!"#$
 !"#$%&'
%&' )*%++%*
)*%++%* ,,
-% .*%+/012% 34& 15.&67 % 0# +4313%

>%*&"7 ? @*%5 A"5%B

>*4%3"*47 34& A60"3" !"#$%&'
!"#$%&'

85107 9: ; <=
!"#$%"&'( *+(,# -' ('.(+-"//&012 -&34(&5"/&012 /+,"1&/#/&01 .65$&/# + 4(#13*+(,#/&01 -' '34# +5(# 3+$+ ."'-' 3'(
('#$&7#-# /+1 $# #"4+(&7#/&01 -' 3"3 4&4"$#('32
4&4" $#('32 3#$8+ '9/'./&01
'9/'./&01 .('8&34# .+( $# $':; <& 1'/'3&4# *+4+/+.&#( + '3/#1'#( #$=61
*(#=,'14+ -' '34# +5(# -&(>?#3' #  !"
 !"#$ %&' '1 15C"D?"#0%&'E47
#$%&'

<'="1-# @-&/&01
A&3'B+ : ,#%"'4#/&01C <#(# D#((+3#
E,.('3&01C E/+,=(#.F <; D;

G HIJKLMNI< <; D;
O$#7# !+1/'./&01 K('1#$ P2 QRM S TTUUV W"'3/# X@3.#B#Y
O(&14'- &1 <.#&1 S E,.('3+ '1 @3.#B#2 TUPV
E<MJ Z[\S\VSZVQU][SPSZ
A'.03&4+ D'=#$ W^ QP\STUPV
<
 _1-&/'
!"#$ &' ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( && V;SN'#-&1=
V;SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1 Xb#32 b'('Y
1.-Cuanticadores
1.-Cuanticadores con sustantivos contables e ];SO(+1"1/&#/&01
];SO(+1"1/&#/&01 m+"$-
&1/+14#5$'3 f;SOF(#3#$ l'(53
T;S<&,&$#(
T;S<&,&$#( 4+2 -&**'('14 *(+,2 4F' 3#,' #3 [;S@14+1#/&01; ` /+18'(4&-# '1 N X`#..'- `Y
Q;S`+ a1+b F+b 4+
V;ScA+ :+" a1+b bF'(' 4F' 34#4&+1 &3de !"#$ *0 ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( /.
];SE14'((+=#4&8#
];SE14'((+=#4&8# 1'=#4&8# P;S<&,.$'
P;S<&,.$' O#34; l'(5+3 &(('="$#('3
f;Sg+"h- 5'44'( Xi+4F'(b&3' j +( '$3'Y T;S<&,.$'
T;S<&,.$' O('3'14 j <&,.$' O#34; N'3."'34#3 /+(4#3
[;S `+
`+ #**+(-
#** +(- Q;S@$
Q;S@$ "3+ -'$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' '1 &1=$p3
\;SE4 -+'31h4 ,#44'(2 E -+1h4 ,&1-2 E -+1h4 /#('2 1'8'( V;SK3 ,"/F #32 #3 ,#1: #3
,&1- ];S`++2 '1+"=F
Z;Sk'4
Z;Sk'4 +1 4F' 5"32 ='4 &14+ 4F' /#( f;Sl'(5
f;Sl'(5 l+/#5"$#(:
l+/#5"$# (:
PU;SS O(+1"1/&#/&01; @$ 3+1&-+ ʌ
PU; [;S@14+1#/&01
PP;S@14+1#/&01 \;SO(#3#$ l'(53
PT;SOF(#3#$ l'(53
PQ;SN'#-&1=
PQ; SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1 !"#$ *& ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ')
P;SE4 4#a'3
!"#$ &) ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( *) T; ScW+b *#( &3 &4 *(+,;;;e
P;S m#3 j m'(' Q;SO#34 !+14&1"+"3
T;Sm#3 #1- b'(' .(#/4&/' V;Sq"4"('
V;Sq"4"(' &1 4F' .#34 j q"4"(+ !+14&1"+ '1 '$ O#3#-+
Q;SO('3'14
Q;SO('3'14 <&,.$' #1- <&,.$' O#34 ];SN'.+(4'- <.''/F
V;S`+ 5' 5+(1 f;S!+,.#(#4&8+3
];Sm#3 j b'(' /+13+$&-#/&01 [;S!+,.#(#/&01
[;S!+,.#(#/&01 "3#1-+C #3;;; #3;;;
f;S@$
f;S@$ 8'(5+ 4+ =&8' : 3&,&$#('3 \;SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1
[;SN'.#3+ 8'(5+ 4+ #3a Z;SOF(#3#$ l'(53
\;S<"..+3'- 4+ PU;Sl'(5
PU;Sl'(5 l+/#5"$#(:
l+/#5"$# (:
Z;Sm+"$- X/+1-&4&+1#$Y PP;S@14+1#/&01;
PP; S@14+1#/&01; @1*#4&7#( .#$#5(#3 #$ ',.'7#( "1#
PU;S@$3' /+18'(3#/&01
PP;SE4 -'.'1-3 +1
PT;SO$#1&1= 4+2 +1 !"#$ ** ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ))
PQ;SE /#1 4'$$ P;SO#3#-+
P;SO#3#-+ <&,.$'C 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3
PV;SO(+1"1/&#/&01 T;SO#3#-+
T;SO#3#-+ <&,.$'C 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3
P];S@14+1#/&01;
P]; S@14+1#/&01; O(n/4&/# -' "1&01 -' .#$#5(#3 Q;SE4
Q;SE4 4#a'3 3+,'5+-: j &4 4++a 3+,'5+-:
Pf;SN'#-&1=
Pf; SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1 X/#12 /#1h4Y V;SN'#-:2 b&$$&1=
P[;SOF(#3#$ l'(53 ];SN'#-&1=
];SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1
f;S@14+1#/&01; OF(#3#$ l'(53
!"#$ &+ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ,- [;SOF(#3#$ l'(53
P;SH#a' #1- -+ \;Sl'(5
\;Sl'(5 l+/#5"$#(:
l+/#5"$# (:
T;SD'33
T;SD'33 4F#1 j *'b'( 4F#1
Q;Sl'(: *'b2 8'(: $&44$' !"#$ *- ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( +-
V;S`F'(' b#32 4F'(' b'(' P;SO#3#-+
P;SO#3#-+ <&,.$'C 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3
];S
];S`F'(' b&$$ 5' #1- 4F'(' &3 =+&1= 4+ 5' T;SO#3#-+
T;SO#3#-+ <&,.$'C 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3
f;SM+('-2 5+(&1= Q;Sl
Q;Sl'(5+3
'(5+3 &(('="$#('3;
&(( '="$#('3; O#4(+1'3 -' .(+1"1/&#/&01
[;SO(+1"1/&#/&01 V;SK-?'4&8+3 3".'($#4&8+3
\;SOF#3#$ l'(53 ];SK1+4F'(2 4F' +4F'(2 +4F'(32 4F' +4F'(3
f;Sl'(5
f;Sl'(5 l+/#5"$#(:
l+/#5"$# (:
!"#$ &. ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( /& [;S@14+1#/&01;
[;S@14+1#/&01; O#$#5(#3 #/'14"#-#3 -'3."p3 -'
P;S<&,.$'
P;S<&,.$' O#34 S l'(5+3 N'="$#('3 S O(+1"1/&#/&01 @A ',.'7#( $# /+18'(3#/&01
T;S<&,.$'
T;S<&,.$' .#342 ,'/n1&/# \;SOF(#3#$ 8'(53
Q;SN'.#3+o .('="14#3 -' W : m

F
!"#$ *, ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( .& PU;S`F' ,+(';;;;;4F' ,+('
P;SO('3'14'
P;SO('3'14' O'(*'/4+ PP;SW#..'1 4+
T;S<+ *#(2 '?'(/&/&+ PT;SOF(#3#$ l'(53
Q;S@9/'./&+1'3
Q;S@9/'./&+1'3 -' O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ PQ;SN'#-&1=
PQ;SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1
V;SmF+ 3#b :+"d mF+ -&- :+" 3''d PV;S@9.('33&+13
];S`+ F#8' 4(+"5$' S&1=2 4+ F#8' # F#(- 4&,' S&1= P];Sl'(5
P];Sl'(5 l+/#5"$#(:
l+/#5"$# (:
f;Sk+
f;Sk+ 4+ 5'-2 =+ 4+ 3$''.; q#$$ #3$''. Pf;S@14+1#/&01; N&4,+
[;S<+
[;S<+ -+ E2 1'&4F'( E #,2 '4/;
\;SE
\;SE -+ $&a' &42 3F' -+'3 "1-'(34#1-2 E -+ 1+4 a1+b !"#$ *+ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( &/&
Z;SOF(#3#$ l'(53 P;SN'.#3+
P;SN'.#3+ ='4 +12 ='4 +**2 ='4 &14+2 ='4 +"4 +*
PU;SN'#-&1=
PU; SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1 T;SO(n/4&/#
T;SO(n/4&/# -' 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3
PP;Sl'(5
PP;Sl'(5 l+/#5"$#(:
l+/#5"$# (: Q;Sl'(5+3 ('="$#('3; N'.#3+ .(+1"1/&#/&01
PT;S@14+1#/&01;
PT; S@14+1#/&01; @34#( '1 -'3#/"'(-+ : /+(('=&( V;SN'.#3+
V;SN'.#3+ -' 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 .('8&+3
]Sc<+
]Sc<+ *#(e #1- c1'8'(e (+"4&1'3
!"#$ */ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( &0- f;SO('3'14
f;SO('3'14 O'(*'/4 !+14&1"+"3
P;S@$
P;S@$ .#(4&/&.&+ -' O('3'14' O'(*'/4+; N"4&1# cJ'8'(e [;S<4&$$2
[;S<4&$$2 #$('#-:2 :'42 #1:,+(' X'94'1-'- 8'(3&+1Y
T;SO#3#-+
T;SO#3#-+ <&,.$' : O('3'14'
O(' 3'14' O'(*'/4+C 8'(5+3 \;SOF(#3#$ l'(53
('="$#('3 Z;SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1
Q;SO#3#-+
Q;SO#3#-+ <&,.$'C 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 PU;S@9.('33&+13
V;SO('3'14'
V;SO('3'14' O'(*'/4+C c3+ *#(e
*#( e PP;Sl'(5
PP;Sl'(5 l+/#5"$#(:
l+/#5"$# (:
];SH+(1&1=
];SH+(1&1= <'14'1/'3o `F&1a H'9&/#1 4'/F1&%"' PT;S@14+1#/&01;
PT;S@14+1#/&01; O(n/4&/# /+1 (&4,+
f;SW#8' :+" '8'(;;;
[;SOF(#3#$ l'(53 !"#$ *. ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( &'/
\;SN'#-&1=
\;SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1 P;SO(n/4&/#
P;SO(n/4&/# -' 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3
Z;Sl'(5
Z;Sl'(5 l+/#5"$#(:
l+/#5"$# (: T;Sl'(5+3 ('="$#('3; N'.#3+ .(+1"1/&#/&01
PU;S@14+1#/&01;
PU;S@14+1#/&01; @1*#4&7#( .#$#5(#3 -' /+14'1&-+ Q;SN'.#3+
Q;SN'.#3+ -' 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 .('8&+3
VSc<+
VSc<+ *#(e #1- c1'8'(e (+"4&1'3
!"#$ *' ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( &&/ ];SmF#4
];SmF#4 -+'3 F' $++a $&a'd mF#4 &3 F' $&a'd mF#4 &3 &4
P;SmF#4'8'(2 bF'1'8'(2 bF'('8'(2 bF+'8'(2 $&a' 4+;;;d
bF&/F'8'(2 F+b'8'( f;SM'/#"3' +*2 -"' 4+
T;Sl
T;Sl'(5+3
'(5+3 ('="$#('3C O#3#-+ <&,.$' : O('3'14' [;SK4 #$$
O'(*'/4+ \;SW"((: #1- ("3F
Q;Sl
Q;Sl'(5+3
'(5+3 &(('="$#('3C O#3#-+ <&,.$' : O('3'14' Z;SOF(#3#$ l'(53
O'(*'/4+ PU;SN'#-&1=
PU;SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1
V;ScJ'8'(
V;ScJ'8'( (+"4&1'e PP;S@9.('33&+13
];SH+-#$ l'(53 PT;Sl'(5
PT;Sl'(5 l+/#5"$#(:
l+/#5"$# (:
f;S`F'(' &3 r 4F'(' #(' PQ;S@14+1#/&01;
PQ;S@14+1#/&01; D# /+14(#//&01 -' b+"$-
7.-Verbos seguidos de -ing o innitivo PV;SO(+1"1/&#/&01;
PV;SO(+1"1/&#/&01; M&4'2 5&42 5'#4
\;SL"34
Z;SOF(#3#$ l'(53 !"#$ -0 ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( &+&
PU;SN'#-&1=
PU;SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1 P;SH+(1&1=
P;SH+(1&1= <'14'1/'3; `F&1a H'9&/#1 4'/F1&%"'
PP;Sl'(5
PP;Sl'(5 l+/#5"$#(:
l+/#5"$# (: T;Sm#14 3+,'+1' 4+; O(n/4&/# (n.&-#
PT;S@14+1#/&01;
PT;S@14+1#/&01; D#3 .#"3#3 '1 '$ -&3/"(3+ Q;S!+1-&4&+1#$
Q;S!+1-&4&+1#$ EE E14(+
V;S!+1-&4&+1#$
V;S!+1-&4&+1#$ EE; O('3'14#/&01 -' $+3 Q /+1-&/&+1#$'3
!"#$ *) ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( &-/ ];S<.'/&#$ l'(53C ,''4 #1- a1+b
P;Sl'(5+3 ('="$#('3C ('.#3+ -' .(+1"1/&#/&01 f;Sl'(5 4+ ,''4
T;Sl'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 [;SK3 &*
Q;SN'.#3+
Q;SN'.#3+ -' 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 .('8&+3 \;Sl'(5+
\;Sl'(5+ /#'(
/#' (
V;Sc<+ *#(e #1- c1'8'(e (+"4&1'3 Z;SOF(#3#$ l'(53
];S<F+"$- S 3F+"$-1h4 PU;SN'#-&1=
PU;SN'#-&1= !+,.('F'13&+1
f;S<&1/' #1- *+( PP;S@9.('33&+13
[;SA"(&1= #1- *+( PT;SN'.#3+ .(+1"1/&#/&01 b+"$-
\;SW+b /+,'d PQ;Sl'(5
PQ;Sl'(5 l+/#5"$#(:
l+/#5"$# (:
Z;SN'.#3+
Z;SN'.#3+ /+,.#(#4&8+3 j 3".'($#4&8+3; PV;S@14+1#/&01;
PV;S@14+1#/&01; N'.#3+ W 3&$'1/&+3#
Intensicadores

G
:
 E14(+-"//&01
`' -#,+3 $#3 =(#/&#3 .+( #-%"&(&( 1"'34(+  !  !"#$%&' )*%++%*, el manual denitivo para
"#$%&'
%"' #.('1-#3 &1=$p3; @34n -&8&-&-+ '1 4('3 8+$6,'1'3 : #$ &="#$ %"' '$ ('34+ -' 1"'34(+3
,#4'(&#$'32 F# 3&-+ -&3'B#-+ .#(# %"' 3' &14'=(' -'14(+ -'$ A%*2" I#*"J4" 34 &%7 -45.#%7;

`#14+ 3& '('3 #$",1+ .('3'1/&#$ '1 1"'34(#3 #"$#32 '1 1"'34(+3 /"(3+3 +1$&1' + 3& %"&'('3
,'?+(#( '$ &1=$p3 .+( 4" /"'14#2  !
 !"#$%&' )*%++%* te va a dar un empujón denitivo sea
"#$%&'
/"#$ 3'# 4" 1&8'$ -' &1=$p3;

@$ '1*+%"' -' !"#$%&' '3 4+4#$,'14' -&34&14+ #$ 4(#-&/&+1#$2 .+( $+ %"' '34+3 ,#1"#$'3 3'
/'14(#1 '1 %J*4534* 15.&67 34 #5% +%54*% J*/2012% ? 5" 0%5 04K*12%2 &1/&-'1 ,"/F+ '1 $#
#=&$&-#-2 $# 3+$4"(# :2
:2 ,": &,.+(4#14'2 '1 $+3 '((+('3 4>.&/+3 %"' /+,'4',+3 $+3 '3.#B+$'3
motivados bien por inuencia de nuestro idioma o por nuestro sistema de educación
4(#-&/&+1#$;

@14+1#/&012 .(+1"1/&#/&012 /+,.('13&01 -' $'/4"(#2 4(#-"//&01 &18'(3# -' *(#3'32 "1&01
-' .#$#5(#3 -' $# ,#1'(# %"' $+ F#/' "1 1#4&8+2 .F(#3#$ 8'(53 : 4("/+3 -' 4+-+ 4&.+
%"' '34#,+3 3'="(+3 1"1/# F#34# #F+(# F#5(n3 8&34+ '1 "1# -' $#3 #5"((&-#3 /$#3'3 -'
=(#,n4&/# 4(#-&/&+1#$;

>%3% #5% 34 &%7 G= #513%347 34 !"#$%&' )*%++%* L14545 2"5 #5% L4*71K5 2"+450%3%
45 %#31"E `' ('/+,'1-#,+3 %"' $#3 '3/"/F'3 $+ ,n3 .+3&5$' 3'# -+1-' 3'#; A' 1"'8+2 '3
"1 '1*+%"' -&*'('14' : %"' #.+(4# ,"/F+ 8#$+( #B#-&-+ #$ 4'94+2 :# %"' 4' -#,+3 4("/+3
8#(&+3 -' =(#,n4&/#2 .(+1"1/&#/&01 + *(#3'3 -' 4+-+ 4&.+ 4#14+ .('3'14'3 '1 '$ ,#1"#$
/+,+ '94(#2 %"' 4' #:"-#(n1 # -+,&1#( "1 &1=$p3 ('#$ /+,+ 1"1/# #14'3 $+ F#5>#3 F'/F+;;;
('.'4&,+32 '34p3 -+1-' '34p3;

Desde YouTalk te deseamos toda la suerte en lo que va a ser tu apuesta defnitiva para
M#4 N%O&47P 2"+J*453%7 ? 7#4547 % 15.&67 34 L4*3%3E

H
Q
@%"&8#$'1/&# ^1&-#-'3 k(#,,#( /+1 $#3 $&34#3 -'
g+"`#$a
+"`#$a <'14'1/
<'14'1/'3
'3 : g+"`#$a
+"`#$a l+/#5"$
+/#5"$#(:
#(:
J"'34(+3 0*47 +%5#%&47 34 .*%+/012% 34 !"#$%&' 014545 #5 0"0%& 34 G= #513%347; D#3
$&34#3 -' C*%747 ? L"2%O#&%*1" 34 !"#$%&' S45045247 ? !"#$%&' T"2%O#&%*? 470/5 45
2""*315%21K5  : -&('/4#,'14' /('#-#3 5#3n1-+1+3 '1 '34+3 ,#1"#$'3; O+( $+ 4#14+2 '3
&,.+(4#14' $# /+(('$#/&01 '9#/4# .#(# 12345 678 9#1$21 :;<4=;1 :52>$#>25 <4 ?;>237925@
@ A4"$4">41 >72"<; 41$4=;1 $5232B2"<; 4" 7"2 <4$45=#"2<2 7"#<2<  7"#<2<  -' "1+ -' $+3
-' C;7D
$&5(+3 -' C;7D29E
29E F52==25;
F52==25;

G>H2 7" I#1$2J; 2 92 $2392 <4 <432B;;

<432B;; <& '34#,+3 4(#5#?#1-+ '1 $# #513%3 9 34 !"#$%&'
!"#$$#" &2 .+( '?',.$+2 '14+1/'3 -'5'(',+3 '34#( 0*%O%B%53" 450*4 &%7 &170%7 9 % < 4#14+
-' !"#$"#%"& /+,+
!"#$"#%"& /+,+ -' '(%)*+,)-.  /; <& '34#,+3 '1 &% #513%3 G 34& !"#$$#" &2 '14+1/'3
.+-(',+3 O%7%*5"7 45 &%7 &170%7 9< % 9G 34 &"7 &1O*"7 '()#*+,#"-  ?
 ? ./01/0)/2 32 : .+-(',+3
&="#$,'14' ('.#3#( 4+-#3 $#3 $&34#3 #14'(&+('3;

  A4"$4">41L    A4"$4">41L 
F52==25 KK F52==25 KK
?;>237925@ ?;>237925@
8510 9: -170 U9;U< V W""' U 8510 U< -170 9H;9R V W""' <
D&34 TVST] j M++a T ^1&4 TV D&34 TUSTT j M++a Q
^1&4 P[
D&34 P j M++a Q 8510 UG -170 U<;UG V W""' <
8510 9Q -170 U;F V W""' < ^1&4 Tf D&34 PSQ j M++a V
^1&4 PZ D&34 ]S[ j M++a Q 8510 UH -170 F;: V W""' F
8510 U= -170 Q;9= V W""' < ^1&4 T\ D&34 [SZ j M++a V
^1&4 TP D&34 PPSPQ j M++a Q 8510 UR -170 9=;9U V W""' F
8510 UU -170 9F;9: V W""' < ^1&4 QU D&34 PQSP] j M++a V

R
 R7<#; <41>25P2394
N'/"'(-# -'3/#(=#(4' : '3/"/F#( '$ #"-&+ ,.Q %"' /+14&'1' '34' $&5(+;
#"P981Q /+1 /+14'1&-+ '94(#2 : -+1-' 4'
MN1 <4 &, H;521 <4 9;>7>#O" 4" #"P981Q /+1
-#,+3 $+3 ,'?+('3 4("/+3 -'$ Hp4+-+ g+"$%&';
SSS(27<#;19#35;1(@;7$29E;"9#"4(>;=
!$#8' -' -'3/#(=#C F\3f1?

9=
 ^JE`9:
1.-Cuanticadores con sustantivos contables e incontables
@1 '34# "1&-#- 8#,+3 # .(+*"1-&7#( '1 1"'34(+ -+,&1&+ -' $+3
cuanticadores con sustantivos contables e incontables. Empezamos
# '34"-&#( '$ /+1/'.4+ /"#1-+ 4(#5#?#,+3 /+1 &(0" : )#. 2 .'(+ #F+(# $+
-'3#((+$$#(',+3 ,n3;

O#(# ',.'7#(2 4(#5#?#(',+3 /+1 20+%345 20)#.4  : 2) ,($4 ; !+,+ :# F',+3

8&34+C

S 6+%3 signica 20+%3(4 : 3' "3# /+1 &1/+14#5$'3 : 1+(,#$,'14' '1 *(#3'3

'1 1'=#4&8# + &14'((+=#4&8#; @34n 5&'1 '$ %"' 3' ('$#/&+1' 0+%3 
0+%3  /+1 '$
3&1="$#(;
3&1="$#(; K=&$&7# 5#34#14' '34' 4("/+;

 78+9#$) ):+) ;+<"-"&=

;+<"-"&= >(? 0+%3 ?)$"- @( .(+ ?)#$=

S 6)#. signica 20+%3(&4  :

 : 3' "3# /+1 /+14#5$'3 : 1+(,#$,'14' '1 1'=#4&8#
+ &14'((+=#4&8#; @3 5"'1+ %"' 3' ('$#/&+1' 0)#. /+1 '$ .$"(#$;

 78+9#$)& *($",,)& $<"#"&=

$<"#"&= >(? 0)#. *($$,"&
*($$,"& @( .(+ 3)A"=

D+3 '?',.$+3 -' #((&5# 3+1 $+3 61&/+3 /#3+3 '1 %"' '34#,+3 +5$&=#-+3 #
"4&$&7#(  20+%34 . 20)#.4BB;
"4&$&7#(  20)#.4BB; @1 $+3 +4(+3 /#3+3 .+-',+3 "3#( ) ,($ (C   : '3+
signica 20+%3(4  +
 + 20+%3(&4 . Sobre todo se usa en frases armativas pero
4#,5&p1 '3 .+3&5$' "3#( '1 '$ 1'=#4&8+ ' &14'((+=#4&8+;

D4"P; =7>H; <#"45; K H2I4 2 9;$ ;T =;"4@

`'1=+ ,"/F+3 #,&=+3
U; $4"P; =7>H; <#"45;
J+ 4'1=+ ,"/F+3 #,&=+3
WD#4"41 =7>H; <#"45;X
s`&'1'3 ,"/F+3 #,&=+3d
E F#8' # $+4 +* *(&'1-3
K <;"V$ H2I4 2 9;$ ;T =;"4@
E -+1h4 F#8' # $+4 +* *(&'1-3
Y; @;7 H2I4 2 9;$ ;T =;"4@X
A+ :+" F#8' # $+4 +* *(&'1-3d

99
 85109:

H&'14(#3 3' ."'-' "3#( 2) ,($ (C4  '1

 '1 4+-+3 $+3 /#3+32 /#5' -'34#/#( %"' 1+
siempre tiene el mismo signicado. Por ejemplo si preguntamos  2D( .(+
3)A" 0)#. C-<"#@&=4 + 2D( .(+ 3)A" ) ,($ (C C-<"#@&=4  el
  el posterior se reere
# "1# /#14&-#- ,n3 =(#1-'; A' $# ,&3,# *+(,#2 -'/&( 2E @(#F$ 3)A" ) ,($ (C
C-<"#@&4 se reere a una cantidad más grande que 2E @(#F$ 3)A" 0)#. C-<"#@&4B

Una vez que tenemos los cuanticadores 0+%35 0)#.5 ) ,($ (C /+13+$&-#-+3
3'="&(',+3 4(#5#?#1-+ /+1 +4(+3 %"' 3' ."'-'1 '1/+14(#( '1 $# 4#5$# %"'
3&="&'14'C Plural Singular
Z;"$23941 K">;"$23941
.+/+3 *'b .+/+ $&44$'
"1+3 .+/+3 # *'b "1 .+/+ # $&44$'
,'1+3 *'b'( ,'1+3 $'33 Many ?/-
,": .+/+3 8'(: *'b ,": .+/+ 8'(: $&44$' Agua
Botellas
4#14+3 /+,+ #3 ,#1: #3 4#14+ /+,+ #3 ,"/F #3
Much ?/- 4#1 .+/+3 #3 *'b #3 4#1 .+/+ #3 $&44$' #3
,n3 ,+(' ,n3 ,+('
5#34#14'3 %"&4' # *'b 5#34#14' %"&4' # $+4
-',#3&#-+3 4++ ,#1: -',#3&#-+ 4++ ,"/F
4#14+3 3+ ,#1: 4#14+ 3+ ,"/F

A lot of= sing-plural /incontable contable

Vuestro profesor os ayudará a practicar los cuanticadores a través
de la traducción para poder unir los cuanticadores en castellano a
los cuanticadores de inglés. Una vez aprendidos, los utilizaremos en
('3."'34#3 : #$ *+(,#( .('="14#3;

q&?#(+32 ,&'14(#3 '1 /#34'$$#1+ 3' 1+4# $# -&*'('1/&# '14(' /+14#5$' '
$# 2&45 '3
&1/+14#5$'3 .+( $# 2&45  '3 -'/&(2 3& '3 .$"(#$ X/+14#5$'Y + 1+ X&1/+14#5$'Y2 '1
&1=$p3 3' ."'-' 3'.#(#( '1 -+3 =(".+3 ='1'(#$'3 20)#.5 20)#.5 C"?5 C"?"-4 
C "?"-4  .#(#
 .#(# $+3
: 20+%35 ,<$$,"5 ,"&&4  .#(#
/+14#5$'3 : 20+%35  .#(# $+3 &1/+14#5$'3;

9U
85109:

Para aanzar los cuanticadores y la habilidad de diferenciar entre

3"34#14&8+3 /+14#5$'3 ' &1/+14#5$'3 .+-',+3 +53'(8#( $#3 *(#3'3 %"'
3&="'1 # /+14&1"#/&01C

D4"P; :;>; <#"45; K H2I4 9#$$94 =;"4@

`'1=+ "1 .+/+ -' -&1'(+
D4"P; :;>;1 2=#P;1
`'1=+ "1+3 /"#14+3 #,&=+3
G992 $#4"4 =4";1 <#"45; 674 @;
@$$+3 4&'1'1 ,'1+3 #,&=+3 %"' :+
G992 $#4"4 <#"45;Q :45; =7@ :;>;
@$$+3 4&'1'1 #,&=+32 .'(+ ,": .+/+3
E F#8' # $&44$' ,+1':
K H2I4 T4S T5#4"<1
E F#8' # *'b *(&'1-3
AH4 H21 9411 =;"4@ $H2" =4
`F': F#8' *'b'( *(&'1-3 4F#1 E -+
AH4 H21 =;"4@
=;"4@QQ 37$ I45@ 9#$$94
`F': F#8' *(&'1-32 5"4 8'(: *'b

!#5' -'34#/#( %"' 3> %"' F#: "1# -&*'('1/&# '14(' 2,<$$," 0(#".4 :
0(#".4  : 2) ,<$$,"
0(#".4 ; <& $+ .'13#,+3 .(&,'(+ '1 /#34'$$#1+ c.+/+ -&1'(+e + c"1 .+/+ -'
dinero” sabemos que uno se reere a más dinero. Es lo mismo en inglés.
!"#1-+ -'/&,+3 2+# G(%( @" @<#"-(4  + 2) ,<$$," 0(#".4   4'1',+3 #$=+ -'
-&1'(+2 : .+( $+ 4#14+2 ,n3 %"' 3& 4'1',+3 2,<$$," 0(#".4 ;

A veces el cuanticador   2*)&$)#$"4   /#"3# .(+5$',#3 :# %"' $# ,&3,#

palabra en castellano tiene varios signicados en inglés. Si tenemos
suciente de algo, por ejemplo: >). *)&$)#$" @<#"-( G)-) %(0G-)-,(5 2H3"-"
<& "#(+:3 0(#". $( *+. <$4 +&)0(& 2"#(+:34B `#,5&p12 3& %"'(',+3 -'/&( %"'
#$=+ F# 3&-+ -',#3&#-+C I) "& *)&$)#$"5 #( 0" @"& 09&5 JH3)$F& "#(+:35 @(#F$
0(-"4B <&1 ',5#(=+2 .#(# &1-&/#( %"' F#: 5#34#14'3 + 5#34#14'
 :<A" 0" )#. 0(-"4
'1 /#14&-#- .+( '?',.$+2 4'1',+3 5#34#14'3 #,&=+32 2K" 3)A" ;+<$" ) C"?
C-<"#@&45 "3#,+3
C-<"#@&45 "3#,+3 ;+<$" ) C"? 2 + '1 '$ /#3+ -' &1/+14#5$'32 ;+<$" ) ,($;
,($;

O+( '?',.$+C

9<
 85109:

D4"P; 321$2"$4 <#"45;Q :45; ";

" ; 9; K H2I4 67#$4 2 9;$ ;T =;"4@
=;"4@QQ 37$
321$2"$4 ";$ 4";7PH
`'1=+ 5#34#14'3 #,&=+32 .'(+ 1+ E F#8' %"&4' # *'b *(&'1-32 5"4 1+4
sucientes '1+"=F

Otro error típico con los cuanticadores es confundir $(( 0+%3 :

0+%3 : $(( 0)#.
/+1 &( 0+%3 :
0+%3 : &( 0)#.  .+(
 .+( $+ %"' F#(',+3 "1 '3*"'(7+ .#(# '8&4#($+;

!" $"% &'($) *" +,-. /0%1'2 3%4*

U; 34321 $2"$2 2P72( G1 <4=21#2<2
%"" +,-.
J+ /+?#3 4#14#3 5+4'$$#3; <+1 D( #($ $)L" &( 0)#. *($$,"&B H3". )-"
-',#3&#-#3 $(( 0)#. 

I4(+ '((+( ('/"(('14' '32 D( .(+ 3)A" )#. @(:= !"#1-+ -'5'(># -' 3'( D(
.(+ 3)A" )#. @(:&=

@1 &1=$p32 '3 3&',.(' )#. M G,+-), 

G,+-),  /+1 /+14#5$'32 : )#. M &<#:+,)-   .#(#
&1/+14#5$'3;

D( .(+ 3)A" )#. G"#&= 

D( .(+ 3)A" )#. ?)$"-=

@34' '((+( 8&'1' &1-"/&-+ .+( '$ '3.#B+$2 -+1-' '1 '34#3 .('="14#3 '1
.#(4&/"$#(2 "3#,+3 $+3 /+14#5$'3 '1 3&1="$#(;

 7H<"#"& ),:N# G"--(= 

 7H<"#"& ),:( @" ):+)= 

!+,+ 8'32 3+1 #,5#3 '1 3&1="$#(2 : '1 &1=$p3 1+ +/"((' $+ ,&3,+; O&'13#
%"' 3& .('="14#,+3 D( .(+ 3)A" )#. @(:=  .#(#
  .#(# '$ 1#4&8+ 3+1#(># #$=+ #3>
/+,+ 7H<"#"& ),:( @" G"--(=
/+,+ 7H<"#"& G"--(=

9F
85109:

`' -'?#,+3 /+1 '34#3 *(#3'3 .#(# %"' $+ #/#5'3 -' /+,.('1-'(C

WD#4"41 7" :455;X Y; @;7 H2I4 2 <;PX

s`&'1'3 #$=61 .'((+d A+ :+" F#8' #1: -+=3d
WD#4"41 7" 3;9#X Y; @;7 H2I4 2 :4"X
s`&'1'3 #$=61 5+$&d A+ :+" F#8' #1: .'13d

O+( 4#14+2 ."'-'3 .+1'( '$ 1+,5(' '1 3&1="$#( 3& 8# .('/'-&-+ -' )2 .'(+
3&',.(' '1 .$"(#$ 3& 8# .('/'-&-+ -' )#. ;

J+ 4' -'?'3 $$'8#( .+( /0,+ 3"'1# '1 '3.#B+$2 ."'3 3' '3/(&5' '1 3&1="$#(2
: '1 &1=$p3 3&',.(' 3'(n )#. M G,+-), .#(# /+14#5$'3; <&',.(' ."'-'3 "3#($+
'1 3&1="$#(2 3& 8# .('/'-&-+ -' );

 7H<"#"& +# *(,<= D( .(+ 3)A"

3)A" ) G"#= 

O'(+2 /"#1-+ "3#,+3 )#. C

 7H<"#"& ),:N# *(,<= D( .(+ 3)A"

3)A" )#. G"#&=

*([A#=#925 $;Q <#TT454"$ T5;=Q $H4 12=4 21

@34#3 '34("/4"(#3 "3#-#3 .#(# /+,.#(#( 3+1 ,": *n/&$'3 -' '14'1-'(
: -' .(#/4&/#(2 '3+ 3&2 1'/'3&4#,+3 %"' $#3 .(#/4&%"'3 : $#3 #3+/&'3 # $#
.('.+3&/&01 #-'/"#-#2 -' $+ /+14(#(&+ 4' '1('-#(n3 ,"/F+ /+1 '$$#3 : 1+
3+1#(n3 /+(('/4#,'14';

D# /$#8'2 /+,+ -'/&,+32 '3 #3+/&#( $# .('.+3&/&01 #-'/"#-# # /#-# /#3+C

!<0<,)- M $(
D<CC"-"#$ M C-(0
!)0" M )&

9G
 85109:

q>?#4' '1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3 : 4(#4# -' ('/+(-#( $#3 .('.+3&/&+1'3C

!" E#9O=4$5; 41 9; =#1=; 674 =#9 =4$5;1 R E= #1 $H4 12=4 21 2 $H;712"< =4$451
@34' $&5(+ '3 '$ ,&3,+ %"' '3' `F&3 5++a &3 4F' 3#,' #3 4F#4 +1'
D7 3;$4992 41 <#T454"$4 2 92 =\2 C;75 3;$$94 #1 <#TT454"$ T5;= =#"4

-([D; E";S H;S $;

@1 /#34'$$#1+ .#(# -'/&( %"' 3#5',+3 F#/'( #$=+ '3 ,"/F+ ,n3 /+,61 "3#(
%)# OG(@"-P %"'
OG(@"-P %"' 2&)*"-4 ; @1 &1=$p3 3&1 ',5#(=+2 '3 ,n3 /+,61 "3#( 2&)*"-4
"3#(  2&)*"-4
$( L#(? 3(? $(;
$(; A' *+(,# $&4'(#$2 $+ .+-(>#,+3 4(#-"/&( /+,+ 2&)*"-
/+,+  2&)*"- %Q0(4B

Aunque el signicado entre estas dos estructuras es parecido, es importante

3"5(#:#( "1# -&*'('1/&# '14(' '$$+3; O+( '?',.$+C !R 0(#$)- "# *<%<5 G"-( #(
G+"@( )3(-) G(-;+" $"#:( +#) G<"-#) -($)5 2E L#(? 3(? $( -<@" ) *<L"5 *+$ E %)#F$
*"%)+&" E 3)A" ) *-(L"# ,":4B K
,":4B  K /+14&1"#/&01 F#: "1+3 '?',.$+3 ,n3C

A4 >;>#"25 K E";S H;S $; >;;E

A+ :+" a1+b F+b 4+
s<#5'3 /+/&1#( 3+.#d
/++a 3+".d
K <;"V$ E";S H;S $;
U; 18 >;>#"25
>;;E
A+'3 F' a1+b F+b 4+
s<#5' p$ F#5$#( &1=$p3d
3.'#a @1=$&3Fd
^4 <;41"V$ E";S H;S
]9 "; 1234 H23925 #"P981
$; 1:42E G"P9#1H

@1 /"#14+ # $# .(+1"1/&#/&01 -' $# '34("/4"(#2 '$ '((+( ,n3 /+,61 '3

1+ .(+1"1/&#( 5&'1 3(? ; <' .(+1"1/&# /+1 $#3 8+/#$'3 2)(4   1+ /+1 2Q+4
#B#-&'1-+ $# 234  -'
 -' &1=$p3 '1*('14';

O#(# .+1'( $# '34("/4"(# '1 .(n/4&/# 8"'34(+ .(+*'3+( +3 F#(n .('="14#32

.+( '?',.$+C

9:
85109:

ST 2D( .(+ L#(? 3(? $( G,). $3" :+<$)-=4

 UT 2I"&5
2I"&5 E @(4
@(4 V 2W(5 E @(#F$4
@(#F$4

ST 2D("& .(+- 0(0 L#(? 3(? $( &G")L X+&&<)#=4 

 UT 2I"&5
2I"&5 &3" @("&4 V 2W(5 &3"
&3" @("&#F$4

A'3."p3 -' ('3.+1-'( .('="14#32 8+3+4(+3 *+(,#(p&3 $#3 .('="14#3 /+1 '$
#.+:+ -'$ .(+*'3+(; K"1%"' F',+3 .(#/4&/#-+ /+1 2D( .(+ L#(? 3(? $(Y=4 
'3 *('/"'14' %"' $+3 #$",1+3 3' +$8&-#1 &13'(4#( 23(?4  '1
  '1 $# .('="14#; @3
probable, como en muchos otros casos, que la inuencia del castellano:
 7!)*"& %(%<#)-=  -'
 -' .&' #$ '((+(C D( .(+ L#(? $( %((L=  3&1 3(? 
 3&1 3(? ; O'(+ #/+(-#(+32
$( L#(? 3(? $( '3 &)*"- %Q0(;
%Q0(;

,([_Y; @;7 E";S SH454 $H4 1$2$#;" #1X`

!+,+ :# 3#5',+32 "1# .('="14# 3' /+134(":' -' $# *+(,# 3&="&'14'C K3"-"
<& $3" ,<*-)-.=

/#3+C  <&YY 3+$+ 3' 3&46# #14' '$ 3"?'4+ /"#1-+

<&1 ',5#(=+2 '$ 8'(5+2 X'1 '34' /#3+C <&
'3 "1# .('="14# -&('/4#; !"#1-+ $# .('="14# 3' /+18&'(4' '1 &1-&('/4#2
F',+3 -' &18'(4&( '$ +(-'1; q&?#(+32 '1 '$ +(-'1C &+Z"$( M A"-*( "& ,( 0<&0(
          

!+,+ '34# /+1*"3&01 '3 4#1 F#5&4"#$ 4(#5#?#(',+3 /+1 ,"/F+3 '?',.$+3;
O+( '?',.$+C
Y; @;7 E";S
  #"<#54>$
SH2$ $#=4 #$ #1X
g'32 E -+   -&('/4
aH2$ $#=4 #1 #$X   <#54>$
E4h3 Q +h/$+/a   -&('/4

K%"> 8#1 ,n3 '?',.$+3 -' *(#3'3;

9H
 85109:

WA2341 <O"<4 41$N M2<5#<X Y; @;7 E";S SH454 M2<5#< #1X

J+ 3p $+ %"' '3 E -+1h4 a1+b bF#4 &4 &3
WA2341 9; 674 41X Y; @;7 E";S SH2$ #$ #1X
<p -+1-' '34n E a1+b bF'(' &4 &3
WA2341 <O"<4 41$;@X Y; @;7 E";S SH454 K 2=X
s<#5'3 %"&p1 '3 '$$#d A+ :+" a1+b bF+ 3F' &3d

