SYNOPSES

CHAOTIC SYSTEMS, CONTROL AND SYNCHRONIZATION

There are physical systems which are governed by non linear equations and the study of onset
of chaos in them is very important. Investigation of various Control and Synchronization
techniques of chaotic systems is also relevant with respect to Secure communication,
Neuroscience, communication networks, Economics, Fluid dynamics, Biological Systems
Oceanography etc.

Detecting chaos in a system requires accurate characterisation of the dynamics which predicts
the evolution of the system. Developing and employing various methods to identify the
chaotic systems is most significant in the study of chaotic dynamics. Currently, there are
many methods for detecting chaos from time series data suchas estimating the maximum
Lyapunov exponent and other tests for chaos. Recently, another test for chaos has been
developed which is referred to as the heuristic method.The heuristic method determines
whether a system is chaotic by using the power spectrum of the time series measured from
the system. The system’s dynamics can be characterized by counting the number of peaks in
the system’s power spectrum. Generally speaking, chaotic systems will have a power
spectrum that contains a large number of peaks spread out over a large range of frequencies;
whereas, non-chaotic (e.g., periodic and quasi-periodic) systems will have fewer, more
separated, peaks. The modified heuristic method characterize the dynamics of the system
using only the measured data which allows the frequency spectrum to be estimated even
though the data are irregularly sampled.

CHAOS SYNCHRONIZATION

Chaos synchronization is an important problem in non linear science. In the last few decades,
synchronization has received a great deal of interest among scientists from various fields. The
various types of chaos synchronization, whose description may require different theoretical
frameworks were found in natural systems and specified.

Several schemes can be used to achieve synchronization of two identical systems. It includes
Pecora and Carroll method, active control method, adaptive control method etc. Identical
synchronization has clear application to secure communication due to special features of
chaotic systems, such as being extremely sensitive to tiny variations of initial conditions and
system parameters.
The practical applications of chaos synchronization show the limitation of identical
synchronization: parameter mismatch will probably destroy the manifold of this
synchronization. Consequently, generalized synchronization was introduced. Generalized
synchronization can give much richer dynamics than identical ones.

Over the last decade, a number of new types of synchronization have also been identified:

1) Generalized synchronization (Rulkov (1995); Kocarev, Parlitz (1996))

2) Phase synchronization (Rosenblum (1996); Pikovsky (1997))

3) Complete synchronization (Pecora and Carroll (1990)

4) Lag synchronization (Rosenblum (1997))

5) Anti synchronization

6) Hybrid synchronization

CHAOS CONTROL
A variety of approaches have been proposed for the synchronization of chaotic systems such
as:

ACTIVE CONTROL METHOD

A method for attenuating unwanted disturbances using controllable secondary sources whose
output are arranged to interfere destructively with the disturbance from the original primary
source. It is widely used in the control of sound and vibration and is different from passive
methods of control in which sound or vibration is absorbed or reflected by elements that are
not themselves capable of generating power. Current industrial applications include the active
control of sound in headsets, in air conditioning ducts and in propeller aircraft as well as
active isolation of vibration in industrial machines and helicopters ].

A novel technique using active control based synchronization scheme is used for controlling
directed transport arising from co-existing attractors in non-equilibrium physics – the so-
called ratchets.

OGY METHOD
The Ott–Grebogi–Yorke method, known as OGY method, is a feedback control method,
which uses the chaos in system to stabilize an unstable periodic orbit. The main idea of the
method is to adjust the parameter perturbations for relatively small time in order to stabilize
the desired unstable periodic orbit (UPO) and obtain an attracting time-periodic motion. This
control technique is practical from an experimental stand point because it requires no
analytical model of the system. It just requires determining the fixed point and the stable and
unstable directions. However, the success of the original OGY theory is limited by the fact
that, it applies only to systems where the manifolds are constructed directly by using the
Jacobian eigenvalues and eigenvectors. In most of dynamical systems, the dynamics is not
confined to a lower-dimensional attractor. Chaos control in higher dimensional systems is
technically difficult because it may be impossible to construct the stable and unstable
directions

DELAYED SYNCHRONIZATION SCHEME

Time delay effects can also be investigated on master-slave synchronization schemes.

Sufficient conditions for master-slave synchronization of chaotic systems be developed for a
known time delay in the master and slave systems. A delay dependent synchronization
criterion is given based upon a new Lyapunov-Krasovskii function (Based on the Lyapunov-
Krasovskii approach, we show that for sufficiently small values of the time-delay upper
bound, both synchronization and information reconstruction objectives are ensured under a
condition of persistent excitation and after solving a convex optimization problem). This
criterion is a sufficient condition for global asymptotic stability if the error system, expressed
by means of a matrix inequality. The feedback matrix follows from solving a nonlinear
optimization problem.

