Contents: AR 17-96-1 - ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION - Elective II MODULE 3: Procedures in Conservation Staff-In-Charge: CSK Preparatory procedures for conservation: © Reconnaissance survey, Listing, Inventories. © Preliminary inspections, Documentation, Research. Evaluation and assessment: © Techniques of Documentation (measured drawings, photogrammetric techniques) Degrees of intervention: © Prevention, Preservation, Consolidation, Restoration, Rehabilitation, Reproduction, Reconstruction, Case study © To formulate a case for conservation (classwork) I- PREPARATORY PROCEDURES FOR CONSERVATION: The sequence of Conservation Work: 1. Research and analysis of history and fabric This is the vital first stage of conservation and restoration work. The history of a building can be discovered by searching out documentary evidence through old papers, maps, registers etc, and through written accounts and photographs of the period, The fabric of the building itself will also give clues to the past. 2. Survey of Building Itis necessary to record the existing building by means of an overall and accurate measured survey, be ita cottage, castle or modest shop, prior to commencement of work. The survey should include plans, sections and elevations, Properly carried out surveys are often helpful in identifying the building's history. A photographic record should also be made and a survey of the building may be necessary to establish if there are structural defects or other problems. Identification of existing original material is of great importance. Many original features are lost or damaged by accident through lack of knowledge. Decisions may have to be made as to whether or not itis appropriate to remove later additions. Many later alterations or additions may be valuable in their own right and can be left as part of the ‘story’ of the building, 3. Plan restoration with minimum intervention Restoration should be carefully planned and guided by the principles of conservation to ensure that the least intervention possibly takes place. As always, repair rather than replace is the guiding rule. If missing features have to be re-instated, accurate detail must be ensured by careful research and precise instructions. 4, Implement under experienced supervision Many owners of buildings do not possess the knowledge or experience needed for most restoration projects. Calling in a sympathetic professional, with experience of conservation and restoration workat the early stages will minimise the risk of costly error or unintentional damage being done. 5, Record work Itis important that a record, both written and photographic, should be kept during the course of the work, for future reference, and information. 6. Putin place regular maintenance procedures ‘An ongoing programme of inspection and maintenance must be put in place to ensure the building remains in good condition, This makes good economic sense as itis infinitely better to maintain and repair regularly,rather than face major and costly work when problems reach crisis point, Safety and security procedures should also be installed and implemented. 2. Listing: short brief about the building and its significance + create a data bank with details on status, condition and typology of heritage property + identify heritage zones for planning purpose '* determine the potential and priorities for heritage related tourism ‘+ reuse of heritages hotel museums and cultural places etc. ‘+ prepare guidelines, controls, heritage regulations, etc. Ref - https://www-gdreorg/heritage /heritage-listinghtml na555 > Figure 1: listing process & Benefits 3. Reconnaissance Survey: ‘A Reconnaissance Survey provides a snapshot of potential historic resources in a particular location at a specific point in time. Often used for planning purposes, it can provide data on broad categories such as property types, architectural styles, basic integrity and overall condition, sorted by historical period, context, or geographic location. It is primarily a visual survey that does not evaluate resources for historical significance. But it can sort non-historic properties from potentially historic resources. Reconnaissance Survey results often become the basis for more intensive surveys. These provide a detailed examination of ownership, physical changes, and property adaptations associated with social, cultural or economic patterns over time. Satellite Survey using Remote sensing and GIS: Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the ee rine sow ome ae SS ee Sere ae —— = scmcevtin A Sone ee tenet een aT cd Figure 2toventoryphysical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected P and emitted radiation ata distance (typically from satellite or aircraft). Special cameras collect remotely sensed images, . which help researchers "sense" things about the earth. * The Gallo-Roman Villa Rustica in Burgundy, France, was discovered in 1979 t| + Early applications of Remote Sensing in Archeology A started in the 1920s immediately after the First World =" | War | «Primarily used for detection of archaeological sites which were partially or entirely buried, or in any case, not visible from the ground. { * Itdeveloped further in northern Europe and was systematically used in the 1970's, permitting significant discoveries. ‘+ Sources of Free Remote Sensing Data - GLOVIS, NASA Earth Observation (NEO), USGS Earth Explorer. GIS (Geographic Information System) provides a central location for