COLLEGE OF INFORMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

COURSE TITLE: OPERATING SYSTEM AND SYSTEM

PROGRAMMING

COURSE CODE:SENG 3122

NAME : GADISA MARGA GARBI

ID : RU 0750/13

SUBMITTED TO MR. SELAMU SH.

SUBMITTED DATE :28/10/2014 EC

Type of Operating system Page 1
Contents page
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Types of operating systems ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.Batch operating systems ........................................................................................................................ 4
 Advantages of using a batch operating system . .......................................................................... 4
 Disadvantages of OS ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.Distributed OS ........................................................................................................................................ 4
 The advantages of distributed systems are. ................................................................................. 5
Disadvantages of Distributed OS ........................................................................................................... 5
3. Multitasking OS ................................................................................................................................. 6
Disadvantages of Multitasking OS ......................................................................................................... 6
4.Network OS ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Advantages of Network OS ................................................................................................................... 7
Disadvantages of Network OS ............................................................................................................... 7
5. Real-time operating systems ................................................................................................................ 7
Advantages of real-time operating systems.......................................................................................... 8
Disadvantages of real-time operating systems . ................................................................................... 8
6.Mobile operating systems.................................................................................................................. 9
 Advantages of mobile operating systems are:.............................................................................. 9
 Disadvantages of Mobile OS ......................................................................................................... 9
7. Embedded Operating Systems: The Basics ........................................................................................... 9
8.What is Multiprogramming Operating System .................................................................................... 11
Advantages of Multiprogramming Operating System ........................................................................ 12
 Disadvantages of Multiprogramming System ............................................................................ 12
9.Linux ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
How is the Linux operating system used? ........................................................................................... 13
 The Linux OS can be found in many different settings, supporting many different use cases.
Linux is used in the following ways: .................................................................................................... 14
Linux distributions ............................................................................................................................... 15
 How is iOS different from other operating systems? ................................................................. 16
 One of the main differences between iOS and Android operating systems. ............................. 17
Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 19

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INTRODUCTION

 Before discuss type of operating system try to answer

What are operating systems?
 An operating system is a type of software interface between the user and the
device hardware. It allows users to communicate with the device and perform
the desired functions.
 Operating systems use two components to manage computer programs and
applications. The kernel is the core inner component that processes data at
the hardware level. It handles input-output management, memory and
process management. The shell is the outer layer that manages the interaction
between the user and the OS. The shell communicates with the operating
system by either taking the input from the user or a shell script. A shell script is
a sequence of system commands that are stored in a file.

Types of operating systems

 Here are the different types of operating systems you need to know
Types of Operating System.
• Batch OS
• Distributed OS
• Multitasking OS
• Network OS
• Real-OS
• Mobile OS

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1.Batch operating systems
 The batch operating system does not have a direct link with the computer. A
different system divides and allocates similar tasks into batches for easy
processing and faster response. The batch operating system is appropriate for
lengthy and time-consuming tasks. To avoid slowing down a device, each user
prepares their tasks offline and submits them to an operator.

 Advantages of using a batch operating system .

• Execution time taken for similar jobs is higher.

• Multiple users can share batch systems.

• Managing large works becomes easy in batch systems.

• The idle time for a single batch is very less.

 Disadvantages of OS
• It is hard to debug batch systems.

• If a job fails, then the other jobs have to wait for an unknown time till the
issue is resolved.

• Batch systems are sometimes costly. Any failure of the system creates a
backlog.

 Examples of Batch OS: payroll system, bank statements, data entry, etc.

2.Distributed OS
 A distributed operating system is a recent advancement in the field of
computer technology and is utilized all over the world that too with great
pace. In a distributed OS, various computers are connected through a single
communication channel. These independent computers have their memory

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 unit and CPU and are known as loosely coupled systems. The system processes
can be of different sizes and can perform different functions. The major
benefit of such a type of operating system is that a user can access files that
are not present on his system but another connected system. In addition,
remote access is available to the systems connected to this network.

 The advantages of distributed systems are.

 With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the
resources available at another.
 Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
 If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can
potentially continue operating.
 Better service to the customers.
 Reduction of the load on the host computer.
 They allow remote working.
 They allow a faster exchange of data among users.
 They reduce delays in data processing.

