Morphology of 2, Angiosperms Plant morphology deals with the extemal characteristics of plants, It deals with the structure, development and modifications of the various plant parts like root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, lower, fruit and seed. Morphology forms the fiundamental basis for the study of plant taxonomy. Flower Fig.2.1: A typical angiosperm plant.ited into two portions, Root system Shoot system / Root System ‘The underground part of the main axis of a plant is known as root, The root is subterran, and positively geotropic. Root has no nodes, internodes and flowerbuds, It isendogenoys. origin, 1has root cap atthe tip. A litle behind the root tip is found a tuf of root haley Based upon the mode of development and structure, the root system ig divided into 3 Ypes, namely the tap root, fibrous root and adventitious root. The ap oot saperng fom thebase to theend, developing rom radicle and characte, of dicot plants, The radicle grows into the soil as the primary root. The Primary root develo, : into the prominent tap root. The tap root produces laterally secondary roots which Produce tertiary roots, The secondary and tertiary roots produced the root hairs, The tap root withal] the lateral branches form the tap root system.Eg. Mango. The fibrous roo is fibre-like, developing as aclste fom the base ofthe stem andits characteristic of monocor plants. In monocot plants the primary root. developing from the tadicle is short-lived and itis replaced by the fibrous roots, Eg. Grasses. The roots developing from any part of the plants, except the radicle, are called, adventitious root. They develop from the nodes or leaves. They are also called aerial roots Ex. Banyan Vanda, etc. Roots fx the plants to thesoil. They help in anchorage. ‘The oot hairs absorb water and ‘mineral salts from the soil. They also help in conduction and storage of food materials, Primary root Secondary root, ‘Tertiary root Fibrous root Root hair Root hair Tap root Fibrous root Fig.2.2: Root system Modifications of Roots The roots are modified to carry outa variety of functions. The modifications of roots are classified into three types. They are 1. Tap root modification. 2. Fibrous root modification. 3. Aerial root modification.Chap. Morphology of Angiosperms 9 qe 4. Tap Root Modification (“tap roots are modified to store food materials. So, they are known as storage roots. The rage roots are bers. So, they ae called tuberous roos] The tuberous roots are the following types: ger 1. Conical root >. Fusiform root 3. Napiform root 4. Cqnical Root ‘5)The conical root is conical, broad above and tapers below, and it isan underground tap root modification to store food material. It isa storage root. It is a tuberous root. Eg. Carrot. (Daucus earota). 3 iaeten a ee stems’ are known as phylloclades. Phylloclades consists of many : s are common in Xerophytes. Eg. Opuntia, Muehlenbeckichnp.2: Morphology of Angiosperms 7 Casuarina, Xplophytla cle. In Xerophytes the leaves ate reduced into sale fea toreduce the loss oft water by transpiration. 1 ence, the stem becomes green, does photo thesis. 1n Opuntia, the stem is flat, green, fleshy and bea saictare modified leaves, In Muehlenbeckia and Xylophylla the phylloclades are ribbon-like. In Xplophylta, flowers develop along the margin of the phylloclades, groups of spines Phylloclade Flower Reduced leaf Phylloclade Muehlenbeckia Xylophylla Fig.2.21: Phylloclade. 2. Cladodes Cladodes are aerial stems consisting of only one intemode modified for photosynthesis. Eg, Asparagus and Ruscus. Asparagus and Ruscus belong to the family Liliaceae, In Asparagus, the eaves are partly modified into scales and partly modified into spines. The cladodes are green, eaf-like and develop in groups at the nodes. In Ruscus, the cladodes are leaf-like and they bear flowers in the axils of bract. Needle like cladodes Cladode Flower Leaf modified into Me — Reduced leaf ain Asparagus Ruscus Fig.2.22: Cladodes. 