SLIDING MODE CONTROL METHOD

Sliding mode may be defined as the evolution of the state trajectory of a system confined to a
specified non-trivial sub-manifold of the state space with stable dynamics. Sliding mode
control is a nonlinear control strategy. It includes two parts: switched control and equivalent
control. Traditional sliding mode control cannot predict the time in reaching sliding surface
and assure system robustness. It also often has chattering phenomena for which the sliding
mode controller is applied .
Sliding mode control appears to be suitable for chaos control purposes. In particular,
robustness property of sliding mode controllers affords dealing with uncertain and perturbed
chaotic systems, provide an upper bound of these uncertainties and disturbances is known

ADAPTIVE CONTROL METHOD

An adaptive control system measures a certain performance index (IP) of the control system
using the inputs, the states, the outputs and the known disturbances. From the comparison of
the measured performance index and a set of given ones, the adaptation mechanism modifies
the parameters of the adjustable controller and/or generates an auxiliary control in order to
maintain the performance index of the control system close to the set of given ones (i.e.,
within the set of acceptable ones).The control system under consideration is an adjustable
dynamic system in the sense that its performance can be adjusted by modifying the
parameters of the controller or the control signal. The above definition can be extended for
“adaptive systems” in general (Landau 1979). An adaptive control system can be interpreted
as a feedback system where the controlled variable is the performance index (IP). An
adaptive control system will use information collected in real time to improve the tuning of
the controller in order to achieve or to maintain a level of desired performance.
To achieve chaos synchronization, it is usually assumed that both the structure and the
parameters of a targeted chaotic system are available while the sole unknown is its initial
conditions. Obviously this assumption is impractical as the exact model of the system may
not be known and parameter uncertainties exist in common. Therefore, synchronization of
chaotic system with unknown parameters, also called adaptive synchronization becomes
more and more attractive. Adaptive synchronization demands a design of adaptive observer
for the simultaneous state-parameter estimation of a system.
The most popular potential application of various strategies for chaos synchronization must
be related to secure communication and the basic working principle can be briefly described
as follows. Messages are encrypted by the use of a chaotic system embedded in the
transmitter of a communication system, based on different encryption schemes. The cipher-
text is then transmitted to the receiver via an open channel. At the receiver end, original
message is obtained when another copy of same chaotic system is driven to be synchronized
by the received signal. To reduce the communication cost and improve the security of the
system, only partial system information, is commonly transmitted. To further relax the
stringent requirement of having identical chaotic models at transmitter and receiver ends, the
concept of adaptive synchronization have been employed recently.

The in-use chaotic system in a cryptosystem must be anti-adaptive so as to prevent intruder

from retrieving the system states and the parameters based on the observability of the
transmitted output. This adaptive synchronization problem is considered to be typical but
challenging for which the existing global adaptive observer design methods fail because, the
Lyapunov stability theory applied in adaptive observer design usually impose some
restriction. To resolve this limitation many attempts related to synchronization based
parameter estimation techniques have been suggested. To design an adaptive rule for
parameter estimation driven by the synchronization error, a local adaptive Lyapunov function
has been suggested so as to design the parameter adaptive control loops for the
synchronization of a given system as well as estimating the unknown parameters.

It has been proven by researchers that the synchronization errors and the parameter
estimation errors converge to zero asymptotically, by achieving a negative largest conditional
Lyapunov exponent. But it still fails to estimate multiple unknown parameters if they appear
in the dynamical evolution of the variables other than observable one

BACK STEPPING CONTROL METHOD

The back stepping design scheme which can guarantee global stability, tracking and transient
performance for a broad class of strict-feedback nonlinear systems, has been widely
employed for controlling, tracking and synchronizing many chaotic systems as well as hyper
chaotic systems . The advantages of back stepping include applicability to a variety of chaotic
systems with or without external excitation, need for only one controller to realize
synchronization, and have requirement of less control effort in comparison with other control
methods. The adaptive back stepping design, besides its efficiency would also reduce
considerably the controller complexity, since only one control function is required to achieve
the synchronization goal.

The back stepping design procedure contains n steps. At first an intermediate control function
αi shall be developed using an appropriate Lyapunov function Vi. Next an update for the
parameter estimate is designed, thereafter, the stabilizing function αi and an update law are
designed to render the derivative of the chosen Lyapunov function negative definite. Back
stepping is a systematic Lyapunov method to design control algorithms which stabilize
nonlinear systems.
Back stepping design is a recursive procedure that combines the choice of a Lyapunov
function with the design of a controller. There are several advantages in this method for
synchronizing chaotic systems: (a) it presents a systematic procedure for selecting a proper
controller in chaos synchronization; (b) it can be applied to a variety of chaotic systems
whether they contain external excitation or not; (c) it needs only one controller to realize
synchronization between chaotic systems; (d) there is no derivatives in controller, so it is easy
to be complemented.

It has been employed recently to control a third order phase locked loops, permanent magnet
reluctance machine, a hydraulic servo system and to synchronize Genesio chaotic systems as
well as demonstrate the control of directed transport in inertial ratchets .

In the proposed research work it is intended to

 Do the characterisation of the dynamics of systems which predicts the evolution of

them
 Develop and employ various methods to identify the chaotic systems in various
systems
 Identify the parameters influencing the behaviour of a system operating in chaotic
region
 Study how chaotic systems organise themselves in performing useful tasks
 Investigate the underlying mechanisms enabling the interactions between the
subsystems
 Find how these mechanisms can be used in building other systems of practical
importance
 Investigate whether chosen chaotic systems can be controlled.
 Find out the various synchronization possibilities of chaos with other chaotic systems

The studies can be on laser systems, communication systems, biological systems, various
networks including neural networks. The synchronization, asynchronization and control of
chaos in various chaotic systems can also be studied