Bentham and |, Hooker’s System _ of Classification 3 Bentham and Hooker's system of classification is a natural system. Itexplains the real situation of plants on the earth. George Bentham (1800-1884) and Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911) were two great English Botanists working at Royal Botanic Garden, Kew. They published a three- volume work, ‘Genera Plantarum’ in 1862-1883. In that book, plants were arranged accord- ing to their own system, popularly known as Bentham and Hooker's system. It contains de- scriptions with names and classification of about 97,205 seed plants (Flowering plants). Bentham and Hooker’s system has been accepted and followed by many taxonomists all cover the world. It is considered to be the best and outstanding among all the natural systems. Bentham and Hooker classified the seed plants (Phanerogams) into three main classes. They are I. Dicotyledons 2. Gymnospermae 3. Monocotyledons Class |. Dicotyledons Dicotyledons are characterised by 1, Two cotyledons in the embryo. 2. Tap root system. 3. Leaves with reticulate venation. 4, Pentamerous or tetramerous flowers. 5. Distinct calyx and corolla, The class Dicotyledons is divided into three subclasses 1. Polypetalae 2. Gamopetalae 3. MonochlamydeaeSEED PLANTS i Classes | j Dicotyledons Gymnospermae Monocotyledons | Sub classes Family | | 1 1. Gnetaceae | Polypetalae ~Gamopetalae Mongehle- 2 Coniferae Series 3. Cycadaceae Inferae Heteromera Bicarpellata cohorts] cohorts | cohorts | 1. Cuvembrnze = 2 ~ e 2 & 3 zB 8g 1. Bricales 1. coun _ 2. Multiovulatae aquatise 2. Asterales 2 Ee > <2 *S 3. Multiovulatae temestes 3. Campanales 3.Ebenales 3. es - . SLamiates. 4 Microembryae Daphnales 6. Achlamydosporae 7. Unisexuales Thalamiflorae Disciflorae —Calyciflorae cohorts | cohorts | cohorts | | | 1, Ranales 1. Geraniales 1. Rosales 2. Parietales 2. Olacales 2. Mymtales 3. Polygalineae 3. Celastrales 3, Passiflorales 4. Caryophyllineae 4. Sapindales 4. Ficoidales 5. Guttiferales 5. Umbellales 6. Malvales | Fig.3.1: Outline of Bentham and Hooker’ System. Merits of Bentham and Hooker System |. This system has been worked out after careful comparative examination of about 97- 205 seed plants. 2.Itis very simple and in workable form for field identification, Seed plants are divided into classes, subclasses, ies. series, cohorts, families, generé Chap.3: Bentham and Hooker's System of Classification 95 6 a ea a are described after Dicotyledons. This view has heen accepted by ua Gj ae ia af Monocotyledons, importance wan given to the posttlon of ovary 6, Dicotyledons are divided into three subclasses namely, Polypetalac, Gamopetalae and Monachlamydeae on the basis of nature of petals. ' 7. The series Disciflorae is newly introduced. Its accepted by taxonomists. 8. Aquatic and terrestrial conditions are considered for grouping, vorne plants Because of these merits, this system has been followed in England, the USA, European countries and the commonwealth countries, Demerits of Bentham and Hooker System 1. No importance is given to the phylogeny of plants. 2. Gymnosperms are placed between Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons for: convenience, without considering their relative affinities. 3, Amtificial characters are considered here and there. widely separated from one another. 4. There is no uniformity in the arrangement of groups. For example, Monocotyledons are directly divided into series and the series into familics, no subclasses and cohorts. 5, Some families placed in Monochlamydeae have much affinities with thowe having biseriate perianth. 6.Inthe arrangement some families have no affinity with living allies, buthave affinities with extinct forms. 7. In the classification of Monocotyledons importance is not given to all natural char- acters. They are divided mainly on the basis of ovary position and perianth nature alone. In that attempt, some families are placed along with unrelated families. Exarmple- The family Jridaceae is closely related to Liliaceae, butitis placed along with Scitamineae, o some closely related families are QUIDDivision = Spermatophyta Sub-division - —— Phanerogams Class = Dicotyledons Sub-class =~ Polypetalae Series - —— Calyeiflorae Order = Rosales Family ‘Fabaceae Caesalpinioideae ‘abaceae( Leguminosae). Hutchinson raised it to the rank of the family Caesalpiniaceae. It is popularly known as Cassia family. Some common plants are Cassia, Aavarai, Dividivi, Tamarindus (Tamarind), Cacsalpinia, Delonix (Flame of the forest) and Parkinsonia. Distinguishing Characters of Caesalpinioideae 4-The'plants are mostly trees, rarely shrubs, EBileaves are compound and alternate, he inflorescence is a corymib or panicle. * 4, Flowers are bisexual, irregular (cygomorphic) and perigynous. 5. The calyx consists of 4-5 sepals, polysepalous with imbricate aestivation. 6. The corolla consists of 4-5 petals, polypetalous with ascendingly imbricate acstivation. 7. The androecium consists of 10 free stamens, diplostemonous. 8. The gymoecium is monocarpellary, unilocular, ovules on marginal placentation. Ovary is half-inferior, 9. Fruitis a legume. 