3.Stem Tendrils ae Stem tendrils are string-like structures formed by the stem, which help in climbing. Eg. Cissus quadrangularis, the terminal bud is modified into tendril. The tendril is at the apex first, but shifted to one side due to the growth of the stem. In Passiflora, the axillary bud is modified into tendril.GEMPubiicn,, ee re Terminal bud modified % into tendril oe Axillary bud modified into tendril Passiflora Ciss Fig.2.23: Stem tendrils. is quadrangularis 4, Stem Thorns Stem thors are stfT, pointed structures, which are produced by the terminal or axilla buds of the stem and they are meant for protection. Eg. Carissa, Citrus, Bougainvillaea, etc, In Car thorn. In Citrus, the axillary bud is modified into a thorn. a, the terminal bud is modified inog Thom (modified terminal bud) = a | 4'ig.2.24 : Stem thorn-Carissa carandas-terminal bud is modified into thorn. | 5. Stem Hooks Hooks are aerial stem modifications, which help th , plant to strag support. E Artabotrys, Bauhinia etc. et es” in Artabotrys, the peduncle or inflorescence axis is modified into a strong hook. |! | | j helps the plant to straggle on the sy inic ‘I 4 ified i | support, In Bauwh : 08 hook. The hook is meant toclimbonthe suppor ee ated tea |cup. 2: Morphology of Angiosperms 19 Hook (modified ook(modified edunele axillarybud) PS L Flower 5 Artabotrys Bauhinia 6. Bulbils Fig.2.25: Stem hooks. Bulbils are aerial stem modifications, which are fleshy due to storage of food materials and help in vegetative reproduction. Eg, Agave Dioscorea, etc. 7, Pseudobulbils Pseudobulbs are thickened swollen internodes of the stems for the storage of food materials. Eg. Bulbophyllum and Coelogyne. Underground Stems Underground stems are found below the surface of the soil and are called subterranean stems. They serve as store-houses for reserve food and also help in vegetative propagation. Extemally they resemble roots, but they are not roots because they have nodes, internodes, ds and scale leaves. lodifications of Underground Stems The underground stems, are modified to do special functions. They are of five kinds. 1. Root stock — 4. Bulb 2. Rhizome J. Tuber 3. Corm 4. Root Stock Root stock is a vertical underground stem with nodes internodes and terminal buds, and it helps in vegetative propagation. Eg. Launaca and ferns. Fig.2.26: Root stock-Launaea.we ey 2. Rhizome hort tunderground stem, with nodes, interyg 4 oe vegetative proj 9 , aoe aac ds, which ae meant forstorageand vegetative esto Jeaves and axillary buds, Canna indica, turmeric, etc. ontal, fleshy’ nt Scale leaf Node eee Axillary bud Adventitious roots Fig.2.27: Rhizome of Ginger underground stem modification, | “The terminal bud of the rhizome grows out of the soil and ies nse : green Shoos, Ad end of the season, the green aerial portion dies out: and further growth of the thizomes tay the axillary bud. The rhizome is capable of living indefinitely inside the soil, giving rise ‘oa green shoots and flowers during every favourable season. The thizome also stores foo is - eae the rhizomes are much branched. The rhizome has many termina] bud Adventitious roots develop on the lower surface of the nodes. Terminal bud Adventitious root Fig.2.28: Rhizome of Canna indica-underground stem modification, 3.Corm Corm is around, massive, swollen, fleshy underground stem with nodes, intemodes, scale leaves, terminal bud and axillary buds, which are meant for storage of food materials and vegetative propagation. Eg. Amorphophallus, Colocasia, Crocus, etc. The corm isa massive underground stem, with a very big terminal bud. The corm is attached to the soil by numerous adventitious roots. In Crocus, the corm has special roots known as contractile roots, in | addition to the normal roots. 