/([K"$455;P2$#I2 "4P2$#I2
@34' 4&.+ -' *(#3' '3 5#34#14' .(+5$',n4&/# .#(# $+3 '34"-&#14'3 -' &1=$p3;
<' 4(#4# -' "1# .('="14# /+1 1'=#/&01;

q>?#4' '1 '34#3 *(#3'3 '1 '3.#B+$C

[&$9& )#@)#@( 7[&$9& )#@)#@(= 7W( "&$9& )#@)#@(= 

@1 &1=$p3 3'(nC

I(+ )-" ?),L<#: U-" .(+ ?),L<#:=

?),L<#: = U-"#F$ .(+ ?),L<#:= 
?),L<#: = 

<' 4(#4# 3&,.$','14' -' &1/$"&( $# 1'=#/&01 '1 $# .('="14#; @34+ $+ .+-',+3
F#/'( -' -+3 ,+-+3C

 U-" .(+
.(+ #($ ?),L<#:=  + 5&'1  U-"#F$
 U-"#F$ .(+ ?),L<#:= 

D#3 -+3 +./&+1'3 3&(8'12 .'(+ %"&7n 3'# ,n3 /+,61 : 64&$ $# 3'="1-#2 "3#1-+
$# /+14(#//&01; @3+ 3&2 $# .(+1"1/&#/&01 '3 ,n3 -&*>/&$2 #3> %"' 46 -'/&-'3 /"n$
-' $#3 -+3 "3#(;

K%"> 4&'1'3 #F+(# /0,+ F#/'( $# &14'((+=#4&8# 1'=#4&8# /+1 +4(+3 4&',.+3
8'(5#$'3C

9Q
85109:

Y; @;7 H2I4 2 <;PX Y;"V$ @;7 H2I4 2 <;PX

A+'3 3F' F#8' # /#(d A+'31h4 3F' F#8' # /#(d
a#99 @;7 P; $; M2<5#<X a;"V$ @;7 P; $; M2<5#<X
K(' :+" =+&1= 4+ =+ H#-(&-d K('1h4 :+" =+&1= 4+ =+ 4+ H#-(&-d

`#,5&p1 '3 ,": /+,61 '34' 4&.+ -' '34("/4"(#2 .('/'-&-+ -'  ?3.B

K3. @(#F$ .(+ 3)A" ) %)-= 

K3. @("&#F$ &3" ,<A" 3"-"= 
K3. )-"#F$ .(+ :(<#: $( &$+@.= 
K3. )-"#F$ .(+ ?),L<#:= 

`'1 ,"/F+ /"&-#-+ /+1 $# .(+1"1/&#/&01 -' )-"#F$;

)-"#F$; J+3 /"'34# ,"/F+
# $+3 '3.#B+$'3; `'1',+3 %"' F#/'( %"' 3"'1' /+,+ "1# 3+$# 3>$#5# :
#-',n3 F#/&'1-+ $# -  /+(('/4#,'14';
 /+(('/4#,'14'; @1 /#3+ -' %"' '34+ 4' /"'34'2 F#7 $#
&14'((+=#4&8# 1'=#4&8# 3&1 /+14(#//&01;
/+14(#//&01;

 U-" .(+
.(+ #($ ?),L<#:=
K3. )-" .(+ #($ &$)#@<#:=

'([C;7V< 34$$45 bc;$H45S#14 L ;5 4914d

@34# '34("/4"(# '3 ,": /+,61 '1 &1=$p3; @3 ,": *n/&$ -' '14'1-'( : "3#(2 :
30$+ 3' 1'/'3&4# .(n/4&/#;

69& A)," ;+" "&$+@<"&

"&$+@<" & I(+F@ *"$$"- &$+@. 
69& A)," ;+" #( A).)& I(+F@ *"$$"- #($ :(

q>?#4' %"' 1+ "3#,+3 $( -'3."p3 -'  -'  *"$$"-5 

*"$$"-5  : $# 1'=#/&01 $# /('#,+3
#B#-&'1-+ 3&,.$','14' #($; #($; H"# %+<@)@( #( A).)& ) @"%<- \ I(+F@ *"$$"- #($
$( :(5 I(+F@ *"$$"- #($ $( -+#5 "$%BBB @1 3" $"=#( 3'(># I(+F@ *"$$"- #($ :(5 I(+F@
*"$$"- #($ -+#B

9R
 85109:

!+,+ /"(&+3&-#-2 $# @ /+14(#>-# 4#1 #.'1#3 3' .(+1"1/&#2 + -&('/4#,'14'

1+ 3' .(+1"1/&#;

`' -'?#,+3 '34#3 *(#3'3 .#(# %"' .(#/4&%"'3C

MN1 I294 674 I4"P21 C;7V< 34$$45 >;=4

Hn3 8#$' %"' '34"-&'3 g+"h-
g+"h- 5'44'( 34"-:
MN1 I294 674 "; 9; H2P21 C;7V< 34$$45 ";$ <; #$
Hn3 8#$' %"' .('34'3 #4'1/&01 g+"h-
g+"h- 5'44'( .#: #44'14&+1

S ]$3"-?<&"V (- ",&"
@34#3 -+3 .#$#5(#3 3"'$'1 &( /+1 .(+F@ *"$$"- . Ambas signican ( &< #(5 ( @"
,( %(#$-)-<(YBB

69& A)," ;+" &")& G+#$+),5 ( &< #( $"#@-9& G-(*,"0)&B

G-(*,"0)&B
I(+F@ *"$$"- *" (# $<0"5 (- ",&" .(+ 0<:3$ 3)A" G-(*,"0&B

69& A)," ;+" "&$+@<"&5 ( @" ,( %(#$-)-<( &+&G"#@"-9&B

I(+F@ *"$$"- &$+@.5 ($3"-?<&" .(+F,, C)<,B

)([ D; 2TT;5<
q>?#4' '1 '34' 8'(5+C

W( 0" ,( G+"@( G"-0<$<- E %)#F$ )CC(-@ <$

W( 0" G+"@( G"-0<$<- %(0G-)-,( E %)#F$ )CC(-@ $( *+. <$

q>?#4' 4#,5&p12 %"' #"1%"' $# ,#:+(># -' 8'(5+3 3'="&-+3 -' <$ F#/'1 '$
8'(5+ '1 \<#:  #%">
 #%"> 4'1',+3 "1# '9/'./&01 : "3#,+3 $# .('.+3&/&01 $(; $(; J+
3'(n ."'32 E
."'32 E %)#F$ )CC(-@ *+.<#: <$ 3&1+ %"' 3'(n E
3'(n E %)#F$ )CC(-@ $( *+. <$;
<$ ;

U=
85109:

@$ 8'(5+ $( )CC(-@ '34n
)CC(-@ '34n +(&=&1#$,'14' ('$#/&+1#-+ /+1 '$ -&1'(+ O)CC(-@
-&1'(+  O)CC(-@ $( *+.5
*+.5
)CC(-@ ) #"? 3(+&"5 "$%P , pero también se puede usar de forma gurativa, por
'?',.$+C I(+ %)#F$ )CC(-@ $( ,"$ $3<& (G(-$+#<$. G)&&B `(#5#?# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3
*(#3'3C

WD4 :74<41 :45=#$#5 49

Z2" @;7 2TT;5< $; 37@ 2 >25X
>;=:525$4 7" >;>H4X
J+ ,' $+ ."'-+ .'(,&4&( E /#1h4 #**+(- &4
M4 :74<; :45=#$#5 7" e;5< K >2" 2TT;5< 2 e;5<
J+ ,' ."'-+ .'(,&4&( '$ 8&8&( #$$>  E /#1h4 #**+(- 4+ $&8' 4F'('
Z54; 674 $4 9; :74<41 :45=#$#5 K $H#"E @;7 >2" 2TT;5< #$ S#$H;7$
1#" :5;394=21 2"@ :5;394=1

+([K$ <;41"V$ =2$$45Q K <;"V$ =#"<Q K <;"V$ >254Q "4I45 =#"<

<+1 '9.('3&+1'3 3&,&$#('32 .'(+ 4&'1'1 .'%"'B#3 -&*'('1/&#3;

\ E @(#F$ 0<#@ es una expresión neutral, signica #( 0" <0G(-$)2

<0G(-$)2 '1 '3.#B+$;
 7H"
 7H" <0G(-$) &< %(Z( ,) &<,,)= W(5 G+"@"& %(:"-,)5 #( 0" <0G(-$) "# )*&(,+$(B
)*&(,+$(B
D( .(+ 0<#@ <C E $)L" $3" %3)<-= W(5 .(+ %)# $)L" <$5 E @(#F$ 0<#@ )$ ),,B

\ E @(#F$ %)-" 3&1
%)-" 3&1 ',5#(=+2 ."'-' 3'( 1'=#4&8# -'.'1-&'1-+ -' 3" "3+2 : 3'
/+,+ 7. ) 0< ;+R= '1 '3.#B+$;
4(#-"/&(># /+,+ 7.
 7!)*"& ;+R= U#$(#<( &" %(0G-) ($-( %(%3" ,) &"0)#) ;+" A<"#"B ^+"#(5 7I 7 I ) 0<
;+R=
_+"&& ?3)$= U#$(#<( <& *+.<#: (#" 0(-" %)- #"`$ ?""La K",,5 E @(#F$ -"),,. %)-"a

\ E$ @("&#F$ 0)$$"-   '3 "1# '9.('3&01 1'"4(#$; O#('/&-# # E @(#F$ 0<#@; 0<#@; @1
'3.#B+$ 3'(>#C #( <0G(-$)B
b( &<"#$(5 &" 0" 3) (,A<@)@( $-)"-,(B W( <0G(-$)5 $"#:( +#( "`$-)B "`$-)B
EF0 &(--.5 E C(-:($ $( *-<#: <$B E$ @("&#F$ 0)$$"-5 E 3)A" ) &G)-" (#"B

U9
 85109:

S W"A"- 0<#@ signica (,Ac@),(5 '3

(,Ac@),(5 '3 &="#$2 @RZ),(;;;
@RZ),(;;;
 78+9, "& ,) G(*,)%<Q# @" 6)@-<@= 600BBB%-"( ;+"BBB"&G"-)BBBDRZ),(5
;+"BBB"&G"-)BBBDRZ),(5 ,( *+&%)-R "#
<#$"-#"$

K3)$F& $3" G(G+,)$<(# (C 6)@-<@= 6000BBBE :+"&&BBB?)<$BBBW"A"- 0<#@5 EF,, ,((L

<$ +G (# $3" <#$"-#"$

`' -'?#,+3 /+1 '34#3 *(#3'3 .#(# %"' .(#/4&%"'3C

f74<41 >;P45 92 1#992Q "; =4
#=:;5$2 4" 231;97$;
`(#1%"&$+2 1+ &,.+(4#2 :+ $+ F#=+
WR =# 678 =N1 =4 <2 1# $#4"4 7";
; <;1 >;>H41X
A' 8'(-#- %"' 1+ ,' &,.+(4#
U; $4 :54;>7:41 674 "; :212 "2<2
Ap?#$+2 :# $+ 5"3/#(p :+2 .'13#5#
%"' $+ 3#5>#3
WD4 #=:;5$2 1# >;B; $7 >;>H4X
sA' 8'(-#- /(''3 %"' &,.+(4# $+
%"' F#=#,+3d
U; =4 #=:;5$2 9; 674 <#P2 92
P4"$4 1;354 =#
 C;7 >2" $2E4 $H4 >H2#5Q
 C;7 >H2#5Q K <;"V$ =#"<
2$ 299
A+1h4 b+((:2 &4 -+'31h4 ,#44'(2 Eh$$ -+ &4
K <;"V$ >254 SH4$H45 H4 H21 ;"4 ;5
$S; >251
E -+1h4 ('#$$: ,&1- #4 #$$
Y;"V$ S;55@Q #$ <;41"V$ =2$$45
J'8'( ,&1-2 Eh$$ $++a &4 ".2 E 4F+"=F4
:+" a1'b &4
Y; @;7 =#"< #T K $2E4 @;75 >25X
A+ :+" ('#$$: 4F&1a &4 ,#44'(3 bF#4
b' -+d
K <;"V$ >254 SH2$ :4;:94 12@ 23;7$
=4

.([F4$ ;" $H4 371Q P4$ #"$; $H4 >25

@34#3 '34("/4"(#3 + 8'(5+3 3+1 /+34+3+3 -' #3&,&$#(; @3 &,.+(4#14' %"'
/+,.('1-#3 3" *"1/&+1#,&'14+2 .'(+ 3+5(' 4+-+2 $+ %"' ,n3 4' 8# # F#/'(
,'?+(#( '3 3" "3+ : %"' $#3 8'#3 '1 /+14'94+ $+ ,n3 .+3&5$';
S _"$ (#5 :"$ (CCB <'
(CCB  <' 3"'$' "3#( .#(# 3"5&( # 8'F>/"$+3 -' *n/&$ #//'3+; M"32
#8&012 ,'4(+2 5&/&2 ,+4+2 #3/'13+( X'1 ^<K2 %"' 3+1 =(#1-'3Y;

S _"$ <#5 <#$(5 :"$ (+$ (C ; <' 3"'$'1 "3#( .#(# '9.('3#( $# '14(#-# # 8'F>/"$+3
-' ,n3 -&*>/&$ #//'3+C /+/F'2 F'$&/0.4'(+2 #3/'13+( X'1 E1=$#4'((#Y;

UU
85109:

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3; K3'=6(#4' -' %"' "1'3 5&'1 $#3 .#$#5(#3
: 4(#13*+(,#3 $# H  '1
 '1 X 3"#8' '3.#B+$# 3&',.(' %"' 3'# 1'/'3#(&+;

A734 29 27$;3g1 F4$ ;" $H4 371

M#?# -'$ #"4+563 k'4 +** 4F' 5"3
MO"$2$4 4" 92 3#># F4$ ;" $H4 3#E4
A'3,014#4' -' $# ,+4+ k'4 +** 4F' 5&a'

?749I4 2 173#5 29 $54" F4$ 32>E ;" $H4 $52#"

l"'$8' # 5#?#( k'4 5#/a +**

G"$52 4" 49 >;>H4 F4$ #"$; $H4 >25

l"'$8' # '14(#( k'4 5#/a &1

A29 <49 >;>H4 @ 1734 29 27$;3g1 F4$ ;7$ ;T $H4 >25 2"< P4$ ;" $H4 371
l"'$8' # 5#?#( -'$ 5"32 : 3"5' #$ k'4 5#/a +** 4F' 5"3 #1- ='4 &14+ 4F'
/+/F' /#(

h2B2 <4 92 3#># @ 4"$52 4" 49 >;>H4 F4$ ;TT $H4 3#E4 2"< P4$ #"$; $H4
$H4 >25
>25

Y41=;$2 <4 92 3#># @ I749I4 2 F4$ ;TT $H4 3#E4 2"< P4$ 32>E #"$;
4"$525 4" 49 >;>H4 $H4 >25

&0([ f5;"7">#2>#O"( G9 1;"#<; 

S <+1&-+ -' 8+/#$ ʌ
@34' 3+1&-+ '3 ,": 4>.&/+ '1 &1=$p32 : 4' 3+1#(n ."'3 #.#('/' '1 .#$#5(#3
/+,+ !]6[ ; @3 '$ 3+1&-+ -' $# .(&,'(# 8+/#$; <"'1# ,": .#('/&-+ # "1#  U
'1 '3.#B+$2 .'(+ "1 .+%"&4+ ,n3 /'((#-#;

D+ &-'#$ '3 %"' .(#/4&%"'3 /+1 .#$#5(#3 %"' :# /+1+/',+32 + %"' #$ ,'1+32
F',+3 '3/"/F#-+ :# 8#(&#3 8'/'3 .+( 3'( ,": /+,"1'3;

U<
 85109:

@1 '34' /#3+2 $+ &-'#$ '3 %"' .(#/4&%"'3 ('.&4&'1-+ $#3 .#$#5(#3 !]6[5
8]6[B

l'(n3 %"' 1+3 3'(8&(n .#(# -&*'('1/&#( '34' 3+1&-+ -' +4(#3 8+/#$'3 %"'
#.#('/'1 '1 $#3 "1&-#-'3 .+34'(&+('3;

&&([G"$;"2>#O"
 Hn3 .(n/4&/# -' ('-"//&01 -' 3+1&-+3 : "1&01 -' .#$#5(#3; D'' $#3 *(#3'3
' &14'14# "1&($#3 4+-#3 /+,+ 3& *"'3' "1# 3+$# .#$#5(#; N'/"'(-# 4+-+3 $+3
4("/+3 %"' F',+3 &-+ 8&'1-+ F#34# #F+(#; `&'1'3 "1+3 /"#14+3 '?',.$+3
4(#13/(&4+3 /+,+ ,+-'$+;
F#I4 #$ $; =4   LF8I4$7=#L 
`#a' &4 #b#:   j4p&'a'(#b'&j 
K P;$ #$ #" i;"<;"   L2#PN5454"92"<4"L 
Eh$$ 5' 5#/a &1 # ,&1"4'
K H2< 2 :5;394=
W+bh3 :+"( *#,&$:d
f7$ #$ ;" $H4 $2394
k'4 +"4 +* F'('
Z2" @;7 1:42E G"P9#1HX  LjV"4S 1:44 E4"P941HL 
E4"P941HL 
E /#1 +1$: -+ &4 +1 m'-1'3-#:   j#&a'1t+"1$''t-"'(#1t"'13-'&j 
Z2" K H49: @;7X
!#1 :+" -+ &4d
K H;:4 @;7 >2" 1499 #$

&*([fH52129 ?4531
S !45/ +6T )*)#@(#)-5 -"#@<-&"

U; $4 5#"<21 Y;"V$ P#I4 7:

J+ -'?'3 -' '34"-&#( A+1h4 =&8' ". 34"-:&1=

UF
85109:

S !45/ 40C %"@"- 

U; >4<21 !"$4% 5(61 ($

S !45/ (+1 C -"G)-$<-5 C),,)- V ):($)- 

G1$2=;1 54:25$#4"<; T;994$;1 a4 254 P#I#"P ;7$ :2=:H94$1

D# (+-&$$# ,' *#$$0 H: a1'' =#8' +"4

S !45/ #7#- C -"$-)$)-&"5 -"G)-$<- :-)$<&

U; H23941 <4 :;9\$#>2 674 14 $4 I4 !"$4% %07) 08",% 9"7(%(-*: ;",477

49 :97=45;  5(61 ;",'*17<
;",'*17< 0/0; 
N'=#$#(',+3 '34#3 '14(#-#3 K"F,, :<A" )?). $3"&" $<%L"$&

&-([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;"
b)+-) d(3#&(# ,<A"& ?<$3
?< $3 3"- 3+&*)#@5 d"-"0. <# W<,"&5
W<," &5 E,,<#(<&B
E,,<#(< &B H3". ,<A" <# ) %(e.5
%(e.5
            
b)+-) $")%3"& /&$ :-)@" )$ f<,0"- !%3((, <# _,"#A<"?5 E,,<#(<&B b)+-) "#Z(.&
%((L<#: )#@ -")@<#: <# 3"- C-"" $<0"B !3" $)L"& %,)&&"& )$ ) %+,<#)-. &%3((, <#
             
H3". &G"#@ 0(&$ ?""L"#@& )$ 3(0"B b)+-) )#@ d"-"0. "#Z(. ?)$%3<#: C(($*),,
 :)0"& ?<$3 C-<"#@& <# $3"<- *)&"0"#$B b)+-) +&+),,. %((L& )$ 3(0" <# (-@"- $(
$-. (+$ 3"- #"? %((L<#: $"%3#<;+"&B !3" 3(G"& $( %(#$<#+" %+,<#)-. &%3((, )C$"-
&3" 3)& 3"- *)*.B d"-"0. @("&#F$ ,<L" 3<& Z(* *"%)+&" 3" ?(-L& 0)#. 3(+-& )
?""L )#@ &(0"$<0"& (# $3" ?""L"#@&B b)+-) @("&#F$ ?)#$ d"-"0. $( ,(&" 3<& Z(*
)#@ :((@ &),)-. *+$ &3" ?)#$& 3<0 $( *" 3)GG. )#@ )$ 3(0" 0(-" $( 3",G ?<$3
$3" #"? *)*.B d"-"0. 3)& ) &"%(#@ <#$"-A<"? $(0(--(? ?<$3 )#($3"- %(0G)#.
$3)$ <& %,(&"- $( 3(0" *+$ ?<$3 ) ,(?"- &),)-.B

UG
 85109:

P; A+'3 D#"(# $&8' #$+1'd

T; mF+ -+'3 3F' $&8' b&4Fd
Q; mF'(' -+'3 3F' $&8'd
V; E3 4F'&( F+"3' "1/+,*+(4#5$'d
]; mF#4 &3 &4 $&a'd
f; mF#4 #(' 4F': '9.'/4&1=d
'9.'/4&1=d
[; E3 D#"(# # 5#1a'(d
\; mF#4 -+'3 3F' -+d
Z; mF#4 =(#-' &3 3F' 4'#/F&1=d
PU; mF'(' -+'3 3F' 4'#/Fd
PP; mF#4 -+'3 3F' '1?+: -+&1= &1 F'( *('' 4&,'d
PT; mF#4 -+'3 3F' -+ +1 <#4"(-#:3d
PQ; mF'(' -+'3 L'(',: b+(ad
PV; mF#4 -+ 4F': -+ +1 b''a'1-3d
P]; mF#4 -+ 4F': -+ &1 4F'&( 5#3','14d
Pf; mF: -+'3 D#"(# /++a #4 F+,'d
P[; mF#4 -+'3 3F' F+.' 4+ -+ #*4'( F#8&1= 4F' 5#5:d
P\; A+'3 L'(',: $&a' F&3 ?+5d
PZ; mF: -+'31h4 F' $&a' &4d
TU; mF: -+'3 D#"(# b#14 F'( F"35#1- 4+ 5' F#..:d
TP; mF#4 -+'3 L'(',: F#8' 4+ -+ 4+,+((+bd

U:
 ^JE`9H
&([ a21 L a454
8'(5+  $( *" O?)&P -'
W',+3 8&34+ '$ O#3#-+ -'$ 8'(5+ $( O?)&P -' .#3#-#2 .'(+ '1 '34# "1&-#-2
$+ 8#,+3 # '34"-&#( '1 .(+*"1-&-#-; @,.'7#(',+3 /+1 "1# /+,.#(#/&01
'14(' '$ O('3'14' : '$ O#3#-+ -'$ 8'(5+ $( *" 4#14+ '1 '$ 3&1="$#( /+,+ '1
'$ .$"(#$;

K/+(-#(+32 /+,+ $( *"  *"  ('.('3'14# 2&"-4  : 2"&$)-4 .+-',+32 .+( '?',.$+2
4(#-"/&( 2I( C+<5 "-)5 "&$+A"5 "&$)*)4 3+$+ -' "1# *+(,#C 2E ?)&4B
4(#-"/&( 2I(

f5414"$   f21$
&3 b#3
#(' b'('

q&?#(+32 $+ 61&/+ %"' /#,5&# '3 '$ 8'(5+ : 4#,5&p1 '$ #-8'(5&+ %"' 1+3
&1-&/# /"n1-+C ."&$"-@).B

f5414"$   f21$
E #, &1 H#-(&- E b#3 &1 H#-(&- :'34'(-#:
g+" b'(' &1 H#-(&-
g+" #(' &1 H#-(&-
:'34'(-#:
W' b#3 &1 H#-(&-
W' &3 &1 H#-(&-
:'34'(-#:
m' b'(' &1 H#-(&-
m' #(' &1 H#-(&-
:'34'(-#:
g+" X#$$Y b'(' &1 H#-(&-
g+" X#$$Y #(' &1 H#-(&-
:'34'(-#:
`F': b'(' &1 H#-(&-
`F': #(' &1 H#-(&-
:'34'(-#:

`#,5&p1 F',+3 -' /'14(#(1+3 '1 $# .(+1"1/&#/&01; `&'1-' # 3'( ?"-" $#

palabra que causa más dicultad ya que no hay un sonido en castellano
%"' /+(('3.+1-' 4+4#$,'14'; J+ +534#14'2 .+-',+3 #/'(/#(1+3 #$ 3+1&-+

UH
 85109H

-&/&'1-+ 2+(-4  y
  y anarlo con el apoyo del profesor. No es el mismo sonido
%"' ?3"-" O@Q#@"P;
O@Q#@"P; @34+ '3 "1# 4>.&/# '%"&8+/#/&01;

K /+14&1"#/&01 8'(',+3 $#3 /+1?"=#/&+1'3 .+3&5$'3 -' ?)& V ?"-"2

?"-"2
en interrogativa, negativa y armativa, e incluiremos también las
/+14(#//&+1'3; D+3 1#4&8+3 3"'$'1 "3#( $#3 /+14(#//&+1'3 '1 /+18'(3#/&01
-&#(&#2 # 1+ 3'( %"' %"&'(#1 '1*#4&7#(;
'1*#4&7#(; @1 '34' /#3+2 ,#14&'1'1 $# 8'(3&01 1+
/+14(#>-#; D+ ,n3 &,.+(4#14' -' $#3 /+14(#//&+1'3 '3 #/'(4#( $# .(+1"1/&#S
/&012 :# %"' ,"/F+3 #$",1+3 4&'1'1 4'1-'1/&#2 3+5(' 4+-+ /+1 ?"-"#F$ .(+S
1"1/&#($+ 4#$ : /+,+ '3/(&5'; N'/+(-#- %"'2 -'3#*+(4"1#-#,'14'2 '$ &1=$p3
1+ '3 "1 &-&+,# *+1p4&/+ /+,+ '$ /#34'$$#1+;

O#(# .(+1"1/&#( 5&'1 $# 8'(3&01 /+14(#>-# ."'32 .+-',+3 &,#=&1#( %"' 1+

'9&34&(n $# 3'="1-# 2"4 : -'/&( +"-#$;
+"-#$; O#(4' -'$ '((+( '3 F#/'( -+3 3>$#5#32
4(#4# -' .+1'($+ 4+-+ '1 "1# 3>$#5#C +"--#$ : #( +"\-"#$;
+"\-"#$;

D# +4(# .+3&5&$&-#-2 '3 F#/'($+ 3&1 /+14(#//&01; I(+ ?"-"

?" -" #($ 3"-";
3"-"; <&',.(' 4'
('3"$4#(n ,n3 *n/&$2 : 4#,5&p1 3"'1# /+(('/4+;
Armativo: Interrogativo:
E b#3 &1 H#-(&- m#3 E &1 H#-(&-d
g+" b'(' &1 H#-(&- m'(' :+" &1 H#-(&-d

Negativo: Neg. Contraido:

E b#3 1+4 &1 H#-(&- E b#31h4 &1 H#-(&-
g+" b'(' 1+4 &1 H#-(&- g+" b'('1h4 &1 H#-(&-

*([a
*([a21
21 2"< S454 :52>$#>4
: 52>$#>4
KF+(# %"' F',+3 8&34+ 4+-#3 $#3 .+3&5&$&-#-'3 /+1 ?)& :
?)& : ?"-" $+3
?"-" $+3 8#,+3 #
.+1'( '1 .(n/4&/#;

UQ
85109H

ST K)& <$ g-<@). ."&$"-@).= UT I"&5 <$ ?)&B V W( <$ ?)&#F$B

ST K"-"
K"-" .(+ 3"-" ."&$"-@).= UT I"&5 E ?)&B V W( E ?)&#F$B
ST K"-"
K"-" .(+ *($3 3"-" ."&$"-@).= UT I"&5 ?" ?"-"B V W(5 ?" ?"-"#F$B

!"#1-+ .(#/4&/#,+3 /+1 ('3."'34#3 /+(4#32 1+ 3+$#,'14' '3 "1#

+.+(4"1&-#- .#(# .(#/4&/#( $#3 '34("/4"(#3 4(#5#?#-#32 3&1+ %"' 4#,5&p1
'3 "1 5"'1 ,+,'14+ .#(# F#/'( F&1/#.&p '1 $# .(+1"1/&#/&01 : *+(,#(
5"'1+3 Fn5&4+3; K/+(-#(+32 ?"-"5 .(+1"1/&#-+ 3"'1# .#('/&-+ # 3& $':'(#3
2+(- e 1+ '3 $+ ,&3,+ %"' ?3"-";
?3"-"; D+3 #$",1+3 $+3 3"'$'1 /+1*"1-&(;

q&?#(+3 4#,5&p1 '1 $# 3'="1-# .('="14# : $"'=+ $# ('3."'34#; W#: "1 /#,5&+
-' .'(3+1# : ('%"&'(' "1 /#,5&+ -' ?"-" # ?)&;?)&; <& 1+ '34#,+3 #4'14+3
4#,5&p1 /#"3# /+1*"3&01 F#34# %"' $+ F#:#,+3 .(#/4&/#-+ ,n3;

A'3."p3 -' .(#/4&/#( ('3."'34#3 /+(4#3 /+1 '$ .(+*'3+(2 /+,+ 3&',.('2
/+,.$&/#(',+3 $#3 #/4&8&-#-'3; `'1-(p&3 %"' *+(,"$#( $#3 .('="14#3 #$
.(+*'3+( : # +4(+3 #$",1+32 4(#-"/&( : $"'=+ ('.#3#( /+1 "1# ,'7/$# -'
4+-+ /+1 #=&$&-#-;

-([f5414"$ A#=:94 2"< A#=:94 f21$

^1# 8'7 /+13+$&-#-+ '$ 8'(5+ $( *" '1
*" '1 <&,.$' O#342 $+ 4(#5#?#(',+3 #$ $#-+
-'$ O('3'14 <&,.$'; O#(# '34+2 .+-',+3 '34"-&#( $#3 *(#3'3 %"' 3&="'1C

G1$;@ 267\  KV= H454

@34"8' #$$> #:'( E b#3 4F'(' :'34'(-#:
WYO"<4 41$2321X aH454 S454 @;7X
sA01-' '34n3d mF'(' #(' :+"d
WG1$232#1 267\X a454 @;7 H454X
u$ '(# '$ .('3&-'14' W' b#3 4F' .('3&-'14

UR
 85109H

G992 41 92 :541#<4"$2 AH4 #1 $H4 :541#<4"$

s@(#3 5"'1 #$",1+d m'(' :+" # =++- 34"-'14d
A;@ 374" 297="; KV= 2 P;;< 1$7<4"$
@34#,+3 F#5$#1-+ m' #(' 4#$a&1=
G1$7I#=;1 H2392"<; a4 S454 $29E#"P

,([D; 34 3;5"
@1 &1=$p3 '$ 8'(5+ 2#)%"-4  '34n
 '34n /+,."'34+ /+1 '$ 8'(5+ $( *" : '$ .#(4&/&.&+
*(-# %"'
*(-# %"' 8&'1' -' $( *")- OG)-<-P;
OG)-<-P; O+( $+ %"' $&4'(#$,'14' 4(#-"/&-+ 3' ."'-'
'14'1-'( /+,+ 2&"- G)-<@(4B KF+(#2
G)-<@(4B KF+(#2 $# 61&/# .#(4' -'$ 8'(5+ %"' F#/' *#$4#
/+1?"=#( '3 $# .#(4' -'$ $( *";
*"; KF> '34n '$ '1*+%"'2 '3 -'/&(2 '$ +5?'4&8+ -'
practicar esta estructura es el adquirir más uidez y facilidad con ?)& :
?"-";
?"-";

l'#,+3 '?',.$+3C
Z#">; 34341 "2>4" 267\ e#I4 323#41 254 3;5" H454
>2<2 14=2"2 4I45@ S44E
sA01-' 1#/&34'd mF'(' b'(' :+" 5+(1d
U2>\ 4" M2<5#< K S21 3;5" #" M2<5#<

/([a21 L S454 >;"1;9#<2>#O"

@1 '34' ."14+ 3'="&,+3 .(#/4&/#1-+ /+1 ?)& :
?)& : ?"-"
 ?"-"22 : /+,+ :# -'5'(>#,+3
F#5'( #-%"&(&-+ /&'(4# #=&$&-#- : "1# 5"'1# .(+1"1/&#/&012 .+-',+3 #B#-&(
,n3 /+,.$&/#/&01 # $#3 '34("/4"(#3; O(&,'(+2 4(#5#?#(',+3 /+1 -+3 8'(5+3;

O+( '?',.$+C

ST 78+9#$(& )h(& $"#c) $+ 0)@-" %+)#@( #)%<&$"=

>(? (,@ ?)& .(+- 0(0 ?3"# .(+ ?"-" *(-#=
 UT 6< 0)@-" $"#c) A"<#$<%<#%( )h(& %+)#@(
%+)#@( #)%cB
       

<=
85109H

K-',n3 -' 4(#5#?#( /+1 -+3 8'(5+3 $( *" '1*" '1 /#-# *(#3'2 #.('1-'(',+3 '$
O#3#-+ !+14&1"+ %"' 4#,5&p1 ('%"&'(' -+3 8'(5+3; <' *+(,# &="#$ %"' '$
O('3'14' !+14&1"+ /+1 $# '9/'./&01 -' %"' '34n '1 O#3#-+2 : #3> '1 8'7
-' E )0 &$+@.<#: 3'(># E ?)& &$+@.<#: ; O+( $+ ='1'(#$ 3" "3+ '3 &="#$ %"' '1
/#34'$$#1+ /"#1-+ 3' -'3/(&5' $# '3/'1#2 + 3' -'3/(&5' "1# #//&01 %"' 3'
'34#5# F#/&'1-+ -"(#14' "1 4&',.+; O+( '?',.$+C

G1$232 <75=#4"<; K S21 1944:#"P(

K $#3 PU '34#5#,+3 /'1#1-+ K4 PU ., b' b'(' F#8&1= -&11'(
Wl78 41$2321 H2>#4"<; 2 921 'X aH2$ S454 @;7 <;#"P 2$ ' :=X

'([G9
'([G9 I453; $; 5(61 @ 1#=#92541
l#,+3 # F#/'( "1 ('.#3+ (n.&-+ -' '34+3 8'(5+3 %"' '1 &1=$p3 /#,5&#1
-'.'1-&'1-+ -' 3& $$'8#1 + 1+ .(+1+,5('3;

Y2=4 49 9#35; F#I4 =4 $H4 3;;E

An,'$+ k&8' &4 4+ ,'

N'/"'(-# %"' 3" '34("/4"(# 3' &18&'(4' #$ .+1'( "1+ + -+3 .(+1+,5('3;
`(#5#?# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C
Y2=4 49 9#35;Q <2=49;
@13pB#,' $# ,#1+2
'13pB#,'$#
?8"<4=4 49 >;>H4Q
I8"<4=49;
!n14#,' $# /#1/&012
/n14#,'$#
D5N4=4 49 >;>H4Q $5N4=49;
Hn1-#,' '$ $&5(+2 ,n1-#,'$+
i98I294 49 3;9#Q 998I2149;
F#I4 =4 $H4 3;;EQ P#I4 #$ $; =4
<F+b ,' :+"( F#1-2 3F+b &4 4+
,'v
A499 =4 $H4 >25Q 1499 #$ $; =4
<&1= ,' 4F' 3+1=2 3&1= &4 4+ ,'
h5#"P =4 $H4 >25
>25QQ 35#"P #$ $; =4
<'1- ,' 4F' 5++a2 3'1- &4
&4 4+ ,'
D2E4 H#= $H4 :4"Q $2E4 #$ $; H#=

<9
 85109H

v!+,+ /"(&+3&-#-2 ('/"'(-# %"' $#3 .#(4'3 -'$ /"'(.+ 3&',.(' 8#1 /+1 .(+1+,5(' .+3'3&8+C
D)0" ,) 0)#( _<A" 0" .(+- 3)#@
6" @+"," ,) %)*"e) 6. 3")@ 3+-$&
6" "&$(. -)&%)#@( ,) %)*"e) EF0 &%-)$%3<#: 0. 3")@

`(#5#?# 4#,5&p1 /+1 -&*'('14'3 /+,5&1#/&+1'3 -' .(+1+,5('32 4' -#(n

,"/F# #=&$&-#- '1 /+,.('13&01 : .(+1"1/&#/&01;

YN=49;1 F#I4 $H4= $; =4

An3'$+3 # '$$# k&8' 4F', 4+ F'(
MN"<2=49;1 A4"< $H4= $; =4
Hn1-#3'$+ # p$ <'1- &4 4+ F&,
?8"<4149; 2 4992 A499 #$ $; H45
lp1-'3'$+3 <'$$ 4F', 4+ F&,
MN"<2941 49 54P29; A4"< $H4= $H4 :5414"$

)([k4:21;
)([k4:21; I453; %" 0*) 
N'/"'(-# %"' '34' 8'(5+ '3 "1 .+/+ .(+5$',n4&/+ .#(# 1+3+4(+3; J"1/#
'34n -' ,n3 "1 ('.#3+;

f\<4=49; R1E =4 T;5 #$

O>-',' '$ 5+$& K3a ,' *+( 4F' .'1
f54P7"$2 :;5 R"$;"#; R1E T;5 R"$;"#;
O>-'$' # H#(># %"' #5(# K3a H#(># 4+ +.'1 4F'
$# ."'(4# -++(
^2J=4 7"2 :54P7"$2 R1E =4 2 6741$#;"
O('="14# %"p 4#$ '34n
K3a #5+"4 K14+1&+
K14+1&+

 +([A7::;14< $;
EF0 &+GG(&"@ $( *" $3"-" )$ &"A"#
E ?)& &+GG(&"@ $( *" 3"-" )$ $3-""

<U
85109H

<' 4(#-"/' '1 '3.#B+$ /+,+ &" &+G(#" ;+"2 ;+"2 .'(+ 3" "3+ '1 &1=$p3 '3
$&='(#,'14' -&34&14+; <' "3# .#(# ('*'(&(3' ) %(&)& &" @"*"-c)# 3)%"-  .'(+
  .'(+
#  3)A" $(2
%"' F#5&4"#$,'14' 1+ 3' F#/'1; @3 .#('/&-+ # 3)A" $(2 :# %"' 4#,5&p1 3'
"3# .#(# /+3#3 %"' 4&'1'1 %"' 3'( F'/F#3 '1 '$ *"4"(+2 + &1/$"3+ /+3#3 %"'
3' -'5'(>#1 -' F#5'( F'/F+ '1 '$ O#3#-+ .'(+ %"' 1+ 3' F#1 $$'=#-+ # F#/'(
nalmente.