data and analysis critical to today’s surveying, planning, construction, and management. It allows = professional land surveyors a way to provide more accurate z and less expensive surveys. * GIS allows for the integration and collective analysis of Ne: ec SO geospatial data from multiple sources, including satellite imagery, GPS recordings, and textual attributes associated with a particular space, * Dr John Snow is known as the ‘father of modern epidemiology’ and the ‘father of GIS’ because of the famous case of the 1854 Cholera outbreak in London's Broad Street region. * GIS market vendors ~ Autodesk, ESRI, SuperMap Il - EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT: Conservation documentation can be defined as the textual and visual records collected during the treatment of an object. Itincludes records of the object's condition (condition assessment), the treatment done to the object and details on the object's past and present environment. Good documentation should provide as much information as possible on the object for the future researcher, curator, or conservator. ‘There are many forms of documentation, and these are not universally agreed upon. Digital technology has now made conservation documentation more easily accessible, cost/time efficient, and has also increased consistency and accuracy of the recorded data and reduced physical storage space requirements. 1, Systematic Investigatio a. Collecting relevant literature information i, Historical Research Before embarking on any physical interventions in a design strategy for a potential conservation project, it is essential to assemble all the available evidence on the building and / or site that is to be conserved, Original documentation that may be of interest includes ~ + Original design drawings / Old illustrations /Sketches+ Drawings or reports from previous investigations or any historical reports + Historical evidence such as legal transcripts, old photographs, old maps and old paintings + Important written and oral information, organized, studied and used for planning the actual works. Historical research should be conducted well in advance of physical investigation. 2, Recording According to the principles laid out by ICOMOS in 1996, “Recording is the capture of information which describes the physical configuration, condition and use of monuments, groups of buildings and sites, at points in time and it is an essential part of the conservation process”. A dilapidation survey is a practice of identifying and recording building defects through the means of photographic and digital documentation before any conservation work. The core of dilapidation survey is the process of walking through a building to gather and record information based on observation of the finished surfaces and any exposed structure, In the practice of building conservation, dilapidation surveys are generally instrumental in regard of the following aspects - + Understanding the state of building defects + Determining the causes of building defects + Identifying appropriate method and techniques of building conservation + Providing reference materials to clients, consultants and project contractors. To be effective, the practice of dilapidation survey should involve a multi-disciplinary approach which requires in-depth knowledge in conservation as well as other related fields in order to correctly assess building defects, determine their causes and proposes restoration methods. * Written documentation - Components of written documents which can be used as the markers for the identification includes. Documentation is further continued during the treatment procedure in conservation. * Graphical documentation is one of the methods to document the deterioration pattern of an object. It can be achieved either manually by drawing the object by free hand or by tracing or with the use of various software's which can aid in copying the image of the object. Graphical documentation helps in knowing the object better as we have an image for reference and we can mark the areas where we see, inscription, stains, eracks, scratches and various other deterioration patterns, * Measured drawing or as-found drawing means a set of line drawings that accurately and in some detail delineates the subject building in its existing condition, The measured drawing will illustrate the interior and exterior of the building including the structural detail. It will also illustrate the defect areas such as cracks in plaster and the missing elements. + Photography is one of the important visual records of an object. While recording and documenting deterioration patterns it is important to take context image, detailed image and micro images for defining the area with deterioration to give a betterunderstanding of the area to be treated. Photography combined with different angles of light such as raking light, transmitted light, and filters for light like infra-red, reflected or ultraviolet light, can give you more information than what the eye meets about the object Multi spectral Imaging - A multispectral image is one that captures image data within specific wavelength ranges across the electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelengths may be separated by filters or detected via the use of instruments that are sensitive to particular wavelengths, including light from frequencies beyond the visible light range, ie. infrared and ultra-violet. Multispectral imaging has also found use