4, Bulb The bulb is a reduced underground stem, with nodes, terminal bud, axillary buds, fleshy scale leaves and adventitious roots, which are meant for storage of food material and vegelatvt Propagation. Eg. Allium cepa (onion), Allium sativum (garlic) Bulbs are of two types @) Tunicated bulb b) Scaly bulbhap.2: Morphology of Angiosperms 41 Terminal bud Axillary bud Adventitious root : Corm-underground stem modification in Amorphophallus. Terminal bud Corm Axillary bud Corm Contractile root Adventitious root Crocus sativus Colocasia a) Tunicated bulb Fig,2.30: Corm. In wnicated bulb, the fleshy scale leaves overlap one another and are arranged in concentric circles. Eg. Allium cepa (onion). Scale Axillary bud Terminal bud Reduced stem Entire bulb L.S.of bulb Fig.2.31: Tunicated bulb-Allium cepa. b) Scaly bulb In scaly bulb, the fleshy scale leaves are arranged loosely and do not form concentric circles. Eg, Allium sativum (garlic).Inbulbs, eats Adventitious roots arise from the base of the ahaa ree vourabe terminal bud grows and produces the peduncle of the in bears flowers. . Tuber . ches ofthe ae“ STAT tubersare underground stems, formed from branches of the era stem Ff meant for storage of food materials and eee ae Eg. 1.Solanum ty ato) 2, Hel erosum (lerusalem artichoke). Potato) 2. Helianthus tuberosum (Jerusal oo : ( TE ecie some of the branches at the base of the aerial stem become POSitively Beate and grow into the soil. They develop tubers at the terminal end inside the Soil. The tube ‘fleshy and bear number of pts onthe surface, called “eyes”. Each ‘eye has a sea three dormant buds, These buds give rise to aerial shoots. on FADle Season scape, Then Seay i ber leafy Stem branch, Adventitious Toot Tuber of potato Fig.2.32: Tuber Solanum tuberosum. The Leaf (The leafs green, flat expanded structure, produced on the stem at the nodes. Itisthe Jateral out growth of the stem. Plants produce four types of leaves namely foliage leaves, scale leaves, cotyledonary Leaves, and floral leaves. 1. Foliage Leaves Foliage leaves are green leaves. They develop on the stem and are dorso-ventrally flattened. Foliage leaves are known as ‘green factories’ as they manufacture food material for theplant. 2. Scale Leaves | Scale leaves are dry and papery. They are found specially on the underground stems. It plants like Onion, scale leaves become fleshy and store food materials. j 3. Cotyledonary Leaves j The cotyledons of the seed in dicots, ater germination come out of the soil, turn green carry on photosynthesis just like foliage leaves. Eg, Tamarind, Bean, etc. 1 4. Floral Leaves The various parts of the flower like sepals, petals, etc. are floral leaveschap. 2: Morphology of Angiosperms 23 unctions of Leaves Leaves perform the following main fiunctions ~ 1, Photosynthesis - The green leaves manufact etial in the presence of © qloopyl sunlight carbondi oxide and water Thispocss kien See pies 2, Respiration - The food material is oxidised in the living cells and energy is liberated 3, Transpiration -The leaves and aerial parts of plants lose water in the form of water vapour through stomata. This process is known as transpiration, 4, Conduction - The transpiration process is of great importance to the plant. It produces ction pressure Which pulls water column up to the apex of the trees. : 5. ee ~ Some leaves become fleshy and store food material in them. Eg. Onion, ve, etc. : 6, Vegetative Reproduction -The leaves of Bryophylum, Bignonia ete produce new plants vegetatively. 7, The leaves of some plants ate variously modified to do special functions, | _-/ Structure of a Leaf : Ge typical dicot leaf consists ofapetiole and a leaf blade, The petiole isthe stalk ofthe leat. ‘Theleaf with the petiole is known as petiolate Eg, Hibiscus, Mango. The leaf without petiole is known as sessile. Eg. Calotropis, Poppy. The petiole is attached to the node of the stem and the petiole bears the feaf blade or leaf lamina above. Inthe axil of the leaf, there is an avillary C Fi sil bud. Leaf Stipule Petiole Leaf blade Lamina i { ) Hibiscus Poppy / Fig. 2.33: Petiolate leaf. Fig.2.34: Sessile leaf. / / | Inmonocot leaf, the petiole is absent and the base of the leaf-blade forms a loose sheath at ‘the node and is known as sheathing leaf base. At the junction between the sheathing leaf base and the leaf blade there is a small membranous outgrowth known as ligule. Pin some plants, the base of the petiole is swollen and flexible. The swollen baseis known asapulvinus and the leaves with the pulvinus are said to be pulvinate Eg. Pongamia, Exythrina, ee) geGEE Pub; 24 Sheathing leaf Petiole Node base Hibiscus Grass 7 Fig.2.35: Dicot leaf. Fig.2.36: Monocot leaf. Stipules Indicot leaves, at the base of the petiole, there are two small leaf like structures known stipules. Leaves with stipules are called stipulate leaves and the leaves without stipules: called exstipulate leaves. Stipules are of different types. 