K3> %"'2 4p/1&/#,'14'2 3' 4(#-"/' /+,+ &" &+G(#", pero también signica
$"#"- ;+"2
;+"2 : @"*"- @";
@";

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

D4"P; 674 41$25 267\ =2m2"2 2 921

"74I4
<' 3".+1># %"' 4'1>#3 %"' '34#(
'3.'(#1-+2s-01-'
'3.'(#1-+2s-01-' '34n3d
WR 678 H;52 14 17:;"\2 674 $4"\21 674
41$25 267\X
!#($+32 1+ -'5'3 -' ?"=#( /+1 '3+
Wl78 $4"\21 674 41$25 H2>#4"<;X
sw"p -'5'(>#3 F#5'( '34#-+ F#/&'1-+d
WR 678 H;52 14 17:;"4 674 $#4"41 674
41$25 267\ =2m2"2X
sw"p 4'1=+ %"' /+,'( '1 '34# -&'4#d
Wl78 $4"P; 674 H2>45 >;" 41$4 "74I;
2:252$;X
O'(-+1#2 :# 3p %"' 4'1># %"' '34#( #%">
F#/' PU ,&1"4+3
KV= 17::;14< $; 34 H454 $;=;55;S 2$ .
g+" b'(' 3"..+3'- 4+ 5' b#&4&1=2 bF'(' #('
:+"d
aH2$ $#=4 S454 @;7 17::;14< $; 34 H454X
!#($+32 :+"h(' 1+4 3"..+3'- 4+ .$#: b&4F 4F#4
aH2$ S454 @;7 17::;14< $; 34 <;#"PX
mF#4 b'(' :+" 3"..+3'- 4+ F#8' 5''1
-+&1=d
aH2$ $#=4 254 @;7 17::;14< $; 34 H454
$;=;55;SX
mF#4 #, E 3"..+3'- 4+ '#4 b&4F 4F&3 -&'4d
aH2$ 2= K 17::;14< $; <; S#$H $H#1 "4S
<4I#>4X
Eh, 3+((:2 E a1+b E b#3 3"..+3'- 4+ 5' F'('
PU ,&1"4'3 #=+

.([a;79<
.([a;79< b>;"<#$#;"29d
b>;"<#$#;" 29d
/+1-&/&+1#$C  i-"&"#$ 8(#@<$<(#),B
@1 '34' ."14+2 #.('1-'(',+3 $# 3'="1-# /+1-&/&+1#$C i-"&"#$
g# /+1+/',+3 '$ .(&,'(+ x g+$+-" 8(#@<$<(#),T EC <$ -)<#&5 E ?(#F$ :(;
:( ;

<<
 85109H

<+5(' 4+-+2 1+3 /'14(#(',+3 '1 $# .#(4>/"$# ?(+,@ %"' *"1/&+1# ,":
.#('/&-+ # ?<,, '1 %"' '$ 8'(5+ %"' $' 3&="' '3 $# *+(,# 5#3' -'$ 8'(5+;
K(+,@ '1
K(+,@ '1 3>2 /+,+ ?<,,5
/+,+ ?<,,5 1+
 1+ 4&'1' 4(#-"//&01 1&1="1# #$ /#34'$$#1+2 3&1+ %"'
3' 4(#-"/' .+( '$ 8'(5+ %"' 3&="'; O+( '?',.+2 3> '3 E ?(+,@ 3)A" r
3)A" r I( $"#@-c)
$" #@-c);;
q&?#(+3 '1 $# /+,.#(#/&01 '14(' ?<,,
'14('  ?<,, : ?(+,@B

E ?<,, #""@ E ?(+,@ #""@

E ?<,, %),, E ?(+,@ %),,

Ahora echamos un vistazo a las variaciones con armaciones, en negativo

' &14'((+=#4&8+C
R =\ =4 P71$25\2 n K S;79< 9#E4n
sK 4& 4' ="34#(>#d m+"$- :+" $&a'd
R =\ "; =4 P71$25\2 n K S;79<"V$ 9#E4(((

/+14(#//&01 ?(+,@#F$ %"' '3 '$ ('3"$4#-+ -' /+14(#'( ?(+,@ #($
q>?#4' '1 $# /+14(#//&01
j ?(+,@#F$2
?(+,@#F$2 #$ &="#$ %"' +/"((># /+1 '$ *"4"(+ ?<,, #($ j ?(#F$;
?(#F$ ;

O#(# .(#/4&/#( '34+ 8#,+3 # 4(#13*+(,#( "1# *(#3' '1 !<0G," g+$+-" 
g+$+-"  # $#
*+(,# /+1-&/&+1#$; O+( '?',.$+C

K S#99 >299 @;7 3 /",7& -077 ;",

E ?(#F$ +#@"-&$)#@ E ?(+,@#F$ +#@"-&$)#@
?<$3(+$ 3",G ?<$3(+$ 3",G
a#99 @;7 H49: =4 =",7& ;", .179 +1
$;=;55;SX %"+"''"/> 

8'(5+  $( *"5 .+-',+3

!+,+ :# F',+3 8&34+ '$ O#3#-+ -'$ 8'(5+ $( *"5 .+-',+3 ',.'7#( # 4(#4#(
!+1-&4&+1#$ EE %"' 4#,5&p1 3' /+1+/' /+,+ O('3'14 !+1-&4&+1#$; <' $$#,#
*0(,"$# T EC M !<0G," G)&$ M !<0G," %(#@<$<(#), C(-0;
#3> .+( 3" *0(,"$#T C(-0 ; q&?#(+32 '1

<F
85109H

O('3'14 !+1-&4&+1#$ /"#1-+ #$ 8'(5+ $( *" $'

*" $' 3&="' <C  '1
  '1 $# *(#3'2 3&',.('
"3#( ?"-"B @34+ '3 .+(%"' ('#$,'14' '3 '$ 3"5?"14&8+2
F#: %"' "3#( ?"-"B 3"5?"14&8+2 : '1 &1=$p3 '$
8'(5+ $( *" '1
*" '1 3"5?"14&8+ O#3#-+ 3&',.(' '3 ?"-";
?"-"; KF+(# 5&'12 ."'-' %"'
F#:n&3 +>-+ # 1#4&8+32 ,63&/+32 #/4+('3 %"' F#1 -&/F+ ?)&;?)&; A' '34# *+(,#2
.+-(>#,+3 -'/&( %"' 3' F# 3&-+ #/'.4#-+ 4(#3 $+3 #B+32 3&1 ',5#(=+2 '3
&1/+(('/4+; D+ /+(('/4+ '3 ?"-";
?"-";
A# 41$7I#452 4" M2<5#<Q =4 KT K S454 #" M2<5#<Q K S;79<
>;=:525#2 7" >;>H4 37@ 2 >25
<& '34"8&'(#3 #%">2 8'1-(>#3 # E* :+" b'(' F'('2 :+" b+"$-
/$#3' /+,' 4+ /$#33

A' 4+-+3 ,+-+32 8'(',+3 4+-+ '34+ ,"/F+ ,n3 '1 .(+*"1-&-#- '1
"1&-#-'3 ,n3 #8#17#-#3;

&0([G914
@34# .#$#5(# '3 "1 .+/+ .(+5$',n4&/# .#(# $+3 #$",1+3 -'5&-+ # 3" "3+
8#(&#-+ '1 &1=$p3; l'#,+3 #$="1+3 '?',.$+3C
Wl78 =N1X
sK$=+ ,n3d
Wl7#8" =N1X
@1/+14(#(',+3
@1/+14(#(',+3 # #$="&'1 ,n3
MN1 I294 674 41$7<#41 ; 1# ";((X
`'1-(',+3 %"' /+,.(#( +4(# /+3#
Wf74<41 H2>45 ;$52 >;12X
sO"'-'3 F#/'( #$=+ ,n3d
U; $4"P; "2<2 =N1 674 <25$4
aH2$ 4914X
K1:4F&1= '$3'd
aH; 4914X
We’ll nd someone else
C;7V< 34$$45 1$7<@Q ;5 4914n(X
m'h$$ F#8' 4+ 5": 3+,'4F&1= '$3'
Z2" @;7 <; 1;=4$H#"P 4914X
!#1 :+" -+ 3+,'4F&1= '$3'd
K <;"V$ H2I4 2"@$H#"P 4914 $; P#I4 @;7

@$ .(+5$',# ,n3 F#5&4"#$ 3"'$' 3'( %"' $+3 #$",1+3 4&'1-'1 # "3#($+
'((01'#,'14' /+,+ &(0"$3<#: 0(-" O&(0"$3<#: ",&"P2 ",&"P2 + 4#,5&p1 0(-"
4#,5&p1 0(-" $3<#:&
O)#.$3<#: ",&"P2
",&"P2 + &(0"*(@. 0(-" O&(0"*(@. ",&"PB `(#4#
",&"PB  `(#4# -' .(#/4&/#( /+1 $#3
'34("/4"(#3 -' #((&5# : *>?#4' '1 ",&" #
",&" # .#(4&( -' #F+(#;

<G
 85109H

&&([K$ <4:4"<1 ;"

@34# '34("/4"(# '3 *n/&$2 .'(+ 3"'$' 3'( /+,61 '$ %"' 1+3 -'?',+3 '$
.(+1+,5(' <$ %"'
<$ %"' 3&',.(' $# #/+,.#B# #$ /+,&'17+ -' $# ,&3,#;

!+,+ 3&',.('2 $+ /+(('=&,+3 # 5#3' -' .(n/4&/#C

Y4:4"<4 <4 $# K$ <4:4"<1 ;" @;7

A'.'1-' -' ,&
U; <4:4"<4 <4 =#
sA' %"&p1 -'.'1-'d
Y4:4"<4 <49 $#4=:;
J+ -'.'1-' -' '$$#2 -'.'1-'
-' ,&
WY4 678 <4:4"<4X
s!(''3 %"' -'.'1-' -' '3+d
E4 -'.'1-3 +1 ,'
K$ <;41"V$ <4:4"< ;" =4
mF+ -+'3 &4 -'.'1- +1d
K$ <4:4"<1 ;" $H4 S42$H45
E4 -+'31h4 -'.'1- +1 F'(2 &4
-'.'1-3 +1 ,'
aH2$ <;41 #$ <4:4"< ;"X
A+ :+" 4F&1a &4 -'.'1-3 +1 4F#4d

&*([f92"#"P $;Q ;"

K3)$ )-" .(+ G,)##<#: $( @( $(0(--(?=
$(0(--(?=
K3)$ )-" .(+ G,)##<#: (# @(<#: $(0(--(?=
$(0(--(?=

@34# '3 "1# '9.('3&01 ,": /+,61 '1 &1=$p3; @1 '3.#B+$ 3' 4(#-"/' /+,+
 7S+R G<"#&)& 3)%"- 0)h)#)= : .+( $+ 4#14+ 3&',.(' 4'1-',+3 # F#/'($+
'((01'#,'14' /+,+ K3)$ @( .(+ $3<#L $( @( $(0(--(?= + /+3#3 .+( '$ '34&$+;

3&,&$#(  $( $3<#L )*(+$2

`#,5&p1 1+ +534#14'2 4'1',+3 $# '9.('3&01 3&,&$#( $( )*(+$2 #"1%"'
'34+ 3'(># ,n3 %(#&<@"-)- ,) G(&<*<,<@)@5 :
G(&<*<,<@)@5 : 1+ 4#14+     
%(# 09& &":+-<@)@5 '1
&":+-<@)@5 '1 /":+ /#3+ "3#,+3 $(
"3#,+3  $( G,)#;
G,)#;

KV= :92"#"P $; P; ?(1$*" (' 

K(' :+" 4F&1a&1= #5+"4  7[&$9& A),(-)#@
A),(-)#@(( ", <-$"
=+&1= #5(+#-d C+"-)= 

<:
85109H

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

Wl78 :#4"121 H2>45 =2m2"2X
sO&'13#3 8'1&( # /$#3' $# 3',#1#
.(09&,#d
Wl78 :#4"121 H2>45 49 :Oo#=; 2m;X
Pienso estudiar todo el n de semana
WG" 678 41$N1 :4"12"<;X
U; :#4"1; #5
@34+: /+13&-'(#1-+
/+13&-'(#1-+ '$ &(,' -'
8#/#/&+1'3 # E4#$&#
f#4"1; #5 2 M2<5#< 49 =41 674 I#4"4
aH2$ 254 @;7 :92"#"P $; <; $;=;55;SX
K(' :+" .$#11&1= 4+ /+,' 4+ /$#33 1'94
b''ad
aH2$ 254 @;7 :92""#"P $; <; "4o$
@425X
Eh, .$#11&1= 4+ 34"-: #$$ b''a'
b''a'1-
1-
aH2$ 254 @;7 $H#"E#"P 23;7$X
KV= ";$ :92""#"P $; P;
Eh, 4F&1a&1= #5+"4 =+&1= +1 8#/#4&+1
4+ E4#$:
KV= :92""#"P ;" P;#"P $; M2<5#< "4o$
=;"$H

(# '3 ,n3 /+,61 '1 $+3 @34#-+3 ^1&-+3; N'/"'(-# %"' '$ 8'(5+
i,)##<#: (# '3
-'4(n3 -' (# &(n
(# &(n '1 $# *+(,# \<#: 2 .+( 3'( "1 8'(5+ 1+,&1#$&7#-+;

EF0 G,)##<#: (# <$B EF0 G,)##<#: (# :(<#: $3"-"B

&-([K >2" $499

@34# '3 "1# '9.('3&01 ,": /+,61 '1 &1=$p32 ,": *n/&$ -' '14'1-'( : -'
"3#( .#(# "1 '34"-&#14'2 .'(+ .+( #$="1# (#701 1+3 /"'34# '$ $$'=#($# # "3#(
-' *+(,# 1#4"(#$ : '1 '$ ,+,'14+ #-'/"#-+ 4#$ : /+,+ $+ F#(># "1 1#4&8+;

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

Wi; ";$21X Z2" @;7 $499X

sJ+4#3 %"' '34n /#13#-+d
WZO=; 9; :74<41 ";$25X
sJ+ 1+4#3 %"' '34n -&34(#&-+d
U;$; 674 41$N :4"12"<; 4"
;$52 >;12
!#1 :+" 4'$$ F' &3 4&('-d
^;S >2" @;7 $499X
!#1h4 :+" 4'$$ F'h3 -&34(#/4'-
-&34(#/4'-dd
K >2" $499 H4V1 $H#"E#"P
23;7$ 1;=4$H#"P 4914

<H
 85109H

&,([f5;"7">#2>#O"
@1 '34# +/#3&01 4(#5#?#,+3 '$ 3+1&-+  V)V 
 V)V  %"' .#$#5(#3  >]H 
 %"' #.#('/' '1 $#3 .#$#5(#3 >]H 
+ D]8H]X;
D]8H]X; q+1p4&/#,'14'2 '34' 3+1&-+ 3' 4(#13/(&5' /+,+  ɑ. @3 "1 3+1&-+
-' U '3.#B+$#2
/+,+ -' U  '3.#B+$#2 + '1 4+-+ /#3+ "1 .+/+ ,n3 #5&'(4#;

N'.&4' $#3 .#$#5(#3 /'14(n1-+4' '1 /+13'="&( "1 3+1&-+  U;

 U; J+ 4' -'?'3
$'4(# ];;
$$'8#( .+( 8'( $# $'4(# ]

>($ @(%$(-5 3($ @(%$(-5 3($ @(%$(- 

`(#4# -' ('.'4&($#3 /#-# 8'7 %"' '1/"'14('3 "1# .#$#5(# /+1 '3' 3+1&-+2
.+( '?',.$+ -(%L"$ + G(%L"$;
G(%L"$;

'1 3($$2 /+1 '$ 3+1&-+ ə '1 &(0"

^1# 5"'1# .(n/4&/#2 '3 /+,.#(#( '$ 3+1&-+ ɑ '1 3(  '1 &(0";;

!(0"5 %(0" \ >($5 @(%$(- 

'1  3($ :
q>?#4' /+,+ '1 3($  : @(%$(-  F#3
 F#3 -' #5(&( ,"/F+ ,n3 $# 5+/# .#(# /+13'="&(
'$ 3+1&-+ -' "1# # ,n3 '3.#B+$#;

&/([G"$;"2>#O"( f5N>$#>2 <4 7"#O" <4 :2923521

!+14&1"#,+3 4(#5#?#1-+ /+1 "1&+1'3 -' .#$#5(#3; K-',n3 '1 '34' /#3+
#B#-&,+3 "1# 3'(&' -' 1+(,#3 %"' 3' -#1 -'.'1-&'1-+ -' $#3 /+13+1#14'3
%"' 3' "1'1 #$ /+,5&1#( $#3 .#$#5(#3;

S `igy !F
D# "1&01 -' HMI '1 -&*'('14'3 .#$#5(#32 -# /+,+ $"=#( '$ 3+1&-+ V%3V 
3+1&-+  V%3V ; `'
4(#13/(&5&,+3 "1+3 '?',.$+3 .#(# %"' 4' F#=#3 "1# &-'#2 .'(+ 4(#4# -'
.(#/4&/#( /+1 4+-#3 $#3 *(#3'3 : *>?#4' ,": 5&'1 # .#(4&( -' #F+(# '1 '34'
-'4#$$';

<Q
85109H

aH2$V1 @;75 "2=4X LS2>H45 "4#=L 

!#1h4 :+" -+ &4d   j/#1/F"t-"'4j 
Y;"V$ @;7 9#E4 #$X
J+4 :'4
KV99 94$ @;7 E";S
!#1 E ='4 :+" # -(&1ad

S AigyL
D# "1&01 -' DMI  -# 3+1&-+  d;;
 -# /+,+ $"=#( #$ 3+1&-+ d

Y#< @;7 144 #$X  

W+b -&- :+" $&a' &4d /haʊ deddʒu láiket/

Z;79< @;7 $499X

Did you nd your keys?
aH2$ <#< @;7 12@X

S <igy <W
D# "1&01 -' !MI -# /+,+ $"=#( #$ 3+1&-+ !>B

 C41Q
 C41Q @;7 254 L@41H7 254L 
M$'33 :+"   j5$'33F"'j 
f5411 @;75 H2"<1 $;P4$H45
!#1 :+" -('33 :+"(3'$*d   jah1&"t-('3F&'(t3'$*j 
Z2" @;7 :211 @;75 4o2= $H#1 @425X
Eh$$ 4(: 4+ ="'33 :+"( #='
i21$ @425

S zig y zW
-' kMI  -#
D# "1&01 -' kMI  3+1&-+  k>
 -# /+,+ $"=#( #$ 3+1&-+ k>

<R
 85109H

^;SV1 @;75 T2=#9@X L^2;JH#45 T24=944L 

W+b b#3 :+"( 4(&.d /Hawəzhier trip/

aH;V1 @;75 T5#4"<X

mF'('h3 :+"( ,+,d

&'([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;" b>2"Q >2"V$d

 U#$(#<( _)-%<) %)# @( )#.$3<#: 3" G+$& 3<& 0<#@ $(B >" <& <# :((@ G3.&<%),
&3)G"B >" %)# -+# ) 0)-)$3(# <# l 3(+-&B U#$(#<( %)# *<L"
*< L" (A"- /mn L<,(0"$"-&
             
<& &$+@.<#: E$),<)#B U#$(#<( %)# "CC"%$<A",. -+# 3<& (?# -"&$)+-)#$ <# @(?#$(?#
W"? I(-LB >(?"A"-5 U#$(#<( %)#F$ %(00+#<%)$" ?",, ?<$3 3<& ?<C"B ><& ?<C"
%)#F$ %(#$<#+" ,<A<#: 3)GG<,. ?3<," 3"- 3+&*)#@ <& *+&. G+-&+<#: 3<& @-")0&B !3"
%)# ?(-L )$ 3(0"5 $)L<#: %)-" (C $3"<- %3<,@-"# *+$ %)#F$ %(#$<#+" $( -)<&" $3"
%3<,@-"# ),, *. 3"-&",CB
3"-&",CB U#$(#<( @("&#F$ L#(? ?3)$ $( @(5 3" C"",& @"A)&$)$"@ $3)$
               
$3)$ 3" %)#F$ @( &(0"$3<#: ?",,B ><& ?<C"5 !)-) <& ,((L<#: C(- ) 0)--<):" %(+#&",(-
<# (-@"- $( &)A" $3"<- 0)--<):" )#@ C)0<,.B U#$(#<( %)#F$ %(00+#<%)$" ?<$3 3<&
?<C" #(- %)# 3" $),L ?<$3 ) %(+#&",(- )*(+$ 3<& G"-&(#), ,<C"B !)-) @("&#F$ L#(?
?3)$ $( @(B !3" %)#F$ &)A" $3"<- 0)--<):" ),(#"B g+-$3"-0(-"5 &3" %)#F$ &3)-" 3"-
C"",<#:& ?<$3 $3"<- %3<,@-"#B

P; E3 K14+1&+ &1 =++- 3F#.'d

T; mF#4 /#1 F' -+ &1 Q F+"(3d
Q; W+b $+1= /#1 F' 5&a'd
V; W+b ,#1: $#1="#='3 /#1 F' 3.'#ad
]; mF#4 &3 F' 34"-:&1= /"(('14$:d
f; mF#4 /#1 F' ("1 '**'/4&8'$:d
[; mF#4 /#1h4 F' -+ .(+.'($:d
\; mF#4 /#1h4 F&3 b&*' -+d
Z; mF: /#1h4 3F' -+ 4F#4d

F=
85109H

PU; !#1 3F' b+(a #4 F+,'d

PP; !#1 3F' 4#a' /#(' +* 4F'&( /F&$-('1d
PT; mF#4 /#1h4 3F' -+d
PQ; W+b -+'3 K14+1&+ *''$ #5+"4 &4d
PV; mF: -+'3 F' *''$ 4F#4 b#:d
P]; mF#4 &3 <#(# -+&1= 4+ 3#8' 4F'&( ,#((&#='d
Pf; mF#4 /#1h4 K14+1&+ -+d
P[; A+'3 <#(# a1+b bF#4 4+ -+d
P\; mF#4 /#1h4 3F' -+ #$+1'd
PZ; mF#4 '94(# .(+5$', -+'3 3F' F#8'd

&)([fH52129 ?4531
S !( 8(" C <#$"#$)- 

?4"P2Q #"$8"$29; Z;=4 ;"Q P; T;5 #$p

{D+ %"' %"&'(#3|
k+ *+( &4|
X&(01&/+Y

S !( (88 C &),$)-5 "%3)- ) ),:+<"# ,) *-(#%)

i2 2925=2 129$O DH4 2925= S4"$ ;TT

H' '/F0 $# 5(+1/# <F' b'14 +** +1 ,'

S !( (+1 C    

WA29\1 41$2 ";>H4X R54 @;7 P7@1 P;#"P ;7$ $;"#PH$X

<' *"' $# $"7 `F' $&=F43 b'14 +"4

S !( (5/" T -"G)&)- 

Wf74<41 54:2125 49 #"T;5=4 674 $4 <#X Z;79< @;7 P; ;I45 $H4 54:;5$ K P2I4 @;7X

F9
 R7<#; <41>25P2394
N'/"'(-# -'3/#(=#(4' : '3/"/F#( '$ #"-&+ ,.Q %"' /+14&'1' '34' $&5(+;
#"P981Q /+1 /+14'1&-+ '94(#2 : -+1-' 4'
MN1 <4 &, H;521 <4 9;>7>#O" 4" #"P981Q /+1
-#,+3 $+3 ,'?+('3 4("/+3 -'$ Hp4+-+ g+"$%&';
SSS(27<#;19#35;1(@;7$29E;"9#"4(>;=
!$#8' -' -'3/#(=#C F\3f1?

FU
 ^JE`9Q
&([M2E4 2"< <;
A&*'('1/&#( $+3 8'(5+3 0)L" : @( 1+
@( 1+ '3 4#('# *n/&$; <+5(' 4+-+ 3& 4(#4#,+3
-' ('/+(-#($+3 # 4(#8p3 -' 1+(,#3; D+ ,'?+( '3 #.('1-'($+3 4#$ : /+,+ $+
F#(># "1 1&B+ 1#4&8+2 %"' '3 # 4(#8p3 -' $# .(n/4&/#2 8'($+3 '1 /+14'94+ : $#
('.'4&/&01;

1+(,#2 @( tiene un signicado más general, mientras que 0)L" 4&'1'

!+,+ 1+(,#2 @( 0)L" 4&'1'
un signicado más de fabricar. En todo caso, como decimos, lo mejor es ir
.(#/4&/#1-+ *('/"'14','14' $+3 /#3+3 ,n3 F#5&4"#$'3;

^2J=4 7" T2I;5 Y; =4 2 T2I;5

w"&'(+ %"' F#=#3 $# /#,#
U; =4 H2P21 =N1 :54P7"$21
J+ ,' ="34# F#/'( 1'=+/&+3
/+14&=+
D#4"41 674 494P#5 2H;52
l#3 # F#/'( "1 5"'1 4(#5#?+
U4>41#$21 >2=3#25 @2
`&'1'3 %"' F#/'( #$=+
^4 $;=2<; 7"2 <4>#1#O" 41$2
=2m2"2
sW&/&34' '3+3 '?'(/&/&+3 #:'(d
^#J; 7"2 T;5$7"2 49 2m; :212<;
W#7 $+3 -'5'('3 .+( *#8+(
^2J 7"2 9#1$2 9; 2"$41 :;1#394
O"'-'3 F#/'($+ ,'?+(
U; H2P21 57#<;
W#7$+ $+ ,'?+( %"' ."'-#3
WZO=; 14 P2"2 92 I#<2X
J'/'3&4#,+3 F#/'( "1#
&18'34&=#/&01
E b#14 :+" 4+ ,#a' 4F' 5'-
Y;"V$ 21E =4 =;54 6741$#;"1
E -+1h4 $&a' 4+ -+ 5"3&1'33 b&4F :+"
C;7 H2I4 $; =2E4 2 >H;#>4 ";S
g+" #(' =+&1= 4+ -+ # =++- ?+5
C;7 "44< $; =2E4 2 >H2"P4 ";S
g+" F#8' 4+ -+ 3+,'4F&1=
K =2<4 2 <4>#1#;" $H#1 =;5"#"P
A&- :+" -+ 4F+3' '9'(/&3'3
:'34'(-#:d
^4 =2<4 2 T;5$7"4 921$ @425
A+ :+"( F+,'b+(a .$'#3'
M2E4 2 9#1$ 21 1;;" 21 :;11#394
g+" /#1 -+ 5'44'( 4F#1 4F#4
Y;"V$ =2E4 ";#14
A+ :+"( 5'34
^;S <;41 H4 =2E4 2 9#I#"PX
m' 1''- 4+ -+ #1 &18'34&=#4&+1

F<
 85109Q

U; :;<4=;1 >;=4$45 =N1 455;541 a4 >2"V$ =2E4 =;54 =#1$2E41

J+ F&/&,+3 #:'( $#3 /+,.(#3
^258 92 992=2<2 =N1 $25<4
O"'-'3 F#/'( ,#(#8&$$#3 '1 '$ *"4"(+
^#J; 7"2 :5;=412
J+3 F# F'/F+ ,"/F+ -#B+
?;@
?;@ 2 H2>45 7"2 :4$#>#O" 2 "741$5;
P;3#45";
w"&'(+ %"' *(&'="'3 $+3 .$#4+3 #F+(#
WY25N1 $7 <#1>751; =2m2"2X
J+ ,' ="34# F#/'( $# /+$#-#
Y4345\21 H2>45 7" 41T745J;
!('+ %"' 1+ 8+: # $$'=#( # 4&',.+
Ia2 4'1-(',+3 '3# ('"1&01 ,#B#1# .+(
$# ,#B#1#
U; 67#45; 674 =4 H2P21 "#"P7"2
;T45$2
<' '34n &18'14#1-+ '9/"3#3 4+-+ '$
4&',.+
l7#45; 674 >2714=;1 7"2 374"2
#=:541#O"
O"'-'3 F#/'( $# /'1# /"#1-+ %"&'(#3
Wi; 4"$#4"<41X
K3'=6(#4' -' %"' '34n /'((#-+
Wl78 $4 H2>4 >5445 41;X
m' -&-1h4 -+ 4F' 3F+..&1= :'34'(-#:
KV99 =2E4 $H4 >299 92$45
g+" /#1 -+ b+1-'(3 &1 4F' *"4"('
^4 =2<4 2 :5;=#14
W' F#3 -+1' # $+4 +* -#,#=' 4+ "3
KV= P;#"P $; =2E4 2 546741$ $; ;75
P;I45"=4"$
E b#14 :+" 4+ -+ 4F' -&3F'3 1+b
a#99 @;7 =2E4 @;75 1:44>H $;=;55;SX
E -+1h4 $&a' 4+ -+ 4F' $#"1-(:
C;7 1H;79< =2E4 2" 4TT;5$
E 4F&1a Eh, 1+4 =+&1= 4+ ,#a' &4 +1 4&,'
m'h$$ ,#a' 4F#4 #..+&14,'14 4+,+((+b
,+(1&1=
K <;"V$ S2"$ @;7 $; =2E4 =4 2"@ ;TT451
W'h3 ,#a&1= '9/"3'3 #$$ 4F' 4&,'
K S2"$ 71 $; =2E4 2 P;;< #=:5411#;"
g+" /#1 ,#a' 4F' -&11'( bF'1'8'( :+"
b#14
Y;41 #$ =2E4 14"14X
H#a' 3"(' &4h3 /$+3'-
aH2$ =2E41 @;7 $H#"E $H2$X

*([i411 $H2" L T4S45 $H2"

Vamos a seguir trabajando con los cuanticadores con sustantivos
/+14#5$'3 ' &1/+14#5$'3; K/+(-#(+32 .#(# ('.('3'14#( 20"#(&4   "3#,+3
,"&& /+1 &1/+14#5$'3 : C"?"-  .#(#
 .#(# /+14#5$'3; KF+(# 5&'12 3& %"'(',+3 -'/&(
20"#(& ;+"4 #B#-&,+3 2$3)#4   a los cuanticadores ,"&& : C"?"- ; A' *+(,#
&14"&4&8#2 .+-',+3 -'-"/&( %"' 209& ;+"4  '3
 '3 0(-" $3)#B O+(
$3)#B O+( '?',.$+C

FF
85109Q

D4"P; =4";1 <#"45; 674 $g :;5674 $g $#4"41 K H2I4 9411 =;"4@ $H2" @;7 34>2714 @;7 H2I4
=N1 674 @; =;54 =;"4@ $H2" =4
`'1=+ ,'1+3 #,&=+3 %"' 46 .+(%"' 46 4&'1'3 ,n3 E F#8' *'b'( *(&'1-3 4F#1 :+" 5'/#"3' :+"
#,&=+3 %"' :+ F#8' ,+(' *(&'1-3 4F#1 E -+

q&?#(+3 '1 $# .'%"'B# -&*'('1/&# '14(' $#3 4(#-"//&+1'3; ^1+ /+14&'1' 2$3)#
0"4 : $# +4(# 2$3)# E @(4 ; k(#,#4&/#$,'14' F#5$#1-+2 $# .+34'(&+( '3 $# ,n3
/+(('/4#2 #"1%"' $+3 -+3 3+1 &="#$ -' /+((&'14'3;

O#(# .(#/4&/#( $# -&*'('1/&# '14(' $+3 4('32 8"'34(+ .(+*'3+( +3 F#(n

.('="14#3 %"' ('%"&'('1 "1# ('3."'34# " +4(#; D+ -&*>/&$ -' $# #/4&8&-#- '3
%"' 1+ F#: "1# .&34# '1 $# .('="14#; O+( '?',.$+C

ST K3. )-" $3"-" 0(-" G"(G," <# 6)@-<@ $3)# <# !"A<,,"=
 UT ^"%)+&" $3"-"
$3"-" )-" C"?"- G"(G," <# !"A<,," $3)# <# 6)@-<@B
6)@-<@B
ST K3. <& $3"-" 0(-" &+#,<:3$ <# !"A<,," $3)# <# 6)@-<@=
 UT ^"%)+&" $3"-"
$3"-" <& ,"&& &+#,<:3$ <# 6)@-<@
6)@-<@ $3)# <# !"A<,,"B

-([?45@ T4SQ I45@ 9#$$94

Ya hemos estudiado estos cuanticadores en una unidad anterior,
entonces este punto nos servirá para seguir solidicando las diferencias
entre cuanticadores que usamos con incontables y los que usamos con
/+14#5$'32 /+1 '$ +5?'4&8+ -' =#1#( ,n3 #=&$&-#-;

@$ .(+*'3+( -&(n #$=+ /+,+C H3"-" )-"#F$ 0)#. G"(G," <# $3" W(-$3 G(,"B
g ('3.+1-'(p&3C H3"-" )-" A"-. C"? G"(G," <# $3" W(-$3 i(," ;

FG
 85109Q

DH454 254"V$ =2"@ $5441 #"
RT5#>2
`F'(' &31h4 ,"/F 3#1- &1 <.#&1
DH454 254"V$ =2"@ 37991 #"
e52">4
`F'(' &31h4 ,"/F $&=F4 &1
<b''-'1
DH454 254"V$ =2"@ :4;:94 #"
$H4 U;5$H f;94
DH454 254 I45@ T4S $5441 #"
RT5#>2
`F'(' &3 8'(: $&44$' 3#1- &1
<.#&1
DH454 254 I45@ T4S 37991 #"
e52">4
`F'(' &3 8'(: $&44$' $&=F4 &1
<b''-'1
DH454 254 I45@ T4S :4;:94 #"
$H4 U;5$H f;94

,([
,([DH454 S21Q
S 21Q $H454
$H4 54 S454
S45 4
g# '34#,+3 ,": *#,&$&#(&7#-+3 /+1 F#: '1 '$ O('3'14' <&,.$' -' &1=$p3;
KF+(# $+ 8#,+3 # '34"-&#( '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$'; K 8'/'3 $+3 #$",1+3
/+1*"1-'1 23)*c)4 oH3"-" ?)&5 $3"-" ?"-" /+1
?"-"  /+1 2<$ ?)&4 ; K/+(-#(+32 '3+ 3'(>#
2C+"4  +
 + 2"-)4 ; O(#/4&/#(p&3 ('3.+1-&'1-+ # ,"/F#3 .('="14#3 -'$ .(+*'3+( :
F#/&'1-+ #$="1#3 #/4&8&-#-'3 -' 4(#-"//&01; K/+(-#(+3C

Había una esta DH454 S21 2 :25$@

Había muchas estas `F'(' b'(' # $+4 +* .#(4&'3
Era una esta K$ S21 2 :25$@

/([DH454 S#99 34 2"< $H454 #1 P;#"P $; 34

O#('/&-+ #$ ."14+ #14'(&+(2 '34"-&#(',+3 $+ ,&3,+ .'(+ '1 '$ q"4"(+
<&,.$' : *"4"(+ /+1  :(<#: $(;
$(; !+,+ :# F',+3 8&34+2 1+ '3 4#1 *n/&$ /+,+
4(#5#?#( /+1 23)*"-4  *"'(#
  *"'(# -'$ O('3'14'; K /+14&1"#/&01 F#: 4(#-"//&+1'3
%"' +3 #:"-#(n1 /+1 $#3 #/4&8&-#-'3 %"' F#(p&3 '1 /$#3';
?2 2 H2345 DH454 #1 P;#"P $; 34
l# # F#5'( X.$"(#$Y `F'(' #(' =+&1= 4+ 5'
^235N DH454 S#99 34
W#5(n X.$"(#$Y `F'(' b&$$ 5'

F:
85109Q

'([h;54<Q 3;5#"P
Hay ciertas palabras en inglés que cambian su signicado y uso dependiendo
-' 3& 3" 4'(,&1#/&01 '3 \"@ + 5&'1 \<#:B
5&'1 \<#:B Lo mejor es jarse y practicar con los
3&="&'14'3 '?',.$+3;

9("/:; *("40< 
[&$(. )*+--<@( G(-;+" ,) %,)&" "& )*+--<@)
EF0 *(-"@ *"%)+&" $3" %,)&& <& *(-<#: 

&01/"/21/:; 401/"/2140< 
[&$(. <#$"-"&)@( G(-;+" "& <#$"-"&)#$"
EF0 <#$"-"&$"@ *"%)+&" <$F& <#$"-"&$<#: 

 .=()>/:;
 .=()>/:; 2=()>40< 
6" %3(%Q G(-;+" "-) %3(%)#$"
E ?)& &3(%L"@ *"%)+&" <$ ?)& &3(%L<#: 

?$*#""#22/:;
?$*#""#22/:; /$*#""#2240< 
6" @) A"-:p"#e) G(-;+" @) A"-:p"#e)
E C"", "0*)--)&&"@ *"%)+&" <$F& "0*)--)&&<#:B

@42#66(401/:; :42#66(40140< 
[&$(. @"%"G%<(#)@( G(-;+" "& @"%"G%<(#)#$"
EF0 @<&)GG(<#$"@ *"%)+&" <$F& @<&)GG(<#$<#:

A,/#2/:; 6,/#240< 
[&$(. %(#$"#$( G(-;+" "& 0+. ):-)@)*,"
EF0 G,")&"@ *"%)+&" <$F& A"-. G,")&<#: 

FH
 85109Q

 B$#C40<; #$#C/:
[&$(. <0G-"&<(#)@( G(-;+" "& <0G-"&<(#)#$"
EF0 )0)e"@ *"%)+&" <$F& )0)e<#: 

 B00(-40<; #00(-/:
#00(-/:
[&$(. 0(,"&$( G(-;+" "& 0(,"&$(
EF0 )##(."@ *"%)+&" <$F& )##(.<#: 

D4"/:; 14"40< 
[&$(. %)#&)@( G(-;+" %)#&)
EF0 $<-"@ *"%)+&" <$F& $<-<#: 

E"+21"#1/:; 8"+21"#140< 
[&$(. C-+&$-)@( G(-;+" "& C-+&$-)#$"
EF0 C-+&$-)$"@ *"%)+&" <$F& C-+&$-)$<#: 

)([f5;"7">#2>#O"
H)GG"@ HV8(#A"-&<Q# @" ,) H "# X &+)A" "&G)h(,)B
J+(,#$,'14'2 $# H /"#1-+ '34n '1 .+3&/&+1'3 -p5&$'32 3"'1# /+,+ "1#
-   3"#8' '1 '3.#B+$; !"#1-+ 3' #/'146#2 '3 "1# H   ('#$2 : /"#1-+ 1+ '34n
#/'14"#-# .#3# # 3'( "1# ( 3"#8' '3.#B+$#; @3 $+ %"' 3' $$#,# '1 &1=$p3
$)GG"@ $B

K$29#2" L#$N9#4"L   K$29# L\529#L  

$#   $)GG"@ $ 
L"14+ /+1 $# "1&01 -' .#$#5(#32 $#  $  /+14(&5":' ,"/F+ 4#14+ # $#
comprensión como a la uidez al hablar.

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3 &14'14#1-+ /+18'(4&( 4+-#3 $#3 $ '1 -  3"#8'
 3"#8'
'3.#B+$#; N'/"'(-# #/'14"#( $#3 *(#3'3 '1 1'=(&4#;

FQ
85109Q

mF#4 # =++- #<42 j"#(# =+(#&(>#j 

O"4 &4 &1 4F' 3;$$94   j."('('14F'5#($j 
# 94$$45
m(&4' &4 &1 # 94$$45
<'4 &4 +1 4F' ,'4#$ P7$$45
4F' >;=:7$45
O"4 #$$ 4F' -#4# &1 4F' >;=:7$45
k'4 # 5'44'( S2$45 F'#4'(
S2$45  F'#4'(
D'4 F'( ."4 # 1S42$45 +1
1S42$45 +1
E4h3 ='44&1= F+44'( #1- H;$$45
e54<<@ F#-
e54<<@ F#- # 9#$$94
# 9#$$94 ,'4#$
 ,'4#$ 3;$$94

+([fH2129 ?4531
S 9#)> (+1F -"$<-)-&"

i;1 #"I451;541 14 54$#525;" @.1 ($61*%"'* 80-)1& ",% 

S 9#)> #7#-; *#)> (88F ),"Z)-&"5 -"$<-)-&"

R98B2$4 <49 T74P;     

S D( */ #7#- C "&$)- C+"-)5 @" A)%)%<(#"&5 "$%B

G1$258 T7452 <752"$4 <;1 14=2"21 3477 81 0/0; <"' %/" /11)* 

S 9,(7 (88 C @)- ,)-:)&

i4 <#B4 674 I#"#452Q :45; =4 <#O 925P21 3 %"7& .(+ %" -"+1 8,% .1 871/ +1 "<< 

FR
 85109Q

S 9(4, :(70C &" -"@+%" )

A4 54<7>4 2 "2<2 3% 8"(7* &"/$ %" $"%.($5 

S 9(22 #"(+0:F 0)#@(#")- 

D4 41$N $;<; 49 <#2 =2"<;"42"<; A.14* -"$*%0$%7; 8"**($5 ;", 0'",$& 

R7<#; <41>25P2394
N'/"'(-# -'3/#(=#(4' : '3/"/F#( '$ #"-&+ ,.Q %"' /+14&'1' '34' $&5(+;
#"P981Q /+1 /+14'1&-+ '94(#2 : -+1-' 4'
MN1 <4 &, H;521 <4 9;>7>#O" 4" #"P981Q /+1
-#,+3 $+3 ,'?+('3 4("/+3 -'$ Hp4+-+ g+"$%&';
SSS(27<#;19#35;1(@;7$29E;"9#"4(>;=
!$#8' -' -'3/#(=#C F\3f1?