 Disadvantages of Distributed OS

• The setup cost is high.

• Software used for such systems is highly complex.
• Failure of the main network will lead to the failure of the whole
system.
 They're expensive to install.
 They require a high level of expertise to maintain.

 Examples of Distributed OS: LOCUS, etc.

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3. Multitasking OS
 The multitasking OS is also known as the time-sharing operating system as
each task is given some time so that all the tasks work efficiently. This system
provides access to a large number of users, and each user gets the time of CPU
as they get in a single system.
 The tasks performed are given by a single user or by different users.
 The time allotted to execute one task is called a quantum, and as soon as the
time to execute one task is completed, the system switches over to another
task.

 Advantages of Multitasking OS
• There are very few chances for the duplication of the software.
 There's a quick response during task performance.
 It minimizes the idle time of the processor.
 All tasks get an equal chance of being accomplished.

 Disadvantages of Multitasking OS
 The user's data security might be a problem.
 System failure can lead to widespread failures.
 Problems in data communication may arise.
 The integrity of user programs is not assured.

 Examples of time-sharing operating systems include Multicast and Unix.

4.Network OS

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 Network operating systems are the systems that run on a server and manage
all the networking functions.
 They allow sharing of various files, applications, printers, security, and other
networking functions over a small network of computers like LAN or any other
private network.
 In the network OS, all the users are aware of the configurations of every other
user within the network, which is why network operating systems are also
known as tightly coupled systems.

 Advantages of Network OS
 Centralized servers provide high stability.
 Security issues are easier to handle through the servers.
 It's easy to upgrade and integrate new technologies
• Servers can be accessed remotely from different locations and systems.

 Disadvantages of Network OS
• Regular updates and maintenance are required.
• Users are dependent on the central location for the maximum number of
operations.
 Servers are expensive to buy and maintain.

 Examples of Network OS: Microsoft Windows server 2008, LINUX, etc.

5. Real-time operating systems

 Real-time operating systems provide support to real-time systems that
require observance of strict time requirements.
 The response time between input, processing and response is tiny, which is
beneficial for processes that are highly sensitive and need high precision.

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  These processes include operating missile systems, medical systems or air
traffic control systems, where delays may lead to loss of life and property.
 Real-time operating systems may either be hard real-time systems or soft
real-time systems. Hard real-time systems are installed in applications with
strict time constraints.
 The system guarantees the completion of sensitive tasks on time. Hard real-
time does not have virtual memory. Soft real-time systems do not have
equally rigid time requirements. A critical task gets priority over other tasks.

 Advantages of real-time operating systems.

 They use device and systems maximally, hence more output.

 They allow fast shifting from one task to another.
 The focus is on current tasks, and less focus is put on the queue.
 They can be used in embedded systems.
 Real-time systems are meticulously programmed, hence free of errors.
 They allow easy allocation of memory.

 Disadvantages of real-time operating systems .

 They have a low capacity to run tasks simultaneously.

 They use heavy system resources.
 They run on complex algorithms that are not easy to understand.
 They're unsuitable for thread priority because of the system's inability to
switch tasks.
 Real-time operating systems are used for tasks such as scientific experiments,
medical imaging, robotics and air traffic control operations.

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6.Mobile operating systems
 Mobile operating systems run exclusively on small devices such as
smartphones, tablets and wearable. The system combines the features of a
personal computer with additional features useful for a handheld device.
 Mobile operating systems start when a device is powered on to provide access
to installed applications. Mobile operating systems also manage wireless
network connectivity.

 Advantages of mobile operating systems are:

• It provides an ease to users.

 Disadvantages of Mobile OS
• Some of the mobile operating systems give poor battery quality to users.
• Some of the mobile operating systems are not user-friendly.

 Examples of the Mobile OS: Android OS, ios, Symbian OS, and Windows mobile
OS.

7. Embedded Operating Systems: The Basics

 An embedded operating system is a small-scale computer of an embedded
system with a limited number of features.
 It is designed to carry out a function or a set of functions of an electronic end
product.
 Akin to a desktop PC that requires an OS like Windows, Linux, or Mac OS to run
basic apps, embedded systems also need an operating system to facilitate and
expedite their functionality.