1. Free - lateral stipules 5. Auriculate stipules 2. Adnate stipules 6. Ochraceous stipules 3. Interpetiolar stipules 7. Sheathing stipules 4, Intrapetiolar stipules 1. Free - Lateral Stipules | In this type, there are wo - stipules one on either side, at the base of the petiole. Hibiscus. 2. Adnate Stipules Inthis type, the two stipules are fused with the lower part of the rachis of the leaves. Fe Rosa indica. j Hibiscus Fig.2.37: Free lateral stipule. Rosa indica Fig.2.38: Adnate stipule. a eeeChap.2* Morphology of Angiosperms 25 3, Interpetiolar Stipules ‘Testipules ofthe opposite leaves are fused together in pairs, so that at each node there eonly two: stipules, one on either side of the node between the petioles of the opposite leaves. sra, Oldenlandia, etc. Interpetiolarstipule Bg hor Fig.2.39: Interpetiolar stipule-Ixora. 4, Intrapetiolar Stipules The stipules of the opposite leaves are fused in pairs and the stipules are axillary in the axils of the two opposite leaves at each node Eg. Gardenia. Intrapetiolar stipule Fig.2.40: Gardenia. 5, Auriculate Stipules ‘The stipules are ear-lobe like at the base of the leaves around the node Eg. Cassia auriculata. Auriculatestipule Fig.2.41; Cassia auriculata. 6. Ochraceous Stipules The stipules of each leaf fuse .7. Sheathing Stipules The four stipules belonging to t membranous, ring-like structure around the stem. .¢ to form a loose sheath around the stem. Eg. Polygonum. he pair of opposite leaves are united to form a thin, . Eg. Hydrophylax.GE eu 26 Ochraceous stipule Sheathing stipule Fig.2.42: Polygonum. Fig.2.43: Hydrophylax - Sheathing Stipule Modifications of Stipules The stipules are modified into special organs to perform different functions. 1. Foliaceous stipules 3. Stipular spines 2. Stipular tendrils 1. Foliaceous Stipules The stipules are enlarged into Eg.Lathyrus odoratus. leaf-like structures known as Soliaceous Stipuly Tendril (modified stipule) Tendril (modified entire leaf) Fig.2.45: Stipular Tendrils-Smilax. Lathyrus 2. Stipular Tendrils The stipules are modi! in “ p ee fed into tendrils which help the plant to climb onthe SF:2; Morphology of Angiosperms 7 ipular Spines lipules are modified into spines. Eg. Pithecolohium dulce phus, Acacia etc. Stipular spine ig.2.46: Stipular spine-Zizyphus, Phyllotaxy (Phyttoraxy refers to the mode of arrangement of leaves at the nodes of the stem. Types of Phyllotaxy 1. Alternate phyllotaxy 4. Whorled phyllotaxy 2. Opposite phyllotaxy 5. Mosaic phyllotaxy 3. Ternate phyllotaxy 6. Radical phyllotaxy 4. Alternate Phyllotaxy In this type only one leaf is attached to each node of the stem. a) Alternate Spiral Phyllotaxy: When the alternate leaves are arranged spirally on the stem, the phyllotaxy isspiral. The leaves are oriented at all angles of the stem, Eg, Hibiscus. b) Alternate Distichous Phyllotaxy: in this type, the leaves are attached to the lefi and right of the nodes. So the leaves are oriented only in two angles. Eg, Polyalthia, Fig.2.48: Opposite super posed- Fig.2.47; Alternate distichous Quisqualis. arrangement-Polyalthia. 