G=
 ^JE`9R
 &([A#=:94 f21$ [ ?453;1 k4P792541 [ f5;"7">#2>#O" GY
l#,+3 # /+,'17#( 4(#5#?#( #$="1+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3 '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$';
'1  2"@4  #"1%"'
D+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3 3&',.(' 4'(,&1#1 '1 2"@4    #"1%"' '9&34'1 4('3 4&.+3
-&34&14+3 -' .(+1"1/&#/&+1'3;

O#(# ',.'7#(2 1+3 /'14(#(',+3 '1 "1+ -' $+3 =(".+3; `(#5#?#(',+3 /+1
8'(5+3 %"' F#/'1 '$ 3+1&-+ -' $#  V@V  V@VBB  ^3#,+3 '34' 3+1&-+ 4(#3 3+1&-+3
3+1+(+3 /+,+C *5 :5 Z5 ,5 05 #5 -5 $35 A5 e5 :
e5  : $#3 8+/#$'3; J+ 1+3 .('+/".#,+3
-',#3&#-+ .+( $# ('=$#2 3&1+ %"'2 .(#/4&/#(',+3 -'$ ,&3,+ =(".+ .#(#
'34#5$'/'( 5"'1+3 Fn5&4+3 '1 $# .(+1"1/&#/&01;

f92@ f92@4< b:98#<d

Z9;14 Z9;14< b>9O71<d

Lo más fácil del Pasado es que en armaciones simplemente tenemos que

.+1'( '$ 3"?'4+ : $"'=+ '$ 8'(5+ '1 O#3#-+;

K$ *+(,#( *(#3'3 1'=#4&8#3 ' &14'((+=#4&8#3 $# /+134("//&01 '3 "1 .+/+

-&*'('14' :# %"' 4'1',+3 %"' "3#( '$ #"9&$&#( 2@(4  .'(+
 .'(+ '1 O#3#-+2 #3> %"'
2@<@4 ; D#3 /+134("//&+1'3 3+1 #3>C

3 970;1& ",%*(&1
q7P78 T7452 2@45
;1*%1'&0; 
J+ ?"="p *"'(# #:'( E -&-1h4 .$#: +"43&-'
!(& ;", 970; ",%*(&1
Wq7P21$4 T7452 2@45X
;1*%1'&0;> 

W',+3 -' -'34#/#( %"' '$ 8'(5+ 1+ /#,5&# 3'=61 $# .'(3+1#; <+$+ F#/',+3
"1 .'%"'B+ /#,5&+ 3& "3#,+3 '$ 1'=#4&8+ + '$ &14'((+=#4&8+; q&?#(+3 ,"/F+
'1 '$ /#,5&+; K$ "3#( '$ 8'(5+ #"9&$&#( 2@(4  '1
 '1 O#3#-+ 2@<@4  '$
 '$ 8'(5+ %"' 3&="'
se expresa en innitivo. Esto es unos de los aspectos que más cuesta a los

G9
 85109R

#$",1+3; <' +$8&-#1 *n/&$,'14' -' &1/$"&( @<@ '1

@<@ '1 1'=#/&01 + &14'((+=#/&012
+ $+ "3#1 3'="&-+ /+1 +4(+ 8'(5+ '1 O#3#-+; O#(# '8&4#($+ &14'14#(',+3
'34#5$'/'( 5"'1+3 Fn5&4+3 -'3-' '$ .(&1/&.&+2 .+( $+ %"' .(+5#5$','14' +3
.#('7/# %"' '$ .(+*'3+( $+ '34p ,#/F#/#1-+ ,"/F+; {g '3 .+( "1# 5"'1#
(#701| D"'=+ $' -#(p&3 $#3 =(#/&#3;

*([A#=:94 :21$Q =4>N"#>2

g# '34#,+3 *#,&$&#(&7#-+3 /+1 O#34 <&,.$' /+1 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3; @1 '34'
."14+ /+14&1"#,+3 4(#5#?#1-+ '1 $+3 -&*'('14'3 =(".+3 -' .(+1"1/&#/&01
.#(# $#3 4'(,&1#/&+1'3 -' 2"@4   # $# 8'7 %"' $+=(#,+3 ,n3 #=&$&-#- /+1
$# ,'/n1&/# '1 ='1'(#$; !+,+ ,'1/&+1#,+3 #14'3 1+ 1+3 /'14(#,+3
-',#3&#-+ '1 $#3 1+(,#3 %"' 3' 3'.#(#1 $+3 4('3 =(".+32 3&1+ ,n3 5&'1 '1
$#3 .(+1"1/&#/&+1'3 : $# '34("/4"(# '1 ='1'(#$;

@1 '$ ."14+ #14'(&+( .(#/4&/#,+3 $+3 8'(5+3 /":+ \"@  \"@  3' ('.('3'14# /+1
'$ 3+1&-+ 
3+1&-+  V@VB 
V@VB  @1 p34' 4(#5#?#(',+3 /+1 $#3 +4(#3 .(+1"1/&#/&+1'3 -' $#
3+1  V$V  : V
4'(,&1#/&01 '-2 %"' 3+1 V$V   : V"@V 
"@V ; @$ .(&,'( 3+1&-+2 j4j 3' .(+1"1/&# -'4(n3
-' 3+1&-+3 3+(-+3C C5 L5 G5
G 5 &5 $   O%3P5
 O%3P5  
   O&3P5
 O&3P5   O$3PB A'
 O$3PB A' 1"'8+2 1+ 1+3 .('+/".#,+3
.('+/".# ,+3
-',#3&#-+ .+( $# ('=$#2 3&1+2 3&1+ %"' 1+3 /'14(#(',+3 '1 .(#/4&/#(
$#3 4'(,&1#/&+1'3 -' "1 ,&3,+ 4&.+ .#(# '34#5$'/'( 5"'1+3 Fn5&4+3 -'
.(+1"1/&#/&01;

a;5E ="')1&    ba;5E$d

}&33   }&33'-   X}&334Y
a21H   =0*.1&    ba21H$d
W'$.   W'$.'-   XW'$.4Y

3+1&-+ V"@V 
@$ 6$4&,+ =(".+ %"' 3' ('.('3'14# .+( '$ 3+1&-+ V"@V  :
 : 3&="' # $+3 8'(5+3 %"'
4'(,&1#1 + 5&'1 /+1 '$ 3+1&-+ -' $# @ + $ : ('%"&'(' "1# 3>$#5# '94(#; <"'$'
3'( $# .(+1"1/&#/&01 %"' $+3 #$",1+3 ('#$&7#1 : ,"/F#3 8'/'3 $# ',.$'#1
-' *+(,# '((01'# /+1 +4(+3 8'(5+3;

GU
85109R

U44< B11&1& bU44<4<d

m#14   m#14'- Xm#14'-Y
f;#"$   ?"($%1&    bf;"$4<d
A'/&-'   A'/&-'-   XA'/&-'-Y

A'3."p3 -' '34#5$'/'( "1# 5#3' -' 5"'1# .(+1"1/&#/&01 -' $#3 4('3
4'(,&1#/&+1'3 -&34&14#3 -' \"@ 4(#5#?#(',+3 -' 1"'8+ /+1 ('3."'34#3
/+(4#32 $#(=#32 : $"'=+2 *+(,#( $#3 .('="14#3 : *(#3'3; K/+(-#(+32 %"' '$
8'(5+ #"9&$&#( @<@ 
@<@  '3 /'14(#$ # $# /+134("//&01 -'$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' : %"'
1+ F',+3 -' /+1?"=#( '$ 3'="1-+ 8'(5+ -' $# *(#3' /"#1-+ p34' '34n '1
.('3'14'; K.#(4' -' $# .(+1"1/&#/&01 '34' '3 '$ #3.'/4+ %"' ,n3 .(+5$',#3
/('# .#(# $+3 #$",1+3; l'#,+3
l'#,+3 #$="1+3 '?',.$+3 .#(# ('/+(-#(C

D5232B2=;1 2@45 =1 /"')1& ;1*%1'&0;

g+" -&-1h4 b#3F :+"(
J+ 4' $#8#34' $#3 ,#1+3
F#1-3
!(& ;", /0$% %" 5" %" %.1
Wl745\21 #5 29 :25674X
 90')> 

-([k4:21;r :54P7"$21 <4 ^ @ a

`' .(+.+1',+3 #%"> "1 ('.#3+ -' '34' 4&.+ -' .('="14#3 %"' F#: %"' 3#5'(
-+,&1#( /+1 ,"/F# #=&$&-#-;
^;S 9;"Pn(X  CD,E$%" %(1+9"F> 
%(1+9"F> 
W+b +*4'1~;d s!#-# /"n14+~;d
^;S =2"@nX   CD,E$%"*F22> 
W+b ,"/F~d   s!"n14+~;d
^;S T25n(X CG -,E$%" 1*%EF2> 
mF:~d sO+( %"pd
aH;n(X   CH,(I$> 
mF+3'~;d sA' %"&p1d

G<
 85109R

aH; #1 #$ T;5n(X C?0'0 J,(I$F> 

mF#4 &3 &4~d sw"p '3~;d
^;S #1 #$((X CDK+" 1*%EF2> 
mF#4 &3 &4 $&a'~;d s!0,+ '3~d
aH4" #1 #$nX CD,E$&" 1*F> 
mF'(' &3 &4~d sA01-' '34n~d

`(#5#?# /+1 '34#3 *(#3'3C

WR >7N"$; 41$N $7 >212X L"/ <0' (* ;",' .",*1> 

W+b +*4'1 -+ :+" /+,'
s!#-# /"n14+ 8&'1'3 #%">d
F'('d
L"/ +0$; 8"")* &" ;",
WZ7N"$;1 9#35;1 $#4"41X
.061> 
W+b ,"/F b#4'( -+ :+"
s!"n14# #="# 5'5'3d
-(&1ad
WZ7N"$; <752X L"/ 7"$5 &"1* (% 70*%> 
s!"n1-+ '3d mF'1 &3 &4d
Wf;5 678 41$N1 267\X =.; 0'1 ;", .1'1> 
sw"&p1 '3d mF+ &3 &4d
WY4 67#8" 41X =."*1 (* (%> 
sO#(# %"&p1 '3 '3+d mF+ &3 4F#4 *+(d
WZO=; 41$NX L"/ (* .1> 
s!0,+ '3 '3# /$#3'd mF#4 &3 4F#4 /$#33 $&a'd
WYO"<4 41$NX =.1'1 (* (%> 

,([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;" bS21Q S454d

g<A" .")-& ):(5 !),,. )#@ 3"- 3+&*)#@ ?"-" ,<A<#: <# !)# g-)#%<&%(5 8),<C(-#<)B
H-<&$)# ?)& *(-# ?3"# !),,. ?)& qr .")-& (,@B !3" ?)& $")%3<#: l-@ :-)@" )$
K"&$ !G-<#:& [,"0"#$)-. !%3((, C(- m .")-&B UC$"- H-<&$)# ?)& *(-#5 !),,. ?)&
) &$).\)$\3(0" 6(0B !),,.F& 3+&*)#@5 _"(-:" ?)& ?(-L<#: )$ ) -"), "&$)$"

GF
85109R

%(0G)#. C(- /n .")-& ?3"# 3" 3)@ $( ,")A" *"%)+&" (C $3" 3(+&<#: 0)-L"$ %-<&<&B
H3"#5 _"(-:" ?)& ?(-L<#: )$ ) *)#L )#@ &"-A<#: $)*,"& )$ ) -"&$)+-)#$ <# (-@"-
           
$3". ?"-" ) A"-. 3)GG. C)0<,. @+-<#: $3<& $<0"B !),,. ?)& :<A<#: G<)#( ,"&&(#&
(+$ (C $3"<- 3(+&" <# (-@"- $( ")-# "`$-)
"`$-) 0(#". C(- :-(%"-<"&B H3". ?"-" G,)##<#:
$( 3)A" ) &"%(#@ %3<,@ *"%)+&" !),,. ?)& ?(--<"@ )*(+$ #($ *"<#: )*," $( :"$
G-":#)#$ ):)<#B H-<&$)# ?)& s .")-& (,@ ?3"# 3<& .(+#:"- &<&$"-5 f)-) ?)& *(-#B
!),,. ?)& ls .")-& (,@ ?3"# &3" ?)& *(-#B !),,. )#@ _"(-:" ?"-" A"-. 3)GG. $(
3)A" q *")+$<C+, )#@ 3"),$3. %3<,@-"#B H-<&$)#
H-<&$)# ?)& :(<#: $( &$)-$ L<#@"-:)-$"# <#
$3" C),,B

P; mF'(' b'(' <#$$: #1- F'( F"35#1- $&8&1= ] :'#(3 #=+d

T; W+b +$- b#3 3F' bF'1 `(&34#1 b#3 5+(1d
Q; W+b $+1= b#3 3F' 4'#/F&1= Q(- =(#-'d
V; mF#4 b#3 3F' #*4'( `(&34#1 b#3 5+(1d
]; W+b $+1= b#3 F'( F"35#1- b+(a&1= &1 # /+,.#1:d
f; mF: -&- F' F#8' 4+ $'#8'd
[; mF'(' b#3 F' b+(a&1= #*4'( 4F#4d
\; mF: b#3 F' b+(a&1= 4F'('d
Z; m'(' 4F': 34("==$&1= #3 # *#,&$:d
PU; m'(' 4F': F#..:d
PP; mF#4 b#3 <#$$: -+&1= 4+ ='4 3+,' '94(# ,+1':d
PT; mF#4 b'(' 4F': .$#11&1= 4+ -+d
PQ; W+b +$- b#3 `(&34#1 bF'1 F&3 3&34'( b#3 5+(1d
PV; W+b +$- b#3 <#$$: bF'1 3F' b#3 5+(1d
P]; mF#4 b'(' <#$$: #1- k'+(=' F#..: #5+"4d
Pf; mF#4 b#3 `(&34#1 =+&1= 4+ 34#(4 &1 4F' *#$$d

GG
 85109R

/([f5;"7">#2>#O" a;79<
@$ -'*'/4+ ,n3 4>.&/+ /+1 '34# .#$#5(# '3 .(+1"1/&#( $# $'4(# ?  /+,+
 /+,+ 3& *"'(#
"1# : ;
"1# : 

O#(# 3+$"/&+1#( '34+2 $+ ,'?+( '3 %"' .(#/4&%"'3 F#/&'1-+ *(#3'3 %"'
4#14+ :((@ /+,+
&1/$":#1 4#14+ :((@  ?((@;;
 /+,+ ?((@

^;99@S;;<  
M"'1# ,#-'(#
h74"2 =2<452 4" ^;99@S;;<
M"'1+2 5"'1+2 ,#-'(#2 ,#-'(#
h74";Q =2<452Q 374";Q =2<452
L"77;/""& 
k++- b++-
M""& /""& ($ L"77;/""& 
k++-2 =++-2 b++-2 b++-
M""&: /""&: 5""&: /""& 

'([fH52129 ?4531
S G#0< (0T "&G"-)- 

sG1:452 7" 14P7"<;p L0$5 "$ 0 *1-"$&N

S G#0< (+1 C G)&)- ", -)$(5 &),<- 

=." &" ;", $"'+077; .0$5 ",%
WZ;" 67#8" 12941 ";5=29=4"$4X
/(%.> 
<#$=+ /+1 ,&3 #,&=+3 $+3 8&'(1'3 E F#1= +"4 b&4F ,: *(&'1-3
.+( $# 1+/F' q(&-#: 1&=F43

S G#0< #"(+0:C G)&)- ", -)$(

D"+1 "$ ($: /1 0'1 O,*% .0$5($5

f212 :212Q 41$2=;1 1#" H2>45 "2<2
0'",$& 

G:
85109R

S G#5/ 41 40 8("F $"#"- 0)#c)

M4 $#4"4 =2"\2 L1 .0* (% ($ <"' +1

S 9"/#> 40C @(0)-5 )0(,@)- 

D#4"41 674 <;=25 P", .061 %" 8'10)
4121 3;$21 ($ %."*1 8""%* 
<' 4&'1' %"' -+,#( H3<& 3(-&" #""@& $(
'34' /#5#$$+ *" *-(L"# <#

S 9"/#> 401(C "#$-)- G(- ,) C+"-e)

G"$525;" 2 5;325 4" =# >212 @.1; 8'")1 ($%" +; .",*1

)([G"$;"2>#O"( D >;"I45$#<2 4" k bD2::4< Dd

N'/"'(-# %"' $# $ /+18'(4&-# '1 -  '3
  '3 "1# /#(#/4'(>34&/# ,": /+,61 '1 '$
&1=$p3 +(#$; !+18&'1' %"' $+ 4'1=#3 '1 /"'14# : $+ .(#/4&%"'3 /"#14+ ,n3
,'?+(; !+,.('1-'(n3 ,"/F+ ,n3 : 4' 3'(n ,n3 *n/&$ : 1#4"(#$ '9.('3#(4';
`' -'?#,+3 "1# 3'(&' -' *(#3'3 -+1-' '34n1 ,": .('3'14'3 $#3  $ : #$="1#3
4(#13/(&./&+1'3
4(#13/(&./&+1'3 .#(# %"' 4' F#=#3 "1# &-'#;

K <;"V$ E";S SH2$ #$ =42"1  !"#$%& (&%) *"$+,-#&.! 

*"$+,-#&.! 

M"4 &4 $++a3 $&a' bF#4 E 1''-

h7$ @;7 12#< @;7 S;79<"V$     

E a1+b bF#4 :+" 4F&1a     

h7$ K <;"V$ $H#"E $H2$ H4 S#99      

W' 3#&- 4F#4 &* F' /#1 -+ &42 F'h$$ F'$.

 C;7V99
 C;7V99 9#E4 #$Q 37$ @;7V99 54P54$ #$ 92$45
92$45
M"4 &4h3 1+4 (&=F4 *+( bF#4 E b#14
aH2$ #T H4 T;5P4$1X
E 4F&1a 4F#4 F'h3 +a 1+b
DH4@ <;"V$ E";S SH2$ #$V1 23;7$

GH
 R7<#; <41>25P2394
N'/"'(-# -'3/#(=#(4' : '3/"/F#( '$ #"-&+ ,.Q %"' /+14&'1' '34' $&5(+;
#"P981Q /+1 /+14'1&-+ '94(#2 : -+1-' 4'
MN1 <4 &, H;521 <4 9;>7>#O" 4" #"P981Q /+1
-#,+3 $+3 ,'?+('3 4("/+3 -'$ Hp4+-+ g+"$%&';
SSS(27<#;19#35;1(@;7$29E;"9#"4(>;=
!$#8' -' -'3/#(=#C F\3f1?

GQ
 ^JE`U=
&([A#=:94 f21$( ?453;1 #554P792541
K -&*'('1/&# # $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3 '1 O#3#-+ <&,.$' %"' #.('1-&,+3 '1 $#
"1  2"@4  #
"1&-#- #14'(&+(2 1+ 3' #B#-' "1 2"@4    # $+3 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('32 3&1+ %"' $+3
/#,5&#,+3 4+4#$,'14'; D# *+(,# -' #.('1-'($+3 '3 ,',+(&7#($+32 #"1%"'
#*+(4"1#-#,'14' #$="1+3 8'(5+3 3&="'1 "1 .#4(012 $+ /"#$ 1+3 F#(n '$
4(#5#?+ ,n3 *n/&$;

O(&,'(+2 4(#5#?#(',+3 /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 %"' /+1+/',+3 -' $#3 $&34#3 -'
"1&-#-'3 P # [; K14'3 -' 4(#5#?#( /+1 $+3 8'(5+32 8"'34(+ .(+*'3+( $+3
.('3'14#(n -' '34# *+(,#C

[A"-. @). E &G")L5 ."&$"-@). E &G(L"B

[A"-. @). E :(5 ."&$"-@). E ?"#$B
[A"-. @). E %(0"5 ."&$"-@). E %)0"B
[A"-. @). E @(5 ."&$"-@). E @<@B
[A"-. @). E $)L"5 ."&$"-@). E $((LB
[A"-. @). E &$)#@5 ."&$"-@). E &$((@B
[A"-. @). E &<$5 ."&$"-@). E &)$B
[A"-. @). E ?-<$"5 ."&$"-@). E ?-($"B
[A"-. @). E -")@5 ."&$"-@). E -")@B

^1# 8'7 %"' .(#/4&%"'3 $#3 .(+1"1/&#/&+1'3 /+1 '$ .(+*'3+( +3 F#(n ,"/F#3
.('="14#3; K/+(-#(+32 %"' '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' 4'1',+3 %"' "3#( '$ #"9&$&#(
2@<@4  '1
 '1 .('="14#3 : 2@<@#F$4  '1
 '1 *(#3'3 1'=#4&8#3; O+( '?',.$+C

D<@ .(+ :( $( $3" 0(A<"& ."&$"-@).= 

D<@ .(+ :( $( ?(-L= 
K3"-" @<@ .(+ :(= 
K3)$ $<0" @<@ .(+ :( 3(0"=

GR
 8510U=

D"'=+ 8+3+4(+3 F#(p&3 $#3 .('="14#3 /+1 '$ #.+:+ -'$ .(+*'3+(;
.(+*'3+(;

i-(C"&(-T
i-(C"&(-T U&L 0" <C E ?"#$ $( $3" G)-L ."&$"-@).
."&$"-@).
 U,+0#(T D<@ .(+ :( $( $3" G)-L ."&$"-@).= 
."&$"-@).= 
i-(C"&(-TH",, 6)-c) $( )&L 0" ?3"-" E ?"#$
 U,+0#(T U&L 3<0 V 3"- ?3"-" 3" V &3" ?"#$B K3"-"
K3"-" @<@ .(+ :(=

I4(+ 5"'1 '?'(/&/&+ %"' 8&'1' 5&'1 .#(# F#/'( "1 '1$#/' '14(' $+3 8'(5+3
-' '3.#B+$ #$ &1=$p3 '3 4(#-"//&01; O#(# .(#/4&/#(2
.(#/4&/#(2 4#.# $# /+$",1# -'('/F#
' &14'14# #/'(4#( /+1 '$ 8'(5+ &(('="$#( #.(+.&#-+;

 C;
 C; H239; #"P981 3 *910) Q$57(*.
A&- :+" 3.'#a @1=$&3F
sW#5$#34' &1=$p3 #:'(d
:'34'(-#:d
U; H2398 #"P981Q H2398 3 &(&$4% *910) Q$57(*.: 3
41:2m;9  *9")1 A90$(*.
A90$(*.
sO+( %"p ,' F#5$#34' '1 mF: -&- :+" 3.'#a 4+ ,' &1
'3.#B+$d <.#1&3Fd

*([A#=:94 f5414"$ L A#=:94 f21$( k41:741$21 >;5$21

g# 3#5',+3 ('3.+1-'( /+1 ('3."'34#3 /+(4#3 4#14+ '1 '$ O('3'14' <&,.$'
/+,+ '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$'2 .'(+ #F+(# 8#,+3 # /'14(#(1+3 '1 -&*'('1/&#(
'14(' '$$+3; @34+ ('%"&'(' .(&,'(+ %"' '34',+3 #4'14+3 # $# '34("/4"(# -'
$# .('="14#2 : $"'=+2 3'=61 $# .('="14#2 %"' '$&?#,+3 $# ('3."'34# /+(('/4#
3'# /+1 2@(45 2@("&45 2@<@4B O+(
2@<@4B O+( '?',.$+C

Y; @;7 1:42E A:2"#1H 4I45@ <2@X B": 3 &"$4% R P1*: 3 &"

A&- :+" 3.'#a @1=$&3F :'34'(-#:d J+2 E -&-1h4 j g'32 E -&-
Y;41 @;75 1#1$45 1:42E e54">HX P1*: *.1 &"1* R B": *.1 &"1*$4%

:=
8510U=

-([G9 71; <49 f212<; A#=:94 4" #"P981

@1 /#34'$$#1+2 "3#,+3 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ .#(# /"#$%"&'( /+3# %"' .#3#
-"(#14' '$ ->#2 &1-'.'1-&'14','14' 3& $# #//&01 '34n 4'(,&1#-# + 1+;

@1 &1=$p32 1+ '3 '$ /#3+; O'13#- '1 /+,+ F#5$#1 $+3 =#$$'=+32 + ,'9&/#1+32
.+( 1+,5(#( #$="1+3; K"1%"' '$ -># 1+ F# #/#5#-+ -&/'1 2D"&).+#R5
%(0c45 '4/; @$ &1=$p3 *"1/&+1# &="#$ %"' '34+3 8#(&#14'3 -'$ '3.#B+$ '1
%"' 3' "3# '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' .#(# /"#$%"&'( #//&01 %"' '34n /+,.$'4# :#2
&1-'.'1-&'14','14' -' %"' +/"((# + 1+ -"(#14' '$ -># '1 '$ %"' 3' .(+-"/'
$# /+18'(3#/&01;

O+( '?',.$+2 3& 8"'34(+ .(+*'3+( -&/' # "1 /+,.#B'(+C

HT d(-:"5 ,((L )$ 0"B

HT K3)$ )-" .(+ @(<#:= O) d(-:"P
!T EF0 ,((L<#: )$ .(+B
HT U#)5 ?3)$ @<@ 3" @(=
!T >" ,((L"@ )$ .(+B

-'/&(2 76" 3)& 0<-)@(= 

@3 -'/&(2 76" 0<-)@(=  '1
 '1 &1=$p3 3' 4(#-"/&(>#C D<@ .(+ ,((L )$ 0"= 

E="#$,'14'C

WM4 H21 41>7>H2<;X !(& ;", 7(*%1$ %" +1>

J+ 4' F' '3/"/F#-+ E -&-1h4 $&34'1 4+ :+"
Wf;5 678 "; =4 H21 41>7>H2<;X =.; &(&$4% ;", 7(*%1$ %" +1>
{J+ 4' F' +>-+| E -&-1h4 F'#( :+"|

,([R1 =7>H 21Q 21 =2"@ 21

O#(# F#/'( /+,.#(#/&+1'3 '1 &1=$p32 .+-',+3 "3#(2 /+,+ :# 3#5'32  ,"&&5
C"?"- + 4#,5&p1 '3 ,": /+,61 )& 0+%3 )&5 )& 0)#. )&;
)&; N'%"&'(' "1 .+/+

:9
 8510U=

-' .(n/4&/#2 3+5(' 4+-+ .#(# /+14(+$#( 5&'1 $# '34("/4"(# '1 '$ ,+,'14+2
"3#1-+ /+(('/4#,'14' 0+%3 +
0+%3 + 0)#. : )& :
)& : 1+ $3)# +
$3)# + .#$#5(#3 %"' ."'-#1
3+1#(1+3 3&,&$#('3;

`' .(+.+1',+3 '34' '?'(/&/&+ .#(# %"' 8'#3 /+,+ 4(#13*+(,#( ,"&& $3)# :
C"?"- $3)# '1
$3)# '1 )& 0+%3 )& :
)& : )& 0)#. )&B

DH454 #1 9411 S2$45 #" G75;:4 @.1'1 (*$4% 0* +,-. /0%1' ($

$H2" #" RT5#>2
`F'(' #(' *'b'( /#,'$3 &1 @"(+.'
4F#1 &1 K*(&/#
DH454 #1 9411 17"9#PH$ #" G75;:4
$H2" #" RT5#>2
`F'(' #(' *'b'( *#/4+(&'3 &1
K*(&/# 4F#1 &1 @"(+.'
DH454 #1 9411 52#" #" RT5#>2 $H2"
#" G75;:4
Q,'"91 0* ($ G<'(-0
`F'(' #('1h4 #3 ,#1: /#,'$3 &1
@"(+.' #3 &1 K*(&/#
@.1'1 (*$4% 0* +,-. *,$7(5.% ($
Q,'"91 0* ($ G<'(-0
`F'(' #('1h4 #3 ,#1: *#/4+(&'3 &1
K*(&/# #3 &1 @"(+.'
@.1'1 (*$4% 0* +,-. '0($ ($ G<'(-0
0* ($ Q,'"91

/([D;;Q 4";7PH
!"#1-+ 4(#5#?#,+3 '1 "1&-#-'3 .('8&#3 #/'(/# -' /+14#5$'3 ' &1/+14#5$'3
:# 8&,+3 "#(+:3 
"#(+:3  '1 ('$#/&01 # ;+<$" ) ,($ : ;+<$" ) C"? 2 /+1 $+3 %"' 1+3
3+$',+3 /+1*"1-&( # ,'1"-+; l#,+3 # /'14(#(1+3 #F+(# '1 -&*'('1/&#(
#,5+3 /#3+3;

S S+<$" ) C"?  :
 : ;+<$" ) ,($ hacen referencia a la cantidad. Signican *)&$)#$';
*)&$)#$';

^2@ 321$2"$4 2P72 @.1'1 (* J,(%1 0 7"% "< /0%1' 

`F'(' #(' %"&4' # *'b
W#: 5#34#14'3 5+4'$$#3
5+44$'3

S [#(+:3 signica *)&$)#$" /+,+
 *)&$)#$" /+,+ 3&101&,+ -' ;

:U
8510U=

 C2
 C2 41 321$2"$4 3%4* 1$",5.

S l'#,+3 #F+(# [#(+:3 M U@Z"$<A(&B

Armativo:

G1 321$2"$4 29$; L14* J,(%1 %077 S"' 9'1%%; %077T

J'=#4&8+C

U; 41 9; 321$2"$4 29$; L14* $"% %077 1$",5.

l#,+3 # 4(#4#( -' %"' #"4+,#4&/'3 4+-#3 '34#3 8#(&#14'3 # 4(#8p3 -' $#3
3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

@.1'1 (* J,(%1 0 7"% "< /0%1': 8,% (%4* $"%

^2@ 321$2"$4 2P72Q :45; "; 41 321$2"$4
1$",5.
W#: 5#34#14'3 5+4'$$#32 .'(+ 1+ $#3 `F'(' #(' %"&4' # *'b 5+44$'3 5"4 4F':
5#34#14'3 #(' 1+4 '1+"=F
G541 321$2"$4 5N:#<;Q :45; "; 9; P", 0'1 J,(%1 <0*%: ;", 0'1 $"% <0*% 1$",5.
321$2"$4 5N:#<; :252 P2"25 %" /($
@('3 5#34#14' #$4+2 .'(+ 1+ $+
g+" #(' %"&4' 4#$$2 5"4 1+4 4#$$ '1+"=F 4+
sucientemente
sucientemente alto para jugar a
.$#: 5#3a'45#$$
5#$+1/'34+
@.1'1 (* J,(%1 0 7"% "< 7(5.%: 8,% (%4* $"%
^2@ 321$2"$4 97JQ :45; "; 92 321$2"$4
1$",5.
@3 5#34#14' 5"'1+2 .'(+ 1+ $+ W' &3 .('44: =++-2 5"4 1+4 =++- '1+"=F
sucientemente
sucientemente bueno para ganar 4+ b&1

K%"> 4&'1'3 "1#3 *(#3'3 .#(# ('$#/&+1#( $(( : )@Z"%$<A" M "#(+:3T

 C;7
 C;7 254 $;; T21$ P", 0'1 $"% *7"/ 1$",5.
g+" #(' 4++ 4#$$ g+" #(' 1+4 3F+(4 '1+"=F
K$V1 $;; 3#P 3%4* $"% *+077 1$",5.
E4h3 4++ F&=F E4h3 1+4 $+b '1+"=F
K$V1 $;; 9;S 3%4* $"% .(5. 1$",5.

:<
 8510U=

'([?
'([?453 ?;>23
;>237925
7925@@
A' #F+(# '1 #-'$#14'2 8#,+3 # 8'( 8+/#5"$#(&+ -' 8'(5+3; K$=+ ,":
&,.+(4#14' .#(# 4" #=&$&-#- '1 '$ F#5$# : /+,.('13&01; <+1 4+-+ #//&+1'3 +
8'(5+3 %"' &(p&3 8&'1-+ '1 /$#3'2 : %"' 8+$8',+3 # ('/+.&$#($#3 #%">2 "1&-#-
4(#3 "1&-#-2 .#(# %"' 4' 3&(8#1 /+,+ ('.#3+ # $+ :# 8&34+;

AH;;$#"P 2 P7" Y#1:2525 7" 25=2

!$&,5&1= # $#--'(
A"44J#"P  
}&/a&1= *++45#$$3
h;25<#"P 2 :92"4
!+"=F&1=  
e21$4"#"P 142$349$
D&*4&1= b'&=F432 b+(a +"4
K$>H#"P 2"< 1>52$>H#"P
D+/a&1= 4F' -++(
<"5&( "1# '3/#$'(#
G1$;5"7<25
!F"4#( .'$+4#3
G=325>25 4" 7" 2I#O"
`+3'(
R35;>H2514 49 >#"$75O"
D'8#14#( .'3#32 F#/'( -'.+(4'
f#>25 @ 521>25
!'((#( $# ."'(4#

)([G"$;"2>#O"
S O(n/4&/# -' '14+1#/&01; `("/+ -' $# '3/#$'(#
G/,,(; $- #)0" <& YYYYYYBB EF0 $)L<#: I(+H),L B) %"#$ %"#$ H-)<#<#:B H3"-" <& ) , (1
$( ,")-#5 *+$ E =(6/ $( 0)L" <$ )& "# H(.)*," )& G(&&<*,"B E &3(+,@ G<%L +6 (# $3"
[#:,<&3 <#$(0#$<(# G)$$"-# G-"$$. /#&<,.5 ),$3(+:3 $3"   (0,-   ?). $(  </1  <$
  <$ <& $(
6"#) $<%"
$<%" ),, (C $3" $<0"B

E +&" $3" +6 )#@ @(?#5 (- 6/#>2  )#@   )#@ A),,".& <#$(#)$<(#5 0(-" $3)# E +2/:  $(B
EI5/ *""# 6#-40<  )$$"#$<(#
  )$$"#$<(# $( 641)= $((B E$F& ,<L" 7#,> <#:
<#: @(?# )  21#4" %)&"B
%)&"B EFA"
*""# 1#,> <#:
<#: $( ) ,($ (C   B$/" <%)#&
<%)#& ,)$",.5 )#@ $3". $",, 0" $3)$ EF0 /#&<"- $(
+#@"-  21#0:B  B0- ?).5
?).5 E %(+,@ :( (0 )#@ (#5 *+$ $3" <06(" $)#$ $)#$ $3<#: <& $( ,42 $"#
$"#
?",, )#@ &(+#@ <((:B

@$ 4("/+ #%"> '3 #/'14"#( $#3 .#$#5(#3 '1 1'=(&4#; @3 /+,+ ',.'7#( '1 "1#
.#(4' #$4# -' "1# '3/#$'(#2 &( 5#?#1-+ '1 '14+1#/&01 : 8+$8'( # 3"5&( -'

:F
8510U=

('.'14' #((&5# #$ $$'=#( # $# 3&="&'14' .#$#5(# #/'14"#-#; E14'14# .(#/4&/#(

'34+ '1 8+7 #$4# : '8&4#1-+ $# '14+1#/&01 '3.#B+$# %"' 3"'$' 3'( 5#34#14'
.$#1#;

+([fH52129 ?4531
S D+"0 :(70C -"%3)e)-5 *)Z)- 

k4>H2J2 92 ;T45$2Q 54>HNJ292 @,'$ &"/$ %.1 "<<1': %,'$ (% &"/$

M#?# $# (#-&+2 5n?#$# `"(1 -+b1 4F' (#-&+2 4"(1 &4 -+b1

S D+"0 +6C &+*<-5 )G)-"%"- 

A734 49 I;97=4"Q 1g349; @,'$ ,9 %.1 6"7,+1: %,'$ (% ,9

J+ F# 8'1&-+ W' -&-1h4 4"(1 ".

S D+"0 401(C %(#A"-$<-&"

A4 >;"I#5$#O 4" 52"2 L1 %,'$1& ($%" 0 <'"5 

S D+"0 40C "#$-":)- 

G"$54P2 $7 $5232B; =2m2"2 @,'$ ($ ;",' 1**0; %"+"''"/ 

S D+"0 (+1 C -"&+,$)-

k4179$2 674 14 5;=:#O 2@45 3% %,'$* ",% (% 8'")1 ;1*%1'&0; 

k++- 4"(1+"4| X`F&3 &3 1+4 # 8'(52
M"'1# ('3."'34# -'$ .65$&/+
5"4 &4h3 =++- 4+ 5(&1= &4 ". F'('Y

:G
 8510U=

S D+"0 #"(+0:C @)-&" ,) A+",$)5 %)0*<)- &<$+)%<Q#

Y2$4 92 I749$2 @ I458 $7 >252 @,'$ 0'",$& *" 3 -0$ *11 ;",' <0-1
m' F#8' 4+ 4"(1 #(+"1- 4F&3
`'1',+3 %"' /#,5&#( $# 3&4"#/&01
3&4"#4&+1

S D+"0 (5/" C @)- ,) A+",$) O),:( 3(-<e(#$),P

Y294 92 I749$2 2 92 $;5$#992Q <N1492 @,'$ "61' %.1 "+171%%1: %,'$ (% "61' 

( +1 C %+<@)@(
S J#1)= (+1 

MN1 I294 674 $4"P21 >7#<2<; P",4& 81%%1' /0%-. ",%N

::
 ^JE`U9
&([K$
&([K$ $2E41
Esta estructura suele costar un poco de asimilar. Sin embargo, jándonos
5&'1 '1 $#3 '34("/4"(#3 : .(#/4&/#1-+ $$'=# # 3'( ,"/F+ ,n3 *n/&$; O(&,'(+2
2<$ $)L"&4   3' ."'-' 4(#-"/&( + 5&'1 /+,+  /+,+   2,,"A)-4  + 2$)-@)-&"4 ; KF+(# 5&'12
.('34# #4'1/&01 # /0,+ /#,5&# $# '34("/4"(#; @1 &14'((+=#/&01 3&',.(' 3'
"3# 2@("& <$ $)L"4 :
"3# 2@("& $)L"4  : 2<$ @("&#F$ $)L"4  3&1
  3&1 $# 2&4  :#
 :# %"'2 /+,+ 3#5',+32 $+ $$'8#
2@("&4 , y en armación siempre se estructura 2<$ $)L"&4 ;

O+( '?',.$+C

WZ7N"$; 14 $25<2 4" #5 2"<2"<; ^;S 9;"P <;41 #$ $2E4 $; S29E

29 :25674X
s!"'34# ,'-&# F+(#d
U; 14 $25<2 =N1 <4 &0 =#"7$;1
<' 4#(-# PU ,&1"4+3
$; $H4 :25EX
A+'3 &4 4#a' F#$* #1 F+"(d
K$ <;41"V$ $2E4 =;54 $H2" &0
=#"7$41
E4 4#a'3 PU ,&1"4'3

K-',n3 -' .('="14#( /"n14+ 3' 4#(-# '1 ='1'(#$2 .+-',+3 .('="14#(
/"n14+ ," %+"&$) ) ),:+<"#;
),:+<"#; `#,5&p1 3' -'34#/# %"' 3' ."'-' "3#( 2%(&$)-4 +
2$)-@)-4 /+,+ $# 4(#-"//&01 -' 2<$ $)L"&4 ; l'#,+3 #$="1+3 '?',.$+3C

WZ7N"$; $25<21 4" 2"<25 29 ^;S 9;"P <;41 #$ $2E4 @;7 $;

:25674X
s`' /"'34# ,'-&# F+(#d
U; =4 >741$2 =4<#2 H;52
H' /"'34# PU ,&1"4+3
WZ7N"$; 94 >741$2 2 4992
I41$#514X
@$$# 4#(-# ] ,&1"4+3
S29E $; $H4 :25EX
A+'3 &4 4#a' :+" F#$* #1 F+"(d
K$ <;41"V$ $2E4 =4 H29T 2" H;75
E4 4#a'3 ,' PU ,&1"4'3
^;S 9;"P <;41 #$ $2E4 H45 $;
P4$ <54114<X
E4 4#a'3 F'( ] ,&1"4'3

:H
 8510U9

*( [_^;S T25 #1 #$ T5;=n`

@34# '34("/4"(# '3 .#('/&-# # $# %"' #/#5#,+3 -' 8'(;8'(; D+ ,n3 -&*>/&$ '3 %"'
'1 '3.#B+$ 3' '34("/4"(# /+1 23).4  ,&'14(#3
 ,&'14(#3 '1 &1=$p3 1+ #.#('/' 2$3"-" <&4
'1 $# '34("/4"(#; D# 4(#-"//&01 $&4'(#$ -' 2>(? C)- <& <$ C-(0Y4  3'(>#C 78+9#$(
 3'(>#C 78+9#$(
3). @"Y)BBB=4B q&?#(+3 5&'1 '1 $+3 '?',.$+3 %"' 3&="'1 : /0,+ 3' 4(#-"/'1C

^;S T25 #1 #$ T5;= H454 $;

WZ7N"$; H2@ <4 267\ 2 $7 >212X
@;75 H;714X
s!"n14+ F#: -' z#(#=+7# # W+b *#( &3 &4 *(+, z#(#=+7#
M#(/'$+1#d 4+ M#(/'$+1#d

`#,5&p1 '3 /"(&+3# $# ('3."'34#; A' 1"'8+2 ,&'14(#3 '1 '3.#B+$ 3'(># 23).
ln L04  '1
  '1 &1=$p3 $# ('3."'34# 3&',.(' '3 3&1="$#( : /+1 2<$F&4 C 2<$F& ln L04B
l'#,+3 #$="1+3 '?',.$+3C

^2@ &0 =#" K$V1 &0 =#"7$41

q(+, F'(' 4+ ,: F+"3'2
A' #%"> # ,& /#3# F#: PU ,&1
&4h3 PU ,&1"4'3
^2@ ,00 E#9;=4$5;1 K$V1 ,00 E#9;=4$451

K$ .(&1/&.&+ 4'1-(n3 %"' '34#( ,": #4'14+ #$ /#,5&+ -' '34("/4"(#2 :# %"'
1+ 3' 4(#-"/' 4#$ /"#$;

-([f21$
-([f21$ Z;"$#"7;71
Z;"$# "7;71
@34# '34("/4"(# '3 $# ,&3,# %"' "4&$&7#,+3 /+1 '$ O('3'14'2 /+1 $# "1#
61&/# -&*'('1/&# -' %"' '$ 8'(5+ '34n '1 O#3#-+; !+,.#(#,+3 '$ O('3'14
!+14&1"+"3 : O#34 !+14&1"+"3C

KV= >299#"P @;7 K S21 >299#"P @;7

m' #(' 3''&1= 4F', m' b'(' 3''&1= 4F',

:Q
8510U9

N'#$,'14' '3 $# ,&3,# '34("/4"(# %"' 3' "3# .#(# '$ O#3#-+ !+14&1"+ '1
/#34'$$#1+2 .+( $+ %"' '3 5#34#14' *n/&$ -' #3&,&$#(;

<"'$' "3#(3' ,"/F+ /"#1-+ F#: -+3 #//&+1'3 3&,"$4#1'#3; q>?#4' '1 $+3
'?',.$+3C

Z72"<; $4 992=8Q 41$2321 aH4" K >2994< @;7Q @;7 S454

H2392"<; $29E#"P
!"#1-+ 3' /#:02 '34#5# mF'1 F' *'$$ -+b12 F' b#3
.#4&1#1-+ (+$$'(3a#4&1=
^4 S21 1#"P#"P SH4" K 12S
G1$232 >2"$2"<; >72"<; 94 I#
H#=

`#,5&p1 '1 3&4"#/&+1'3 /+,+ $#3 3&="&'14'3C

R@45 2 921 &0 41$232  C41$45<2@ 2$ &0 K S21

 C41$45<2@
41$7<#2"<; 1$7<@#"P
mF#4 b'(' :+" -+&1= $#34
sw"p F#/>#3 #:'( # $#3 [d
1&=F4 #4 [d
G9 :212<; 1N32<; 2 921 /Q
i21$ A2$75<2@ 2$ /Q K S21n(
41$232n

,([e7$754 #" $H4 :21$ L e7$75; >;"$#"7; 4" 49 :212<;

@34# '34("/4"(# '3 $# ,&3,# %"' '$ *"4"(+ /+14&1"+2 .'(+ '1 '$ O#3#-+2 -'
#F> %"' 3' $$#,' *"4"(+ '1 '$ O#3#-+;

KV= P;#"P $; 42$ K S21 P;#"P $; 42$

m' #(' =+&1= 4+ b#$a m' b'(' =+&1= 4+ b#$a

@3 ,": *n/&$ -' #3&,&$#(; @3 $# ,&3,# '34("/4"(# %"' '1 '3.#B+$; O(#/4&/#
/+1 $#3 *(#3'3 3&="&'14'3C

:R
 8510U9

K S21 P;#"P $; $499 @;7

K32 2 <4>#5$4 29P;
1;=4$H#"P
mF#4 b'(' :+" =+&1= 4+ 4'$$
sw"p ,' &5#3 # -'/&(d
,'d
KV= 1;55@Q SH2$ S454 @;7
Wf45<;"2Q 678 #321 2 H2>45X
P;#"P $; <;X
sK -01-' &5#3 # &(d mF'(' b'(' :+" =+&1= 4+ =+d
Wl78 #321 2 H2>45 92 14=2"2 aH2$ S454 @;7 P;#"P $; <;
:212<2X 921$ S44EX
m'(' :+" =+&1= 4+ 4'$$ ,'
sE5#3 # -'/&(,' #$=+d
3+,'4F&1=d
a454 @;7 P;#"P $; P#I4 =4
WK321 2 <25=4 29P;X
1;=4$H#"PX
E b#3 =+&1= 4+ =&8' :+" #
`' &5# # -#( "1 ('=#$+
.('3'14
aH2$ S454 @;7 P;#"P $;
Wl78 =4 #321 2 <4>#5X
$499 =4X

/([ k4:;5$4< A:44>H

`#14+ '$ O#3#-+ !+14&1"+
!+14& 1"+ /+,+ '$ O('3'14'
O('3' 14' '1 '$ O#3#-+ 3+1 -+3 '34("/4"(#3
'34 ("/4"(#3
%"' 3' "3#1 -' ,#1'(# 1#4"(#$ '1 '$ '34&$+ &1-&('/4+; q>?#4' '1 $+3 '?',.$+3;

G1$#9; <#54>$; G1$#9; #"<#54>$;

@34+:
@34+: 4(#5#
4(#5#?#1
?#1-+
-+ Eh, b+(a&1
b+(a&1== >) @<%3( ;+" "&$)*
"&$)*)) $-)*
$-)*)Z)#
)Z)#@(
@( >" &)<@ 3" ?)& ?(-L<
?(-L<#: 
#: 
l+: # '34"
'34"-&
-&#(
#( Eh,
Eh, =+&1
=+&1== 4+ 34"-
34"-:: >) @<%
@<%3(
3( ;+" <*) ) "&$
"&$+@<
+@<)-
)- >" &)<
&)<@@ 3" ?)& :(<
:(<#:
#: $( &$+
&$+@. 
@. 