 For instance, all mobile phones have an integrated embedded operating

system software like Android or iOS that starts up when the phone is switched

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 on. Without the OS, implementing an app into every single mobile phone with
different hardware would have been a nightmare for developers.

 It allows them to bridge all the gaps and build a unified app specifically for the
OS. The embedded operating system is also known as a real-time operating
system (RTOS) in some cases, which we will discuss in another section.

 Here are some common characteristics of an embedded OS:

 Power efficient
 Fewer storage capabilities
 Smaller processing power
 Fast and lightweight
 I/O device flexibility
 Real-time operation
 Tailored to the intended use case
 The software incorporated into an embedded OS is critical to the
functionality of a product. At Digi, almost all our products use an
embedded OS to provide their features and performance. In the case
of our Digi SOMs, a complete embedded OS used by developers adds
huge benefits in unlocking sophisticated features of the SOM
hardware and providing easy-to-use, production-ready code libraries
and development tools to create future-proof and highly scalable
products in the shortest possible time

 Some devices that might include embedded operating systems are:

 Infusion pumps
 Industrial ovens
 Electric vehicles
 Vehicle infotainment systems
 Solar panels

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  Solar panel controllers

8.What is Multiprogramming Operating System

Definition: Multiprogramming operating system has ability to execute

multiple programs with using of only one processor machine.

 In multiprogramming operating system, if single program gets to wait

for I/O transfer, then other programs are always ready to CPU
utilization. Due to this, multiple jobs can share time of its CPU. But, in
the multiprogramming operating system, it does not predefine to be
execution of their jobs at same time frame.

 If, program is in the execution process then it is known as “Process”

or “Job” or “Task”. The concurrent executions of programs help to
improve performance of system resources utilization as well as
improve system throughput than to serial and batch processing
system.

 Examples of Multiprogramming Operating System

Coverage Also: Multiprocessor Operating System with Types and Examples

 One real life example: User can use MS-Excel, download apps,
transfer data from one point to another point, Firefox or Google
chrome browser, and more at a same time.

 Other Examples are:

 Microcomputers like as MP/M, XENIX, and ESQview.
 Windows O/S
 UNIX O/S
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  Advantages of Multiprogramming Operating System

 There are various benefits of multiprogramming operating system; below

explain

 TO increase CPU utilization and it never gets idle.

 Resources are utilized smartly.
 Less response time
 Short time jobs are done fastest compare to long time jobs.
 Multiple users can use multiprogramming system at once.
 It can help to execute multiple tasks in single application at same
time duration.
 It can help to improve turnaround time for short jobs.
 It reduces total read time that is required to execute a job.
 Multiprogramming system helps to optimize total job throughput of
computer.
 Multiprogramming system can monitor fastest as entire tasks run in
parallel.

 Disadvantages of Multiprogramming System

 Here, few limitations of multiprogramming operating system; such as –

 CPU scheduling is needed.

 Memory management is required because all types of jobs are stored
in the main memory.

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  If, it contains massive load of jobs then its long time jobs have to
need long waiting time.
 Harder task is to manage of all processes and jobs.
 It is highly complex and sophisticated.

9.Linux

 Linux is a Unix-like, open source and community-developed operating

system (OS) for computers, servers, mainframes, mobile devices and
embedded devices. It is supported on almost every major computer
platform, including x86, ARM and SPARC, making it one of the most
widely supported operating systems.

 How is the Linux operating system used?

 Every version of the Linux OS manages hardware resources, launches and

handles applications, and provides some form of user interface. The
enormous community for developers and wide range of distributions
means that a Linux version is available for almost any task, and Linux has
penetrated many areas of computing.

 For example, Linux has emerged as a popular OS for web servers such as
Apache, as well as for network operations, scientific computing tasks that
require huge compute clusters, running databases, desktop and endpoint
computing, and running mobile devices with OS versions like Android.