2. Opposite Phyllotaxy . In this type, leaves are attached to the nodes in pairs opposite to each other.Fig.2.49: Opposite Decussate arrangement-Ixora. Fig.2.50: Ternate phylig Nerium. ‘ayy. a) Opposite Superposed Phyllotaxy: Inthis type, the pair of leaves attached to the nodes are in the same angle. So the, pair of leaves stand one above the other Eg. Quisgalis. Shoes, ) Opposite Decussate Phyllotaxy: In this type, the successive pair of leaves are attached to the nodes at right anglest n another, So the leaves are oriented in four vertical rows. Eg. Calotropis, Ixora, 3. Ternate Phyllotaxy ‘A group of three leaves occur as a whorl at each node of the stem. Eg. Nerium, 4. Whorled Phyllotaxy A group of four leaves occuras.a whorl at each node of the stem. Eg, Allamania, Fig.2.51: Whorled phyllotaxy- Fig.2.52: Mosaic Allamanda eo 7 hy! -Acalypha. sicricPhylomny (ie cee) ee a The smallerand larger leaves afearranged ina mosa : equally expnsodtoaunllgh.Eg.Acipha = Phere tol 6. Radical Phyllotaxy ae The leaves arise in a cluster, from near the ground level, looking as though they hy least ainPine apple, Agave, Aloe, 2: Morphology of Angiosperms 29 ‘Molluge chap.2! perwotditeetly. The stem is highly reduced and subterranean, | | | Fig.2.53: Radical phyllotaxy-Mollugo. | significance of Phyllotaxy Due tophyllotaxy, all the leaves are exposed to sunlight and air. It prevents overcrowding and shading of the leaves by one another, A Forms of Leaves ‘The Jamina of a leaf is an important organ. The shape of lamina is different in different species of plants. Leaf Shape 1, Linear When the veins are parallel to cach other, the leaves become long and narrow. Such s.Wheat, Paddy, etc. | leaves are called linear leave | 2. Acicular The leaves.are long needle shaped. Eg.Pinus. 3. Lanceolate Lance shaped leaves are called lanceolate, The leaves are long and have a narrow and | pointed apex. Eg. Nerium, Bamboo, etc. 9. Reniform The leafs kidney-shaped. Eg. Hydrocotyle. 4. Oblong The leaf is more or less rectangular. Eg. Banana. | 5. Ovate | ‘Theleafis egg, shaped. Eg. Hibiscus, | 6. Cordate | Theleatis heart-shaped. The base of the leaf has a deep notch Eg. Berel-vine. | 7, Sagittate | The leaf is arrow-shaped with basal lobes acute and turned downwards.Eg. Sagittaria. | 8, Hastate | —Itisalso arrow-shaped, but the two basal lobes are directed outwards. Eg.[pomvea. | \Ovate Linear Acicular Lanceolate Fig.2.54: Leaf shapes of lamina. Oblong Obovate Lunate Fig.2.55: Leaf shapes of lamina. The leafis half-moon shaped. Eg. Adiantum, fern. Reniform 10. Lunate 11. Obovate The leaf shape is the reverse of ovate. Eg. Pine apple. 12. Obcordate The leaf shape is the reverse of cordate. Eg. Bauhinia.Chap.2: Morphology of Angiosperms 31 Obcordate Spatulate Elliptical Faleate 13, Spatulate Fig.2.56: Leaf Shapes of Lamina. The leaf shape is like a flat spoon or spatula. Eg. Daisy. 14, Cuneate The leaf is wedge-shaped. Eg. Pistia. 15. Elliptical The leaf shape is like an ellipse, in which the length of the leaf is greater than the breadth. Eg. Gi juava, Vinca rosea. 16. Rotund The leafis circular. Eg.Nasturtium. 17. Falcate The leafis sickle shaped. Eg.Melia. Leaf Margin 1. Entire When the margin of the leaf is smooth and even, itis called entire margin. Eg. Mangifera. 2. Wavy The margin of the leaf is wavy. Eg. Polyalthia. 3. Serrate : ‘The margin of the leafs cut like the teeth of a saw with the teeth pointed upwards. Eg. ‘ose.37 Chap.2: 4. Palmatel Parallel Divergent The veins spread out or diverge from the base of the blade. Eg. Borassus, pb. Palmately Parallel Convergent The veins converge at the: apexat' the leaf-blade. Eg. Grasses, Sugarcane, Bamboo, Types of Leaves ospemns are Hivided into two types. Leavesin 1. 1. simple Leaf ¢ leaf consists ofa single undivided leaf blade. Eg. Hibiscus. 2 Compound Leaf A compound leaf consists of many leaf blades, each having a small stalk of its own, The tiole is known as rachis and each blade i: ied a leaflet. ia ~ / al Paripinnate Tamarindus —_[mparipinnate Azadirachta Fig.2.63: Pinnately compound leaves. Bipinnately compound leaf Caesalpinia Tripinnately compound leaf Moringa Fig.2.64: Pinnately compound leaf.The compound leaves are of two types namely’ 1. Pinmately compound 2. Palmately compound. 