0 Seeds are with or without endosperm. M Formula Br, $.8, Ky Cy Ay G-e COO! 1840 thon, eee Ee ee Distribution The subfamily Caesalpinivideae or Cassia lnnity consistiol 145 poner Mostly trypigy indistribution. Vegetative Charactors Habit : Mostly trees = Tumarindus, Deloniy, Parkinvonia, ete, or shruby » Cay, auriculata, Rarely herbs, Bauhinia is a woody climber. ranched tap-root. ' i em i col woody, fa aes i a ‘ie nate, stipulate and pulviaate, They are Planar compound in Tamarindus, bipinnately compound in Caesalpinia and Deloniv and bifalate, compound in Bauhinia. tn Parkinsonia, the leaflets very nnuch reduced and photoxynts, is done by the lat, green secondary rachii, called phyllades. The primary rachis is redyca) into aspine. Leaflets Fig.6.1: Parkinsonia phyllode. Floral Characters Inflorescence __ Theinflorescence is a raceme, lowers ‘The flowers are bisexual, | perigynous: | Calyx / consists of 4 to 5 sepals, polysepalous, The odd sepal is la Position: In Tamarindus, the posterior two sepal: sepals. The sepals are yellow in Cuesalpinia pulcherr Corolla Itconsists of 4-5 petals, Polypetatous. Of the five pet clawed. The clawed petal is Posterior and innermost in bud, ‘Present. The remaining two petals are reduced to bristles. In Sar The aestivation is ascendingly imbricate. corymb, ora panicle, Zygomorphic, pedicellate, bracteate, pentamerous and ger, hooded and anteriorit © united and so the calyx consists of ima. The tion is imbricate. Is, one is different in shape at In Tamarindus, only 3 peualsa® "aca, petals are absent (apetalots)Chap.6: Caesalpinioideae a3 Atwig Flower Short stamen (staminode) Corolla ‘Androecium : Long stamen(3) Medium stamens(4) Short stamens (3) (Staminodes) Fig.6.2: Cassia auriculata.110 Gynoecium CS. af ovary Fig.6.3: Cassia auriculate- (Continuation: Androecium It consists of 10 stamens, free, diplostemonous, filaments fez and anequal = Tamarindus, only 3 fertile stamens are present and monadelphous. [2 Cass. 3 some reduced to staminodes. Anthers are dithecous, basifixed and versanie. Fig.6.4: Caesalpinia pulcherrima (ContinueChap. 6; Caesalpinioideae a LS.of flower P ony sir \ Corolla Ovules on marginal placenta ft f Odd petal 1] (Clawed petal) Ove Fig.6.5: Caesalpinia pulcherrima- (Continuation). aSTR Publicatio. ieee Bose Faces Gynoecium - e 1 is monocarpellary (one carpel), unilocular, one or two Tow of oynles a marina placemation. Ovary is half-inferior. The style is long and the stigma 1s cap" yh 2small stalk called gynophore at the base. Pollination Entomophilous - Insects are attracted by the large showy flowers, nectar, etc. Fruit this alegume. Seeds are albuminous or non-albuminous. Economic Importance of Caesalpinioideae 1. Tamarindus indica (Tam.Puzhi): It isa tree cultivated for its edible fruits. The unr, ‘fruits are rich source of tartaric acid. The fruits are carminative and laxative. The barks ang igaves are employed in tanning. The pulpy mesocarp is used for cooking. 2. Cassia auriculata, C.tora, C.lanceolata (Tam.Tirunelveli senna): The bark, leaves fruits and seeds of these plants are used for tanning. 3. Cassia fistula, Delonix regia, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Caesalpinia coriaris (Divi-Divi plant), Saraca indica, Bauhinia purpurea are grown as garden plants. 4. Haematoxylon campechianum : A stain haematoxylin is obtained from the hex wood. itis used in the laboratory as a nuclear stain. OWED7 |: Mimosoideae Division : Spermatophyta Sub-division i Phanerogams Class i Dicotyledons Sub-class q Polypetalae Series a Calyciflorae Cohort q Rosales Family i Leguminosae Sub-family i Mimosoideae The sub-family Mimosoideae is commonly known as Acacia family. The common plants heeyakkai, Koddukapuli, Touch-me-not, Karuvelamaram, Raintree, etc. Distinguishing Characters of Mimosoideae 1e plants are mostly trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. The leaves are bipinnately compound, stipulate and pulvinate. \¢ inflorescence is a recemose type, spike or head. he flowers are bisexual, actinomorphic, perigynous and bracteate. The calyx consists of 4 or 5 sepals, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation. he corolla consists of 4 or 5 petals, gamopetalous (united corolla- Kception among polypetalae). Aestivation is valvate, Idroecium consists of 10 or numerous stamens. Free or monadelphous. ets dithecous and filaments are brightly coloured. oecium consists of one carpel (monocarpellary) unilocular, ovules iarginal placentation, ovary is half-inferior. - Fruitis a legume or lomentum,Floral Formula Br FD, Kyu Cy Ay = Distribution hily Mimosoideae are distributed in the tropical and sub-tropicg regions of the world, It consists of 30 genera and 1,350 species. OF these, only 87 species an found in India, The members of th Vegetative Characters Habit Mostly trees or shrubs, Rarely herb: trees. Prosopis is a shrub, Mimosa pudica is aquatic plant (Hydrophyte). Acacia melanoxylon i: gigas climbs upon the support by means of the tendrils. Leaves The leaves are bipinnately compound, pulvinate, alternate and stipulate. The stipules are modified into spines. : In Acacia melanoxyton, the leaflets are very much reduced and photosynthesis is done by the flattened, green, leaf-like petiole. This modified petiole is called phyllode. cnterolobium, Pithecolobium and Albizia a, terrestrial herb and Neptunia oleracea x a xerophyte and the huge fiane Entade | Belt’s corpuscle Phyllode (Petiole Spine (Stipule modified) modification) Spine (Stipule modified) . Opening for ants Fig.7.2:Acacia melanoxylon Fig.7.1: Acacia sphaerocepha (Xerophyte showing phyllode) showing myrmecophily. In Mimosa pudica and Neptunia, the leaf-lets show sleeping movements due to th change of turgidity of the cells in the pulvinus. In Acacia sphaerocephala, the stipules are modified into hollow spines. {tis an Australia? 