'([Z;=:252$#I;1
`#14+ '1 &1=$p3 /+,+ '1 '3.#B+$ "3#,+3 $+3 #-?'4&8+3 /+,.#(#4&8+3 .#(#
/+,.#(#( '14(' -+3 +5?'4+32 $"=#('32 + .'(3+1#3; <&1 ',5#(=+2 '1 &1=$p3
-'.'1-&'1-+ -' $#3 3>$#5#3 -'$ #-?'4&8+ 3' *+(,# -' "1# ,#1'(# " +4(#; D#3
1+(,#3 3+1C

H=
8510U9

S K-?'4&8+3 %"' 4&'1'1 "1# 3>$#5#C $),,5 &3(-$5 C)&$5 "$%;

"$% ;
<' #B#-' \"- C $),,"-5 C)&$"- 

J+(,#3 -' $# '3/(&4"(#C &)C"5 *<:5 "$%B <& 4'(,&1# '1 8+/#$ 3' #B#-' t- 3+$+C
&)C"-B <&
&)C"-B <& 4'(,&1# '1 8+/#$ /+13+1#14' 3' #B#-' $# 0<&0) %(#&(#)#$" M "-T
*<::"-B

SJ+(,#3 -' '3/(&4"(# .#(# -+3 3>$#5#3C ")&.5 3)GG.5 "$%; "$% ;
<& 4'(,&1# '1 2.4 3' 3"34&4":' $# 2.4  .+(
 .+( "1# 2<4  : r"-T ")&<"-5 3)GG<"(
 : 3' #B#-' r"-T 3)GG<"(;

S K-?'4&8+3 /+1 4('3 3>$#5#3 + ,n3C &   

<' /+$+/# 20(-"4  #14'3
 #14'3 -'$ #-?'4&8+C  

S K-?'4&8+3 &(('="$#('3C
*)@ ?(-&" OG"(-P
 :((@ *"$$"- O0"Z(-P
C)- C+-$3"- O09& ,"Z(&P

O#(# .(#/4&/#( .+-',+3 /+,.#(#( -+3 .'(3+1#32 $"=#('32 + /+3#3 /+1

'$ #.+:+ -'$ .(+*'3+(; l'#,+3 #$="1#3 *(#3'3 .#(# 8'( $+3 #-?'4&8+3
/+,.#(#4&8+3 '1 /+14'94+C

R54 @;7 1H;5$45 ;5 $29945 $H2" =4X L $H2" K 2=X Kt= 1H;5$45 $H2" @;7 L $H2"
$H2" @;7
@;7 254
mF: #(' :+" 3F+(4'( 4F#1 ,'d j 4F#1 E #,d M'/#"3' :+"h(' 4#$$'( 4F#1 ,' j 4F#1 E #,

X`p/1&/#,'14'2 $# 3'="1-# +./&01 '1 /#-# .('="14# j ('3."'34# '3 ,n3

/+(('/4#2 .'(+ $#3 -+3 *+(,#3 3' "3#1 /+1 *('/"'1/&#Y;

Is English easier or more difcult than Chinese? G"P9#1H #1 421#45 $H2" ZH#"414

H9
 8510U9

7.-Comparación usando: 0*222 0*222

`#,5&p1 .+-',+3 F#/'( /+,.#(#/&+1'3 "4&$&7#1-+ 2)&BBB )&45  )&45  $+ /"#$ 3'
4(#-"/' /+,+ 2$)#BBB %(0(4  '1
 '1 '3.#B+$; @1 '34' /#3+2 -'?#,+3 '$ #-?'4&8+ 4#$
: /+,+ '34#2 : 3&,.$','14' /+$+/#,+3  2)&4  #14'3
  #14'3 : -'3."p3 -'$ #-?'4&8+;
!+,+ 3' 8' '1 $+3 '?',.$+32 $# '34("/4"(# '3 &="#$ %"' '1 '3.#B+$; O('34#
'3.'/&#$ #4'1/&01 # "3#( 3&',.(' )&B @3
)&B @3 *n/&$ /+1*"1-&(3' /+1 $3)#B

A7 >212 b<4 89d "; 41 $2" >252
>;=; 92 =\2
s@('3 4#1 #$4+ /+,+ :+d
G1:2m2 "; 41 $2" P52"<4 >;=;
k71#2
@$$# '3 4#1 $&34# /+,+ :+
^#1 H;714 #1 ";$ 21 4o:4"1#I4
21 =#"4
K(' :+" #3 4#$$ #3 ,'d
A:2#" #1 ";$ 21 3#P 21 k711#2
<F' &3 #3 &14'$$&='14 #3 ,'

+([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;"
^)-*)-) 0(A"@ $( 6)@-<@ ,)&$ 0(#$3B ^"C(-" 6)@-<@5 &3" ,<A"@ <# k)-):(e) C(-
           
     
L0 C-(0 k)-):(e) $( 6)@-<@B ^)-*)-) :($ 3<-"@ )& )# [#:,<&3 $")%3"- <#< # ^-(?#F&
 U%)@"0. (C b)#:+):"B !3" C(+#@ )# )G)-$0"#$ <# $3" %"#$"- (C 6)@-<@B E$ ?<,,
$)L" 3"- (#,. /n 0<#+$"& $( ?),L C-(0 3"- )G)-$0"#$ $( ?(-LB ^)-*)-) <& -"),,.
,((L<#: C(-?)-@ $( *":<##<#: 3"- #"? Z(*B !3" ?<,, *" ")-#<#: 0(-" 0(#". $3)#
&3" @<@ <# k)-):(e)B ^)-*)-) ?<,, *" ,<A<#: ?<$3 q ($3"- -((00)$"& <# (-@"- $(
&)A" 0(#".B
0(#".B >"- )G)-$0"#$ <&< & ,)-:"- $3)# 3"- )G)-$0"#$ ?)& <# k)-):(e)B K3"#
&3" ,<A"@ *. 3"-&",C5 &3" &G"#$ 0(-" 0(#". (# $3" +$<,<$<"& C(- $3" )G)-$0"#$B
  
  
           
$( &)A" 0+%3 0(-" 0(#". ")%3 0(#$3B

P; mF'(' -&- M#(5#(# $&8' 5'*+(' H#-(&-d

T; mF: &3 M#(5#(# ,+8&1=d
Q; mF#4 b&$$ M#(5#(# -+ X*+( b+(aYd
V; W+b *#( &3 &4 *(+, H#-(&- 4+ z#(#=+7#d
]; W+b $+1= -&- &4 4#a' M#(5#(# 4+ -(&8' *(+, z#(#=+7# 4+ H#-(&-d

HU
8510U9

f; E3 M#(5#(# #-8'14"(+"3d
[; mF: &3 M#(5#(# '9/&4'-d
\; m&$$ F'( #.#(4,'14 5' /$+3' +( *#( #b#: *(+, F'( 1'b #/#-',:d
Z; W+b $+1= -+'3 &4 4#a' F'( 4+ b#$a 4+ b+(ad
PU; E3 F'( 1'b #.#(4,'14 /F'#.'( +( ,+(' '9.'13&8'
'9.'13&8' 4F#1 F'( +$-
#.#(4,'14d
PP; m&$$ 3F' 5' '#(1&1= ,+(' ,+1': +( $'33 ,+1':d
PT; m&$$ M#(5#(# 5' $&8&1= #$+1' +( b&4F (++,,#4'3d
PQ; W+b ,#1: (++,,#4'3 b&$$ M#(5#(# F#8'd
PV; mF: b&$$ 4F' "4&$&4&'3 5' /F'#.'( &1 H#-(&-d
P]; mF: -&-1h4 M#(5#(# 3#8' ,"/F ,+1': &1 z#(#=+7#d

.([fH52129 ?4531
S K((> +6T %(#&+,$)-5 )@0<-)-5 0<-)- )--<*)

hg1>29; 4" 49 <#>>#;"25#; i;;E #$ 7: #" $H4 <#>$#;"25@

u$ #-,&(# # 3" .#-(' W' $++a3 ". 4+ F&3 *#4F'(
l7#45; 674 =#541 255#32 K S2"$ @;7 $; 9;;E 7:

S K((> 8(" T *+&%)- 

hg1>29; i;;E T;5 #$

S K((> 8("7#": 1(F "&G"-)- %(# <,+&<Q#5 $"#"- :)#)& @"

X1+4'Y
Con esta expresión se rompe la regla poner innitivo detrás del  2$(4B
q>?#4' %"' #$ "3#( '34' 4&.+ -' '34("/4"(#2 : +4(#3 %"' 8'(',+3 ,n3 #-'$#14'2
='("1-&+C 2,((L<#: C(-?)-@ $( \<#:4 
"3#,+3 '$ ='("1-&+C 2,((L<#:

H<
 8510U9

i; 41:45; >;" #971#O" K 9;;E T;5S25< $; #$

@34+: '3.'(#1-+ /+1 &$"3&01 '34"-&#( Eh, $++a&1= *+(b#(- 4+ 34"-:&1=
KV= 54299@ 9;;E#"P T;5S25< $;
D4"P; =7>H21 P2"21 <4 >;";>45$4
=44$#"P @;7

S K((> 401(F <#C(-0)-&" <#C(-0),0"#$"

U; $4 :54;>7:41Q @; 9; I;@ 2 =#525 Y;"V$ S;55@Q KV99 9;;E #"$; #$

S K((> (+1F J%+<@)@(a5 G-($":"-

Z7#<2<;Q sH2@ 7" :455;p i;;E ;7$p DH454 #1 2 <;Pp

k(#/&#3 .+( .(+4'='(,' `F#1a3 *+( $++a&1= +"4 *+( ,'

S K((> (5/"F -"A<&)-5

-"A<&)-5 -"G)&)- 
-"G)&) - 

A# $4"P; $#4=:; 9; =#5258 KT K H2I4 $#=4 KV99 9;;E ;I45 #$(

`'1=+ %"' ('.#3#( $+3 #."14'3 E F#8' 4+ $++a +8'( ,: 1+4'3

S K((> 1="(+<=F -"G)&)- 

Z;79< @;7 9;;E $H5;7PH =@

Wf74<41 4>H25 7" ;B; 2 =# 41>5#$;X
4112@X

S K((> +6 1(T )@0<-)- 

WR 67#8" 2<=#521X aH; <; @;7 9;;E 7: $;X

HF
8510U9

&0([?453
&0([?453 ?;>237925@
?;>2379 25@

A$54$>H#"PQ @2S"#"P G1$#52514Q 3;1$4J25

m#8&1= <#$"-#( /+1 $# ,#1+
Z7$$#"P <;S" 2 $544 D2925 7" N53;9
`:&1= 3F+'$#/'3 K4#(3' $+3 7#.#4+3
e#9#"P "2#91 i#=2514 921 7m21
!F'/a&1= +&$ !+,.(+5#( '$ #/'&4'
h75@#"P   G"$45525
!"4 +"4 # .&/4"(' N'/+(4#( "1# *+4+
f;75#"P G>H25 b2P72Q I#"; 4" I21;d
<'b&1=   !+3'(

&&([G"$;"2>#O"( G"T2$#J25 :2923521 29 4=:4J25 7"2 >;"I4512>#O"

K$ ',.'7#( "1# /+18'(3#/&012 $# 6$4&,# .#$#5(# -' /+14'1&-+2 '3
1+(,#$,'14' # $# %"' F#: %"' #.$&/#($' $# #/'14"#/&01; @/F# "1 8&34#7+ #
$+3 3&="&'14'3 '?',.$+3C

H3" @(: )$" ) "#**41 

K" )-" 1#,>40< )*(+$ <$

K3)$ )-" .(+ :(40< = 
= 

>"-" <& ) 6#)>#</ C(- .(+

i+$ $3<& (# $3"  2=/,8 

E ,(&$ 0. >/-2 

HG
 R7<#; <41>25P2394
N'/"'(-# -'3/#(=#(4' : '3/"/F#( '$ #"-&+ ,.Q %"' /+14&'1' '34' $&5(+;
#"P981Q /+1 /+14'1&-+ '94(#2 : -+1-' 4'
MN1 <4 &, H;521 <4 9;>7>#O" 4" #"P981Q /+1
-#,+3 $+3 ,'?+('3 4("/+3 -'$ Hp4+-+ g+"$%&';
SSS(27<#;19#35;1(@;7$29E;"9#"4(>;=
!$#8' -' -'3/#(=#C F\3f1?

H:
 ^JE`UU
1.-Pasado Simple: verbos regulares
<'="&,+3 ('.#3#1-+ 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3 '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$'; K/+(-#(+32
/+1 '34+3 8'(5+3 3+$+ F#/' *#$4# %"' #B#-#,+3 "1 2\"@4  #$  #$ 8'(5+ .(&1/&.#$2
#"1%"' '34' 2\"@4  /+(('3.+1-'
  /+(('3.+1-' # 4('3 .(+1"1/&#/&+1'3 -&34&14#3C V$V 2  V@V 
 V@V ::
 V"@V ; A' '34#3 4('3 .(+1"1/&#/&+1'32 $# 6$4&,# '3 $# 61&/# %"' 3' .(+1"1/&#
 V"@V 
/+,+ "1# 3>$#5# #.#(4';

D; 1=;E4 K 1=;E4<
`+ 3F+b E 3F+b'-
D; 1=#94 K 1=#94<
`+ b#$a E b#$a'-
D; 52#" K$ 52#"4<
`+ /#((:
/#( (: E /#((&'-
D; >299 K >2994<
`+ .$#: E .$#:'-
D; 927PH
927 PH K 927PH4<
`+ +.'1 E +.'1'-
D; >9;14 K >9;14<
`+ 4#$a E 4#$a'-

2.-Pasado Simple: verbos irregulares

@1 '34' ."14+ /+14&1"#(',+3 4(#5#?#1-+ /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 '1 '$
O#3#-+ <&,.$'; N'/+(-#-2 '34+3 8'(5+3 3' -&*'('1/&#1 -' $+3 ('="$#('32
."'3 F#/' *#$4# /#,5&#( /#3& 4+-+ '$ 8'(5+; O(&,'(+ #.('1-'(',+3 ,n3
8'(5+3 '1 /+14'94+ '1 $# $&34# %"' 3&="'2 : $"'=+ ('.#3#(',+3 8'(5+3 %"'
:# 4(#5#?#,+3 '1 "1&-#-'3 #14'(&+('3;

[A"-. @). E -+#5 ."&$"-@). E -)#B

[A"-. @). E -<@"5 ."&$"-@). E -(@"B
[A"- @). E ")$5 ."&$"-@). E )$"B
[A"-. @). E @-<#L5 ."&$"-@).
."&$"-@). E @-)#LB
[A"-. @). E C"",5 ."&$"-@). E C",$B

HH
 8510UU

!+,+ 5&'1 3#5',+32 '$ &1=$p3 1+ 3' .(+1"1/&# &="#$ %"' 3' '3/(&5'; @$
6$4&,+ 8'(5+ -' $# $&34# '3 "1 '?',.$+ .'(*'/4+ -' '34+; @1 .#3#-+2 2-")@4
3' .(+1"1/&# '*'/4&8#,'14' /+,+ '$ /+$+( 2-"@4 ; O#(# ,'?+(#( 1"'34(#
.(+1"1/&#/&012 4'1',+3 %"' /"&-#( 4+-#3 $#3 .(+1"1/&#/&+1'32 #4'1-&'1-+
# /0,+ $+ -&/' '$ .(+*'3+(;

-([K$ $2E41 1;=43;<@ L #$ $;;E 1;=43;<@

@34# '34("/4"(# '3 $# ,&3,# %"' 8&,+3 '1 $# "1&-#- #14'(&+(2
#14'(&+(2 /+1 $# -&*'('1/&#
%"' #F+(# &1/$"&,+3 "1# .'(3+1# /+,+ +5?'4+; !+,.#(',+3 $+3 '?',.$+3C

Z741$2 <;1 H;521 K$ $2E41 * H;751

H' /"'34# -+3 F+(#3
WZ7N"$; 14 $25<2 4" #5 2 M2<5#<
4" >;>H4X
s!"n14+ 4' /"'34# &( '1 /+/F'
F#34# H#-(&-d
E4 4#a'3 ,' T F+"(3
^;S 9;"P <;41 #$ $2E4 $;
<5#I4 $; M2<5#<X
W+b $+1= -+'3 &4 4#a' :+" 4+
-(&8' 4+ H#-(&-d

K-',n3 -' "4&$&7#( $# '34("/4"(# /+1 20"5 .(+5 3<04   '4/; 4#,5&p1 3' "3#
'1 8#(&+3 4&',.+3 8'(5#$'3; D' ,'/n1&/# 3' %"'-# &="#$2 /+1 '$ .'%"'B+
/#,5&+ -'$ 8'(5+; D# /$#8' .#(# /+13+$&-#( '34# '34("/4"(# '3 '14'1-'( %"'
2<$4  '3
 '3 '$ 3"?'4+2 : '$ 3"?'4+ '1 '3.#B+$ $$'=# # 3'( '$ +5?'4+ -&('/4+ '1 &1=$p3;

`(#-"/' '34#3 *(#3'3 .#(# .(#/4&/#( $# ,'/n1&/#C

M4 >;1$O 7"2 H;52 K$ $;;E =4 2" H;75

s`' /+340 PU ,&1"4+3d A&- &4 4#a' :+" PU ,&1"4'3d
WZ7N"$; $25<21$4X ^;S 9;"P <#< #$ $2E4 @;7X
J+ ,' /+340 P F+(# E4 -&-1h4 4#a' ,' #1 F+"(

HQ
8510UU

,([k42<@Q
,([k42<@Q S#99#"P
S#99 #"P
@34#3 -+3 .#$#5(#3 3"'$'1 3'( #$=+ /+1*"3#3; J+ 3+1 3&101&,+32 #"1%"' 3'
"3#1 '1 /+14'94+3 .#('/&-+3; @/F# "1 +?+ # '34' '?',.$+C

EF0 ?<,,<#: $( -+# $3" -)%"5 *+$ EF0 #($ -")@. &<#%" E @(#F$ 3)A" ) %)- ."$B

X")@.  signica
 signica G-"G)-)@(;
 G-"G)-)@(; K<,,<#: signica @<&G+"&$(B

`(#5#?# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

G1$;@ :54:252<; :252 =25>H25 KV= 542<@ $; 942I4

s@34n3 .('.#(#-+d
U; 41$;@ =7@ <#1:741$;Q :45; 1#Q
41$;@ :54:252<;
K8>3#,' /"#1-+ '34p3 -&3."'34+
: :+ '34#(p .('.#(#-+
WG1$N1 :54:252<; @ >;" P2"21X
K(' :+" ('#-:d
KV= ";$ 54299@ S#99#"PQ 37$
KV= 542<@
D'4 ,' a1+b bF'1 :+" #('
b&$$&1=2 #1- Eh$$ 5' ('#-:
R54 @;7 542<@ 2"< S#99#"PX

/([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;"
g-)#L ?(L" +G )$ uTln UB6B $3<& 0(-#<#:B >" #(-0),,. ?)L"& +G )$ mTln UB6B5
*+$ :($ +G ")-,<"- <# (-@"- $( 3)A" $<0" $( -+#B >" *-+&3"@ 3<& $""$35 :($ @-"&&"@
)#@ ,"C$ $( :( C(- ) -+#B >" C",$ ?",, -"&$"@ &( 3" @"%<@"@ $( -+# v L0B ]# 3<& -+#
)-(+#@ $3" ,)L"5 3" &)? ) C-<"#@ C-(0 ?(-L ?3( ?)& ?),L<#: 3<& @(:B g-)#L ),&(
&)? 3<& #"<:3*(- (+$ C(- 3"- 0(-#<#: ?),LB E$ $((L 3<0 lw 0<#+$"& $( -+# v L0B
g-)#L @-)#L ) :,)&& (C ?)$"- )& 3" &$-"$%3"@B UC$"- &$-"$%3<#:5 3" $((L ) &3(?"-
)#@ :($ @-"&&"@B g-)#L @"%<@"@ $( 0)L" )# ":: ?<$3 $()&$ C(- *-")LC)&$B UC$"-
               
g-)#L G)%L"@ )# )GG," C(- ) &#)%L5 )#@ ) &)#@?<%3 )#@ &),)@ C(- ,+#%3B UC$"-
    
          
)$ wTnu UB6B

HR
 8510UU

P; mF#4 4&,' -&- q(#1a b#a' ".d

T; mF#4 4&,' -+'3 F' "3"#$$: ='4 ".d
Q; mF: -&- F' b#a' ". '#($&'(d
4. What did Frank
Frank do rst?
]; W+b *#( -&- q(#1a
q(#1a ("1d
f; mF#4 -&- F' 3'' +1 F&3 ("1d
[; W+b $+1= -&- &4 4#a' F&, 4+ ("1 \ a,d
\; mF#4 -&- F' -+ #*4'( F' (#1d
Z; mF#4 -&- q(
q(#1a
#1a '#4 *+( 5('#a*#34d
PU; mF: -&- F' '#4 # 5#1#1#d
PP; A&- F' -(&1a #1: /+**''d
PT; mF#4 -&- F' -+ #*4'( 5('#a*#34d
PQ; mF#4 -&- F' .#/a *+( F&3 $"1/Fd
PV; A&- F' 5(&1= # 31#/ad
P]; mF#4 -&- F' -+ #*4'( .#/a&1= F&3 $"1/F #1- 31#/ad
Pf; A&- q(#1a
q(#1a 4#a' # 5(&'*/#3' +( 5#/a.#/a 4+ b+(ad
P[; mF#4 4&,' -&- F' $'#8' F&3 F+"3' *+( b+(ad

'([G"$;"2>#O"(
'([G"$;"2>#O"( fH52129 ?4531
!"#1-+ 4'1',+3 "1# /+,5&1#/&01 -' 8'(5+j.('.+3&/&012
8'(5+j.('.+3&/&012 1+(,#$,'14' '$
#/'14+ ('/#' '1 $# .('.+3&/&01; @/F# "1 8&34#7+ # $+3 3&="&'14'3 '?',.$+3;

i<%L <$ +6
i+$ <$ :(70
g),, 40
H)L" <$ (+1 
H)L" <$ (88 

Q=
8510UU

)([fH52129 ?4531
S 9"/#> :(70C A"#<-&" )*)Z(5 )A"-<)-&"5 @"&:,(&)- 

Y41P9O129; :;5 4<2<41 h542E #$ <;S" 3@ 2P41

@$ /+/F' 3' #8'(&0 `F' /#( 5(+a' -+b1
A4 I#"; 232B; @ 14 4>HO 2 ^4 35;E4 <;S" 2"<
99;525 1$25$4< $; >5@

L 9"/#> +6F -(0G"- -",)%<Q#5 %(-$)-&" %(0+#<%)%<Q# $","CQ#<%)

M25#2 @ M#P749 9; <4B25;" 49 M25#2 2"< M#P749 35;E4

2m; :212<; 7: 921$ @425
@$ 4'$p*+1+ 3' '34n /+(4#1-+ `F' .F+1' &3 5('#a&1= ".

L 9"40< +6F &)%)- ) %(,)%<Q#

A2>2 49 $4=2 =2m2"2 4" 92 547"#O" h5#"P #$ 7: #" $H4 =44$#"P

\ 9"40< *#)>F @"A(,A"- );+c 

?789I49;
?789I49; 2 $5245 =2m2"2 :;5 92 =2m2"2 h5#"P #$ 32>E $;=;55;S =;5"#"P

Q9
 8510UU

+([?
+([?453 ?;>23
;>237925
7925@
@

DH5;S#"P 5;>E1 D#525 :#4<521

W#1=&1= +"4 /$+4F'3 `'1-'( $# (+.#
Z7$$#"P $H4 P5211Q
Z;5$25 49 >41:4<
=;S#"P $H4 92S"
A"34&1= 4F' *"(1&4"(' D&,.&#( '$ .+$8+
AH;7$#"P 2$   F5#$25
Crossing ngers !("7#( $+3 -'-+3
A429#"P 2" 4"I49;:4 Z45525 7" 1;354
M$+b&1= ". # 5#$$++1 Inar un globo
e;9<#"P 94$$45 Y;3925 7"2 >25$2
W+$-&1= # 5#5: <"?'4#( # "1 5'5p

QU
 ^JE`U<
1.-Pasado Simple: verbos regulares
!+14&1"#,+3 /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('32 #B#-&'1-+ # $+3 %"' :# F',+3
#3&,&$#-+; K $#-+ -' /#-# 8'(5+ '1/+14(#(p&3 $# $'4(# %"' &1-&/# $#
.(+1"1/&#/&01;

&$). &$)."@ V@V ;+"@)-&"

;+"@)-& "
?(-L ?(-L"@ V$V $-)*)Z)- 
&$+@. &$+@<"@ V@V "&$+@<)-
,")-# ,")-#"@ V@V ( V$V )G-"#@"- 

A'3."p3 -' 4(#5#?#( /+1 '34+3 8'(5+32 ('.#3#,+3 #$="1+3 -' $+3 8'(5+3
8&34+3 '1 "1&-#-'3 #14'(&+('3; E14'14# $''($+3 '1 8+7 #$4# ,#(/#1-+ 5&'1 $#
4'(,&1#/&01; q>?#4' '1 -&*'('1/&#( 5&'1 $+3 %"' 4&'1'1 $# 4'(,&1#/&01  V"@V 
 V"@V ;
Eso es lo más importante pues no hay tanta diferencia entre los nales de
 V$V : V@V
 V@V pero sí que los nales en  V"@V  ,#(/#1
 ,#(/#1 $# -&*'('1/&# .#(# /+,.('1-'(
$# .#$#5(#;
$; 1=;E4 1=;E4< L$L T7=25
4+ 3F+b 3F+b'- j-j    ,+34(#(
$; 1=#94 1=#94< L<L    1;"54#5
4+ b#$a b#$a'- j4j    #1-#(
$; 52#" 52#"4< L<L 99;I45
4+ /#$$ /#$$'- j-j $$#,#(
$; ;:4" ;:4"4< L<L    235#5
4+ .$#: .$#:'- j-j  ?"=#(
$; >9;14 >9;14< L<L    >45525
4+ 4#$a 4#$a'- j4j    F#5$#(

Q<
 8510U<

$; 9#1$4" 9#1$4"4< L<L    41>7>H25

4+ $++a $++a'- j4j    ,&(#(
$; :;#"$ :;#"$4< L4<L    14m2925
4+ /#((: /#((&'- j-j  $$'8#(2 4(#13.+(4#(
4(#13.+(4# (
$; <4>#<4 <4>#<4< L4<L    <4>#<#5
4+ b#4/F b#4/F'- j4j  8'(2 8&=&$#(
$; 927PH 927PH4< L<L    54\5
4+ b#14 b#14'- j'-j    %"'('(
$; "44< "44<4< L4<L    "4>41#$25

K-',n3 -' &( .(+1"1/&#1-+ $+3 8'(5+3 '1 O('3'14' : O#3#-+ #$ $''( $# 4#5$#2
4' .(+.+1',+3 "1 .#( -' #/4&8&-#-'3 %"' ."'-'3 F#/'( .+( 4" /"'14# .#(#
,'?+(#( $# 4p/1&/# -' /0,+ "3#( '34+3 8'(5+3 '1 '$ O#3#-+C

[A"-. @). -(+$<#"T

\ [A"-. @). E &0(L"5 ."&$"-@). E &0(L"@
\ [A"-. @). E &0<,"5 ."&$"-@). E &0<,"@

  
 
\ E &0(L"@ *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ &0(L"
\ E &0<,"@ *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ &0<,"

2.-Pasado Simple: verbos irregulares

@1 '34' ."14+ 3'="&,+3 /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3;
$; H2I4 H2<
4+ b'#( b+('
$; 1944: 194:$
4+ $'#8' $'*4
$; $499 $;9<

QF
8510U<

4+ 5(&1= 5(+"=F4
$; :7$ :7$
4+ F+$- F'$-
$; $42>H $27PH$
4+ 4F(+b   4F('b
$; >2$>H   >27PH$
4+ ='4 =+4
$; 37@ 3;7PH$
4+ 3'$$   3+$-

K$ &="#$ %"' /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('32 #-',n3 -' .(#/4&/#( '$ .#3#-+ -'
*+(,# #&3$#-#2 4' .(+.+1',+3 "1 .#( -' ("4&1#3 .#(# %"' .(#/4&%"'3 $+3
8'(5+3 /+1 #$=+ ,n3 -' /+14'94+;

[A"-. @). -(+$<#"T

\ [A"-. @). E 3)A"5 ."&$"-@). E 3)@
\ [A"-. @). E ?")-5 ."&$"-@). E ?(-"

  
 
\ E 3)@ <$ *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ 3)A" <$
\ E ?(-" <$ *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ ?")- <$

K$ &="#$ %"' /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('32 4' -'?#,+3 '34# $&34# -' ('.#3+ -' $+3
8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 8&34+3 '1 +4(#3 "1&-#-'3 #14'(&+('3;

$; 5#<4   5;<4
4+ '#4 #4'
$; <5#"E   <52"E
4+ b(&4'   b(+4'
$; 542<   542<
4+ 5'   b#3jb'('

QG
 8510U<

4+ 3.'#a 3.+a'
$; P;   S4"$
4+ /+,'   /#,'
$; <; <#<
4+ ='4 =+4
$; 1$2"<   1$;;<
4+ 3&4 3#4
$; $2E4   $;;E
4+ ("1 ("1

`#,5&p1 4' ('/+,'1-#,+3 %"' #-',n3 -' ('.#3#( 3&,.$','14' /0,+ 3'
/+134(":' '$ O#3#-+2 &14'14'3 #.$&/#( ("4&1#3 /+,+ $#3 -' #((&5# .#(# .+1'(
$+3 8'(5+3 '1 /+14'94+;
/+14'94+; N'/"'(-#;;;
[A"-. @). E -<@"5 ."&$"-@). E -(@"BBBE -(@" *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ -<@"5 "$%B

-([?453;1 #554P792541( f2$5;"41 <4 :5;"7">#2>#O"

!+,+ F',+3 .+-&-+ +53'(8#(2 #"1%"' $+3 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 ('%"&'('1
%"' $+3 /#,5&',+3 /#3& /+,.$'4#,'14'2 #$="1+3 4&'1'1 /#,5&+3 &-p14&/+3
+ ,": .#('/&-+3 # +4(+3; <& .+-',+3 #=(".#( $+3 %"' 3"'1#1 + 3' '3/(&5'1
&="#$2 1+3 3'(n ,"/F+ ,n3 *n/&$ #/+(-#(1+3 -' 3"3 .(+1"1/&#/&+1'3; O+(
'?',.$+2 8'#,+3 $+3 8'(5+3C      

D42>H   $27PH$
M(&1=   5(+"=F4
h7@   3;7PH$
`F&1a   4F+"=F4
e#PH$   T;7PH$
!#4/F /#"=F4

K"1%"' '34+3 8'(5+3 3+1 ,n3 *n/&$'3 -' #.('1-'( .+( 3"3 (#3=+3 &-p14&/+3
+ /+,"1'32 3"'$'1 /#"3#( .(+5$',#3 -' .(+1"1/&#/&01; !#3& 4+-+ '$ ,"1-+

Q:
8510U<

$+3 .(+1"1/&# /+1 "1 -&.4+1=+ 2(+4  + 2)+4 ; J+ +534#14'2 1+ '3 '$ /#3+ :
-'5'(>#,+3 +,&4&( $# .(+1"1/&#/&01 -' $# 3'="1-# 8+/#$C
3;7PH$   

5(+=F4 /brɔːt/

$H;7PH$   

4#"=F4 /tɔːt/

,([R<B4$#I;1
,([R<B4$#I;1 17:4592$#I;1
17:4 592$#I;1
D+3 #-?'4&8+3 3".'($#4&8+3
3".'($#4&8+3 3+1 .#('/&-+3 # $+3 /+,.#(#4&8+32 .'(+ '1 8'7 -'
F#/'( "1# /+,.#(#/&01 '14(' -+3 /+3#3 + .'(3+1#32 3' "3#1 .#(# -'34#/#(
3" /#(#/4'(>34&/# '1 3" =(#-+ ,n9&,+;

#B#-&,+3  2\"&$4B <&
<& '$ #-?'4&8+ '3 -' "1# 3>$#5# #B#-&,+3 2\"&$4B  <& '$ #-?'4&8+ '3 -' -+3 3>$#5#3
: #/#5# '1 2.4 3"34&4"&,+3 $# 2.4  /+1
  /+1 $# 2<4 4#,5&p1 #=('=#,+3 cS'34e <& '$
#-?'4&8+ '3 -+3 3>$#5#3 X: 1+ #/#5# '1 c:eY + ,n3 /+$+/#,+3 c $3" 0(&$e
0(&$e #14'3;

O+( '?',.$+ /+1 $+3 #-?'4&8+3C *<:5 *+&.5 <0G(-$)#$

6)@-<@ <& $3" *<::"&$ %<$. <# !G)<#B
6)@-<@ <& $3" *+&<"&$ %<$. <# !G)<#B
6)@-<@ <& $3" 0(&$ <0G(-$)#$ %<$. <# !G)<#B

/([R";$H45Q $H4 ;$H45Q ;$H45Q $H4 ;$H451

@34#3 4('3 .#$#5(#3 3"'$'1 /#"3#( 5#34#14' /+1*"3&012 .+(%"' #"1%"' 3'
.#('/'1 ,"/F+2 '$ "3+ -' /#-# "1+ '3 -&34&14+;

M(1"(N; /+,+ 3' ."'-' &14"&( .+( $# .#$#5(# 2)#\($3"-4 )#($3"- O($-(P

 B0(1=/" M(1"(N;
%"&'(' -'/&( 2($-(4 O@<&$<#$(P + 2($-( 09&4  :
 : 3' ',.$'# ?"14+ /+1 3"34#14&8+3
%"' '34n1 '1 3&1="$#( /"#1-+ #/46# /+,+ #-?'4&8+; O+( '?',.$+C

Y2=4 ;$5; 9#35; b<#1$#"$; L ;$5; =N1d F#I4 =4 2";$H45 3;;E

!+='(p +4(+ 5+$& X+4(+ ,n3Y Eh$$ 4#a' #1+4F'( .'1
G1; 41 ;$52 H#1$;5#2 b<#1$#"$2d DH2$V1 2";$H45 1$;5@

QH
 8510U<

`#,5&p1 ."'-' #/4"#( /+,+ .(+1+,5('; @1 '3' /#3+ 4&'1' '$ ,&3,+
signicado.

Y2=4 ;$5; F#I4 =4 2";$H45

D=/ (1=/" M/, (1"( O ,(2 (1"(2N; se reere a la parte restante de un grupo
-'4'(,&1#-+ : 4#,5&p1 ."'-' 3'( ',.$'#-+ /+,+ #-?'4&8+ + /+,+
.(+1+,5('; @1 '$ /#3+ -' #/4"#( /+,+ .(+1+,5('2 30$+ '3 #.$&/#5$' '1
3&1="$#(;

l7#45; 49 ;$5; >;>H4 K S2"$ $H4 ;$H45 >25

@$ +4(+ '34n '1 ,& /#3# `F' +4F'( &3 &1 ,: F+"3'
WYO"<4 41$N" 9;1 ;$5;1 "#m;1X aH454 254 $H4 ;$H45 >H#9<54"X

P1=/" M(1"(2N, se reere a ($-(& @<&$<#$(&5 : 3' "3# /+1 3"34#14&8+3 '1 .$"(#$
/+14#5$'3 : 3"34#14&8+3 &1/+14#5$'3;
WD#4"41 29Pg" 9#35; =N1X b<#1$#"$; L
Y; @;7 H2I4 2"@ ;$H45 3;;E1X
;$5; =N1d
K 1+3+4(+3 1+3 '1/#14#2 +4(+3 $+ +-&#1 K" ,(A" <$5 ($3"- G"(G," 3)$" <$
WD#4"41 ;$5; 467#:2B4X Y; @;7 H2I4 2"@ ;$H45 97PP2P4X

D=/ (1=/"2 M,(2 (1"(2N2 3' "3# /+,+ .(+1+,5(' '1 .$"(#$ .#(# ('*'(&(3' #$
('34+ -' "1&-#-'3 -' "1 =(".+;
Y2=4 9;1 ;$5;1 $2=3#8" F#I4 =4 $H4 ;$H451 $;;
`' F' 4(#>-+ #$="1+3 -' $+3 $&5(+32 4' E 5(+"=F4 :+" 3+,' +* 4F' 5++a32 E•$$
4(#'(p $+3 +4(+3 ,#B#1# 5(&1= :+" 4F' +4F'(3 4+,+((+b

'([?453
'([?453 ?;>237925@
?;>2379 25@
A$233#"P 1;=43;<@ #" $H4 32>E R:7m2925 2 29P7#4"
<a#4&1=   O#4&1#(
A$#55#"P >;TT44 k4=;I45 49 >2T8
O"$$&1= # 1#&$ K((#1/#( "1 /$#8+

QQ
8510U<

AH25:4"#"P 2 :4">#9 A2>25 :7"$2 2 7" 9N:#J

E(+1&1=   O$#1/F#(
i#PH$#"P 2 >#P254$$4 G">4"<45 7" >#P255;
^14:&1= # a1+4 A'3#4#( "1 1"-+
h9411#"P $H4 S#"4 h4"<4>#5 49 I#";
`&=F4'1&1= # 3/('b K.('4#( "1 4+(1&$$+

)([G"$;"2>#O"(
)([G"$;"2>#O"( f2923521 2>4"$72<21
2>4"$72< 21 <41:781 <4 4=:4J25 92 >;"I4512>#O"
^1# 8'7 ',.'7#-# $# /+18'(3#/&012 $# &-'# 1"'8# : ,n3 ('$'8#14'2 '3 $#
.#$#5(# #/'14"#-#;

E ,(&$ ) *((> 
K3)$ >40: (C *((L= 
E$ ?)& ) <"#$$#" 
 <"#$$#"  *((L 
 *((L 
K3)$ )(,("  ?)&
 ?)& <$= 
E$ ?)& *,#)> B E$ 3)@ ) *,)%L )(5/" 

@94(# .(#/4&/'C
K3)$ )-" $3". *+4,:40< =  = 
H3".F-" *+<,@<#: ) 2)=((,
K3)$ >40: (C &%3((,= ?,/$/01#"- (-  =4<=
 =4<= &%3((,
E $3<#L <$F& ) 1"#:/ &%3((,
K3)$ )-" .(+ :(40< =  = 
EF0 21+:-40< 
!$+@.<#:  7=#1 
 7=#1 = Q#1= (- ?0<,42== 
R/41=/" B EF0 24)> (C 0)$3 )#@ [#:,<&3B EF0 &$+@.<#: 0+1"414(05 *"%)+&" EF0 ),?).&
=+0<"- 

+([fH52129
+([fH52129 I4531
S J("> (+1 T 3)%"- @"G(-$"5 -"&(,A"- 
i; 2554P9254=;1Q "; $4 :54;>7:41 a4V99
a4V99 S;5E #$ ;7$Q <;"$ S;55@
W#=+ -'.+(4' -># 3& -># 1+ E b+(a +"4 '8'(: +4F'( -#:

QR
 8510U<

S J("> +6F G(#"-&" #"-A<(&(

^4 S21 299 S;5E4< 7: 34>2714 K

A4 :71; "45I#;1; :;5674 994P78 $25<4
S21 92$4

S J"41/ :(70; 1#>/ :(70; H(1 :(70F  )#($)- 

R:g"$2=49; :;5 T2I;5 a5#$4 #$ <;S" T;5 =4 :94214

S J40: +6C )%)*)- G(- 

R>23O <4B2"<; 92 7"#I451#<2< ^4 S;7"< 7: 67#$$#"P >;994P4

S ?0: +6F )%)*)- G(- 

R>23O <4B2"<; 92 7"#I451#<2< ^4 4"<4< 7: 942I#"P >;994P4

S J#,> (+1 (0T )*)#@(#)-5

)*)#@(#)-5 @"Z)- ) ),:+<"# %(,:)@(

WD4 I21 21\Q <4 54:4"$4X R54 @;7 P;#"P $; S29E ;7$ ;" =4X

S D"- (0F G-(*)-&"

f57832$4 92 >H2674$2 D5@ ;" $H4 B2>E4$

S D"- 52S 1"- 41F <#$"#$)-5 G-(*)- O%(0<@)P

G1 TN>#9Q :57432 $7 2H;52 K$V1 421@Q $5@ ";S

@$ #((+7 '34n 5"'1+2 .("p5#$+ `F&3 (&/' 4#34'3 =++-2 4(: &4

R=
 ^JE`UF
&([f5414"$4 f45T4>$;
@34' 4&',.+ 8'(5#$ '3 /"(&+3+ :# %"' 3" "3+ '1 /#34'$$#1+ 1+ /+(('3.+1-'
4+4#$,'14' /+1 3" "3+ '1 &1=$p3; @1 /#34'$$#1+ 3' "3# '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+
.#(# /"#$%"&'( /+3# %"' +/"((' -"(#14' '$ ->#2 # .'3#( -' %"' 3'# "1# #//&01
:# /+,.$'4#;