1. Pinnately Compound Leaves ae In Pinnately compound leaves the leaflet ql ina pinnate map, i.e. the leaflets are arranged to both the sides of the rachis inpatrs. They are of four types a. Unipinnate Leaf b. Bipinnate Leaf c. Tripinnate Leaf d. Decompound Leaf a. Unipinnate Leaf In this type. the leaflets are attached to the rachis dire It may be paripinnate in whig the rachis ends in a pair of leaflets as in Tamarindus or imparipinnate in which the rachj ends ina: leaflet as in Azadirachta. b. Bipinnate Leaf Inthis type, the primary rachis bears secondary rachis in pinnate mannerand the leaflets an attached to the secondary rachis, Eg. Caesalpinia, Acacia, Cassia. ipinnate Leaf In this type. the leaf has primary rach are attached to the tertiary rachis. Eg. Mori d. Decompound Leaf When the leafis more than thrice pinnate, as a result of which the shape of the leaf appears ‘ected. Eg. Carrot, Coriander: 2. Palmately Compound Leaves In this type, the leaflets are arranged at the tip of the ra a. Unifoliately Compound Leaf b. Biofoliately Polmately Compound ¢. Trifoliately Palmately Compound d. Quadrifoliate Palmately: Compound e. Multifoliately Palmately Compound secondary rachis and tertiary rachis, The leafley tis of five types. Winged petiole nifoliately compound leaf-Citrus ee Bifoliately compound leaf-Bauhinia Fig.2.65: Palmately compound leaf,2: Morphology of Angiosperms 39 Chap. Trifoliately compound leaf- F 2.66: Palmately compound leaf. a. Unifoliately Compound Leaf Iisa palmately compound leaf with a single leaflet. Eg. Citrus. In Citrus the leaf is rifoliately palmately compound, but itis reduced to a single leaflet. The petiole is winged. b. Bifoliately Palmately Compound The leaf consists of two leaflets. Eg. Bauhinia. ¢. Trifoliately Palmately Compound The leaf consists of three leaflets. rythrina, d. Quadrifoliate Palmately Compound The leaf consists of four leaflets. Eg. Marsilea (water fern). e Multifoliately Palmately Compound The leaf consists of many leaflets. Eg. Bombax, 4 sculus. Table.2.1: Difference between simple and compound leaves. Simple Leaf Compound Leaf 1.Itconsists of single lamina. The lamina is completely divided into leaflets, which are attached to the rachis. 2. It bears bud in the axil. The bud is present only inthe axil of rachis, not inthe leaflets. 3. The leaves are arranged The leaflets are not arranged in acropetal in acropetal succession. succession,” Modification of Leaves ; The leaves are the most important part of a plant. They carry out photosynthesis, transpiration and gaseous exchange. Insome plants, the leaves are modified into various structures to serve. special functions. Leaf modifications include the modification of the petiole, rachis, stipules and the leaf blade, 1, Scale Leaves In Xerophytic plants the leaves are modified into scale leaves to prevent loss of water by transpiration, Eg. Muechlenbeckia, Opuntia, Casuarina, etc.40 Phylloclade (flat, green, fleshy stem) Scale leaves-Opuntia Fig.2.67: Modification of leaves. Phyllodes-Acacia 2. Phyllode The primary rachis or petiole is modified into flat, green and photosynthetic structuy, known as phyllode. Eg, Acacia, Parkinsonia. In Acacia melanoxylon, the leavesare bipinnately compound, The primary rachis become green, flat and photosynthetic in function. The modified petiole is called phytiode. In Parkinsonia aculeata, the leaves are bipinnately compound. The stipules and the primary rachis are modified into spines. | ‘The secondary rachii become modified into flat, green and photosynthetic structures known as phyllodes. The leaflets on the secondary rachii are reduced. Primary rachis modified into spine <=? _ Leaf-lets (reduced) Phyllode (modified secondary rachis) Stipular spines Fig.2.68: Phyllode-Parkinsonia. 3. Storage Leaves The scale leaves ofthe bulbs function as storage leaves. Eg. Allium, Lilium.chap. 2% Morphology of Angiosperms 4l 4. Leaf Spines | The leaves of the axillary buds are modified into spines on the phylloclade. Eg, Opuntia. Apex Leaves. Terminal bud Axillary bud Reduced Stem Adventitious root Entire bulb LS.of bulb Fig.2.69: Storage leaves-Onion. 