1. At the tip, the spines are provided with small holes. Ants take shelter inside the spine. Th saves are bipinnately compound. At the tip of the feaf-let, there is a small-protein contain ly called the Belt’s corpuscle. There is a mutual relationship between the plant and the an’ ts live upon the Belts corpuscles. In tum, the ants protect the plant from grazing animals of association is a symbiosis known as Myrmecophily.7; Mimosoideae : chap: Floral Characters inflorescence ; jrisa racemose type. Spike as in Prosopis and globose head as in Parkia (Badminton pall ee). Flowers The flowers are small, bisexual, actinomorphic, bracteate, bracteolate, petamerous snd perigynous. Rarely tetramerous as in Mimosa pudica. Calyx itconsists of 4 or 5 sepals. They are united (gamosepalous). Acstivation is valvate. Corolla It consists of 4 to 5 petals. The petals are united (an exception among polypetalae) Gamopetalous. The petals are not attractive. The odd petal is alweys, posterior in postion. The corolla is regular. Aestivation is valvate. Androecium It is the attractive part of the flower. It consists of 10 or numerous stamens. In Pithecolobium, numerous stamens aré present and are monadelphous. in Mim: S ‘stamens. The anthers are dithecous, sometimes gland-tipped znd the filaments a= coloured. _ Gynoecium The gynoecium is monocarpellary, uniloculzr, ovules on marginal placentation =< the ovary is half-inferior or superior. The style is long end the stigms is capitate. Pollination __ Entomophily (by insects) ruits | Itisa legume or omentum, Seeds are non-endospemmous, arillate 2s in Pitheoo! thearil is the outgrowth of the chalazal part of the ov Economic Importance of Mimosoideae L.Acacia arabica: (Tam.Karuvelamaram) A kind of gum i making injury on the stem. The bark is useful for tanning. useful for making agricultural implements and in the construction of cou boats, 2. Acacia concinna (Tam.Cheeyakkai: The dried pods exe powdered asa detergent for washing hairs. Pithecolobium dulce: (Tam.Koddukapuli) The seeds are covered ‘pink aril which is edible. izzia procera: The wood is used in making furniture, etc. nia oleracea: \t is 2 hydrophyte. ft is used as veget2b! ppis spicigera is grown 2s hedge plant. 8Chap.7: Mimosoideac 17 SS Ss PTOI oo v2 Stipular spine Style Y Coloured filament Corolla LS. of flower a Calyx Anther Pistil ; Filament Stigma _ Ovules Style Sepal Fig.7.4: Mimosa pudica./) / v\ CH. otovary Y oy Ovule Locule Ovary wall ' —Z PP: Br, ©, F, Ky Copy GIR Fig.7.4: Mimosa pudica - (Continuation). BIO)Cucurbitaceae The family Cucurbitaceae is popularly known as ‘the Gourd family’. Itis the sixth family of the order passiflorales. Many members of this family are utilized as vegetables. Common Plants 1, Momordica charantia 2. Cucurbita pepo 3. Cucumis sativus 4. Coccinea indica 5. Luffa cylindrica i 6, Lagenaria vulgaris E Distinguishing Characters of Cucurbitaceae 1. The plants are weak - stemmed, tendril climbers. 2. The leaves are alternate, exstipulate, simple, palmately lobed with coarse haits 3. The inflorescence is of racemose type and solitary, axillary cyme. 4. The flowers are unisexual, actinomorphic, epigynous and incomplete. 5. The calyx consists of 5 fused sepals, gamosepalous. Aestivation is imbricate vate. The corolla consists of S united petals (gamopetalous) in valvate or imbricate aestvation of companulate ype. 7. The stamens are usually 3 and inserted on the calyx tube, Anthers are free or cont Division 7 Spermatophyta Subdivision ~ — Phanerogams Class - _ Dicotyledons Subclass - h , t Series = Thalamiftorae | Onder = Passiflorales er, | Family = Cucurbitaceae :Chap. 18 Cucurbilaceac and yyncarpons, The ovary is inferior and ervlocwar 3. The gynoceium is trivarpelary ¢ flowers. Ilocule contains many anatopous ovules in parictal placentation. 10, The style is simple and the stigana is milobed aunt papillose. 11. The fiitisapepa, 12, The seeds are dicogledonous and evalbuminons. ; Distribution The family Cucurditaceae includes about 100 genera and SSO. ypecies, The membersof this family are widely distributed in the mopical and sudsropical regions ofthe world. few species are found in cold temperate climates, eg. Biswanna, Zebneria ote, tn lndia, this Uannily ts represented by only $6 species, Vegetative Characters Habit The plants are herbaceous annuals or perennials, They are mostly tenaril climbers, rarely prostrate or trailing plants. Acanthosicvos is a thorny shrub and Denadrosicves Ws & small tree. Roots The roots form a branched, tap - root s stem, —— Stem ) Tent i [oS ff fa—— mao ‘Sj SS TAY Leaf Fig.18.1: Cucurbita species - A part of pwig showing a tendril. m Ster The stem is herbaceous, usually climbing, fistular and five ridged. \t is glabrous (covered with multicellular hairs), The vascular bundles are bicollaterad, Leaves The leaves are simple, alternate, exstipulate and palmately lobed. Petiole ish | the leaf-base is cordate. Leaf surface is often covered with multicellular hairs. Ten Occurs in the leaf axil or opposite to the leaf. Tendrils are simple or branched and spirally coiled structures. There are various opinions recording the morphology of tendrils in Cucurbitaces 1. Engler stated that tendril is a modified stipule, as the stipule seen in Keaimastis spinosa 2. Muller concluded that lower part of the tendril is the modified stemt and wining pa is |. According to Braun a tendril isa modified bracteole. Extra axillary position of tendrils dence for this belief.18k SEP ublices.. F ~ loral Characters inflorescence , Inflorescence is usualy axillary, solitary eyme. Sometimes, the male lowers ae fom, racemes, cymes or panicles. Flowers ; . The flowers are unisexual, actinomorphic, regular, epigynous and incomplete Male Flower | ‘The male flowers may be produced along with female flowers inthe same plant Luo, ‘separate plant. (eg. Trichosanthes). They are produced in large numbers. Calyx . The cays is eampanulate. consists of 5 fused sepals (gamosepalous). Aestvesn imbricate or valvate. | yo Corolla ” The corolla is companulate . It consists of 5 fused petals (gamopetalous). Pets\s 2. ‘frecin Lufia. Petals maybe white or yellow. Aestivation is valvate or imbricate. The corals is inserted on the calyx tube. Androecium ‘Stamens are found in the male flowers alone. They remain as staminodes in female flows ‘The stamens are 5 in number and inserted on the calyx tube. Stamens are alternate to perk, Anthers are basically dithecous and dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Eg. Fevilfea. ‘There is great variation in the arrangement of stamens among various cucurbits: 1.Fourstamens are fused in pairs and one is free. Therefore, the androecium consiss of two celled stamens and one 2-celled stamen. Eg. Cucurbita, Citrullus. 