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  The Linux OS can be found in many different settings,
supporting many different use cases. Linux is used in
the following ways:

 Server OS for web servers, database servers, file servers, email servers
and any other type of shared server. Designed to support high-volume
and multithreading applications, Linux is well-suited for all types of
server applications.
 Desktop OS for personal productivity computing. Linux is an open
source and freely available desktop environment for users who prefer it
to commercial OSes.
 Headless server OS for systems that do not require a graphical user
interface (GUI) or directly connected terminal and keyboard. Headless
systems are often used for remotely managed networking server and
other devices.
 Embedded device or appliance OS for systems that require limited
computing function. Linux is used as an embedded OS for a variety of
applications, including household appliances, automotive entertainment
systems and network file system appliances.
 Network OS for routers, switches, domain name system servers, home
networking devices and more. For example, Cisco offers a version of the
Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) that uses the Linux kernel.
 Software development OS for enterprise software development.
Although many development tools have been ported to Windows or
other Oases, Linux is home to some of the most widely used open source
software development tools. For example, for distributed source
control; vim and iMac’s for source code editing; and compilers and
interpreters for almost every programming language.
 Cloud OS for cloud instances. Major cloud computing providers offer
access to cloud computing instances running Linux for cloud servers,
desktops and other services.

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  Linux is highly configurable and depends on a modular design that
enables users to customize their own versions of Linux. Depending on the
application, Linux can be optimized for different purposes such as:

 networking performance;
 computation performance;
 deployment on specific hardware platforms; and
 deployment on systems with limited memory, storage or
computing resources.

 Linux distributions
 Since its initial development, Linux has adopted the copyleft stipulations
of the Free Software Foundation which originated the GNU GPL. The GPL
says that anything taken for free and modified must be distributed for
free. In practice, if Linux or other GNU-licensed components are
developed or modified to create a new version of Linux, that new version
must be distributed for free. This prevents a developer or other groups
from profiting unfairly from the freely available work of others.

10. APPLE IOS OERATING SYSTEM

 iOS is the operating system developed by apple.inc company. iOS runs on
all of Apple’s mobile devices. IOS is the second-largest operating system
worldwide after Android.

 IOS is the operating system developed by apple.inc company. iOS runs on

all of Apple’s mobile devices. IOS is the second-large iOS Operating
System
 IOS uses a multi-touch interface in which the device is operated with the
help of simple texture. Simple gestures such as swapping fingers on top of
the device’s screen. Which can be worked on by moving to the next patch.
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 And pinching with your finger to zoom the screen. You can do all this work
freely on iOS.

 How is iOS different from other operating systems?

 IOS is completely different from other mobile phone operating systems.

Because it keeps all the apps in its device inside its protective shell. So that
apps stay away from each other and do not interfere in each other’s work.
IOS is designed in such a way that if the device accidentally gets a virus
through apps then it can fail to harm other apps. While no such feature is
seen in other operating systems.

 Protective Shells in iOS. She is surrounded by apps. Therefore, due to

them, a lot of flaws also occur in the apps. Because one app cannot
communicate directly with another app. Like we see in Android OS devices.
If someone has sent a link to the news in WhatApp, then we can see it by
opening any browser through Google Chrome.

 Smartphone running slow- Problems with solutions.

 Increase your smartphone battery performance.

 In this, WhatsApp and Chrome have been able to communicate by

direct communication. We do not get to see this feature on iOS
devices. But it uses a different feature. Which is called extensibility.
This feature allows one user to ask for approval from the user for
communicating with another app. It is impossible to communicate
one app between the other without approval

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  One of the main differences between iOS and Android
operating systems.

 Which people like a lot. And that is, with Android you get a choice in
which you can use other company’s mobiles. In which the Android
operating system is loaded. Such as Samsung, LG, HTC, Xiaomi,
Micromax when iOS is a uniform platform made by App

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Conclusion
 Operating system (OS), Software that controls the operation of a
computer, directs the input and output of data, keeps track of files, and
controls the processing of computer programs.
 As the need for technology grows day by day in the coming days and as
younger generations like Gen Alpha grow up & join the workforce good &
efficient operating system will be the topmost priority of every business
setting.

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Reference
 https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/multiprogramming

 https://www.digi.com/blog/post/what-is-an-embedded-operating-
system
 https://www.gatevidyalay.com/batch-operating-system-types-of-
operating-system/
 https://www.guru99.com/operating-system-tutorial.html

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