W#/',+3 "1# /+,.#(#/&01 /+1 $#3 *(#3'3 3&="&'14'3C

Wl78 H21 <#>H;X aH2$ <#< @;7 12@X

sW#3 8&34+ '3+d A&- :+" 3'' 4F#4d
U; H4 <#>H; "2<2 K <#<"V$ 12@ 2"@$H#"P

@1 &1=$p32 .+( $+ ='1'(#$2 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ 3+$+ 3' "3# .#(# #//&+1'3 %"'
4+-#8># '34n1 '1 8&=+(2 '3 -'/&(2 #//&+1'3 %"' #61 1+ '34n1 4'(,&1#-#3; W#:
"1 .#( -' '9/'./&+1'32
'9/'./&+1'32 .'(+ -' ,+,'14+ 3'="&,+3 '34# 1+(,#;

O+( +4(+ $#-+2 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' 3' "3# /+1 /"#$%"&'( #//&01 4'(,&1#-# #
.'3#( -' $+ /'(/#1+ %"' '34p #$ ,+,'14+ O('3'14'; D+ .+-',+3 '14'1-'(
,'?+( +53'(8#1-+ +4(#3 8#(&#14'3 -' '3.#B+$ %"' 3&="'1 $# ,&3,# 1+(,#
%"' &1=$p3; O'13#- '1 /+,+ F#5$#1 $+3 =#$$'=+32 ,'9&/#1+32 '4/; J+ -&/'1
2>" @"&).+#)@( "&$) 0)h)#)4  3&1+
 3&1+ 2D"&).+#R "&$) 0)h)#)4B
0)h)#)4B

O+( 3"."'34+2 4#,5&p1 "3#,+3 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' '1 &1=$p3 /"#1-+ $+ "3#,+3
'1 /#34'$$#1+C
!" 0" %).Q E @-(GG"@ <$
D<Z" ),:( E &)<@ &(0"$3<#: 

!"#1-+ 1+3 '1*('14#,+3 /+1 "1# 3&4"#/&01 %"' 4+-#8># '34n '1 8&=+(2 3+$+
'14+1/'3 .+-',+3 "3#( '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+; O+( '?',.$+C

R9
 8510UF

^4 94\<; $541 9#35;1 bH21$2 2H;52d KVI4 542< $H544 3;;E1 b1; T25d
41$4 2m; $H#1 @425
W' /+,&-+ -+3 ,#17#1#3 XF#34#
Eh8' '#4'1 T #..$'3 X3+ *#(Y 4+-#:
#F+(#Y F+:

!+,+ 3' ."'-' +53'(8#( '1 '34+3 '?',.$+32 +4(# *+(,# -' -'4'/4#( '$ "3+
-'$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ '3 #B#-&( 2&( C)-4 O3)&$)
C)-4 O3)&$) )3(-)P + 2,)$",.4 ON,$<0)0"#$"P
# $# *(#3'; <& '3 .+3&5$' #B#-&( "1+ + '$ +4(+2 3#5',+3 %"' 4'1',+3 %"'
"4&$&7#( '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+;

O+( '?',.$+C
EFA" ")$"# $3-"" )GG,"& O&( C)-P $3<& ?""LB E )$" (#" $?( @).& ):(5 E )$" (#" $3<&
0(-#<#:5 )#@ E )$" $3" ,)&$ (#" $?( 0<#+$"& ):(B

La confusión viene de la inuencia del castellano. Compara estas frases

/+1 $#3 #14'(&+('3C

>" %(0<@( $-"& 0)#e)#)& "&$) &"0)#)B x#) 0" ,) %(0c 3)%" @(& @c)&B ]$-) 0"
,) 3" %(0<@( "&$) 0)h)#) . ,) N,$<0) 0" ,) 3" %(0<@( 3)%" @(& 0<#+$(&B

D+ -&*>/&$2 '14+1/'32 '3 1+ 4(#-"/&( -&('/4#,'14' -'$ /#34'$$#1+2 3&1+ -'

'14('1#( #$ /'('5(+ .#(# F#/'( $# 4(#-"//&01 #.(+.&#-#2 F#34# %"' $$'=# #
3'( 1#4"(#$ : 3&1 .'13#(;
.'13#(; O+-',+3 .(#/4&/#( 4(#-"/&'1-+ '34#3 *(#3'3C
W^21 I#1$; 41;X Y#< @;7 144 $H2$X
sw"p F#3 -&/F+d mF#4 -&- :+" 3#:d
A4 $4 H2 >2\<; C;7 <5;::4< #$
W' /+,&-+ #$=+ E #4' 3+,'4F&1=;
KVI4 542< $S; 3;;E1 b1; T25d
^4 94\<; <;1 9#35;1 41$4 =41
$H#1 =;"$H
s!"n14#3 .'$>/"$#3 F#3 8&34+ '34' W+b ,#1: ,+8&'3 F#8' :+"
#B+d 3''1 X3+ *#(Y 4F&3 :'#(d

RU
8510UF

^1# 8'7 %"' '14'1-#,+3 $# 4'+(># -'$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ :# $+ .+-',+3

.+1'( '1 .(n/4&/#; l'#,+3
l'#,+3 $#3 '34("/4"(#3C

K H2I4 P;"4 KVI4 P;"4

W#8' :+" =+1'd x
K H2I4 ";$ P;"4 K H2I4"V
H2I4"V$$ P;"4
E F#8' '#4'1 Eh8' '#4'1
^2I4 @;7 42$4"X u
E F#8' 1+4 '#4'1 E F#8'1h4 '#4'1
^4 H21 42$4" ^4V1 42$4"
W#3 F' '#4'1d x
^4 H21 ";$ 42$4" ^4 H21"V$ 42$4"

Como se observa, en armación y negación hay versiones no contraídas,

: /+14(#>-#3; O#(# ',.'7#( .+-',+3 "4&$&7#( $#3 8'(3&+1'3 1+ /+14(#>-#32
#"1%"' /#5' -'34#/#( %"' $+3 1#4&8+3 3"'$'1 "3#( $#3 /+14(#>-#3; ^1# 8'7
%"' 4'1=#,+3 ,n3 #3&,&$#-# $# 4'+(># : $#3 '34("/4"(#32 .+-',+3 ',.'7#(
# ',.$'#( $#3 8'(3&+1'3 /+14(#>-#3;
/+14(#>-#3;

`#$ : /+,+ F&/&,+3 /+1 $+3 8'(5+3

8'( 5+3 '1 O#3#-+ <&,.$'2
<&,.$ '2 8'(',+3 8#(&+3
8#( &+3 8'(5+3
'1 3" /+14'94+C

GI45@ <2@ K 1:42E C41$45<2@ K 1:;E4 i2$49@ K H2I4 1:;E4"

@8'(: -#: E 4#$a g'34'(-#: E 4#$a'- D#4'$: E F#8' 4#$a'-
GI45@ <2@ K 9#1$4" C41$45<2@ K 9#1$4"4< i2$49@ KVI4 9#1$4"4<
@8'(: -#: E $++a g'34'(-#: E $++a'- D#4'$: Eh8' $++a'-

*([A;
*([A; T25
T2 5Q 4B45>#>#;
4B4 5>#>#;
D+ ,'?+( .#(# .(#/4&/#( 1"'8#3 '34("/4"(#3 #.('1-&-#3 '1 "1 &-&+,# '3
"4&$&7#($#3 '1 /+14'94+; @34# #/4&8&-#- 1+3 -'?# F#/'( '3+2 : # $# 8'7 ('%"&'('
%"' -&*'('1/&',+3 '14(' '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' : '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+; q&?#(+3

R<
 8510UF

'1 $#3 .#$#5(#3 /$#8'3 %"' ('%"&'('1 "1 4&',.+ 8'(5#$ " +4(+; O#(# ',.'7#(2
',.'7#(2
.(#/4&/#,+3 $#3 ('3."'34#3 # $#3 .('="14#3
.( '="14#3 /+,+ $#3 3&="&'14'3C

>(? 0)#. $<0"& @<@ .(+ &G")L [#:,<&3 ."&$"-@).= 

E @<@#F$ &G")L [#:,<&3 ."&$"-@).B

BB)#@ &( C)- $(@).= 

E 3)A"#F$ &G(L"# [#:,<&3 &( C)- $(@).B

>(? 0)#. $<0"& @<@ .(+ %(0" $( %,)&& ,)&$ ?""L=

E %)0" $( .(+- %,)&& $?<%" ,)&$ ?""LB

Y )#@ &( C)- $3<& ?""L=

EFA" %(0" $( .(+- %,)&& (#%" &( C)- $3<& ?""LB

-([Go>4:>#;"41 <4 f5414"$4 f45T4>$;

!+,+ F',+3 8&34+ '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ 1+(,#$,'14' 3' "3# .#(# #//&+1'3
%"' 4+-#8># '34n1 '1 8&=+(; <&1 ',5#(=+2 /+,+ ,'1/&+1#,+32 F#: "1 .#(
-' 3&4"#/&+1'3 ,n3 %"' ('%"&'('1 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+;

O(&,'(+2 /"#1-+ F#: /#,5&+3 # $+ $#(=+ -' 4&',.+ "3#,+3 O('3'14'

O'(*'/4+; O+( '?',.$+C

G9 $#4=:; H2 >2=3#2<; >;" DH4 S42$H45 H21 >H2"P4<

9;1 2m;1 ;I45 $H4 @4251
Cientícos han descubierto
</&'14&343 F#8' -&3/+8'('- #
,"/F#3 /+3#3 /+1 '$ .#3+ -'$
$+4 +* 4F&1=3 +8'( 4&,'
4&',.+

K-',n32 "3#,+3 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ /"#1-+ $# #//&01 :# 4'(,&1#-# 4&'1'

"1# /+1'9&01 /+1 '$ O('3'14'; O+( '?',.$+C

RF
8510UF

^4 $45=#"2<; $;<; =# $5232B; :252 H;@Q @ I’ve nished all my work for today, so
21\ =4 I;@ 2 >212 2H;52 KV= P;#"P H;=4 ";S
W',+3 '34#-+ '34"-&#1-+ 4+-# $# 3',#1# : m'h8' 5''1 34"-:&1= #$$ b''a #1- #('
m'h8'
'34#,+3 #=+4#-+3 '9F#"34'-

`#,5&p1 3' "3# '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ /+1 $+3 #-8'(5&+3 2),-")@.45 2."$4 
: /"#1-+ #$=+ ',.'70 '1 '$ .#3#-+ : 3&="' F#34# '$ ,+,'14+ .('3'14'2
#"1%"' 3&4"#/&+1'3 /+,+ '$ #14'(&+( ('%"&'('1 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+
!+14&1"+; A'3#((+$$#(',+3 '34#3 '34("/4"(#3 ,n3 #-'$#14'2 .'(+ -'
,+,'14+ '/F#,+3 "1 8&34#7+ # "1 .#( -' *(#3'3C

 C2
 C2 H4 41$7<#2<;
sW#5p&3 '34"-&#-+ :#d
?#I#=;1 267\ <41<4 H2>4 <;1 2m;1
D$'8+ -'3-' TUPU '34"-&#1-+ &1=$p3
KVI4 29542<@ 1$7<#4<
W#8' :+" X#$$Y 34"-&'- :'4d
a4VI4 344" 9#I#"P H454 T;5 $S;
a4VI4
@4251
Eh8' 5''1 34"-:&1= @1=$&3F 3&1/' TUPU

,([aH; 12S @;7X aH; <#< @;7 144X

@34#3 -+3 '34("/4"(#3 3"'$'1 /#"3#( 5#34#14' /+1*"3&01 '14(' $+3
'34"-&#14'3 -' &1=$p3; @/F# "1 8&34#7+ # '34' '?',.$+C

 7U ;+<R# A<&$"= \ K3( @<@ .(+

.(+ &""=
K%"> 2K3(4 '3 '$ +5?'4+2 : 2I(+e
2I(+e '3 '$ 3"?'4+;

 7S+<R# $" A<(= \ K3( &)? .(+= 

.(+= 
2K3(4 '3 '$ 3"?'4+;

K%"> F#: ,n3 '?',.$+3 -+1-' $#3 &14'((+=#4&8#3 3+1 $+3 3"?'4+3C
 7S+R G)&(= t K3)$ 3)GG"#"@=
 7S+<R# $<"#" 0< ,<*-(= t K3(
K3( 3)& 0. *((L= 
*((L= 

RG
 8510UF

 7S+c"# A<A" ),,c= t K3( ,<A"& $3"-"=

$3"-"=

@1 '34+3 '?',.$+32 $# .('="14# '3 3+5(' 2?3)$45 2?3"-"4  : 2?3(45 '3

2?3(45 '3 -'/&(2
'34#3 .#$#5(#3 -' &14'((+=#/&01 3+1 $+3 3"?'4+3; O+( 4#14+2 '1 '34+3 /#3+32
1+ F#: %"' F#/'( &18'(3&01 + "3#( '$ #"9&$&#(;

KF+(# 8',+3 #$="1+3 '?',.$+3 -+1-' $# &14'((+=#4&8# '3 '$ +5?'4+C

WZ;" 67#8" H23921$4 aH; <#< @;7 $29E $;

2@45X @41$45<2@X
sK %"&p1 $$#,#3d mF+ #(' :+" /#$$&1=d
Wl78 994I21X aH2$ 254 @;7 S425#"PX

@1 '34+3 '?',.$+3 $#3 .('="14#3 3' /'14(#1 '1 '$ 3"?'4+2 : '$ 3"?'4+ 1+ '3 $#
X?3)$5 ?3"-"5 ?3(Y2
.#$#5(# &14'((+=#4&8# X?3)$5 ?3(Y2 3&1+ 2.(+4 
3&1+ 2.(+4 ; A' '34' ,+-+2 '1 '34#3
+/#3&+1'3 4'1',+3 %"' "3#( '$ #"9&$&#(2 + &18'(4&( $# '34("/4"(# -' $# *(#3';
A continuación hay algunos ejemplos más para aanzar la diferencia entre
$#3 -+3 '34("/4"(#3C
Wl7#8" 94 992=O 2 4992X aH; >2994< H45X
sK %"&p1 $$#,0 '$$#d mF+ -&- 3F' /#$$d
WR 67#8" 67#4541X aH; <; @;7 9;I4X
sw"&p1 4' %"&'('d mF+ $+8'3 :+"d
Wl7#8" $4 41$N 371>2"<;X aH; #1 9;;E#"P T;5 @;7X
sK %"&p1 '34n3 5"3/#1-+d mF+ #(' :+" $++a&1= *+(d
Wl7#8" $4 P71$2X aH; <; @;7 9#E4X
sK %"&p1 $' ="34#3d mF+ $&a'3 :+"d
WR 67#8" 94 P71$2 4992X aH; 9#E41 H45X

/([
/([D; H2I4 $5;7394 [#"PQ $; H2I4 2 H25< $#=4
$#= 4 [#"P
[#" P
@34# '3 "1# '9.('3&01 ,": /+,61 : 64&$ '1 &1=$p3;

R:
8510UF

6" %+"&$) $-)*)Z( )#@)- E 3)A" $-(+*," ?),L<#: 

@/F# "1 +?+ # $+3 3&="&'14'3 '?',.$+3C

M4 >741$2 $5232B; >;=:54"<45
H' /"'34# 4(#5#?+ ,#-("=#(
WD4 >741$2 $5232B; H23925X
J+ ,' /"'34# 4(#5#?+ /+(('(
Wi4 >741$2 2 89 $5232B;
4"$4"<45$4X
K H2I4 $5;7394 7"<451$2"<#"P
E F#8' 4(+"5$' ='44&1= ". '#($:
Y; @;7 H2I4 $5;7394 $29E#"PX
E -+1h4 F#8' 4(+"5$' ("11&1=
Y;41 H4 H2I4 $5;7394
7"<451$2"<#"P @;7X

`#,5&p1 4'1',+3 '34# '9.('3&01C

6" %+"&$) $-)*)Z( )#@)- E 3)A" ) 3)-@ $<0" ?),L<#: 

'([F; $; 34<Q P; $; 1944:( e299 21944:

q>?#4' '1 '34# '9.('3&012 %"' 4#,5&p1 3"'$' -#(1+3 .(+5$',#3C

_( $( *"@T &(
*"@T &( # $# /#,#
_( $( &,""GT -+(,&(3'
&,""GT -+(,&(3'
g),, )&,""GT %"'-#(3'
)&,""GT %"'-#(3' -+(,&-+

M4 T7# 2 <;5=#5 2 921 && K S4"$ $; 34< 2$ &&

H' -+(,> # $#3 PP;QU E b'14 4+ 3$''. #4 PP;QU
M4 674<8 <;5=#<; 4" >9214 K T499 21944: #" >9211

%"'  :( $( *"@ : :( $( &,""G 3+1

A#4' /"'14# '14+1/'3 -' %"' :( &,""G 3+1 -&34&14+3;

K S;E4 7: 2"< K >;79<"V$ P; 32>E

M4 <41:45$8 @ "; =4 :7<4 <;5=#5
$; 1944:
`"8' .(+5$',#3 .#(# -+(,&(,' E F#- 4(+"5$' =+&1= 4+ 3$''.

RH
 8510UF

)([A; <; KQ "4#$H45 K 2=Q 4$>(

@34# '3 "1# *+(,# "1 .+/+ ,n3 *+(,#$ -' -'/&( 4#,5&p1; N'%"&'(' -'
5#34#14' .(n/4&/# ."'3 F#: %"' "3#( '$ 8'(5+ #"9&$&#( -'.'1-&'1-+ -' $#
*(#3' .(&1/&.#$; K-',n32 3' "3# $# '34("/4"(# &14'((+=#4&8#; D+ ,'?+( '3 %"'
$+ 8'#,+3 /+1 '?',.$+3;

E ,<L" 0+&<%
!( @( E

E )0 $),L<#: 
!( )0 E

@/F# "1 8&34#7+ # $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

K S;79< 9#E4 $; H2I4 2 >25Q 2"< @;7X A; S;79< K

Eh8' 5''1 4+ O#(&3 <+ F#8' E
K S#99 34 #" M2<5#< $;=;55;S A; S#99 K
Eh, 1+4 3&44&1=2 #1- :+"d J'&4F'( #, E
K S;"V$ 34 #" f25#1Q 2"< @;7X U4#$H45 S#99 K
E 3#b :+" :'34'(-#:2 #1- :+"d <+ -&- E
K S21 H454 921$ S44EQ 2"< @;7X A; S21 K
I didn’t like sh when I was little, and you? J'&4F'( -&- E
K S21 1#$$#"P H454 921$ S44EQ 2"< $H4@X A; S454 $H4@
Eh, 1+4 34#1-&1= #1- F&,d J'&4F'( F' &3
^4V1 ";$ 1$2"<#"PQ 2"< @;7X U4#$H45 2= K

+([K <; 9#E4 #$Q 1H4 <;41 7"<451$2"<Q K <; ";$ E";S
@34' 4&.+ -' '34("/4"(#3 3' "3#1 .#(# '1*#4&7#(; <' 4(#4# -' "3#( '$ #"9&$&#(2
#"9&$&#(2
+ 4#,5&p1 -' "3#($+ 3&1 /+14(#//&01;

E ,<L" <$ E @( ,<L" <$

RQ
8510UF

@/F# "1 8&34#7+ # $#3 *(#3'3C

AH4 9#E41 #$ AH4 <;41 9#E4 #$

E -+1h4 $&a' &4 E -+ 1+4 $&a' &4
AH4 <;41"V$ 9#E4 #$ AH4 <;41 ";$ 9#E4 #$
E 5(+a' &4 E -&- 5('#a &4
K H2< #$ 34T;54 K <#< H2I4 #$ 34T;54
E ,'#14 &4 E -&- ,'#1 &4
K <#<"V$ $2E4 #$ K <#< ";$ $2E4 #$

.([fH52129 ?4531
S 9#)> +6; *#)> :(70
^)%L +GT )G(.)-V -"&G),@)-5 @)- 0)-%3) )$-9&

U4>41#$; 674 =4 2:;@41 K "44< @;7 $; 32>E =4 7:

4" 41$; ;" $H#1
A# ,#(/F# #4(n3 "1+3 ,'4(+3 M#/a ". # *'b ,'4'(3

^)%L @(?#T -"$-)%$)-&"5 "%3)-&" )$-9&

Y41>7#<2Q "; =4 4>H258 2$5N1 Y;"V$ S;55@Q K S;"V$ 32>E <;S"

S 9,(7 +6; *,(7 41 

^,(? +GT "&$),,)-5 G"-@"- "&$-<*(&5 3<#%3)- O:,(*(P
G9 >;>H4 41$299O DH4 >25 394S 7:
<' /#5('0 /+,+ "1 ,+1+ W' 5$'b ".
^#">H2 49 P9;3; h9;S 7: $H4 3299;"

^,(? <$T C)&$<@<)-,)

f45<;"2 $\;Q 92 H4 T21$#<#2<; KV= 1;55@ =2"Q K 394S #$

RR
 8510UF

S T=//" +6F ,"A)#$)- ", 9#<0(5 ),":-)-5 J9#<0(a

M4 994I25;" 29 >#"4 :252 DH4@ $;;E =4 $; $H4 =;I#41

94I2"$25=4 49 N"#=; $; >H445 =4 7:
l'1=#2 {n1&,+| !+,' +1| !F''( ".|

S T,/#" +6F )%,)-)- O@+@)&P -"&(,A"-5 @"&G"Z)-&" O$<"0G(P5 ;+<$)-&" ", )%#R
D4"4=;1 674 2>92525 49 a4 "44< $; >9425 7: $H4
=294"$4"<#<; =#17"<451$2"<#"P
@34#5# 1"5$#-+2 .'(+ '$ /&'$+ 3' F# E4 b#3 /$+"-:2 5"4 4F' 3a: F#3
-'3.'?#-+ /$'#('- ".
U; 4"$#4"<; 41$;( WM4 9; :;<5\21 K <;"V$ 7"<451$2"< $H#1( Z;79<
2>92525X @;7 >9425 #$ 7: T;5 =4X
<& -'?#3 -' /+,'( /F+/+$#4' 3' 4' E* :+" %"&4 '#4&1= /F+/+$#4'
%"&4#(n1 $+3 =(#1+3 -' $# /#(# :+"( *#/' b&$$ /$'#( ".

&0([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;"
g,(-"#%" ?(L"
?(L" +G C"",<#: "`3)+&$"@ )#@ :-(::. (# !)$+-@). 0(-#<#:B !3" ?)&#F$
)*," $( &,""G C(- $3" m$3 #<:3$ <# ) -(?B !3" )#@ 3"- 3+&*)#@ 0(A"@ <#$( )#
(,@"- 3(0" (# ) ,)L" $3-"" 0(#$3& ):(B H3" ,)L" 3(0" <& ,(%)$"@ <# $3" ?((@& (C
#(-$3"-# K<&%(#&<#B g,(-"#%" &)? $3" 3(0" ) .")- ")-,<"- )#@ ?)#$"@ $( 0(A"
<#$( ) ,)L" G-(G"-$.B
G-(G"-$.B H3" G-<%" ?)& A"-. ,(? C(- &+%3 ) ,)-:" 3(0"B
3(0 "B !<#%" $3" 0(A"5
$3"-" 3)A" *""# &"A"-), G-(*,"0& ?<$3 $3" 3(+&"B H3" -((C ,")L"@ (# 6(#@).B
H3" ?)$"- 3")$"- *-(L" (# H+"&@).B U@@<$<(#),,.5 &3" C(+#@ ) @")@ 0(+&" <#
$3" *)&"0"#$ (# H3+-&@).B
H3+-&@).B g,(-"#%" 3)@ 3(G"@ $3<& ?(+,@ *" $3" 3(+&" (C $3"<-
@-")0&B >"- 3+&*)#@ 3)& *""# :(#" ),, ?""L $-)A",<#: C(- *+&<#"&&B !3" ?)#$"@
$( 3)A" $3" 3(+&" -")@. C(- 3<& -"$+-# (# !+#@).B W(-0),,.5 g,(-"#%" ?-<$"& )$
#<:3$ <# (-@"- $( -",)` )#@ 3)A" ) *"$$"- #<:3$F& &,""GB b)&$ #<:3$5 g,(-"#%" ?-($"
?-($"
C(- l 3(+-&B !3" $3"# ?"#$ $( *"@ )$ )-(+#@ q UB6B )#@ $(&&"@ )#@ $+-#"@ <# 3"-
*"@5 +#)*," $( C),, )&,""GB g,(-"#%" &0(L"@ ),0(&$ ) G)%L (C %<:)-"$$"& (# 3"-
                 
?(-L (# $3" 3(+&" $(0(--(?B

9==
8510UF

P; mF: -&- q$+('1/' b#a' ". '9F#"34'-d

T; mF: F#31h4 3F' 5''1 #5$' 4+ 3$''.d
Q; mF'(' &3 q$+('1/'h3
q$+('1/'h3 1'b F+,'d
V; mF'1 -&- q$+('1/' #1- F'( F"35#1- ,+8' &14+ 4F' 1'b .(+.'(4:d
]; mF: -&- q$+('1/' 5": 4F' F+,'d
f; E3 3F' F#..: b&4F 4F' 1'b F+,'d
[; mF#4 .(+5$',3 F#3 3F' F#- b&4F 4F' 1'b F+,'d
\; mF: &3 q$+('1/' -&3#..+&14'- b&4F 4F' 1'b .(+.'(4:d
Z; W#3 F'( F"35#1- 3''1 4F' F+,' :'4d
PU; mF#4 -+'3 q$+('1/' -+ &1 +(-'( 4+ ('$#9d
PP; W+b $+1= -&- q$+('1/' b(&4'd
PT; m#3 3F' #5$' 4+ 3$''. #*4'( b(&4&1=d
PQ; mF#4 -&- 3F' -+ #*4'( 4+33&1= #1- 4"(1&1= &1 F'( 5'-d
PV; W+b ,#1: /&=#('44'3 -&- 3F' 3,+a'd
P]; mF#4 4&,' -&- 3F' =+ 5#/a 4+ 5'-d
16. How was Florence nally able to sleep?
P[; mF#4 -&- q$+('1/' ,'#1 bF'1 3F' 3#&- c3F' b+"$- ?"34 3$''. +1 &4ed

&&([?453
&&([?453 ?;>237925@
?;>2379 25@
i;;14"#"P 2 1>54S Aojar un tornillo
`'#(&1= ". # .&/ N+,.'( "1 # *+4+
D425#"P ;7$ 2 1H44$ R552">25 7"2 H;B2
m(&4&1= -+b1   K."14#(
f71H#"P 2 >25 G=:7B25 7" >;>H4
<&4&/a&1= # 34#,. O'=#( "1 3'$$+
AH2E#"P H2"<1 Y25 92 =2";
O(#:&1=   N'7#(
F4$ #"$; >25 G"$525 4" 49 >;>H4
k'44&1= +"4 /#( <#$&( -'$ /+/F'

9=9
 8510UF

&*([G"$;"2>#O"( G1$25 4" <412>745<; @ >;554P#5

!"#1-+ 1+ 3' '34n -' #/"'(-+ '1 #$=+ : 3' /+((&='2 $# .#$#5(# &,.+(4#14' :
#/'14"#-# '3 $# .#$#5(# %"' -# $# 1"'8# &1*+(,#/&01;

@/F# "1 +?+ # $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3 : .(#/4&/# '1 8+7 #$4#C

E *+. *((L& )$ $3" ,4*"#"- 

W(5 .(+ *+. *((L& )$ $3" *((>21("/

E *+. *((L& )$ $3" ,4*"#"- 

W(5 .(+ *(""(7  *((L&
 *((L& )$ $3" ,<*-)-. 

i)-<& <& $3" %)G<$), (C !/"$#0- 

W(5 E$F& $3" %)G<$), (C E"#0)/

E& i)-<& <# .6#40= 

W(5 *+$ Q#:"4: <& <# !G)<#

9=U
 ^JE`UG
&([G9 :25$#>#:#; <4 f5414"$4 f45T4>$;( k7$#"2 _U4I45`
KF+(# %"' 3#5',+3 /"n1-+ : /0,+ "3#( '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ $+ 8#,+3 #
.'(*'//&+1#( /+1 "1# #/4&8&-#- %"' ('%"&'(' %"' /+1+7/#,+3 5&'1 4+-+3
$+3 .#(4&/&.&+3; l"'34(+ .(+*'3+( +3 F#(n ,"/F#3 .('="14#32 /+,+ p34#32
.+( '?',.$+C

K3"# ?)& $3" ,)&$ $<0" .(+ ?),L"@ (# ?)$"-=

K3"# @<@ .(+ ,)&$ ")$ u <%" %-")0& <# ) @).=

H": .(+5#5$' '3 %"' 1+ F#:#3 F'/F+ $+ %"' 4' .('="14#(n .+( $+ %"'
('3.+1-'(>#3C

EFA" #"A"- ?),L"@ (# ?)$"-B

EFA" #"A"- ")$"# u <%" %-")0& <# ) @).B

`#,5&p1 3' .+-(># -'/& ( 2E 3)A" #"A"- ?),L"@ Y4 .'(+ #F+(# 8#,+3 # &14'14#(
. +-(># -'/&(
',.'7#( "4&$&7#($# 8'(3&01 /+14(#>-# :# %"' '1 /+14'94+3 #"4p14&/+3 '3 $+
,n3 *('/"'14'o EFA" #"A"- ?),L"@BB

K /+14&1"#/&01 .(#/4&/#,+3 #$="1+3 .#(4&/&.&+3; `#.# $# /+$",1# -'('/F#

y con el innitivo intenta decir el Participio Pasado. Probablemente ya
3#5(n32 %"' '1 $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3 '$ O#(4&/&.&+ O#3#-+ '3 &="#$ %"' '$
O#3#-+ <&,.$' O?),L5 ?),L"@5 ?),L"@P ,&'14(#3
?),L"@P ,&'14(#3 %"' '1 '$ /#3+ -' $+3 8'(5+3
&(('="$#('3 3"'$' 3'( "1# *+(,# -&34&14# O*-")L5 *-(L"5 *-(L"#P;
*-(L"#P ;

`#,5&p1 /+1 '34# 4#5$#2 #-',n3 -' ,',+(&7#( : #3&,&$#( $+3 O#(4&/&.&+3
O#3#-+32 -'5'(>#3 4(#5#?#( /+1 4+-+3 $# ("4&1# 2&( C)-4  %"'
  %"' ,'1/&+1#,+3
#14'(&+(,'14'C

9=<
 8510UG

EFA" #"A"- &0(L"@

EFA" #"A"- &3(?#
EFA" #"A"- -+#BBB

A=;E4 A=;E4<
<F+b   <F+b1
A=#94   A=#94<
N"1 N"1
a29E   a29E4<
!#((:   !#((&'-
Z299   Z2994<
N&-' N+-'
f92@   f92@4<
@#4   @#4'1
Y5#"E   Y57"E
q''$   q'$4
i27PH   i27PH4<
m(&4'   m(+4'
k42< k42< b<#>H; 54<d

<& 8'3 ,"/F+3 .(+=(#,#3 -' 4'$'8&3&01 '1 &1=$p32 3+5(' 4+-+ #,'(&/#1+32
'3 ,": .+3&5$' %"' F#:#3 +>-+ #$="1+3 .#(4&/&.&+3 /+,+ 3& *"'(#1 '$ O#3#-+
'?',.$+C   EFA" @-)#L ) ,($ (C ?)$"- ,)$",.B 
<&,.$'; O+( '?',.$+C  ,)$",.B   @34# 3"34&4"/&01 '3
3&,.$','14' "1 '((+( ,": *('/"'14'2 .+( $+ %"' 1+3+4(+3 "3#(',+3 2EFA"
@-+#LBB B4B
B4B

`(#3 .(#/4&/#(2 ('3.+1-&'1-+2 *+(,#(n3 $#3 .('="14#3 46C

WZ7N"<; T74 92 g9$#=2 I4J 674 aH4" S21 $H4 921$ $#=4 @;7
$;>21$4 49 :#2";X :92@4< $H4 :#2";X
s!"n1-+ '3/(&5&34' "1# /#(4# .+( $#
mF'1 -&- :+" $#34 b(&4' # $'44'(d
6$4&,# 8'7d

9=F
8510UG

2.-Pasado Simple y Presente Perfecto: verbos regulares

K$ &="#$ %"' '1 $#3 "1&-#-'3 #14'(&+('32 8#,+3 # 4(#5#?#( /+1 "1#3 *(#3'3
.#(# .(#/4&/#( '34+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3 .(&,'(+ '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$'2 : $"'=+
'1 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+; O#(# #:"-#( /+1 $# .(+1"1/&#/&01 '$ 3+1&-+ '34n
&1-&/#-+ # $#-+ -'$ 8'(5+;

$; 9#E4   9#E4<   L$L

4+ '1?+:   '1?+:'-   j-j
$; :54:254   :54:254<   L<L
4+ 4(:   4(&'- j-j 
$; H49:   H49:4<   L$L
4+ .#: .#&-   j-j
$; 2I;#<   2I;#<4<   L4<L
4+ "3'   "3'-  j-j
$; 5492o   5492o4<   L$L
4+ &,.(+8' &,.(+8'-   j-j
$; P2#"   P2#"4<   L<L

A'3."p3 -' 4(#5#?#( /+1 '34+3 8'(5+3 1"'8+32 ('.#3#(',+3 4+-+3 $+3
8'(5+3 %"' F',+3 8&34+ '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' F#34# #F+(#; `#14+ '1 '34+3
1"'8+3 8'(5+3 /+,+ '1 $+3 -' ('.#3+2 4(#4# -' #.$&/#( $#3 ("4&1#3 8&34#3
X "A"-. @). E ,<L"5 ."&$"-@). E ,<L"@5 E ,<L"@ <$ *+$ .(+ @<@#F$
.#(# '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' X"A"-.
,<L" <$5 "$%BP :
"$%BP : .#(# '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ OEFA" #"A"- ,<L"@ <$5 EFA" #"A"- G-"G)-"@
<$5 "$%BPB
$; 1$2@ $; 1=#94 $; 927PH
4+ 3#: 4+ b#$a 4+ 4#$a
$; S;5E $; 52#" $; 9#1$4"
4+ 34"-: 4+ /#((: 4+ $++a
$; 1=;E4 $; >299 $; :;#"$
4+ 3F+b 4+ .$#: 4+ b#14
$; ;:4" $; >9;14 $; "44<
4+ -'/&-' 4+ $'#(1 4+ b#4/F

9=G
 8510UG

3.-Pasado Simple y presente perfecto: verbos irregulares

O(#/4&/#,+3 '34+3 8'(5+3 1"'8+3 '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' : '$ O('3'14'
O'(*'/4+;

$( 0)L" 0)@" 0)@" 3)%"- 

$( @( @<@ @(#" 3)%"- 
H( @-<A" @-<A" @-(A" @-<A"#
$( +#@"-&$)#@ +#@"-&$((@ +#@"-&$((@ "#$"#@"- 
$( ,(&" ,(&$ ,(&$ G"-@"- 
$( ?<#y ?(# ?(# :)#)- 

vH( K<#C
K<#C ^1# /"(&+3&-#- -' '34' 8'(5+2 : %"' 3"'$' 3'( "1 *#$$+ ('/"(('14'2 '3 %"' 1+ #-,&4' +5?'4+; k#1#( #
#$="&'1 '1 &1=$p32 1+ 3' -&/' H( ?<# &(0"*(@. 2 3&1+ %"' "3#,+3 '$ 8'(5+ $( *")$5 -&/&p1-+3'
*")$5 -&/&p1-+3' '14+1/'3 `(
`( *")$
&(0"*(@.B q>?#4'
&(0"*(@.B q>?#4' '1 '34# *(#3'2 H" A(. ) :)#)- %"' 3'(n .+( 4#14+ EF0 :(<#: $( *")$ .(+;
.(+ ; l'(',+3 *+(,#$,'14' '34+
,n3 #-'$#14';

l'#,+3 "1+3 '?',.$+3 '1 $+3 -+3 4&',.+3 8'(5#$'3C

O#3#-+ <&,.$'
W^21 H4>H; 92 >2=2 41$2 =2m2"2X Y#< @;7 =2E4 @;75 34< $H#1 =;5"#"PX
W&/&,+3 '34n 4#(4# .#(# 4& m' ,#-' 4F&3 /#a' *+( :+"
U; H#>4 "2<2 2@45 K <#<"V$ <; 2"@$H#"P @41$45<2@
q"> '1 /+/F' # 3" /#3# X-' '$$+3Y E -(+8' 4+ 4F'&( F+"3'
WM4 H238#1 4"$4"<#<;X Y#< @;7 bP7@1d 7"<451$2"< =4X
@$$# '14'1-&0 4+-+ $+ %"' -&?&34' <F' "1-'(34++- '8'(:4F
'8'(:4F&1=
&1= :+" 3#&-
f45<#45;" 49 :25$#<; DH4@ 9;1$ $H4 P2=4
sw"p F#3 .'(-&-+d mF#4 -&- :+" $+3'd
U; P2"8 K <#<"V$ S#"
k#1#,+3 '$ .#(4&-+ m' b+1 4F' =#,'

q>?#4' /+,+ ,"/F#3 *(#3'3 '34n1 *+(,"$#-#3 '1 '3.#B+$ '1 O('3'14'
O'(*'/4+2 .'(+ 3' -&/'1 '1 O#3#-+ <&,.$' '1 &1=$p3;

9=:
8510UG

O('3'14' O'(*'/4+
G992 "7">2 H2 H4>H; 17 >2=2
s!"n14+3 /+3#3 &,.+(4#14'3 F#3 F'/F+
'34# 3',#1#d
^4=;1 #<; 4" >;>H4 299\ <;1 I4>41 41$2
14=2"2
sW#3 $$'8#-+ #$="1# 8'7 "1 4(#/4+(d
U; H4 4"$4"<#<; 921 94>>#;"41
g9$#=2=4"$4
u$ 1"1/# F# .'(-&-+ 1#-#
W^2" P2"2<; g9$#=2=4"$4X
W',+3 =#1#-+ -+3 8'/'3 F+:
AH4V1 "4I45 =2<4 H45 34<
W+b ,#1: &,.+(4#14 4F&1=3 F#8' :+"
-+1' 4F&3 b''ad
a4VI4
a4VI4 <5#I4" $H454 $S#>4 $H#1 S44E
W#8' :+" '8'( -(&8'1 # 4(#/4+(d
K H2I4"V
H2I4"V$$ 7"<451$;;< $H4 9411;"1 92$49@
W'h3 1'8'( $+34 #1:4F&1=
^2I4 $H4@ S;" 92$49@X
m'h8' b+1 4b&/' 4+-#:

A'3."p3 -' 4(#5#?#( /+1 '$$+32 /+,+ 3&',.('2 ('.#3#,+3 4+-+3 $+3 8'(5+3
&(('="$#('3 %"' F',+3 8&34+ F#34# #F+(#; N'/"'(-# 4#$ : /+,+ 3&',.(' 4'
/+,'14#,+32 %"' -'5'3 -' &14'14#( .(#/4&/#( /+1 '34+3 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3
$#3 ("4&1#3 %"' :# /+1+/'3 -' O#3#-+ <&,.$' : -' O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ .#(#
%"' =#1'3 #=&$&-#- ,n9&,# '1 3" "3+; KF> 8#1 "1+3 '?',.$+3C

i)&)@( !<0G,"
[A"-. @). E 3)A"5 ."&$"-@). E 3)@
[A"-. @). E ,")A"5 ."&$"-@). E ,"C$
E ,"C$5 *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ ,")A"
E *-(+:3$ <$5 *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ *-<#: <$

i-"&"#$" i"-C"%$(
EFA" #"A"- 3)@
EFA" #"A"- &,"G$

9=H
 8510UG

H2I4 H2< H2<

b'#( b+(' b+(1
1944: 194:$ 194:$
$'#8' $'*4 $'*4
$499 $;9< $;9<
5(&1= 5(+"=F4 5(+"=F4
:7$ :7$ :7$
F+$- F'$- F'$-
$42>H $27PH$ $27PH$
(&-' (+-' (&--'1
<5#"E <52"E <57"E
*''$ *'$4 *'$4
S5#$4 S5;$4 S5#$$4"
('#- ('#- ('#-
34 S21LS454 344"
3.'#a 3.+a' 3.+a'1
42$ 2$4 42$4"
/#4/F /#"=F4 /#"=F4
>;=4 >2=4 >;=4
-+ -&- -+1'
P4$ P;$ P;$$4"
34#1- 34++- 34++-
P; S4"$ P;"4
3&4 3#4 3#4
$2E4 $;;E $2E4"
4F(+b 4F('b 4F(+b1
57"   5 2"
52 5 7"
3'$$ 3+$- 3+$-
37@ 3 ;7 P H $ 3; 7P H $

4.-Presente Perfecto: “so far”

!+,+ :# 3#5',+32 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ 3' "3# '1 8#(&+3 /+14'94+32 "1+
-' '$$+3 '3 /"#1-+ .+-',+3 &13'(4#( 2&( C)-4 O3)&$) )3(-)P 
)3(-)P   '1 $# *(#3';

9=Q
8510UG

A'3-' $"'=+ 3& "3#,+3 "1# .#$#5(# %"' &1-&/# "1 4&',.+ :# .#3#-+2
/+,+ 2."&$"-@).45 2,)&$ .")-45 2$3" ($3"- @).4  
@).4   '3 &,.+3&5$' "3#( 2&( C)-4 2 :
/+13'/"'14','14'2
/+13'/"'14','14'2 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+;

@1 '34' ."14+ F#5(n %"' -&*'('1/&#( '14(' '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' : '$ O('3'14'
O'(*'/4+; l'#,+3 "1+3 '?',.$+3C