2. Four stamens united into pairs and one is free. Here, the stamens are monothecous. So the androecium consists of wa 2-celled stamens and one I-celled stamen. eg. Tiladintia ‘The arrangement is the same, but filaments are connate at the base in. Siedium. 3. Two-2 celled stamens and one 1-celled stamen, Eg. Lagenaria, Cucumis. 4. Filaments are united into a column and the anthers are much curved. Eg. Sis 5. Stamens are united into a column bearing a ring of pollen chambers at its top FE Coclanthera, Pistils are altogether absent. Howe ever, pistillodes may be seen in some flowers. Cited unit United anther Discoid. anthers United filament Fused Cucurbita Lagenaria Sicyos filaments Cylanthera Fig.18.2° Androecium types in Cucurbitaceae.Chap.18:Cucurbitaccae 189 Part of a twig with a flower Flower Staminal column of 6 Flower Fused anther lobes Staminal column Staminode Stamen Sepal Anther Ovule ~ filament Ovary. CS. of Ovary Fea Ovule Ovary wall Fig.18.3: Coccinia indica. (Continued...)SEH! '!1)94, g Viner 190 7 Viana Dhaene cf Mlawer o Hloral Formulae oF Hlower: Br, 0, K g Flow. Ay C,, A ” . igs RUC ANG wo “ Fig 18.3, Coceinta indica, (Continuation). ) Female Flower male flowers are produced in the same plant along with male flowers (monoecious) uri ‘separate plant (dioecious). They are usually fewer in number, Calyx The calyx is campanutare. It consists of 5 fused sepals (yamosepalous). Aex imbricate or valvate. Corolla The corolla is campanutate. It is consist of 5 fused petals (yamos on the calyx tube, Aestivation is valvate or imbricate, Androecium Stamens are absent, However, some flowers may have staminodes, Gynoecium The gynoecium consists of 3 fused carpets, syncarpous. Ovary is trilocular or untcult inferior, unilocular (one- celled) and adnate to the calyx tube. There are numerous ovules on three parietal placentas, The placenta is often bifurcating, The style iss The stigma is trilobled and pupillose. ‘paloun), It is inverted The fruit isa pepo (a succulent berry with ahard ring), ¢ seeds are dicotyledonous and non-endospermic, ion tion is carried out by insects (Entomophily), with a straight embryo.tuap_ 18: Cucurbitacene 191 6 Flower ve Staninal column Petal Sepal Single stamen Fig.18.4: Memordica charantia. (Continued...)192 Floral Formulae SF Flower : Br, 0, Kis), Crs) (3) Go @ Flower : Br, @.9. K(5), C(5) Ag, Gy. Fig.18.4: Memordica charantia. Floral Formulae Male Flowers: @, J; K(5), C(5),A5, Go. Female Flower: .9.K(5). C(5),A0. Gay ) Systematic Relationships Cucurbits are very much related to Passifloraceae in the perigynaus flowers sx polypetalous corolla, Therefore, Robert Brown and Bentham and Hooker. place’ ther = the family Passifloraceae. Eich + placed cucurbitaceae near campanulaceae because of the presence of- igynous flowers 2. Pentamerous flowers 3. Gamopetalous corolla 4, United stamens 5, Nature of calyx Eichler’s view has also been accepted and follow. ed in Engler’s system of classification Economic Importance of Cucurbitaceae The family cucurbitaceae is very important in the economic point of view. Cucahis provide vegetables, fruits, medicines, bath-sponges and flasks, . Vegetables Immature fruits of several cucurbits are eaten raw or cooked as ‘Vegetables, The impart ictable yielding plants are listed below: 1. Cucurbita maxima (Tam. Parangikayi; Eng . Squash) 2. Cucurbita moschata (Tam. Parangikayi; Eng. Squash) |. Cucurbita pepo (Tam. Suraikayi; Eng: Pumpkin) Lagenaria siceraria (Tam. Shorakkayi; syn. Lagenaria vulgaris/L. leucantha) uffa acutangula (Tam. Pirkankai; Eng. Ridged gourd) iff cylindrica (Tam. Mozhuku Pirkankai; Eng Sponge gourd: Syn.-L. aegypsia™Chap. 18: Cucurbitaceae _ 7, Momordica charantia (Tam, Pakal; Eng, Bitter gourd), §, Momordica dioica (Tam, Patuppaakai). 9, Momordica tuberosa (Tam. Athalail 10. richosanthes anguina (Tam. Pudalai; Eng. Snake gourd). LL. Trichosanthes cucumerina (Tam. Paeypudalai). 12, Cucumis sativus (Tam. Vellarikkai; Eng. Cucumber). 13. Citrullus vulgaris (Eng. Round gourd). 14. Coccinia cordifolia (Syn. C. indica), 15, Benincasa hispida (Tam. Pushanikai; Eng. Ash gourd). 2. Fruits Ripe fruits of some plants are eaten as desserts or used to make refreshing juices. Examples- 1. Cucumis melo (Tam. Mulampazham; Eng. Musk Melon). 2. Cucumis melo var. utilissimus (Eng. Snake Cucumber). 3. Citrullus vulgaris (Eng. Bitter apple). 4, Citrullus colocynthis (Tam. Peykkumutti; Eng, Colocynth; syn. Colocynthis vulgaris). 