in document and painting analysis Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) is an Interactive version of raking light photography that allow the point light source to be digitally manipulated by combining a sequence of images taken under varying conditions is an image-based representation of the appearance of a surface under varying lighting directions. Per-pixel surface normal are extracted from the representation, and can be used for not only changing lighting direction interactively, which can be read by RTI viewer. Photogrammetry is the art and science of extracting 3D information from photographs. The process involves taking overlapping photographs of an object, structure, or space and converting them into 2D or 3D digital models. The fundamental principle used by photogrammetry is triangulation. Types of photogrammetry - aerial and close-range. © ReCap Photo of Autodesk is a cloud-connected solution tailored for drone/UAV photo capturing workflows Thermal imaging is simply the process of converting infrared (IR) radiation (heat) into visible images that depict the spatial distribution of temperature differences in a scene viewed by a thermal camera. The imaging camera is fitted with an infrared detector, usually in a focal plane array, of micron-size detecting elements or “pixels.” 3, Assessment of failure and damage a. Preparing Condition assessment maps A Building Condition Assessment (BCA) evaluates the condition of a building’s envelope performance, structural foundation and superstructure, and mechanical systems, including heating and cooling. A BCA may also include the exterior elements of the property including site grading and drainage, condition of roadway and servicing infrastructure and lighting. b. Monitoring strength by simple“ tools or via artificial simulation ~~ (software) - Examination is a detailed inspection or study = ofan object, to observe the general details of the object and to mark its distinctive traits, which is notified under description of the BULOING MATERIALS becayobject, as well as to observe the deterioration pattern or extend of the damage occurred on the object. There are 2 stages of investigation as follows. 1. Site Testing - Site testing is an action to identify materials and their condition by using instruments For instance, to monitor the temperature of the environment, we may use a thermometer. Examples of Site tests available are: + Moisture-Monitoring, + Flat jack, + Crack Monitoring and + Load Test 2. Laboratory Testing - ‘The material, sometimes have changed from their original composition that cannot be analysed by using the naked eyes as the material may be too old and they may have already combined with new elements like mixture like mortar and plaster. Examination can be classified based on the technique used as invasive and non-invasive. Non - Invasive Methods of Examination * Visible light encompasses daylight, incandescent and fluorescent light sources. Examination with visible light is used in the initial stage of the examination of works of art. Such examination is frequently aided by the hand-held magnifiers or a stereomicroscope, to zoom in on features of special interest. Raking Light: When light source is located to one side of the object at low angle with respect to the examined surface, itis called raking or grazing light. This type of examination emphasizes the painted layer’s texture like brushstrokes, flaking paint and support deformations like dents, abrasions ete. * X-ray fluorescence is an analytical technique that returns information about the elemental composition of a sample. The sample is illuminated with an X-ray beam and the atoms which are struck by the beam emit X-rays in response, usually at several different energies. BIR (Back Digital If) BVIS (Back Visible) IRR (IR Reflectography) i S ~ Multi-Spectral | Documentation IRTR (IR Transmitted) IRF (IR Fluorescence) IRFC (IR false Color) IR (Digital Infrared) UVR (UV Reflected) UVF (UV Fluorescence) RAK (raking light) VIS (visible)UV examination of artworks is a non-destructive technique that is extremely useful in assessing the surface of an object. Few inorganic materials and many organic materials do emit a visible fluorescence when irradiated with ultraviolet emissions. The study and documentation of this fluorescence can aid in determining the condition of an object, the extent of any over paintings or retouches and the presence of any resinous coatings. Infrared imaging is a non-destructive technique used by conservators to examine paintings and artworks and detect hidden details under the upper layers, such as added paint, underdrawings, and hidden signatures or watermarks. It also can be used as a tool to differentiate between certai groups of pigments and inks Invasive Techniques Sampling: Invasive examination mostly starts with taking a small sample from the body of the object for understanding the material constituents on the body of the object. The sample is examined unmounted under a microscope first before embedding it in a block. Samples are to be mounted the materials required, are carbon clay, a thin glass microscope slide and a high magnification microscope and then is embedded in a resin block and is further sanded to uncover the layers to study the cross-sectional area under a microscope. Microscopy is an essential tool in effective conservation and restoration which aids in examination and research to understand the composition and condition of the artefact. From stereo microscope to electron microscopy, the optics used are dictated by the objects being examined. Polarized light microscopy is another common technique used when identifying pigments is necessary. It involves analysing very small paint chip samples of finish layers (right down to, and including, the substrate, so nothing is missed) and examining the cross sections for colours and material characterization. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX)is used for imaging is good for elemental analysis of art works, SEM/EDS can be used for both organic and inorganic materials Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry is used to determine the type of paint (chemicals, pigments, etc.) by analysing the way in which its various components absorb infrared light to aid in the choice of the optimum solvent needed to selectively remove certain coatings while leaving others unaffected, The FTIR technique is useful for analysing the chemical composition of smaller particles as well as larger areas on the surface. The application of Raman spectroscopy in the fleld of non-destructive art analysis enables the identification of inorganic and organic pigments as well as binding media and varnishes 4, Diagnosis of failure and damage Some indications of masonry problems are ~ a. Bulging - indicates the wall has moved. Cracking - indicates movement within the wall. Straining - indicates excessive dampness. Crumbling - indicates moisture penetration due to poor brick or sandblasting, Paint Blistering - indicates moisture trapped behind the paint. Mortar Cracking - indicates cement mortar is too hard and is popping out in freeze-thaw cycles.Tipping settlement Differential settlement (often without eracks) (with cracks) Uniform settlement (no cracks) Ill - 7 DEGREES OF INTERVENTION 1, Prevention of deterioration 2, Preservation of the existing one 3. Consolidation of the fabric 4, Restoration 5. Rehabilitation 6. Reproduction 7. Reconstruction Intervention: the act or fact of taking action about something in order to affect its outcome. 1. Prevention of deterioration + Against environment preventing the damage from becoming active + Neglect to be avoided + Control of humidity, vandalism, theft, arson, + Atmospheric pollution and traffic vibration + Regular inspection 2, Preservation + Tokeep the object in the existing state + Repairs to be carried out to prevent further decay For example, a cultural property exposed to rain may further deteriorate and can be preserved from further decay 3, Consolidation * Physical addition into the actual fabric of the cultural property to ensure structural integrity + ex: mural painting + For buildings, consolidation of existing material needs to be carried out if strength is deteriorating. + Traditional methods are inadequate, Modern techniques shall be used but should be reversible. + Temporary measure in the case of short-lived materials like mud etc. + No historical evidence to be destroyed and the integrity of the structural system to be respected. 4. Restoration + to revive the original concept of the object + based on original material and authentic evidence+ Replacement of missing elements should be harmoniously blended and, at the same time, identifiable * While restoring contributions from all the period to be respected + cleaning, replacement of missing elements are part of the restoration + Ifahistoric building contains layers of different periods, the revealing of the underlying work is justified if only that is of great historical importance + Restoration by anastylosis: + Cleaning, replacement of missing elements are not an essential part of restoration unless and until authentic evidence of the missing parts are available or else only scientific restoration is permitted, especially to sculptures and carvings; this is very important or else the authenticity is lost itation + the best way to preserve buildings or any object of cultural value is to keep them in use + Original use is the best for the fabric + Adaptive reuse of buildings is another way of saving the historical values of structures 6, Reproduction + reproduction entails exact copying of the missing or decayed parts to maintain aesthetic harmony + Ifthe environment threatens valuable cultural property, it may be moved to a safe place and substituted with a reproduction 7. Reconstruction + Reconstruction must be based om actual accurate documentation &evidence and not on conjecture. + Reconstruction using new materials may be necessitated by disasters like fire, earthquake, war ete, Shifting the entire building to a new site is another form of reconstruction Conservation Works - For example building conservation, works as follows: + Removal of dirt, fungal and harmful growth on wall and column + Dismantling roof tiles and storage the salvage + Cover the roof structure before starting restoration works + Removal of any rotten timber trusses and ceilings + Reconstruct the central jack roof and lay new clay tiles + Fixing waterproofing membrane to the roof + Remove and replace the badly decayed timber floor + Hack off the crumbling plaster + Re-plastering and painting the with limewash + Reconstruct the collapsed and damaged column to the original form + Remove and re-pointing loose mortar on the exposed bricks + Restoring any decayed door, windows and fans, lights + Laying and fixing new timber floor IV- CASE STUDIES Ref - Compendium of Good Practices - Urban Heritage in Indian Cities - NIUA & INTACH