5, Leaf Tendrils ‘Tendrils are delicate, coiled structures which help the weak stemmed plants to climb on the support. Leaflet ‘modified into tendril 5 wh Pisum sativum Sw) Stipule modified g into tendril Fig.2.70: Leaf tendrils. Smilax Petiole modified into tendril Leaf tip modified into tendril Gloriosa Clematis Fig.2.71: Leaf tendrils.42 ‘Tendril (modified entire leaf) Fig.2.72: Leaf tendrils. tu trminal leaflets are moditied into tendrils. ules are modified into tendrils. dified into a tendril. .dril and the stipules are foliacens) a.In Pisum sativum, b.In Smilax, the stip ¢.In Gloriosa, the leaf tip is mo din Lathyrus, the entire leaf is modified into the tem photosynthesis. e. In Clematis, the petiole is long and itis modified intoa tendril. 6. Pitcher Leaf ‘The leaves are modified into pitchers to collec The plant is an epiphytic climber. The leave: water and debris etc. and also provide shelter to the the pitchers and absorb water ‘and minerals. t water and debris. Eg. Dischidia raffles .g are modified into pitchers. The pitts accumulate e ants. Adventitiousns from the nodes grow into t Adventitious root Pitcher leaf Debris 7. Insectivorous plants The leaves are modified to tray it : Nepenthes. 7 ae In Utricularia (Bladder-wort } The Some of the leaf-segments are a iniq pe Morphology of Angiosperms 4B hap? -rminal mouth guarded by the trap door which opens inward only. Sensitive we sentat the mouth ofthe bladder, Digestive glands are located in the inner wall ofthe Jui all animalcules are swept along with water into the bladders. The animalcules are Daler ue digestive glands absorb the nitrogenous matter from the decaying body of the [sie ts inside the bladders, ani rose the leaves are spoon-shaped and bear numerous sensitive flexible and gland aanirs, The glands seerete droplets of fluid, which appear as dew-: Morphology of Angiosperms Chap. 55 _Fasicle q i jsaclustered form of inflorescence and the flowers special Types of Inflorescence ‘yerticillaster Verticillaster is a condensed cymose inflorescence which develops in the axil ofa pair of ite leaves. The first order of branching is dichasial and fu in , rtherbranc! chaste fie lowersare formed around the node ina cluster. Eg, Peete ds tee are short and crowded. Ep. Polyalthia. Stem Leucas-Verticillaster Diagrammatic Verticillaster inflorescence Fig.2.99: Verticillaster inflorescence-Leucas. Ostiole Flowers Thalamus: Fig.2.100: Hypanthodium-Ficus. (sectional view) | 2. Hypanthodium Inthis type, the inflorescence axis is enlarged intoa flask-shaped receptacle witha central cavity, The receptacle opens at the top by a narrow opening ostiole guarded by the incurved his. Numerous small sessile flowers are arranged along the inner walls of the receptacle. Eg. cus. Hypanthodium isalso called syconium and itis greatly condensed cymose inflorescence, The male flowers are placed towards the top of the cavityand the female towards the’ . 3. Cyathium Cyathium inflorescence is a condensed inflorescence, which looks like a flower. eUblicg bdlicay 56 eal ; Iucre of bracts. . pheno ite ; i of invol eae stalked, naked female flower with a tricg, he ovary, seen outside the cup, ral female flower is su rounded by five sco, The central female fl s of reduce’ mate me .e male flowers are naked and eae ale flower is reproge, 2% rect te rh ked and each ree single stamen. Eg, Euphorbia heterophylla. Nectar gland ® Male flowers Ovule flowers Involucre of fe bracts eg Ovary of femalé flower Ee Euphorbia hetrophylla- Ground plan of. Cyathium inflorescence a Inflorescence be ; Fig.2.101: L.S. of Flower —_“ hetrophylla. 4 The Flower ‘§F1Wer is the reproductive unitof angiosperms, Itis a modified vegetative shoot. A typical dicot flower consists of four parts namely calyx, corolla, androecium a _.. gymoecium, The flower is composed ofa very short axis on which the floral leaves are arranged. Sepal 7 —~ ovule Anther thalamus. L.S.of flower Entire flower Parts of the flower! /8:2:/92: Typical dicot flower-Tribulus. ‘The outermost whorl of the flower is called calyx. It called, sepals. Inner to the calyx, the next ‘whorl of the