3, Medicines Fruit pulp of Cucurbita maxima is used as a poultice on boils, bums and inflammations. Fruits of Momordica charantia are used for stomachic, rheumatism, liver and spleen and diabetes. Root extract is used to stop bleeding. Roots and seeds of Trichosanthes anguina are used in diarrhoea and as a vermifuge. te of Trichosanthes cordata is used to treat leprosy. of Citrullus colocynthis is used for jaundice and urinary troubles. Fruits of Citrullus is are given for diabetics. itangula and Luffa cylindrica. jripe fruits of Lagenaria siceraria is made into country flasks. The pulp is removed hard shell of the fruit by cutting in near the peduncle. The shell so obtained has a cavity c Itis used asa fask in rural villages.19 : Rubiaceae Division - Spermatophyta Sub-division - Phanerogams Class 2 Dicotyledons Sub-class : Gamopetalae Series : Inferae Order - Rubiales Family : Rubiaceae The family Rubiaceae is commonly called ‘the Madder Family”. Itincludes coffee plans. According to the Bentham and Hooker system, it is the second family of the order Rubiales Common Plants 1. Coffea arabica 2. Cinchona officinalis 3, kxora chinensis 4. Oldenlandia umbellata 5. Morinda angustifolia Distinguishing Characters of Rubiaceae 1. The plants are trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. 2. The leaves are simple, opposite decussate and stipulate. 3. The inflorescence is of cymose type. 4. Flowers are bisexual, regular, 4-5 merous and epigynous. 5 The calyx consists of 4 or 5 free sepals in valvate aestivation. 6 The corolla consists of 4 or 5 fused petals in valvate aestivation. 7 The starnens are 4 or 5 and epipetalous. Anthers are 2-cellled, introrse and dehisti"? ygitudinal slits.chap. 19: Rubiaceae §, The gynoccium is bicarpellary, bilocular and syncarpous is inferi 9, Each locule contains one to many ovutes on ale pleat Seen 10. The style is simple and stigma is bifid, . 11, Fruit is a capsule or berry, 12, Seeds are dicotyledonous and albuminous, Distribution The family Rubiaceae includes about 400 genera with 5,300 species. The members of this family are widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions. Some species are found in temperate regions. Some species of Galium occur even in the Arctic regions. In India, this family is represented by about 557. Species. The most common Indian genera are - 195 Cinchona Rubia Coffea Morinda Adina Galium Ixora Hamelia Vegetative Characters Habit : The plants are mostly trees or shrubs. Some are herbs, eg. Oldentandia, Rubia and Galium. Uncaria is a hook climber. Oxyceros is a liane. Hydnophytum and Myrmecodia are epiphytes. Myrmecodia forms tuberous stem which contains many small chambers to harbour ants. So itis said to be a myremecophilous plant, In Nauclea, ants live in cavities of swollen intemodes beneath the inflorescence. In Duroia, they live in cavities of swollen leaf bases. Roots : The roots constitute a branched, tap-root system. Stem : The stem is erect and herbaceous or woody. Sometimes it is climbing or twiner. __ Leaves : The leaves are simple, stipulate and opposite decussate, Leaf margin is Entire or slightly toothed. The stipule may be interpetiolar Ixora, i.c. situated on either side bfthe leaf base or intrapetiolar, ic. situated in front of the leaf base. The size and form of thpules are variable: ~ 1. In Gardenia sps. the stipule looks like a conical capacitor that protects the apex. Capacitor is thrown off as the bud develops. 2. In Pentas, the stipule splits into bristle-like structures having glands. 3. In Galium, the stipule is foliaceous (Leaf-like). 4, Sheathing stipule is present in Hydrophylax. 5. Tubular stipule around the node is seen in Spermacoce. 6, Spiny stipules are found in Psilanthus. jalium, each node has two true leaves and two interpetiolar leafy stipules. the leaf arrangement looks like a whorl. But the stipules have no axillary bud. Floral Characters cence : inflorescence type is variable. It is basically a dichasial cyme. It may be terminal in position. In some species, small flowered dichasia are united into a globose head. In Morinda, inferior ovaries of flowers also get fused.L. S. of Flower Stigma Petal Stamen Surface view of corolla Style with anthers Corolla tube Fig. 19.1: Ixora coccinea, (Continued...) Ipflorescence is a helicoid cyme in Hamelia. It is a Corymbose eyme in Ixord. | in Wendlandia. In Gardenia, flowers are solitary. In Coffea, flowers ate fou" p clusters. ywers are bisexual, tetramerous or pentamerous, actinomorphic, "ult Flowers are unisexual in Coprosma, Bryophyllum and Tricalysia. Brvop!“pap. 19: Rubiaceue 197 Stamen Gynoccium of Ovary Stigma — ‘Anther op Filament Style Floral Diagram Ovary Floral Formula 7 Br®.$. Kg, Cia), Ag GQ) Fig. 19.1: Ixora coccinea. tetrandum is a dioecious plants. Tricalysia is polygamodioeciou is slightly ygomorphic. Calyx The calyx consists of 4 or 5 free sepals. Aestivation is valvate, In Morinda, sepals are reduced into a ring. In Rubia sepals are further reduced into a small rim, One of the sepals in Mussaenda is enlarged and petaloid with a bright colour. Corolla The corolla is tubular, salver-shaped or funnel-shaped. It consists of 4 or 5 fused peuls (polypetalous). Aestivation is valvate or pvisted. Bilabiate corolla is the characteristic feature of Henriquezia. Androecium The number of stamens is as many as petals. The stamens are epipetalous and ternate to petals. They are inserted at or near the mouth of the corolla tube. Anthers dithecous, introrse and dehiscing by longitudinal slits. joecium The gynoecium is bicarpellary and syncarpous. It is pentacarpellary in Hamelia. Ovary ior and bilocular, rarely 5-locular. In Henriquezia ovary is half-inferior and in itis superior, There is one ‘offea) or many anatropous ovules (eg. Cinchona) cule. The placentation is axile, but parietal in Gardenia, The style is simple and is capitate or bilobed. . Flowers of Henriqueziafrie} Publication mn 202 Systematic Relationships ; a7 The family Rubiaceae is related to Adoxaceae and