^;S =2"@ $#=41 <#<

K S;54 $H#1 1H#5$ (((2"< 1; T25 $H#1 KVI4 S;5" $H#1 1H#5$
@;7 S425 $H2$ 1H#5$
$S#>4 921$ S44E S44EX ;">4
921$ S44EX
W+b ,#1: 4&,'3 -&- E -&-1h4 $'#8' ,: E F#8'1h4 $'*4 ,:
~#1- 3+ *#( 4F&3
:+" $'#8' F+,' #4 ] F+"3' #4 ] #, $#34 F+"3' #4 ] #, 4F&3
:'#(d
#, $#34 :'#(d :'#( :'#(

/([M;5"#"P A4"$4">41r DH#"E M4o#>2" $4>H"#674

O#(# #/+34",5(#(1+3 # "3#( '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' '1 &1=$p3 #"1%"' .'13',+3
'1 O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ '1 '3.#B+$2 8#,+3 # .+1'(4' "1# 3'(&' -' *(#3'3 '1
'3.#B+$2 4+-#3 ('*'(&-#3 # F+:2 '3 -'/&(2 %"' '1 &1=$p3 #"4+,n4&/#,'14'
4'1-(',+3 %"' "3#( '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$'2 -' $# ,&3,# ,#1'(# %"' F#(># "1
,'9&/#1+; A' #F> '$ 1+,5(' c`F&1a H'9&/#1 4'/F1&%"'e;

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

M4 H4 94I2"$2<; K P;$ 7:
W' &-+ # $# /+/&1# E b'14 4+ 4F' a&4/F'1
U; H4 >;=#<; "2<2 K <#<"V$ 42$ 2"@$H#"P
W' 5'5&-+ "1 8#3+ -'
E -(#1a # =$#33 +* b#4'(
#="#
U; H4 #<; 2 $5232B25 K <#<"V$ P; $; S;5E
W' 8&34+ $# 4'$' E b#4/F'- `l
U; H4 $;>2<; 92
K <#<"V$ :92@ P7#$25
P7#$2552

9=R
 8510UG

'([^2I4 @;7 4I45n

@34# #/4&8&-#- 1+3 -'?#(n 4(#5#?#( /+1 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+; D# '34("/4"(#C
2>)A" .(+ "A"-BBB=45 
"A"-BBB=45  + '1 '3.#B+$2  73)& ),:+#) A"e Y= 3&',.(' ('%"&'(' '$
O('3'14' O'(*'/4+C

>)A" .(+ "A"- G-"G)-"@Y= 

>)A" .(+ "A"- $-<"@Y=

O#(# .(#/4&/#($+2 8"'34(+ .(+*'3+( 4' -&(n .+( '?',.$+C G-"G)-" @<##"-B !+1
el innitivo, tendrás que construir la pregunta tú, usando el participio
#.(+.&#-+C >)A" .(+ "A"- G-"G)-"@ @<##"-= 

l'#,+3 #$="1+3 '?',.$+3 ,n3C

\ H-. $( &$+@. 
>)A" .(+ "A"- $-<"@ $( &$+@.= 

\ 6)L" 0. *"@
>)A" .(+ "A"- 0)@" 0. *"@=

O#(# ,n3 .(n/4&/# 4(#-"/' $#3 *(#3'3 3&="&'14'3; `#.# $# /+$",1# -'('/F# '
&14'14#( #/'(4#( $# 4(#-"//&01;
4(#-"//&01;

WA4 H2 <;5=#<; 89 ^21 H4 4I45 T2994" 21944:

29P7"2 I4J 4" >9214X #" >9211X
sW#3 '34#-+ #$$> #$="1# W#8' :+" '8'( 5''1
8'7d 4F'('d
WD4 H2 992=2<; 4992
^21 1H4 4I45 >2994< @;7X
29P7"2 I4JX
sW#1 8'1&-+ # 8'(4' W#8' 4F': '8'( /+,' 4+
#$="1# 8'7d 3'' :+"d
WR9P7"2 I4J $4 H2 <#>H; ^21 2"@;"4 4I45 $;9< @;7
29P7#4" 674 4541 9#1$;X $H2$ @;7V54 A=25$X

99=
8510UG

)([fH52129 ?4531
S T($/ #)"(22F "#%(#$-)-&"
"#%(#$-)-&" %(#5 $(G)-&" %(#

M4 $;:8 >;" 41$;1 9#35;1 K >2=4 2>5;11 $H414 3;;E1

S T($/ *#)>F A(,A"- ) &+-:<-5 -"0(#$)- 

G9 467#:; 54=;"$O :252 P2"25 DH4 $42= >2=4 32>E $; S#"

@$ -+$+( F# 8"'$4+ `F' .#&1 F#3 /+,' 5#/a

S T($/ +6F &+-:<-5

&+-:<-5 @)- %(# OG"#&)#@(P5 ),:+<"# $" )%"-%)

D4"4=;1 674 <25 >;" 7"2 =4B;5 a4 H2I4 $; >;=4 7: S#$H 2

1;97>#O"
<& #$=+ 3"(=' ,' #8&3#3
G9 1;9 1294 $;<;1 9;1 <\21
G9 P2$; 14 =4 2>45>;
@$ F+,5(' 3' ,' #/'(/0 /+1-"/&'1-+
M#1 :5#=;1 1#4=:54 14 =4 2>45>2"
>;55#4"<;
34$$45 1;97$#;"
E* 3+,'4F&1= /+,'3 ".2 $'4 ,'
a1+b
DH4 17" >;=41 7: 4I45@ <2@
DH4 >2$ >2=4 7: $; =4
`F' ,#1 -(+8' ". 4+ ,'
M@ >;71#"1 29S2@1 57" 7: $; =4

S T($/ (+1F &),<- @" @"$-9& @" ),:( ( @" @"#$-( @" ),:(5 "&$-"#)- 

G1$N 41>;"<#<;Q :45; 129<5N ^4V1 H#<#"PQ 37$ H4V99 >;=4 ;7$
@34n 3#$&'1-+ '$ 3+$ -' -'4(n3 -' $# `F' 3"1 &3 /+,&1= +"4 *(+, 5'F&1-
1"5' 4F' /$+"-
WZg2"<; 41$54"2 92 :49\>792X aH4" <;41 $H4 =;I#4 >;=4 ;7$X

999
 8510UG

S T(+01 (0C %(#$)- %(#

G1$232 >;"$2"<; >;" 41; K S21 >;7"$#"P ;" $H2$

!"'14# /+1,&=+ !+"14 +1 ,' j !+"14 ,' &1

+([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;"
f)$<#) >)#&"# $)+:3$ $"# .")-& <# $3" x#<$"@ !$)$"& <# ) *<,<#:+), %,)&&-((0 <#
])L,)#@5 8),<C(-#<)B f)$<#) -"%"#$,. :($ ) @<A(-%"5 )C$"- *"<#: 0)--<"@ C(- $"#
            
@"%"<$B !3" -"),<e"@ $3"-" ?)& &(0"$3<#: #($ ;+<$" -<:3$ )*(+$ 3"- 0)--<):"B !3"
              
$<0" C(- f)$<#)B !3" ,(&$ /u G(+#@& )#@ @<@#F$ "#Z(. ")%3 @). )& &3" @<@ <# $3"
")-,. G)-$ (C 3"- 0)--<):"B !3" L#"? &3" #""@"@ $( 0)L" ) ,<C" %3)#:"B E$ ?)&
$<0" C(- f)$<#) $( @( 3"-&",C ) C)A(-B
C)A(-B !3" ?)& ),?).& @(<#: $3<#:& C(- ($3"-&B H3"
,)&$ $<0" f)$<#) ,)+:3"@ ?<$3 3"- 3+&*)#@5 ?)& )*(+$ q .")-& ):(B UC$"- $"#
.")-& (C 0)--<):" )#@ $")%3<#: <# 8),<C(-#<)5 &3" @"%<@"@ $( G+-&+" <#$"-#)$<(#),
$")%3<#:B !3" :($ ) Z(* <# )# <#$"-#)$<(#), &%3((, <# U#$<:+)5 _+)$"0),)B !3"
?)& $3-<,,"@ )$ $3" (GG(-$+#<$. $( <0G-(A" 3"- !G)#<&35 ,<A" <# )#($3"- %+,$+-"5
)& ?",, )& *":<# $3" #"`$ %3)G$"- (C 3"- ,<C"B H3" ,)&$ $<0" &3" 3)@ ,<A"@ )*-()@
?)& <# qnnnB !3" &$+@<"@ <# ^)-%",(#)5 !G)<# ?3<," ,<A<#: ?<$3 ) !G)#<&3 C)0<,.B
C)0<,.B
f)$<#) *":)# $( ?-<$" ):)<#5 )#`<(+& $( &3)-" )*(+$ 3"- +G%(0<#: )@A"#$+-"&
<# _+)$"0),)B

P; W+b $+1= -&- }#4&1# 4'#/F &1 4F' ^1&4'- <4#4'3d

T; mF'(' -&- 3F' 4'#/Fd
Q; mF#4 +4F'( $#1="#=' -+'3 }#4&1# 3.'#ad
V; mF#4 =(#-' $'8'$ -&- 3F' 4'#/Fd
]; mF: -&- }#4&1# ='4 -&8+(/'-d
f; W+b $+1= b#3 3F' ,#((&'-d
[; mF: -&- F'( ,#((&#=' *#$$ #.#(4d
\; mF#4 ,#-' }#4&1# -'/&-' 4+ ,#a' # $&*' /F#1='d
Z; mF#4 -&- }#4&1# ."(3"'d

99U
8510UG

PU; mF'(' b#3 3F' F&('- 4+ 4'#/Fd

PP; m#3 }#4&1# '9/&4'-
'9/&4'- #5+"4 $&8&1= &1 #1+4F'( /+"14(:d
PT; mF'(' '$3' X&1 bF#4 +4F'( /+"14(:Y F#- }#4&1# $&8'-d
PQ; mF'1 b#3 4F' $#34 4&,' }#4&1# $&8'- &1 #1+4F'( /+"14(:d
PV; mF#4 -&- }#4&1# F+.' 4+ =#&1 bF&$' $&8&1= &1 k"#4',#$#d
P]; mF#4 -&- }#4&1# 5'=&1 4+ b(&4' #5+"4 &1 F'( ?+"(1#$d

.([?
.([?453 ?;>23
;>237925
7925@
@

R<< 7: "7=3451 A7=25 "g=45;1

k'4 +1 4F' 5"3 <"5&( #$ #"4+563
F4$ ;TT $H4 371 h2B25 <49 27$;3g1
M('#4F&1=   N'3.&(#(
h9;S ;7$ >2"<94 R:2P25 7"2 I492
k&8' # 3.''/F A#( "1# /F#($#
M42175#"P 1944I41 M4<#5 =2"P21
mF&34$'   <&$5#(
Z;=3#"P H2#5   f4#"2514
!F#1=&1= # 4&(' !#,5&#( "1# ("'-#

&0([G"$;"2>#O"( G"T2$#J25 :2923521 <4 >;"$4"#<;

!"#1-+ $# .'(3+1# %"' F#5$# %"&'(' /+(('=&( #$=+ + '1*#4&7#(2 3' ."'-'
#/'14"#( "1# .#$#5(# %"' 1+ 3'# -' /+14'1&-+2 /+,+ .+( '?',.$+ "1#
.('.+3&/&01 + /+1?"1/&01; @1 &1=$p3 3' $$#,#1 .#$#5(#3 '34("/4"(#$'3;

E $3<#L 3" <& "<$3"- 14"/: (- :/$(145#1/:B

E *",<"A" 3" <& $<-"@ #0: @"0($<A)$"@B

K%"> 4' -'?#,+3 ,n3 *(#3'3 .#(# .(#/4&/#(C

99<
 8510UG

mF&/F &3 ,+(' &,.+(4#142 1#,/01  +(

 +( /88("1 d
9(1=; g+" 1''- 4#$'14 #0: '**+(4
A&- :+" /#$$ ,' #4 /4<=4 +( #4 040/d
E /#$$'- :+" #4 '&=F4 #0: #4 1&1'
W' /#1 3.'#a 8'(: 7/,,
g'32 F' /#12 5"4 +1$: bF'1 F' 7#012  4+
 4+
`F' /#4 &3 +1 4F' */: #=#&1
J+2 3F'h3 +0:/" 4F' 5'-

R7<#; <41>25P2394
N'/"'(-# -'3/#(=#(4' : '3/"/F#( '$ #"-&+ ,.Q %"' /+14&'1' '34' $&5(+;
#"P981Q /+1 /+14'1&-+ '94(#2 : -+1-' 4'
MN1 <4 &, H;521 <4 9;>7>#O" 4" #"P981Q /+1
-#,+3 $+3 ,'?+('3 4("/+3 -'$ Hp4+-+ g+"$%&';
SSS(27<#;19#35;1(@;7$29E;"9#"4(>;=
!$#8' -' -'3/#(=#C F\3f1?

99F
 ^JE`U:
&([aH2$4I45Q SH4"4I45Q SH454I45Q SH;4I45Q SH#>H4I45Q H;S4I45
@34#3 .#$#5(#3 3+1 *n/&$'3 -' '14'1-'( : # /#3& 4+-+3 +3 3+1#(n; M#34#(n /+1
"1+3 /"#14+3 '?',.$+3;

L J=#1/5/" M2/# ,( U+/ 2/#SSN

I(+ %)# @( )#.$3<#: )& ,(#: )& .(+ G). )$$"#$<(# $( $3" -()@
K3)$"A"- .(+ @(5 G). )$$"#$<(# $( $3" -()@
I(+ %)# *+. )#.$3<#: .(+ ?)#$5 <C .(+ 3)A" "#(+:3 0(#". 
I(+ %)# *+. ?3)$"A"- .(+ ?)#$5 <C .(+ 3)A" "#(+:3 0(#". 

L J=/0/5/" M2/# )+#0:( 2/#VN

[A"-. $<0" &3" %),,& 3<05 3" <& *+&. 
K3"#"A"- &3" %),,& 3<05 3" <& *+&. 
8),, 0" )#. $<0" .(+ #""@ &(0"$3<#: 
8),, 0" ?3"#"A"- .(+ #""@ &(0"$3<#: 

L J=/"/5/" M:(0:/ 2/#SSN

 U#.?3"-"
 U#.?3"-" .(+ :(5 -"0"0*"-
-"0"0*"- $3(&" $3<#:&
K3"-"A"- .(+ :(5 -"0"0*"- $3(&" $3<#:&
W( 0)$$"- ?3"-" ?" G,)%" $3" H'5 $3" -"%"G$<(# <& *)@
K3"-"A"- ?" G,)%" $3" $A5 $3" -"%"G%$<(# <& *)@

L J=(/5/" MU+4/0 U+4/"#N

 U#.(#"
 U#.(#" :(<#: $( $3" &3(G5 G,")&"
G,")&" @(#F$ &$"),
&$"), )#.$3<#:
K3("A"- :("& $( $3" &3(G5 G,")&" @(#F$ &$"), )#.$3<#:
EC )#.(#" &).& &(0"$3<#:5 $3".F,, :"$ %)+:3$
K3("A"- &).& &(0"$3<#: $3".F,, :"$ %)+:3$

L J=4)=/5/" M)+#,U+4/"#VS0("$#
M)+#,U+4/"#VS0("$#,$/01/
,$/01/ /01"/ :(2 (6)4(0/2N
`#a' 4F&3 .F+1'2 +( 4F#4 +1'2 bF&/F'8'( :+" .('*'(

99G
 8510U:

2.-Verbos regulares: Pasado Simple y Presente Perfecto

@1 '34' ."14+ 3'="&,+3 ('.#3#1-+ $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3 #F+(# :# '1 O#3#-+
: '1 O('3'14' O'(*'/4+2 .(&,'(+ $+3 1"'8+32 : $"'=+ $+3 %"' :# 4'1',+3
aanzados de unidades pasadas. Fijaros en los sonidos que están a lado del
8'(5+ .#(# "3#( $# .(+1"1/&#/&01 /+(('/4#;

<5;:   <5;::4< L$L 

.&/a ". .&/a'- ".   j4j
1$25$   1$25$4<   L4<L
nish nished   j-j
=;I4   =;I4<   L<L
b#&4   b#&4'-   j'-j
S;5E   S;5E4<   L$L
*+$$+b   *+$$+b'-   j-j
$75"   $75"4<   L<L
$&8'   $&8'-   j-j
9;;E T;5 9;;E4< T;5  L$L 

`' -'?#,+3 /+1 '34# $&34# .#(# %"' ('.#3'3 $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3 8&34+3 '1
+4(#3 "1&-#-'3; N'/"'(-# %"'2 4#$ : /+,+ F#/>#,+3 '1 "1&-#-'3 .('8&#32
además de memorizar el signicado y practicar la pronunciación del
O#3#-+ : O('3'14' O'(*'/4+2 -'5'(>#3 -' 4(#5#?#( /+1 $#3 ("4&1#3 %"' 4'
.(+.+1>#,+3 '1 +4(#3 "1&-#-'3; O+( '?',.$+C

[A"-. @). E 3",G5 ."&$"-@). E 3",G"@5 ,)$",. EFA" 3",G"@

E 3",G"@5 *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ 3",Gy
EFA" #"A"- 3",G"@

[A"-. @). E ?),L"@5 ."&$"-@). E ?),L"@

E ?),L"@5 *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ ?),L"@y
EFA" #"A"- ?),L"@

99:
8510U:

ygcZ)$" ;+" @" C(-0) #)$+-), @<-c)0(& E ?),L"@ *+$ .(+ @<@#F$5 G"-( %(# "&$" "Z"-%<%<( @" $R%#<%)
)%)*)0(& ,) C-)&"5 )+#;+" ;+"@" C(-e)@)5 G)-) )&c )%(&$+0*-)-#(&
)%(&$+0*-)-#(& ) +&)- ", A"-*( "# &+ C(-0)
*)&" %+)#@( +&)0(& ,) #":)%<Q# @<@#F$B

A'5'(>#3 .(#/4&/#( -' '34# *+(,# 4#14+ /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 1"'8+32
1"'8+32 /+,+ '1 $+3
:# 8&34+3 %"' 4' .(+.+1',+3 #%"> -'5#?+;

$; 9#E4 $; 4"B;@
4+ .('.#(' 4+ 4(:
$; H49: $; :2@
4+ #8+&- 4+ "3'
$; 5492o $; #=:5;I4
4+ =#&1 4+ 34#:
$; 12@ $; S;5E
4+ 34"-: 4+ $'#(1
$; 1=;E4 $; 1H;S
4+ 3,&$' 4+ b#$a
$; 52#" $; >255@
4+ /#$$ 4+ .$#:
$; 927PH $; $29E
4+ $&34'1 4+ $++a
$; :;#"$ $; ;:4"
4+ /$+3' 4+ b#4/F
$; "44< $; S2"$
4+ -'/&-'

 3.-Verbos irregulares: Pasado Simple y Presente Perfecto

!+14&1"#,+3 4(#5#?#1-+ $+3 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 #F+(# :# '1 O#3#-+
<&,.$' : O('3'14' O'(*'/4+; E14(+-"/&,+3 '34+3 3'&3 1"'8+3 8'(5+3 %"'
.(+5#5$','14' :# /+1+7/#3;

99H
 8510U:

D; T299
T29 9 T499 T2994" >245
`+ =&8' =#8' =&8'1 -#(
D; $2E4 $;;E $2E4" >;P45Q 994I25
`+ 5'=&1
5'=& 1 5'=#1 5'="1 ',.'7#(
D; S2E4 7: S;E4 7: S;E4" 7: <41:45$25
To nd *+"1- *+"1- '1/+14(#(

A'3."p3 -' /+13+$&-#( $+3 1"'8+3 8'(5+32 3'="&,+3 .(#/4&/#1-+ /+1 $+3 -'
"1&-#-'3 #14'(&+('32 :# %"' $# ,'?+( *+(,# -' -+,&1#( '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$'
'3 ,"/F# .(n/4&/#; K$ &="#$ %"' /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('32 4' .(+.+1',+3
%"' F#=#3 $#3 ,&3,#3 ("4&1#3 4#14+ .#(# 8'(5+3 1"'8+3 /+,+ .#(# $+3 -'
('.#3+; O+( '?',.$+C

[A"-. @). E C),,5 ."&$"-@). E C",,5 ,)$",. E 3)A" C),,"#

E C",, *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ C),,
EFA" #"A"- C),,"#

[A"-. @). E @-<A"5 ."&$"-@). E @-(A"5 ,)$",. E 3)A" @-<A"#

E @-(A" *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ @-<A"
EFA" #"A"- @-<A"#
$; =2E4 =2<4   =2<4
4+ -(&8' -(+8'   -(&8'1
$; <; <#< <;"4
4+ "1-'(
1-'(34
34#1
#1-
- "1-'(3
-'(34+
4++-
+-   "1-'(34++-
$; 9;14 9;1$   9;1$
4+ b & 1 b+1 b+1
37@ 3;7PH$   3;7PH$
("1 (#1 ("1
1499 1;9<   1;9<

99Q
8510U:

H2I4 H2< H2<

b'#( b+(' b+(1
1944: 194:$ 194:$
$'#8' $'*4 $'*4
$499 $;9< $;9<
5(&1= 5(+"=F4 5(+"=F4
:7$ :7$ :7$
F+$- F'$- F'$-
$42>H $27PH$ $27PH$
(&-' (+-' (&--'1
<5#"E <52"E <57"E
*''$ *'$4 *'$4
S5#$4 S5;$4 S5#$$4"
('#- ('#- ('#-
34 S21LS454 344"
3.'#a 3.+a' 3.+a'1
42$ 2$4 42$4"
/#4/F /#"=F4 /#"=F4
>;=4 >2=4 >;=4
='4 =+4 =+44'1
1$2"< 1$;;< 1$;;<
=+ b'14 =+1'
1#$ 12$ 12$
4#a' 4++a 4#a'1
$H5;S $H54S $H5;S"

,([_U4I45 5;7$#"4`
@1 '34# #/4&8&-#- .(#/4&/#(',+3 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ : $+3 .#(4&/&.&+3 -'$
,&3,+; K3>2 8"'34(+ .(+*'3+( +3 F#(n ,"/F#3 .('="14#32 /+,+ p34#32 .+(
'?',.$+C

99R
 8510U:

K3"# @<@ .(+ ,)&$ $+-# rr= EFA" #"A"- $+-#"@ rrB
K3"# ?)& $3" ,)&$ $<0" .(+ ?(L" 0" +G= EFA" #"A"- ?(L"# .(+ +GB

D+ -&*>/&$ -' ('3.+1-'( # '34#3 .('="14#3 '3 %"' $# ('3."'34# 1+ 3&',.('

'34n '1 $# .('="14# /+,+ '1 +4(+3 /#3+32 : #3>2 #.#(4' -' *+(,#( $# ('3."'34#
F#: %"' '$'=&( $# /+1?"=#/&01 -'$ 8'(5+; K$ .(&1/&.&+ ."'-' %"' ('%"&'('
%"' .&'13#3 "1 .+/+2 .'(+ .+/+ # .+/+2 &(n3 /+=&'1-+ #=&$&-#-; ^1# *+(,#
-' /+13'="&( '34# #=&$&-#- '3 .(&,'(+ 4(#5#?#( /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 3+$+3;

O+( '?',.$+2 /+1 '34# $&34# #5#?+2 &14'14# -'/&( 3" .#(4&/&.&+2 : #-',n3
&14'14# *+(,"$#( *(#3'3 4#14+ /+1 ,)$",. /+,+ /+1 #"A"-T

EFA" #"A"- @-(GG"@ <$ b)$",. EFA" @-(GG"@ <$

EFA" #"A"- G<%L"@ <$ +G b)$",. EFA" G<%L"@ <$ +G

<5;:   <5;::4<
4+ .&/a ". .&/a'- ".
T299   T2994"
=&8'   =&8'1
$2E4   $2E4"
34#(4 j 4+ 5'=&1 34#(4'- j 5'="1
S2E4 7: L $; P4$ 7: S;E4" 7: L P;$$4" 7:
nish nished
nd   T;7"<
,+8'   ,+8'-
S2#$   S2#$4<
b+(a   b+(a'-
T;99;S   T;994S4<
4"(1   4"(1'-
9#I4   9#I4<
b#14   b#14'-
9;;E T;5 9;;E4< T;5

9U=
8510U:

/([M;<29 ?4531
S>)A" $(5 O$"#:( ;+"P5 !3(+,@5 O@"*"-c)YP5 0+&$ O@"*(BBP
!"#1-+ F#5$#,+3 -' +5$&=#/&+1'3 .+-',+3 "3#( 2$"#"- ;+"45 23)A" $(4 2 +
2@"*(5 @"*"&5 "$%B45 20+&$4B <&1
20+&$4B <&1 ',5#(=+2 4#14+ '1 '3.#B+$2 /+,+ '1 &1=$p32
23)A" $(4  '3
  '3 $+ ,n3 "4&$&7#-+ .#(# F#5$#( -' +5$&=#/&+1'3; @1 &1=$p32 20+&$4
3' ('3'(8# .#(# '9.('3#( +5$&=#/&+1'3 *"'(4'32 : 1+(,#$,'14' /"#1-+ $#
.'(3+1# %"' F#5$# '34n -' #/"'(-+ /+1 $+ %"' -&/'2 + '1 /+14'94+3 .+p4&/+32
.+( '?',.$+C
Y43; <4>#5Q "; =4 P71$O 9; 674 K =71$ 12@Q K <#<"V$ 9#E4 SH2$
<#B#1$4 @;7 12#<
A'5'1 F#/'( #$=+ 3+5(' '$ `F': ,"34 -+ 3+,'4F&1=
.(+5$',# #5+"4 4F' .(+5$',

J+ +534#14'2 /#5' -'34#/#( -' 1"'8+ %"' 20+&$4   con el signicado de

+5$&=#/&01 3' ',.$'# '3/#3#,'14'; `#$ : /+,+ F',+3 8&34+ #((&5#2 '%"&8#$'
# -'5'( '1 '3.#B+$2 %"' &="#$,'14' 3"'1# ,n3 *+(,#$ : 3" "3+ '3 ,'1+3
F#5&4"#$;

<" "3+ ,"/F+ ,n3 *('/"'14' '3 .#(# '9.('3#( /+1/$"3&+1'3 $0=&/#32 .+(
'?',.$+C
G992 1#4=:54 14 I#1$2 <4 =25>2Q AH4 29S2@1 S4251 352"<
<434 <4 145 5#>2 "2=41Q 1H4 =71$ 34 5#>H
A'5' -' '34#( /#13#-+ W' ,"34 5' 4&('- 5'/#"3' F'
.+(%"' 3' -"(,&0 '1 /$#3' *'$$ #3$''. &1 /$#33

K-',n3 -' /+1/$"3&01 $0=&/#2 3' ."'-' 8'( /+,+ '9.('3&01 -' .(+5#5&$&-#-
,": #$4#2 /+,+ '$ ZU€;

@14+1/'3 .#(# F#5$#( -' +5$&=#/&+1'3 .+-',+3 "3#( 23)A" $(4B 

$(4B  l'#,+3
#$="1+3 '?',.$+3C

9U9
 8510U:

D4"P; 674 #5=4 K H2I4 $; P;

s`&'1'3 %"' '34"-&#(d A+ :+" F#8' 4+ 34"-:d
D4"4=;1 674 H2>459; a4 H2I4 $; <; #$
J+ ,' 4'1=+ %"' &( E -+1h4 F#8' 4+ =+

"3#,+3  2&3(+,@45 que signica 2@"*"-c)4B

O+( 6$4&,+2 .#(# '9.('3#( /+13'?+32 "3#,+3 2&3(+,@45
D+ ,n3 &,.+(4#14' '3 1+ /+1*"1-&($+ /+1 20+&$45 
20+&$45  $+ /"#$ '3 *n/&$ F#/'(
.+(%"' '1 '3.#B+$ '3 '$ ,&3,+ 8'(5+; <&1 ',5#(=+2 "1+ '34n '1 O('3'14'
3&,.$'2 ,&'14(#3 '$ +4(+ '34n '1 /+1-&/&+1#$; @14+1/'32 #/+(-#(+3C 2&3(+,@4 
y @"*"-c) : 20+&$4  y @"*(5 @"*"&5 "$%;
"$%; l'#,+3 #$="1#3 *(#3'3 .#(# F#/'(
F&1/#.&p '1 $# -&*'('1/&#C

Y4345\2 #5=4 29 =8<#>; K 1H;79< P; $; $H4 <;>$;5

A'5'(>#3 '34"-&#( ,n3 g+" 3F+"$- 34"-: ,+('
G992 12>2 =7@ 374"21 ";$21Q <434 AH4 P4$1 54299@ P;;< P52<41Q 1H4
<4 41$7<#25 =7>H; =71$ 1$7<@ 2 9;$

Una vez asimilados los usos y signicados ponemos 2&3(+,@45 20+&$4  :

 : 23)A"
$(4 '1 .(n/4&/#2 4(#-"/&'1-+ $#3 *(#3'3 .#(# -'34#/#( 3"3 -&*'('1/&#3; O("'5#
/+1 '34#3 *(#3'3 4#.#1-+ $# /+$",1# -' $# -'('/F# : 4(#-"/&'1-+C

¡Deberías venir a la esta! C;7 1H;79< >;=4 $; $H4 :25$@p

`&'1'3 %"' 8'1&( g+" F#8' 4+ /+,'
^2@ =7>H; 57#<;Q <434 <4 H2345 DH454 #1 2 9;$ ;T ";#14Q $H454 =71$
=7>H2 P4"$4 34 2 9;$ ;T :4;:94
A'5+ -'/&( $+ F#3 -&/F+ .'(*'/4+ E ,"34 3#:
3#:22 :+" 3#&- &4 .'(*'/4
D4"P; 674 #5=4 2H;52 K H2I4 $; P; ";S
J+ '34n #%">2 #3> %"' -'5' -'
W'h3 1+4 F'('2 F' ,"34 F#8' =+1'
F#5'(3' ,#(/F#-+

9UU
8510U:

S6<:3$ OG+"@" ;+"YP5 %)#5 %(+,@

H&=F4 '9.('3# .(+5#5&$&-#- #$ ]U€;

E 0<:3$ :( i+"@" ;+" A).)

E$ 0<:3$ -)<# i+"@" ;+" ,,+"A)

8)# '9.('3#
8)# '9.('3# .+3&5&$&-#-; D+ /"(&+3+ : $+ %"' 1+3 /+1*"1-'2 '3 %"' #,5+3
3' 4(#-"/'1 /+1 '$ 8'(5+ G(@"-  '1 '1 '3.#B+$; I/"((' /+,+ /+1 0+&$ : &3(+,@2
&3(+,@2
/+1  @"*"- , pero tienen distintos signicados.
#,5+3 3' 4(#-"/'1 /+1 @"*"- 

K >2" P; 34>2714 K H2I4 2 >25 f74<; #5 :;5674 $4"P; 7" >;>H4

I can’t y because I don’t have wings J+ ."'-+ 8+$#( .+(%"' 1+ 4'1=+ #$#3
A# $7I#452 <#"45;Q 9; :;<5\2
KT K H2< =;"4@Q K >;79<v 37@ #$
>;=:525

v8(+,@ '3
8(+,@ '3 '$ O#3#-+ : /+1-&/&+1#$ .#(# %)#2
%)#2 + ,n3 4p/1&/#,'14' .#(# '$ 8'(5+ 4+ 5' #5$';

O+( 6$4&,+2 -'/&( %"' '34+3 8'(5+3 ,+-#$'32 *"1/&+1#1 /+,+ '$ 8'(5+ $( *"2
*"2
#$ F#/'( $# 1'=#/&01 ' &14'((+=#/&01;

E 0<:3$ :(5 E 0<:3$ #($ :(

E &3(+,@ :(5 E &3(+,@#F$ :(5 &3(+,@ E :(= 
E %)# :(5 E %)#F$ :(5 %)# E :(=
yE 0+&$ :(5 E 0+&$ #($ :(5 6+&$ E :(=

vE 3)A" $( :(5E @(#F$ 3)A" $( :(5 @( .(+ 3)A" $( :(=  N'/"'(-#

 N'/"'(-# %"' 3)A" $( 1+
$( 1+ '3 "1 8'(5+ ,+-#$2
.'(+ $+ F',+3 '9.$&/#-+ #%"> .#(# %"' 4' #/+34",5('3 # "3#($+ '1 $# +5$&=#/&012 '1 $"=#(
-'$ ,+-#$ 0+&$;
0+&$; `'1 -'/& ( E 0+&$ H] :( , es un defecto muy típico inuenciado
`'1 /"&-#-+ -' 1+ -'/&(
.+( '34("/4"(#3 3&,&$#('3; <&',.(' 3'(n 3&1 4+; E 4+; E 0+&$ :(;
:(;

@/F# "1 8&34#7+ # '34#3 *(#3'3 -+1-' "3#,+3 4+-+3 $+3 ,+-#$'3 '1 /+14'94+C

9U<
 8510U:

f74<4 674 I2@2 K =#PH$ P;

O+-(p F#/'($+ ,#B#1# 3& 4'1=+
4&',.+
A# $7I#452 $#4=:; 9; :;<5\2 H2>45
O"'-' %"' 8#:#2 .'(+ 1+ '34+:
3'="(+
f74<4 674 $4"P2 $#4=:; :45; ";
9; 18 2g"
<& $+ ."'-+ F#/'(2 $+ F#(p
¡Deberías venir a la esta!  
 
`&'1'3 %"' 8'1&(
^2@ =7>H; 57#<;Q <434 <4 H2345
=7>H2 P4"$4
A'5+ -'/&( $+ F#3 -&/F+ .'(*'/4+
D4"P; 674 #5=4 2H;52
J+ '34n #%">2 #3> %"' -'5' -'
F#5'(3' ,#(/F#-+
E b&$$ 5' #5$' 4+ -+ &4 4+,+((+b &* E
F#8' 4&,'
KT K H2< $#=4 K >;79< <; #$
E ,&=F4 =+2 5"4 Eh, 1+4 3"('
K =#PH$ H2I4 $#=4Q 37$ K <;"V$
E";S @4$
E* E /#1 -+ &42 Eh$$ -+ &4
C;7
C;7 1H;79< >;=4 $; $H4 :25$@p
g+" F#8' 4+ /+,'
DH454 #1 2 9;$ ;T ";#14Q $H454 =71$
34 2 9;$ ;T :4;:94
E ,"34 3#:
3#:22 :+" 3#&- &4 .'(*'/4
K H2I4 $; P; ";S
W'h3 1+4 F'('2 F' ,"34 F#8' =+1'

'([
'([DH454 #1
# 1 w $H454 254
@34# '34("/4"(# '3 '3'1/&#$2 4#14+ '1 O('3'14' <&,.$'2 /+,+ '1 q"4"(+2
O('3'14' O'(*'/4+2 O#3#-+ <&,.$'2 '4/; O+( 4#14+2 $+ 8#,+3 # .(#/4&/#( '1
4+-+3 3"3 /+14'94+3 .#(# .+-'( "4&$&7#($+ /+1 #=&$&-#- /+1 /"#$%"&'( 4&',.+
8'(5#$; D+ ,'?+( .#(# 8'( $#3 -&*'('1/&#3 : =#1#( 3+$4"(# /+1 $# ,'/n1&/#
'3 # 4(#8p3 -' 4(#-"//&01; K%"> F#: 8#(&+3 '?',.$+3 -' $#3 8#(&#/&+1'3o
*>?#4' %"' -' 8'7 '1 /"#1-+ 8'(n3 *(#3'3 /+1 '$ 8'(5+ $( *"; *"; !+,+ 3#5'32
'?',.$+  $3"-" 3)& *""# /+1 <$ 3)& *""#2
'3 "1 -'*'/4+ 4>.&/+ '$ /+1*"1-&( .+( '?',.$+ $3"-" *""#2
cuando en realidad uno signica 3) 3)*<@(2
3)*<@(2 : +4(+ 3)
+4(+ 3) &<@(B O('34# #4'1/&01 #
'34+3 -'4#$$'3 '1 $#3 *(#3'3 # /+14&1"#/&01;

9UF
8510U:

^2@ 7" 9#35; DH454 #1 2 3;;E

W#: -+3 $&5(+3
WZ7N"$;1 9#35;1 H2@X
l# # F#5'( "1 .(+5$',#
U; H235N 7" :5;394=2
s!"n14+3 .(+5$',#3 8# #
F#5'(d
Habrá una esta
Habría una esta si….
Puede haber una esta si
H2@ <#"45;
Puede ser una esta, es
#=+34+
Puede que haya una esta
Debe de haber una esta, hay
,63&/#
Y4345\2 H2345 7" P725<#2 <4
14P75#<2<
`&'1' %"' F#5'( "1 ="#(-&#
-' 3'="(&-#-
WD#4"4 674 H2345 7" P725<#2
<4 14P75#2<X
J+ 4&'1' %"' F#5'( "1+2 4&'1'
%"' F#5'( -+3
Wf;5 678 $#4"4 674 H2345
<;1X
sO+( %"p 1+ 4&'1' %"' F#5'(
"1+d
Hubo una esta
Fue una esta
Hubo dos estas
Ha habido una esta
Ha sido una esta
`F'(' #(' 4b+ 5++a3
^;S =2"@ 3;;E1 254 $H454X
`F'(' &3 =+&1= 4+ 5' # .(+5$',
DH454 S;"V$ 34 2 :5;394=
W+b ,#1: .(+5$',3 #(' 4F'('
=+&1= 4+ 5'd
DH454 S#99 34 2 :25$@
`F'(' b+"$- 5' # .#(4: &*;;;
DH454 >2" 34 2 :25$@ #T $H454
#1 =;"4@
E4 /#1 5' # .#(4:
.#(4:22 &4•3 K"="34
DH454 =#PH$ 34 2 :25$@
`F'(' ,"34 5' # .#(4:2 4F'('
&3 ,"3&/
DH454 1H;79< 34 2 14>75#$@
P725<
`F'(' F#3 4+ 5' # 3'/"(&4:
="#(-
Y;41 $H454 H2I4 $; 34 2
14>75#$@ P725<X
`F'(' -+'31h4 F#8' 4+ 5' +1'2
4F'(' F#8' 4+ 5' 4b+
aH@ <; $H454 H2I4 $; 34 $S;X
mF: -+'31h4 4F'(' F#8' 4+ 5'
+1'd
DH454 S21 2 :25$@
E4 b#3 # .#(4:
DH454 S454 $S; :25$#41
`F'(' F#3 5''1 # .#(4:
K$ H21 344" 2 :25$@

9UG
 8510U:

Ha habido dos estas `F'(' F#8' 5''1 4b+ .#(4&'3

¿Alguna vez ha habido una esta aquí? ^21 $H454 4I45 344" 2 :25$@ H454X
¿Alguna vez ha habido alguna esta? W#8' 4F'(' '8'( 5''1 #1: .#(4&'3
.#(4&'3dd

7.-
7.-Verbos seguidos
segu idos de -ing o innitivo
@1 $+ ('*'('14' # 1+(,#32 1+ F#: 1#-# %"' 1+3 3&(8# '3.'/&#$,'14'2 .+( $+
4#14+ $+ ,'?+( '3 ,',+(&7#( $# ,#:+( .#(4' -' /#3+3 .+3&5$'3;

A' 4+-+3 ,+-+32 .+-',+3 "3#( '$ '3.#B+$ # 1"'34(+ *#8+( #%">;

q>?#4'2 %"' /"#1-+ '1 '3.#B+$ 1+,&1#$&7#,+3 "1 8'(5+2 "3#,+3 '$
innitivo. Nominalizar signica colocar un verbo en el lugar de un nombre,
+ .(+1+,5(';
6" :+&$) /2( 6" :+&$) /21+:4#" 

[&( 
[&(  '3 "1 .(+1+,5('2 : "&$+@<)-   '3 "1 8'(5+; K$ /+$+/#($+ '1 $"=#( -'$
pronombre, lo hacemos en innitivo.

@1 &1=$p3 3&1 ',5#(=+2 3' F#/' '1 ='("1-&+2 $+ /"#$ $$'8# # ,"/F#3
confusiones pues por inuencia del español solemos ponerlo en innitivo.

E ,<L" 41 E ,<L" 21+:-40< 
E C"", ,<L" 41 E C"", ,<L" 21+:-40< 

<& '14'1-',+3 '34+2 .+-(',+3 #.$&/#($+ '1 $# ,#:+( .#(4' -' /#3+3 /"#1-+
no sepamos si usar innitivo o gerundio detrás de un verbo en inglés. Se
4(#4# -' ('/"((&( # /0,+ $+ "3#,+3 '1 '3.#B+$2 : 1+(,#$,'14' 3"'$'
/+&1/&-&(;
/+&1/&-&(; @/F# "1 8&34#7+ # $+3 ] 4&.+3 -' /#3+3C

9U:
8510U:

#SL
#SL'/"*(2 2/<+4:(2 :/ L40< 
L 40< 
E )@0<$ E )@0<$ 41  E )@0<$ <(40< 1=/"/
X"%(#(e%( =#*/" 4:( #,,W 

E %(#&<@"- EF,, %(#&<@"-  41

 41 E )0 )(024:/"40< <(40<
8(#&<@"-( 4" 

q>?#4' '1 '34+3 '?',.$+3 -' #((&5# /+,+ 3' /",.$' $+ %"' 4' F',+3
explicado sobre la nominalización. En español se hace en innitivo, y en
&1=$p3 '1 ='("1-&+; D+ ,&3,+ +/"((' /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 -' $# $&34# -' -'5#?+;
O"'-'3 .(+5#( 46 ,&3,+;

8(#$"0G,)$" D",). D"#. D"$"&$

[#Z(. g)%" g"", ,<L" g<#<&3
E0):<#" 6"#$<(# 6<#@ 6<&&
i-)%$<%" X<&L !+::"&$
      O);+c $"#"0(& @(& (G%<(#"&5 \<#: "
              
$(@(& ,(& %)&(&PB

E )@A<&" 41  E ),,(? 1#,>40< 

X"%(0<"#@( 4" 

E ),,(? 41  E ),,(? L40<

i"-0<$( 3)*,)- 

^":<# 8(#$<#+" >)$" b")-#

i-"C"- !$)-$ b<L" b(A"
H-. K)$%3

Todos los verbos de la lista funcionan igual, pueden ir con innitivo o

='("1-&+2 .'(+ ('/"'(-# %"' "3#1-+ '$ ='("1-&+ #/'(4#,+3 3'="(+ O<$ &"
%(#A<"-$" "# A"-*( "# \<#:PB

9UH
 8510U:

    "# "&$" %)&( $"#"0(& ;+" 0"0(-<e)-5 #( 3).
#(-0) ;+" G(@)0(& )G,<%)- G)-)
G )-) @"&%<C-)-,(&B
@"&%<C-)-,(&B

E %)#F$ )CC(-@ 41 E %)#F$ )CC(-@ 1( <(

D"%<@" 41   D"%<@" 1( 7#,> 

K%"> 3'(># $# '9/'./&012 ."'3 '$ 8'(5+ 8# 3'="&-+ -' <$5 

<$5  .'(+ 1+ "3#,+3
gerundio sino innitivo. Has de memorizar bien estos verbos.

