- Offer good prices to local manufacturers
- Tax holidays for local entrepreneurs
- Education with production / improve education
- Establishing industries which utilise locally available raw materials
- Not to borrow from outside

Account for the existence of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana
Ideas such as;
- Complement govt./private sector
- Help the poor
- Target micro level/small projects
- Awareness campaigns
- Popularise themselves
- To access foreign funding
What are the weaknesses of NGOs?

Ideas such as;
- Rigidity
- Duplication of roles
- Leaders enrich themselves
- Create dependency syndrome
- Interference in internal affairs
- Lack of originality (bring ideas from outside)
- No impact assessment done
-
Module 8: Regional Co-operation, International Trade & Foreign Aid
What are the aims of the Southern African Development Community (SADC)?
Ideas such as;
- Achieving regional cooperation
- Reduce poverty / improve quality of life
- Promote common political value systems/institutions
- Promote and defend peace & security
- Promote self sustaining development
- Harmonise national & regional development strategies/programmes
- Achieve economic growth
- Achieve regional trade
- To be able to attract foreign aid
How have Southern African countries improved their trading position by forming SADC?
Ideas such as;
- Encouraging free trade amongst themselves
- By removing tariffs between them and opening up their markets to each other
- Protecting their members from outside competition by imposing collective tariffs
- Mobility of resources
- Inflow of foreign currency / foreign investment
- Integrated transport network
- Technology transfer

Describe the achievements of SADC
What are the successes of SADC?
Ideas such as;
- Defence & security e.g. intervention in Lesotho & DRC
- Establishment of the political wing
- Inflow of aid into the region
- Helped each other in times of catastrophes / emergencies e.g. fuel to Zimbabwe from Botswana
- Cities & major towns linked by tarred roads e.g. Trans-Kalahari Highway – from Capetown to
Walvis Bay via Botswana
- Energy protocol signed
- Signing protocol in shared water course systems
- Establishment of training centres e.g. SACCAR in Sebele & Meat Inspection College in
Lobatse
- Sending observer missions to member states’ elections
- Establishment of Trans-Frontier National Park between Botswana & South Africa
- Recognition in international community because they speak with one voice
How does the private sector lead to development in the SADC region?
Ideas such as;
- Create employment
- Investing in regional economy
- Efficiency / increase in production / quality goods
- Drive towards self reliance, a relief on govt. reliance
- Training (human resource development)
- Increase participation in international trade
- Pay tax to the govt.
- Sponsorship of social activities
Describe the problems caused by the private sector in the SADC region
Ideas such as;
- Retrenchments
- Irrelevant services
- Exploitation of human labour / pay low wages
- Depletion of natural resources because of fashion/competition
- Profit driven than socially inclined
- They may bring foreign expertise than hiring locals
- Pollution / harm to the environment
- Greed by big investors
- MNC’s profit repatriation
- Brain drain from govt. to private
- Closing down of private companies / liquidation of companies
What are the advantages of regional cooperation?

Ideas such as;
- It promotes trade / trade fairs
- Exchange programmes / share expertise
- Assistance in times of need e.g. war, drought etc.
- Competitions in sports / cultural exchange & development
- Widens market
- Better representation internationally / better bargaining power
- Cost sharing
- Improved security
- Free movement of labour

- Improved international relations
Describe barriers in international trade
Ideas such as;

- Quotas
- Customs duties / tariffs
- Exchange control
- Health restrictions (quarantine)
- Political differences/understanding
- Labour laws
- Devaluing of local currencies
Why do countries come up with trade barriers?
Ideas such as;
- To earn some revenue/raise govt. revenue
- To prevent dumping
- To protect/promote local employment
- To encourage local inventions
- To prevent spread of diseases
- To control effects of general depression
- To protect infant industries
- To reduce imported goods
- To eliminate balance of payments deficits
- To cut on indebtedness
Why do countries give Aid?

Ideas such as;
- Humanitarian reasons
- For development
- Trade links
- Economic gains
- Creation of political satellites
- Creation of employment (Donor countries)

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Development Studies Revision Questions

Masunga Senior Secondary School

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 1

-Avoid negative answering at all costs, for example,

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 2

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 33

Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development

Economic Social Development Political

Identify and define aspect of development

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 34

Ideas such as;

What is infant mortality rate?

What is life expectancy?

- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live

What is life expectancy at birth?

The reasons why world life expectancy is rising

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 35

Why is calorie intake low in developing countries?

Define literacy rate

What is the importance of literacy to development?

Define adult literacy rate

The girl child school enrolment is lower in African countries.

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 36

What causes high school dropout rates in developing countries?

Define Gross National Product:

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 37

Define GNP per capita

Define Sustainable Development:

Discuss three ways of achieving sustainable development in a country:

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 38

State three sources of air pollution

Describe three ways by which air pollution can be prevented

Land pollution is also an obstacle towards sustainable development.

Define land pollution

What causes land pollution?

Describe three ways by which land pollution can be controlled

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 39

State three policy implications of the sustainable development theory

Define the modernisation theory

Define dependency theory

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 40

Factors of production (defined)

Define subsistence production

Describe three ways by which subsistence production can be improved

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 41

Give three advantages of division of labour

Give three disadvantages of division of labour

- Specialisation is concentration in a specific activity / profession OR production of a specific

Describe any three forms of specialisation

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 42

Give three advantages of labour intensive production

What is capital-intensive production?

Describe three advantages of capital-intensive production

- Greater opportunity to use machinery / quick & efficient method of production

What are extension services?

- Extension services is passing of information from the source to the people/beneficiary/user

How can extension services be provided?

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 43

The role of government in privatisation:

What is localization policy?

Benefits of localisation of labour in Botswana:

What is citizen empowerment?

Development Studies Revision Questions Page 44

What problems may hinder the implementation of citizen empowerment in Botswana?