Capparifliacene, but it differs fr, them in the presence of stipules. Rubiaceae is closely allied to Apiae «: (Umbelliferac) in the following features: 6. Endospermie seeds ‘The above said features confirm that Rubiaceae might have originated from Apiaceye Rubiaceae resembles Asteraceae in the globose head inflorescence. It is therefore believe that Rubiaceae is the ancestor of Asteraceae. Economic Importance of Rubiaceae 1. Quinine Quinine is an alkaloid extracted from the bark of Ciuchona tree. It is obtained from Cinchona calisaya, Cinchona ledgeriana, Cinchona robusta, Cinchona officinalis and Cinchona succiruba, Quinine is a febrifuge (drug for fever) to treat malaria, 2. Coffee Coffee is a popular non-alcoholic beverage. It is obtained from seeds of Coffea plants Coffea plants are large shrubs. Coffee is obtained from Coffea arabica (Arabian cofice), Coffea liberica (Liberian coffee) and Coffea robusta (Congo coffee). Coffee is also used to flavour candies, ice-creams and other sweet items. It is a good tonic for heart patients and is a nerve stimulant and diuretic. 3. Dyes Some species give dyes for colouring cloths, wools and other fabrics. Examples - Rubia cordifolia (Tam. Shevelli) Rubia sikkimensis Rubia tinctorum Hedyotis umbellata (Tam. Chiruver; Syn. Oldenlandia umbellata) Morinda angustifolia The dyes obtained from these plants are also used as calico-printing inks. 4. Ornamental plants Many members of Rubiaceae are grown in gardens as ornamental plants. Most of them are shrubs. Examples - Irora arborea Ixora chinensis Ixora fulgens Ixora nodulata Gardenia jasminoides Hamelia patens _— Mussaenda glabrata Anthocephalus indicus ). Fruits Some species give edible fruits. Examples- “Anthocephalous indicusgov Hamelia patens ‘i g. Woods 203 The wood of Adina cordifolia j construction works. Wood of Be fa used for carvings, flooring, rai catching cst. Morinda coreg ae excelsum is used form pale carriages and 7, Medicines ye Mornde dnc ised fortes, The bark of Anthocephalus indicus is en UreS: from fruits of Hamelia pie is ere sed as an antidote for snake-bite. E ver and dropsy. Fruit . r dysentery. Mus -bite. Extract obtained fev psy. Fruits of Randia dumetorum is eae slabrata i sed Fo lysentery and diarthoea, : DWM41. Euphorbiaceae Division - Spermatophyta Sub-division - Phanerogams Class - Dicotyledons Sub-class = Monochlamydeae «#6 er? Seri - Unisexuales Family - Euphorbiaceae The family Euphorbiaceae is commonly called ‘Spurge family’. The common plants are, Castor, Tapioca, Indian gooseberry, etc. 1. Ricinus communis - (Castor-Amanaku) 2. Phyllanthus embilica - (Nelli) x" ~ 3. Phyllanthus niruri - (Keelaneli) z 4. Codiaeum variegatum - (garden crotons) 5. Cieca distica - (Arinelli) 6. Euphorbia heterophylla - (Elai mel roja) 7. Acalypha indica (Kuppai meni) 8. Manihot utilissima (Tapioca - Maravalli) 9. E.sparsiflorus Distinguishing Characters of Euphorbiaceae The plants are mostly herbs, shrubs or trees. The leaves are simple, rarely compound, stipulate. milky /atex is present inthe stem and leaves. ih 3. The inflorescence is racemose or cymose or special type called cyat hae ; The flowers are unisexual, monoecious or dioecious, actinomorplic oF Ygomorphic, monochlamydeous or dichlamydeous.130 canes sts of one or two whorls of perianth lobes. They id, free or united, Aestivation is valvate or imbricate, consists oFone to many stamens. consists of 3 carpels, (tricarpellary, © terminal styles that are forkes The perianth co epaloid or petalu Androecium of male flowers ynoecium ot female flow “ncarpous, ovary superior with thr One or two ovules are present on axile placenta, is by ins ntomophily) capsule. (Regma) The seeds are Distribution r The family Euphorbiaceae consists of 300 genera and 7,500 species. This is the four largest of all angiosperm families. They are cosmopolitan in distribution. Vegetative Characters 6. endospermous and carunculate, Habit Most of the plant shrubs or trees. Herbs as in Phyllanthus niruri, shrubs a are herbs, sniruri. § mbilica and Ricinus, Climbing shrub with stinging nettles : f 4 # > adaptations. Phylloctade is present in Pedilanthus, Many plan Exphorbia, firucalli, Xvlophylla, et in the stem, leaves and fruits. Most of the plants are covered = Latex vessels are pres with spines and prickles. Leaves ‘The leaves are simple or rarely compound, alternate or opposite, variously palmately lobed, stipulate. The stipules modified into spines, hairs and glands. Inxeroptiytic members, the leaves are modified into scales. The leaves are thick and succulert. In Phyllanthus niruri, the leaves are small and simple. But they appear to be compound ‘One can find flowers on the lower side of the leaves ando the leaves are simple only, not compound. ss IES Floral Characters Inflorescence The inflorescence shows great variations. The inflorescence is terminal or axillary: Itis a racemose ot eymose or a special type called cyathium. 1, In Acalypha, the inflorescence is a spike. The female flowers are present at the base and the male flowers abov 2. In Ricinus, the inflorescence is a spike with male flowers at the base and the femal? flowers above. 3. In Jatropha, it is a dichasial cyme. The central flower is female and the peripher! lateral flowers are male. ___ 4.[n Euphorbia, the inflorescence is ofa special type called cyathium, The inflorescen= is highly condensed and it looks like a bisexual flower. The cyathium is regular. There are fo¥ involucre or bracts, which fuse to form a cup. From the middle of the cup arises a single terminal female flower. The female flower is pedicellate and naked, The female flower * rricarpellary, syncarpous, with ovules on axile placenta. The ovary is stalked and superi@” The female flower is surrounded by numerous male flowers, which are arranged in fix? rpiod groups. Each group arises in the axil of a bract. The male flower is naked. Each =!chap Il: Buphortnanede it Cymthium inflorescence Leaf base red in colour Green area rescence Female flower 3 style Superior ovary CS. of ovary Ovary wall Male flower Pe Anther | a Locule t ; Filsroent Ovuleonaxie E i placenta Joint =e : Bract ae Fig 11.1:Family Euphorbiaceae - Euphorbia heterophylla, (Continued..)Be SEEM HbH cat, Floral Diagram for Inflores- ® cence FF: Br $8, Py Acct So Fig.11.1:Family Euphorbiaceae-Euphorbia heterophylla. flower is represented by a single stamen. It is considered as a reduced flower because of the presence of a joint between the stamen and the lower pedicel. The cup bears one or two nectar secreting glands on the outer surface towards the top. 5. In Pedilanthus, the inflorescence is an irregular cyathium, Flowers . The flowers are unisexual, monoecious i.c., the male and female flowers are produced in the same plant eg. Euphorbia, Dioecious, i.e., the male and female plants are separate, ¢2 Mallotus. The flowers are naked as in Euphorbia (no perianth) or monochlamydeous asin the female flower of Croton or dichlamydeous with clearly differentiated calyx and corollaasit Jatropha. Perianth The perianth consists of one or two whorls of perianth lobes. The lobes are free or united, sepaloid or petaloid with valvate or imbricate aestivation. The perianth is absent in Euphorbia Androecium Inmale flowers, Androecium consists of one to many stamens. One stamen as in Euphorbit. Many stamens as in Croton. The stamens are free, the filaments are branched in Ricints: ‘Synandrium is formed in Phyllanthus cyclanthera. Anthersare dithecous, dehiscence longitudit! or transverse slits or by apical pores. 5 Gynoecium , Siok In female flowers, there are 3 carpels, (tricarpellary), syncarpous, ovary superior Wit” ce distinct terminal styles that are forked. The ovary is trilocular with one or two ovules™ ile placenta.Chap. 11: Euphorbiaceae iS ‘a Flower 5 Flattened phylloclade Stipular spine A —_ ig. 1.2:Xplophy ~ Fig 11.2:Xylophylla. Fig.11.3:Euphorbia splendens. Fig. 11.4:Phyllanthus niruri. Fig. 11.5:Euphorbia antiquorum. Fig.1.7:Branched stamen of Fig. 11.6:Manihot utilissima. Ricinus.wa GERD 2222.52 Nh Ring of anthers (synandrium) Spike inflorescence Female flowers Male flower 9.9-Family Euphorbiaceae - Croton Sparsiflorus . (Continued)‘hap. 11: Euphorbiaceae Female flower Stigma Ovary Sepal Floral Dingram for ¢* flower Honey gland Stigma Style Ovary Ovule Sepal Floral Diagram for Q flower ° (@ ey BF: Brg .®, KC,A, G6, Fig. 1.9:Family Euphorbiaceae ~ Croton sparsiflorus, Female flower Male flower Fig. 1.10: Pedilanthus-lrregular evathium.Pollination : The pollination is by. entomophily. in Poinsettia, Euphorbia heterophylla/ etc. Fruit ‘ late. A capsule-regma, Seeds are endospermous and caruncu i. 13. 14, Economic Importance of Euphorbiaceae Manihot utilissima: (Tapioca-Maravalli) The tuberous roots are edit, They contain starch. Seer ear Phyllanthus emblica: (Nelli) The fruits are rich in vitamin c and are use inpickles. Cicea distica: (Arinelli) The fruits are edible. Ricinus communis: (Castor) Castor oil is extracted from the seed (city endosperm). It is medicinal. It is used asa /ubricant and laxative. on Sapium sebiferum : A kind of wax is obtained from seeds, which is used in the manufacture of candle. Phyllanthus niruri (Keelanelli): The plant is medicinal. It is a good medicine for jaundice. Acalypha indica (Kuppaimeni) is medicinal. Hevea brasiliensis: (Para rubber). It yields rubber. Manihot glaziovii: (Cera rubber) The latex of both plants is an important source for the production of rubber. Aleurites fordii: Tung oil is extracted from the seeds of the plant. It is used/as a /ubricant and in the manufacture of soap. Aleurites laccifera: The shellac producing insect lives on this plant. . Euphorbia heterophylla, Poinsettia pulcherrima, Euphorbia splendes Jatropha, Codiacum variegatum are grown as ornamental plants becausé of the petaloid leaves, Tragia cannabina (Shenthatty): Stinging nettles are present. Mallotus: The fruits yield a dye called ‘Kamala ae a BmwE!D ‘The flowers areattractive. Bracts are brightly colo, i14 | Poaceae Division : Spermatophyta Sub-division - Angiosperms Class - Monocotyledons Series - Glumaceae Family - Poaceae or Gramineae The family Poaceae is commonly knownas ‘Grass family’. The common plants are wheat, tice, oats, com, sugarcane, bamboo, etc. 1. Triticum vulgare - wheat 2. Zea mays - corn i 3. Oryza sativa - rice 4, Saccharum officinarum - sugarcane 7 5. Avena sativa - oats 6. Bambusa arundinacea - bamboo Distinguishing Characters of we Poaceae“ ° 1. The plants are annual, biennial or perennial herbs. Rarely arborescent. 2. The leaf is simple, alternate. It has a long narrow leaf blade, leaf sheath and a ligule. 3. The inflorescence isa spike ot panicle, consisting of many spikelets. 4. The flowers are bisexual, rarely unisexual, zygomorphic and hypogynous- Each flower has a bract (lemma) and a bracteole (palea). 5. The perianth is highly reduced and represented by 2 or 3 fodicules. - 6.The androecium consists of 3 or 6 stamens. Anther is dithecous 2nd versatile.= ts STE 7. The gynoecium in manocarpellary (single carpel) and antlocutar one ovate, Ovary is superior with one to three styles, The alga is feathery, 8. Pollination is brought about by ait. (Anemophily) 8. The finit is dry indehiscentiand is called caryopts, 10. The seeds are endaspermons, The embryo consists OF single terni,, cugrledon called the seutellum, a plumule and a radtele, Floral Kormula On Lig bi, © YP (lidicules)A,,., at sativa Distribution ‘The family Poaceae or Gramineae is represented by 620 genera and 10,000 species isthe fourth Luyest family ofthe angiosperms, This family ranks first in the economic inp, The plants are distributed in all parts of the world. Vegetative Characters f | t | i Habit ‘The plants are annual, or biennial or perennial herbs, But Bambusa alone is x arborescent member, The stem is called culm, It is Hollow in the internodal portions and solid at the node | region. (Bambusa). In sugarcane, maize, etc., the stem is solid throughout. i Leaves The leaves are simple, alternate and distichous, They arc radical or cauline. The base is sheathing. At the junction between the leaf sheath and the blade, on the inner side ; is a membranous outgrowth called the ligule. The leaf blade is linear or lanceolate wx: parallel venation. Inflorescence Sy | (The inflorescence is a spike or panicle. It is terminal or axillary: The infloresce consists of smaller units called “spikelets”) Bach spikelet has a central aXis called the rackile ( The rachilla bears two sterile glumes (or empty glumes) at its base. The sterile glames = \alternate and bract-like: : iey are called stele glume | and sterile glume II Sust above the sterile glur: series of 1-4 florets (flowers). Fach floret has a fertile glume called lemma Just above le there isa bracteole, known as paled,-The flower is well protected by lemma and palea 7 flowers are bisexual or uniserual The biserual flower has? lodicules, stamens 206 po SpikeletofOryza The rice spikelet has 5 glumes. The lowermost 2glumes are indistinct and mn: represented by 2 swollen bodies. (Glume | and glume 2) Just above these, there aretwo™ | empty glumes called glume 3 and glume 4. There is a fifth fertile plume called the lem=* | Opposite to the emma, there is a bracteole called the palea. The flower has 2 lodicules* stamens and a pistil. Flowers The flowers are bisexual. In Zea mays, the flowers are unisexual and monoecios* * Spinifex, flowers are unisexual and dioecious, The flowers are hypogynous, zygomo”? and trimerous. ‘ { Floral Characters t tpl Poaceae () Panicle inflorescence Uigite alade Sheathing Leaf base | o Lodicule 7 Floret a %, Palea 6, % — Sterila glume Il { Sterile glume Fig. 14.2: Structure of typical spikelet of Poaceae Diagramatic. Perianth __ The perianth is highly reduced and represented as fodicules. In Bombusa, there are 3 les and 2 lodicules in Oryza sativa. Lodicules are numerous in Ochlandra, The lodicules wedge-shaped. The lodicules are hyaline and hygroscopic in nature.166 eublication There are different views regarding the morphology ‘of the lodicules. They are VCStigeg organs or the remnants of perianth. Another view is that, the fodicules are the bracteaey The lodicules are hygroscopic and swell on absorbing moisture. They press against lem, and palea and expose the stamens. Androecium ; ~~ Ieconsists of 3 stamens rarely 6 stamens as in Bambusa and Oryza sativa. In Ochlandrg ‘numerous stamens are present and are united. In Uniola, there is only one stamen. The flamen acelong, slender and hang out ofthe flowers. Anther is dithecous and versatile. Dehiscencejs longinadinal. Feathery stigma Overy Versatile anther. r)\ ym } sane Palea (bracteole) 3 &— Loiicule Empty alume 4h Lo — set) Empty glume! Fig.14.3: Single spikelet dissected out. Gynioecium {tis monocarpellary, ovary superior, unilocular with only one ovule. Styles 1-3 2x4 the stigma is feathery. Potfination It Fruit {tis adry indehiscent one called the caryopsis. The pericarp is fused with the sced co! (bran) a7 ‘ Seeds Seeds are endospermous with a minute embryo, The endosperm occupies the mai ytion of the grain. The outermost layer of the endosperm is the aleurone layer, It contail® jeaty of protein. The embryo is very small and it lies in one corner. The embryo has asit2®ee 4: Poaceac sutellum, a plun 5 plumule and a radi i ai ce Somhien ulicle. The plumule is covered by coleop! on Pistil bby) a Versatile stamen (6 stamens) - Lodicule @) 9 B Palea (bracteole) xB Lemma (Fertile bract) BL. wes Glumett —€9— Glumel (joined) Fig.14.4: Oryza sativa-Rice-spikelet dissected out. ° L- \ y le Stamen a aed Lodicule ST FFB BLOF ParsnaAnsGl Fig. 14.5: Floral diagram of spikelet of rice.GEER Publicar 168 Lemma (husk) Endosperm Alcurone layer Seutellu Coleoptite Plumule Radicle Outer sterile glume Coleorhiza Fig.14.6: L.S. of paddy grain (Oryza sativa). Economic Importance of the Family Poaceae The family Poaceae is of great economic importance. The cereals which form the staple food of mankind, belong to this family, The vegetative parts of the plants serve as fodder for cattle. 1. Inthe followings members, the grains are used as food. 1. Oryza sativa (Paddy) - Rice 2. Triticum vulgare - Wheat 3. Hordeum vulgare - Barley 4. Zea mays - Maize 5. Pennisetum typhoides - Kambu 6. Eleusine coracana - Ragi 7. Setaria italica - Thinai 8. Andropogon sorghum - Cholam 9. Avena sativa - Oats 2. Intoxicating drinks are obtained on fermentation of certain grains: Arrack fromrice, Whisky from rye and barley Rum from the molasses of sugarcane 3. Saccharum officinarum - Sugarcane. From the stem juice, sugar is obtained. 4. Bambusa arundinacea - Bamboo. The stem is used for construction, making boats ete. i 5. Crmbapogon citratus - Lemon grass oil” is obtained from the leaves. : 6, Feteveria zizanoides -(veliver) An aromatic oil is extracted from the roots. Itis used? the perfumery. 7. Spinifex squarrosus - Common on the sea-shore. A good sand binder. mmm