 UCC(-@ U:-"" D"%<@" >"&<$)$"

6)#):" i-"G)-" i-(0<&" X"C+&"
!""0 K)#$

          

Forget:
A+1h4 *+(='4 4+ 5(&1= &4 N'*'('14' #$ *"4"(+
E *+(=+4 5(&1=&1= &4   O#3#-+

k4=4=345
N',',5'( 4+ /$+3' 4F' -++( N'*'('14' #$ *"4"(+
E (',',5'( /$+3&1= 4F' -++(   O#3#-+

A$;:
E &$(GG"@ &0(L<# f258 <4 T7=25
E &$(GG"@ $( &0(L" f258 2 T7=25

k4P54$
E -":-"$ $( $",, .(+ $3)$YB R"7">#; <4 29P; "4P2$#I;
E -":-"$ :(<#: $3"-"   R554:4"$#=#4"$;

9UQ
8510U:

/SLE(,,(7/: *- 1( L40< 
@34+3 /#3+3 3+1 $+3 ,n3 /+,.$&/#-+3; K*+(4"1#-#,'14'2 3& "3#,+3 $#
1+(,# -' <$ j \<#: 2 1+3 ('3"$4#(n ,"/F+ ,n3 *n/&$; K-',n3 $+3 /#3+3 3+1 ,":
.#('/&-+3 '1 '3.#B+$;

q>?#4' /+,+ '1 '3.#B+$ '3 .#('/&-+C

G1$;@ 2>;1$7=352<; G1$;@ 2>;1$7=352<;

2 41; 2 41$7<#25
Eh, "3'- 4+ &4 Eh, "3'- 4+ 34"-:&1=
G1 >92I4 :252
G1 >92I4 :252 41;
2:54"<45
E4h3 a': 4+ &4 E4h3 a': 4+ $'#(1&1=

R>;1$7=352<; 2 R>;1$7=352<; 2 41; R>;1$7=352<; 2 >;5545

^3'- 4+ ^3'- 4+ &4 ^3'- 4+ ("11&1=
R>;1$7=352<; 2 R>;1$7=352<; 2 41; R>;1$7=352<; 2 2"<25
K//"34+,'- 4+ K//"34+,'- 4+ &4 K//"34+,'- 4+ b#$a&1=
Y4<#>2<; 2 Y4<#>2<; 2 41; Y4<#>2<; 2 $5232B25
A'8+4'- 4+ A'8+4'- 4+ &4 A'8+4'- 4+ b+(a&1=
Y4<#>2<; 2 Y4<#>2<; 2 41; Y4<#>2<; 2 $5232B25
A'-&/#4'- 4+ A'-&/#4'- 4+ &4 A'-&/#4'- 4+ b+(a&1=
Z92I4 :252 Z92I4 :252 41; Z92I4 :252 =4B;525
}': 4+ }': 4+ &4 }': 4+ &,.(+8&1=
Y4142"<; Y4142"<; 41; Y4142"<; I45$4
D++a&1= *+(b#(- 4+ 3''&1=
D++a&1= *+(b#(- 4+ D++a&1= *+(b#(- 4+ &4
:+"
Z;=:5;=4$#<; 2 Z;=:5;=4$#<; 2 499; Z;=:5;=4$#<; 2 $5#7"T25
!+,,&4'- 4+ !+,,&4'- 4+ &4 !+,,&4'- 4+ 3"//''-&1=

9UR
 8510U:

+([q71$
@34# '3 "1# .#$#5(# ,": /+,612 *n/&$ .'(+ %"' ('%"&'(' -' 8'($# ,"/F+ '1
/+14'94+
/+14'94+ : #5"1-#14' .(n/4&/#;
R>2325 <4 KVI4 B71$ 255#I4<
<0$+ E ?"34 b#14 #1 #13b'(
e74 7" >21$#P; B71$; K$ S21 2 B71$ :7"#1H=4"$
O('/&3#,'14' `F#4h3 ?"34 bF#4 Eh, $++a&1= *+(
A#=:94=4"$4Q 5429=4"$4 K B71$ 9#E4 $H2$ 3;;E

.([fH52129 ?4531
S T+1 *#)>F -"%(-$)-5
-"%(-$)-5 -"@+%<- 
-"@+%< - 
^2" 54>;5$2<; 9;1 P21$;1 DH4@VI4 >7$ 32>E ;" 1:4"<#"P
W# F#5&-+ ,"/F+3 ('/+(4'3 `F'(' F#8' 5''1 # $+4 +* /"45#/a3
K 1H;79< >7$ 32>E ;" $H4 2=;7"$ ;T
Y4345\2 54<7>#5 >7N"$; 2Jg>25 >;=;
17P25 K 42$

S T+1 (+1 C %(-$) ", -(,,(

?4"P2 @2Q s>;5$2 49 5;99;p Z;=4 ;"Q >7$ #$ ;7$p

S T+1 (88F %(-$)- ) ),:+<"#5 %(-$)- @" %+)Z(

f45<;"2 @ 1#P74 H2392"<; 674 KV= 1;55@ K >7$ @;7 ;TTQ E44:
$4 H4 >;5$2<; $29E#"P
He cut off his nger in the
<' /+(40 '$ -'-+ '1 '$ #//&-'14'
#//&-'14

S @/#, 741=F $-)$)- 

U; 18 >O=; 23;5<25 41;1 :5;394=21 K <;"V$ E";S H;S $; <429 S#$H $H;14 :5;394=1

9<=
8510U:

S @"(6 *-F @RZ)$" %)"- V G)&)- G(- 

sC2 $4 <4B25N1 >245 29Pg" 52$;p D5@ $; <5;: 3@ 1;=4 $#=4p

S ?0: +6F    

A23\2 674 499;1 $45=#"25\2" B7"$;1 K E"4S $H4@V< 4"< 7: $;P4$H45

¿Acabaste yendo a la esta? A&- :+" '1- ". =+&1= 4+ 4F' .#(4:d
Al nal no fuimos a la esta a4 4"<4< 7: ";$ P;#"P $; $H4 :25$@

S E#)/ +6 1(F G,)#$)- %)-)5 )C-(#$)- 

^2@ 674 2T5;"$25 92 I45<2< C;7VI4 P;$ $; T2>4 7: $; $H4 $57$H

K*(014#$+ q#/' ". 4+ &4
D7I4 674 <25 92 >252 K H2< $; T2>4 7: $; #$

S E//, ,4>/F )G"$"%"- 

U; =4 2:4$4>4 K <;"V$ T449 9#E4 #$

J+ ,' #.'4'/' /+,'( E -+1h4 *''$ $&a' '#4&1=
M4 2:4$4>4 7"2 =2"J2"2 K T449 9#E4 2" 2::94
J+ ,' -# $# =#1# E -+1h4 *''$ $&a' &4

&0([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;"
6(#@).5 W(A"0*"- /m5 qnnr
EF0 "#Z(.<#: ) :,)&& (C !)+A<:#(# ^,)#% ?3<," E ?-<$" <# 0. Z(+-#), )$ ) ?<#" *)-
               
0)# ?3( )GG")-& $( *" ) 2G<%L+G )-$<&$4 @"%<@<#: ?3<%3 ?(0)# $( &<$ #")-B >"
<& )@0<-<#: ),, (C $3" ?(0"# )#@ ,((L<#: $3"0 +G )#@ @(?#B E ?(+,@ G-"C"- $(
"#Z(. 0. ?<#" )#@ ?-<$" <# G")%"B EF0 $(( (,@ C(- $3<& :)0"B H3<& 3)GG"#& $( 0"

9<9
 8510U:

?3"#"A"- E ?)#$ $( *" *. 0.&",CB ]35 #(a >"F& %(0<#: $3<& ?).5 )#@ $3" 0)#
<# $3" *)- &$((, #"`$ $( 0" Z+&$ ,"C$a H3" 0)# )GG-()%3"& 0"5 )#@ <#$-(@+%"&
3<0&",C )& f)-,B

>" &).&5 2g(- &$)-$"-&5 ?3)$ *-<#:& &+%3 ) :(-:"(+& ?(0)# $( $3<& )<-G(-$ $(@).B4

E -"&G(#@ %)&+),,.5
%)&+),,.5 2 EF0 3")@<#: $( ^(&$(# C(- *+&<#"&&5 .(+=4

>" &<:#),& C(- $3" *)-$"#@"- )& 3" :,)#%"& )$ 0. 3),C "0G$. ?<#" :,)&&B c!#1 E
&18&4' :+" 4+ #1+4F'( =$#33 +* b&1'de
2W(5 $3)#L .(+Y E #""@ $( 3")@ (A"- $( 0. :)$" &3(-$,.B4

                 
0"%3)#<%), <&&+"B4 2!(5 <$ ,((L& ,<L" .(+ ?<,, 3)A" $<0" $( "#Z(. )#($3"- :,)&& (C
?<#" ?<$3 0"B4 

EF0 $3<#L<#:5 (3 :-")$5 3(? @( E :"$ (+$ (C $3<& (#"a= W(?5 $3" G<%L+G )-$<&$ 3)&
 :($ 0" -<:3$ ?3"-"
?3"-" 3" ?)#$& 0"B

            

?<$3(+$ ) 3<$%3B4 2 H3)#L .(+5 E ?(+,@ ,(A" )#($3"- :,)&& (C $3" !)+A<:#(# ^,)#%B4
^,)#%B4

P; mF'(' &3 <F#(+1 b(&4&1= &1 F'( ?+"(1#$d

T; mF#4 b#3 3F' -(&1a&1= bF'1 4F' ,#1 #..(+#/F'- F'(d
Q; W+b -&- <F#(+1 ('*'( 4+ 4F&3 ,#1d
V; mF#4 &3 # .&/a". #(4&34d
]; mF#4 &3 F&3 1#,'d
f; W+b -&- <F#(+1 *''$ #5+"4 /+18'(3&1=
/+18'(3&1= b&4F 4F' .&/a". #(4&34d
[; mF#4 b+"$- 3F' (#4F'( F#8' 5''1 -+&1= 4F#1 4#$a&1= 4+ F&,d
8. What was the rst thing Karl said to Sharon?
Z; W+b -&- F' /+18&1/'
/+18&1/' F'( 4+ $'4 F&, 5": F'( #1+4F'( =$#33 +* b&1'd
10. Was Sharon happy about their ight being delayed?
PP; mF#4 -+ :+" 4F&1a '1-'- ". F#..'1&1= 5'4b''1 }#($ #1- <F#(+1d

9<U
8510U:

&&([?453
&&([?453 ?;>237925@
?;>2379 25@
f7$$#"P ;" 2 $#4 f;"45 7"2 >;532$2
`(:&1= +1 # -('33 O(+5#1-+3' "1 8'34&-+
Putting out a re R:2P2"<; 7" T74P;
<F#8&1=   K*'&4#(3'
k4:92>#"P <;;5 H2"<94 Z2=3#25 7"2 =2"#99452
W+$-&1= -+= <"?'4#( "1 .'((+
f449#"P 2" ;52"P4 f4925 7"2 "252"B2
O&/a&1= ". # 5++a !+='( "1 $&5(+
f7$$#"P ;" =2E47: f;"4514 =267#992B4
H'$4&1=   A'(('4&(3'

&*([G"$;"2>#O"( i21 :27121 4" 49 <#1>751;

@$ F#/'( .#"3#3 /"#1-+ F#5$#,+3 '3 ,": &,.+(4#14'; J+3+4(+3 $+3
'3.#B+$'32 '3.'/&#$,'14' #$ F#5$#( &1=$p32 4'1-',+3 # -'/&($+ 4+-+ 3&1
.#"3#3; <"'1# ,": ,'/n1&/+ : '3 ,n3 -&*>/&$ .#(# '$ +:'14' 3'="&( 1"'34(+
-&3/"(3+2 : ,n3 /+,.$&/#-+ .#(# 1+3+4(+3 '$ '9.('3#(1+3 -' ,#1'(#
+(=#1&7#-#;

^1 5"'1 '?'(/&/&+ '3 -'/&( .+( '?',.$+ $+ %"' F#3 F'/F+ -"(#14' '$ ->#; E(
-' ='1'(#$ # .#(4&/"$#(; D# .(&,'(# *(#3' '1 &1=$p3 3' $$#,#  $(G<% &"#$"#%";
&"#$"#%"; <&
te jas, el resto de frases, van añadiendo detalles cada vez más particulares
('*'('14'3 # '3# .(&,'(# *(#3';

E14'14# $''( '34+3 '?',.$+3 '1 8+7 #$4#2 .('34#1-+ #4'1/&01 # /0,+ '34n1
+(=#1&7#-+32 : F#/&'1-+ $#3 .#"3#3 $+ ,n3 /$#(#3 .+3&5$'3;

& 7/01 1( $- <"#0:6#2I =(+2/S E ?)#$"@ $( &"" 0. :-)#@0) *"%)+&" &3" 3)@ )#
)%%<@"#$ -"%"#$,.B
-"%"#$,.B E &G"#$ $3"-" &(0" l 3(+-&B E 3)@ @<##"- ?<$3 3"- )#@ $3"# :($
*)%L 3(0"B

9<<
 8510U:

J=/0 & <(1 =($/; E -")@ ) *((L *"C(-" :(<#: $( *"@B EF0 -")@<#: $3<& *((L
%),,"@YYB E$F& -"),,. C+# )#@ <$F& <# [#:,<&3B EF0 ,")-#<#: ) ,($ (C +&"C+, "`G-"&&<(#&
)#@ A(%)*+,)-. $((B E -")@ <$ C(- )*(+$ )# 3(+-5 )#@ $3"# E ?"#$ $( *"@B

R7<#; <41>25P2394
N'/"'(-# -'3/#(=#(4' : '3/"/F#( '$ #"-&+ ,.Q %"' /+14&'1' '34' $&5(+;
#"P981Q /+1 /+14'1&-+ '94(#2 : -+1-' 4'
MN1 <4 &, H;521 <4 9;>7>#O" 4" #"P981Q /+1
-#,+3 $+3 ,'?+('3 4("/+3 -'$ Hp4+-+ g+"$%&';
SSS(27<#;19#35;1(@;7$29E;"9#"4(>;=
!$#8' -' -'3/#(=#C F\3f1?

9<F
 ^JE`UH
1.-Verbos regulares: repaso de pronunciación
!+,+ 5&'1 3#5',+32 #"1%"' $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3 '1 O#3#-+ <&,.$' 3'
*+(,#1 &="#$'3 X#B#-&'1-+ 2"@4 #$ 8'(5+ 5#3'Y2 4&'1'1 4('3
4( '3 .(+1"1/&#/&+1'3
3+1  V$V5 V@V5 :  V"@V 
-&34&14#3 %"' 3+1   V"@V ; g# F',+3 .(#/4&/#-+ /+1 $#3 4('3
.(+1"1/&#/&+1'32 .+( $+ %"' '1 '34' ."14+ 1+3 /'14(#(',+3 '1 .(+-"/&(
$# .(+1"1/&#/&01 /+(('/4# /+1 #=&$&-#-; @$ +5?'4&8+ '3 .+-'( .(+-"/&( $#
.(+1"1/&#/&01 /+(('/4# -' *+(,# #"4+,n4&/#2 $+ /"#$ $$'8# ,"/F# .(n/4&/#;

`(#5#?# /+1 $+3 3&="&'14'3 8'(5+3C

2P544   RP544< L<L 
#3a   K3a'- j4j 
2$$4"<   R$$4"<4<   L4<L 
#$$+b   K$$+b'- j-j 
>H4>E   ZH4>E4< L$L 
#44(#/4   K44(#/4'-   j'-j 
>299   Z2994< L<L 
-#1/'   A#1/'- j-j 
2I;#<   RI;#<4<   L4<L 
/F#1='   !F#1='- j4j 
nish   e#"#1H4< L<L 
/+"14   !+"14'-   j'-j 
>;:@   Z;:#4< L<L 
F'$.   W'$.'- j4j 
>542$4   Z542$4<   L4<L 
'9.$#&1   @9.$#&1'- j-j 
9#E4   i#E4< L$L 
-'/&-'   A'/&-'-   j'-j 
P2#"   F2#"4< L<L 
,&33   H&33'- j-j 
<#I#<4   Y#I#<4<   L4<L 

9<G
 8510UH

*([?453;1 #554P792541
!+,+ /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('32 '3 &,.+(4#14' %"' 4#,5&p1 4'1'( 3+$4"(#
/+1 $+3 &(('="$#('32 '34+ '32 $# /+1?"=#/&01 : .(+1"1/&#/&01 /+(('/4# 4&'1'
%"' 3'( #"4+,n4&/#2 4#14+ /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 -'$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' /+,+ /+1 $+3
.#(4&/&.&+3 -' $+3 4&',.+3 .'(*'/4+3 XO('3'14' : O#3#-+Y; K /+14&1"#/&01
F#: "1# $&34# -' ,n3 8'(5+3 1"'8+3 : 3" /+1?"=#/&01 -'$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' :
O('3'14' O'(*'/4+;
39;S   394S 39;S"   1;:925
5('#a   5(+a'   5(+a'1   (+,.'(
37#9<   37#9$   37#9$   >;"1$57#5
5":   5+"=F4 5+"=F4   /+,.(#(
>H;;14   >H;14 >H;14"   494P#5
/+34   /+34   /+34   /+34#(
>7$ >7$ >7$   >;5$25
ght   *+"=F4   *+"=F4   $"/F#(
y ew own   I;925
*+(='4   *+(=+4   *+(=+44'1   +$8&-#(
P5;S   P54S   P5;S"   >54>45
F'#(   F'#(-   F'#(- +&(
H75$   H75$   H75$   <;945
a''.   a'.4   a'.4   ,#14'1'(
E";S   E"4S   E";S"   >;";>45
,''4 ,'4   ,''4   /+1+/'(
94"<   94"$ 94"$   :541$25
$'4   $'4 $'4   -'?#(
=42"   =42"$ =42"$ signicar
%"&4   %"&4   %"&4   #5#1-+1#(

E14'14# ,',+(&7#( '$ O#(4&/&.&+ O#3#-+ : O#3#-+ <&,.$' .'(+ .(#/4&/#

4#,5&p1 -' $# ,#1'(# %"' F',+3 .(+."'34+ #14'(&+(,'14'

9<:
8510UH

[A"-. @). E *-")L5 ."&$"-@). E *-(L"5 ,)$",. EFA" *-(L"#

E *-(L" <$ *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ *-")L <$
EFA" #"A"- *-(L"# <$

O"'-'3 /('#( 4"3 *(#3'3 4#,5&p1C

6< $",RC(#( "&$9 -($( 6. G3(#" <& *-(L"#
b( &<"#$(5 ,( -(0Gc EF0 &(--.5
&(--.5 E *-(L" <$

-([k4:21; <4 I453;1 #554P792541 :54I#;1

@/F# "1 8&34#7+ # $# $&34# -' 8'(5+3 # /+14&1"#/&01; <' 4(#4# -' "1#
('/+.&$#/&01 -' 4+-+3 $+3 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 %"' F',+3 8&34+ F#34# #F+(#
'1 1"'34(+ ,p4+-+; N'/"'(-# %"' $+ ,n3 &,.+(4#14' '3 $# #=&$&-#- '1 3"
"3+2 : $# /+(('/4# .(+1"1/&#/&01; O+( '?',.$+C
H")%3T
I( "#&"hR G"-( $N #( "#&"h)&$"
"#&"h)& $" E $)+:3$ *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ $")%3
 7[#&"h)&$"= D<@ .(+ $")%3= 

<' 4(#4# -' %"'2 # ,#1'(# -' ('.#3+2 4(#5#?'3 /+1 4+-+3 "3#1-+ '34#
fórmula, y así trabajamos armación, negación y pregunta con las técnicas
%"' F',+3 8&34+ .('8&#,'14'; K.#('/' $#3 /+1?"=#/&+1'3 '1 O('3'14'
<&,.$' : O('3'14' O'(*'/4+;
$42>H $27PH$ $27PH$
4F(+b 4F('b 4F(+b1
>2$>H >27PH$ >27PH$
,#a' ,#-' ,#-'
<5#I4 <5;I4 <5#I4"
"1-'(34#1- "1-'(34++- "1-'(34++-
9;14 9;1$ 9;1$
b&1 b+1 b+1
T299 T499 T2994"
=&8' =#8' =&8'1

9<H
 8510UH

$2E4 $;;E $2E4"

5'=&1 5'=#1 5'="1
<5#"E <52"E <57"E
*''$ *'$4 *'$4
S5#$4 S5;$4 S5#$$4"
('#- ('#- ('#-
H2I4 H2< H2<
b'#( b+(' b+(1
1944: 194:$ 194:$
$'#8' $'*4 $'*4
$499 $;9< $;9<
5(&1= 5(+"=F4 5(+"=F4
:7$ :7$ :7$
F+$- F'$- F'$-
34 S21LS454 344"
3.'#a 3.+a' 3.+a'1
P; S4"$ P;"4
/+,'   /#,' /+,'
<; <#< <;"4
='4 =+4 =+44'1
1$2"< 1$;;< 1$;;<
3&4 3#4 3#4
57" 52" 57"
(&-'   (+-' (&--'1
42$ 2$4 42$4"
b#a' b+a' b+a'1
nd T;7"< T;7"<
5": 5+"=F4 5+"=F4
1499 1;9< 1;9<
='4 ". =+4 ". =+44'1 ".

9<Q
8510UH

,([_A; T25` 2"< _"4I45` 5;7$#"41

g# /+1+/',+3 '34#3 ("4&1#3 %"' ('%"&'('1 %"' "4&$&/',+3 '$ O('3'14'
O'(*'/4+2 : .+( $+ 4#14+ $+3 .#(4&/&.&+3 -'$ ,&3,+; K /+14&1"#/&01 F#: "1#
$&34# -' $+3 1"'8+3 8'(5+3 : 3"3 .#(4&/&.&+3 ('3.'/4&8+3; q&?#(+32 #$="1+3
8'(5+3 3' %"'-#1 &="#$ %"' '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$'2 ,&'14(#3 +4(+3 /#,5&#1;
39;S   39;S"
5('#a   5(+a'1
37#9<   37#9$
5":   5+"=F4
>H;;14   >H;14"
/+34   /+34
>7$ >7$
ght   *+"=F4
y own
*+(='4   *+(=+44'1
P5;S   P5;S"
F'#(   F'#(-
H75$   H75$
a''.   a'.4
E";S   E"4S
,''4   ,'4
94"<   94"$
$'4 $'4
=42"   =42"$
%"&4   %"&4

 l'#,+3 "1+3 '?',.$+3; O(#/4&/# -' '34# ,#1'(# /+1 4+-+3 $+3 8'(5+3 -' $#
$&34#; `' -#(n 3+$4"(#2 : '$ /+14'94+ -' $# *(#3' 4' #:"-#(n # %"' $+3 ."'-#3
"3#( /+1 #=&$&-#- '1 $# 8&-# ('#$; @34# '3 "1# ,": 5"'1# .(n/4&/#2 ,"/F+
$&34#C  *-")L5 *-(L"5
,'?+( %"' '$ #.('1-'($+3 -' ,#1'(# 4(#-&/&+1#$ /+1 "1# $&34#C *-")L5
*-(L"#5 "$%

9<R
 8510UH

 .( 8#" 
>(? 0)#. *),,((#& @<@ .(+ *,(? +G ,)&$ 0(#$3= E *,"? +G /n *),,((#& ,)&$
0(#$3B
BB)#@ &( C)- $3<& ?""L= E 3)A"#F$ *,(?# +G )#. *),,((#& &( C)- $3<& ?""LB
>(? 0)#. ?<#@(?& @<@ .(+ *-")L ,)&$ .")-= E *-(L" q ?<#@(?& ,)&$ .")-B
Y )#@ &( C)- $3<& ?""L= E 3)A"#F$ *-(L"#
*-(L"# )#. ?<#@(?& &( C)- $3<& ?""LB

R/5/" 
K3"# @<@ .(+ ,)&$ *,(? +G ) *),,((# <# (#" *-")$3= EFA" #"A"- *,(?# +G ) *),,((#
<# (#" *-")$3B
K3"# ?)& $3" ,)&$ $<0" .(+ *-(L" ) $?( ?<#@(?& <# (#" @).= EFA" #"A"- *-(L"#
$?( ?<#@(?& <# (#" @).B

/([AH;79<
/([AH;79< [ 1H;79<"V$
@1 '34' ."14+ .(#/4&/#(',+3 -#1-+ /+13'?+3 3'=61 $# 3&4"#/&01 "4&$&7#1-+
2&3(+,@4  : 2&3(+,@#F$4 ; q&?#(+3 '1 $# .(+1"1/&#/&012 $#  V,V '3 ,"-# : $# V+V 
#.'1#3 3"'1#; `"`" .(+*'3+( 4' -&(n "1# *(#3' # $# /"#$ 4'1-(n3 %"' ('3.+1-'(
( '3.+1-'(
/+1 '$ /+13'?+ #.(+.&#-+; O+( '?',.$+ 3& 4" .(+*'3+( 4' -&/' %"' c >" ")$& $((
0+%345 Oz, %(0" @"0)&<)@(P ('3.+1-'(>#3
@"0)&<)@(P ('3.+1-'(>#3 /+1C c>"c >" &3(+,@#F$ ")$ &( 0+%345 Oz,
#( @"*"-c) %(0"- $)#$(PB

K /+14&1"#/&01 F#: "1 .#( -' '?',.$+3 ,n3C

AH4 P;11#:1 $;; =7>H consejo: She shouldn’t gossip so much

W' -+'31h4 -(&1a ,"/F b#4'( /+13'?+C W' 3F+"$- -(&1a ,+(' b#4'(
consejo: She should talk to me more
AH4 <;41"V$ $29E $; =4 I45@ ;T$4"
;T$4"

'([A#">4 2"< T;5

q('/"'14','14' "3#,+3 2C(-4  : 2&<#%"4   .#(# F#5$#( -' #$=+ %"' ',.'70
'1 '$ .#3#-+ : 3&="' F#34# '$ ,+,'14+ .('3'14'; 2g(-4  '1
 '1 '34' /+14'94+ 3'

9F=
8510UH

/+,+ 2@+-)#$"4  :
4(#-"/' /+,+ 2@+-)#$"4  : 2&<#%"4  /+,+
  /+,+ @"&@";
@"&@"; O+( $+ 4#14+2 2C(-4  3'
 3' "4&$&7#(n
/+1 "1 .'(&+-+ -' 4&',.+2 ,&'14(#3 2&<#%"4  3'
 3' ',.$'#(n /"#1-+ F#5$#,+3
-'$ ,+,'14+ '1 '$ ',.&'7+ -' $# *(#3' + #//&01; O+( '?',.$+C

E("F
b,"A( @(& )h(& $-)*)Z)#@( );+c EFA" *""# ?(-L<#: 3"-" C(- $?( .")-&
>" $-)*)Z)@(
$-)*)Z)@( );+c @+-)#$"
@+-)#$" @(& )h(&
)h(& EFA" *""# ?(-L<#:
?(-L<#: 3"-" C(- $?( .")-&

 .40)/F
H-)*)Z( );+c @"&@" qnnv EFA" *""# ?(-L<#: 3"-" &<#%" qnnv
H-)*)Z( );+c @"&@" "#"-( EFA" *""# ?(-L<#: 3"-" &<#%" d)#+)-. 

!+,+ 3' 8'2 '$ 4&',.+ 8'(5#$ %"' 3' ('%"&'(' .#(# '34#3 .#$#5(#3 '3 '$
O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ !+14&1"+2 $+ /"#$ 3' .#('/' ,"/F+ #$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+;

@$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ !+14&1"+ 3' *+(,# #3>C &+Z"$( M 3)A" V 3)& M *""# M
A"-*( *)&" M <#:B D+
<#:B D+ ,n3 /+,61 '3 %"' '34# '34("/4"(# 3' /+14(#'/+14(#' X3+$+ '1
armación y negación) al hablar: EFA" *""#\
*"" #\ E 3)A"#F$ *""#5 I(+FA"\ I(+
I(+ 3)A"#F$
*""#5 I(+FA" *""#5 !3"F& *""# \ !3" 3)&#F$ *""#5 "$%B

`#,5&p1 /#5' -'34#/#( %"' 3+$+ 3' ."'-' "3#( '34# *+(,# /+1 8'(5+3 -'
#//&01; !"#1-+ 3' 4(#4# -' "1 8'(5+ -' 1+ #//&01 %"&4#,+3 '$ .#(4&/&.&+
2*""#4 ; O+( '?',.$+C !<"0G-" 3" ;+"-<@( +# G"--(;
G"--(; l'#,+3 #$="1+3 '?',.$+3
en interrogación, armación y negación. Presta especial atención a la
*+(,# &14'((+=#4&8# :# %"' '$ +(-'1 -' 3" /+134("//&01 '3 #$=+ -&*'('14'C

>(? 0)#. .")-& 3)& &3" *""# G,).<#: *)&L"$*),, C(-=

!3"F&
!3"F& *""# G,).<#: *)&L"$*),, C(- ) C"? .")-&B
!3" 3)&#F$ *""# G,).<#: *)&L"$*),, $3)$ ,(#:B

9F9
 8510UH

`#14+ 2C(-4  /+,+ 2&<#%"4 
`#14+ 2C(-4    /+,+ 2&<#%"4  tienen
 tienen signicados aparte de estos contextos, por
'?',.$+C
[& G)-) $<B t E$F& C(- .(+;
.(+ ;
8(0( #( ,( G+"@"& 3)%"-5 ,( 3)-R .(B t !<#%" .(+ %)#F$ @( <$5 E ?<,,B

J+ +534#14'2 /"#1-+ 1+3 ('*'(&,+3 # 4&',.+2 2C(-4  /+,+

 /+,+ 2@+-)#$"4  4&'1'
 4&'1' ,n3
exibilidad y lo podemos usar con todos los tiempos verbales, mientras
2&<#%"4 2@"&@"4  3+$+
 3+$+ 3' ."'-' "3#( /+1 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ !+14&1"+; q&?#(+3
'1 $# -&*'('1/&#C

A"/2/01/ A/"8/)1( T(0140+(F

>" "&$)@( );+c @"&@" ,)& &<"$"B EFA" *""# 3"-" &<#%" &"A"#B
>" "&$)@( );+c @+-)#$" +#) 3(-)B EFA" *""# 3"-" C(- )# 3(+-B
3(+-B

A"/2/01/ 24$6,/F
[,,(& "&$+@<)# @+-)#$" l 3(-)& %)@) @c)B
H3". &$+@. C(- l 3(+-& "A"-. @).B

A#2#:(F
[&$+A" @+-)#$" +#) 3(-)B E ?)& $3"-" C(- )# 3(+-B
3(+-B
[&$+A" @" m ) wB E ?)& $3"-" C-(0 m $( wB

)([Y75#"P 2"< T;5

@34# '3 "1# /+1*"3&01 ,": 4>.&/# ."'3 '1 '3.#B+$ @+-)#$"2
@+-)#$"2 4&'1' -+3
signicados:

\U ,( ,)-:( @"
 7S+R 3)%"& @+-)#$"
@+-)#$" ,) &"0)#)=
K3)$ @( .(+ @( @+-<#: $3" ?""L= 

9FU
8510UH

\H"0G(-),
[&$+A" )3c @+-)#$" @(& 3(-)&
E ?)& $3"-" C(- $?( 3(+-&
@34+ F#/' %"' '1 &1=$p3 ,"/F#3 8'/'32 '1 $"=#( -' "3#( C(- 2 "3#,+3 .+(
'((+( @+-<#: ;

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

G1$7I4 <752"$4 7"2 H;52 K S21 $H454 T;5 2" H;75

sw"p F&/&34' -"(#14' 4" 4&',.+
'1 M(#3&$d
Y752"$4 49 I452";Q I;@ 2 92
:92@2
l& $# 4'$' -"(#14' "1# F+(#
WY752"$4 >7N"$; $#4=:; I#1$4
92 $494X
sw"p F#/'3 -"(#14' $# 3',#1#d
mF#4 -&- :+" -+ -"(&1= :+"(
4&,' &1 M(#7&$d
K P; $; $H4 342>H <75#"P $H4
17==45
E b#4/F'- 48 *+( #1 F+"(
^;S 9;"P <#< @;7 S2$>H D?X
mF#4 -+ :+" -+ -"(&1= 4F'
b''ad

+([^;S
+([^;S >;=4X
>;= 4X
@34+ '3 "1# *(#3' %"' 3' "3# 3+5(' 4+-+ '1 '$ &1=$p3 +(#$ X'1 8'7 -'$ '3/(&4+Y
: '3 "1# *+(,# ,n3 /+$+%"&#$ : ',.n4&/+ %"' -'/&( 2K3.=4 ; D# 4(#-"//&01
#$ '3.#B+$ 3'(>#C 278Q0( "& ;+"Y=4B !"#1-+
;+"Y=4B !"#1-+ $+ "3#,+32 3&',.(' 3' "3# $#
estructura de una frase armativa, aunque sea una pregunta. Comparamos
2?3.4  /+1 23(?
 /+1 23(? %(0"4 C

 7i(- ;+R A<#<&$"=

A<#<&$"= K3. @<@ .(+
.(+ %(0"=
 78Q0( "& ;+" A<#<&$"= >(? %(0" .(+ %)0"=
%)0"=

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3; `#.# $# /+$",1# -' $# -'('/F# ' &14'14#
-'-"/&($#3 .+( 4& ,&3,+;

9F<
 8510UH

aH@ <#< @;7 >;=4X ^;S >;=4 @;7 >2=4X

mF: -&-1h4 :+" /#$$ ,'d W+b /+,' :+" -&-1h4 /#$$ ,'d
aH@ 254 @;7 S29E#"PX ^;S >;=4 @;7 254 S29E#"PX
mF: &3 3F' ("11&1=d W+b /+,' 3F' &3 ("11&1=d
aH@ #1"V$ 1H4 $29E#"PX ^;S >;=4 1H4t1 ";$ $29E#"PX

9.-Repaso comparativos / superlativos. Intensicadores

X/)+/":#F
^<::"- $3)#
>")A<"- $3)#
  

 .+6/",#145/2F
H3" *<::"&$
H3" 3")A<"&$
  

O(#/4&/# /+1 '34#3 *(#3'3C

G1 =N1 P52"<4 674 26749 K$V1 3#PP45 $H2" $H2$ ;"4

@3 ,n3 *#/&$ %"' '$ *(#1/p3 E4h3 '#3&'( 4F#1 q('1/F
G1 =N1 <#T\>#9 674 49 41:2m;9 It’s more difcult than Spanish
@3 '$ ,n3 =(#1-' #%">  E4h3 4F' 5&=='34 F'('
G1 49 =N1 :412<; K$V1 $H4 H42I#41$
@3 '$ ,n3 /+,.$&/#-+ It’s the most difcult

comparativos:       `'1',

Intensicadores de comparativos:  `'1',+3
+3
'34#3 4('3 +./&+1'3; `'1 '1 /"'14# %"' ?).  '3
 '3 "1 .+/+ $# ,n3 /+$+%"&#$;

6+%3 *<::"-5 ) ,($ *<::"-5 ?). *<::"- $3)#

6+%3 3")A<"-5 ) ,($ 3")A<"-5 ?). 3")A<"- $3)#

9FF
8510UH

          

^)&$)#$" 09& :-)#@"T ;+<$" ) ,($ *<::"- 

       

q(#3'3C #%"> 4' -'?#,+3 "1# /+$'//&01 -' *(#3'3 %"' /+,5&1#1 $+3
comparativos,
comparativos, superlativos, y los comparativos con intensicadores.
- Comparativos + intensicadores

G1 =N1 5N:#<;Q :45; "; =7>H; ^4V1 T21$45Q

T21$45Q 37$ ";$
" ;$ =7>H
=N1 5N:#<; 674 $g T21$45 $H2" @;7
W'h3 %"&4' # $+4 3$+b'( 4F#1
@3 5#34#14' ,n3 $'14+ %"' 46
:+"

- Comparativos (e intensicadores) + superlativos

G541 321$2"$4 =N1 94"$; 674 89Q :45; ";  
 
4541 49 =N1 94"$;
@3 $+ ,n3 -&*>/&$ #%">2 .'(+ 1+ '3 ,"/F+
,n3 -&*>/&$ %"' '1 +4(+3 3&4&+3
C;7 254 67#$4 19;S45 $H2" H#=Q 37$
C;7
@;7 254 ";$ $H4 19;S41$ ;"4
It’s the most difcult thing here, but
it’s not a lot more difcult than in other
.$#/'3

S !+,.#(#4&8+3 &(('="$#('3 O*"$$"-5 *"&$P y superlativos

G992 41 =4B;5 674 $gQ 27"674 AH4 #1 34$$45 $H2" @;7Q
"; 41 92 =4B;5 29$H;7PH 1H4V1 ";$ $H4 341$
u$ '3 5#34#14' .'+( %"' 462 W'h3 ,"/F b+(3' 4F#1 :+"2
#"1%"' 1+ '3 '$ .'+( 5"4 F'h3 1+4 4F' b+(34

&0([
&0([DH4 =;54n(($H4
= ;54n(($H4 =;54
@34# '34("/4"(# '34n ('$#/&+1#-# -' #$="1# ,#1'(# # $+3 /+,.#(#4&8+3;

8+)#$( 09& "&$+@<(5 09& )G-"#@( H3" 0(-" E &$+@.5

&$+@.5 $3" 0(-" E ,")-#
              
,<L" <$

9FG
 8510UH

K3>2 4(#4# -' #3+/&#($+ 3&',.(' # %+)#$( 09&YBB09& 

09&YBB09&  : 8'(n3 %"' 3&',.('
*"1/&+1#;

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

Z72"$; =N1 >;=;Q =4";1 DH4 =;54 K 42$Q $H4 9411

H2=354 $4"P; H7"P5@ K 2=
!"#14# ,n3 ='14' F#:2 ,n3 `F' ,+(' .'+.$' 4F'(' #('2
5#(#4+ '3 4F' /F'#.'( &4 &3
Z72"$; =4";1 $4"P;Q =N1 DH4 9411 K H2I4Q $H4 =;54 K
P21$; 1:4"<
!"#14+ ,n3 =#34+2 ,n3 ,'1+3 `F' ,+(' E 3.'1-2 4F' $'33
4(#5#?+ E b+(a

&&([^2::4" $;
!"#1-+ %"'(',+3 3#5'( $+ %"' F# +/"((&-+ -'/&,+3 2K3)$ 3)GG"#"@=4
.('.+3&/&01  2$(4T 3)GG"# $( el signicado cambia a
.'(+ /"#1-+ #B#-&,+3 $# .('.+3&/&01 2$(4T
2G(- %)+&),<@)@4 ; O+( '?',.$+C

WD#4"41 :;5 >21729#<2< 7" 3;9#X Y; @;7 H2::4" $; H2I4 2 :4"X

<& .+( /#3"#$&-#- '34n3 #F>2 E* :+" F#..'1 4+ 5' 4F'('2 $++a
563/#,' *+( ,'

&*([fH52129 ?4531
S E4,, 40C <#C(-0)-5 -",,"#)-5 &+&$<$+<- 

k4994"2 9;1 H74>;1 4" 49

e#99 #" $H4 392"E1 #" $H4 T;5=
T;5=7925#;
`' &1*+(,#(p ,#B#1# I’ll ll you in tomorrow
D4 171$#$7#58 =2m2"2 I’ll ll in for you tomorrow

S E4,, (+1F -",,"#)- 

k4994"2 49 T;5=7925#; e#99 ;7$ $H4 T;5=

9F:
8510UH

S E4,, +6C ,,"#)- 

D4"P; 674 994"25 92 3;$4992 I have to ll the bottle up

We lled up the backpack
D$'1#,+3 $# ,+/F&$# -' /+,&-#
b&4F *++-

S E40: (+1F "#$"-)-&"5 )A"-<:+)- 

Wl78 I21 2 H2>45 >72"<; 14 aH2$ 254 @;7 P;#"P $; <;

4"$454X when she nds out?
D+ #8'(&="#(',+3 We’ll nd out

S E4<+"/ (+1F @"&%<C-)-5 %(0G-"#@"-5 -"&(,A"- V )G)h)(

)G)h) (

G1$2 >H#>2 41 <#T\>#9 <4 4"$4"<45 She is difcult to gure out

I can’t gure out how this
J+ 3p /0,+ F# .#3#-+ '34+
F#..'1'-
?454=;1
?454=;1 >O=; 9; 2:2m2=;1 We’ll gure out what to do
974P; 92$45

S !"(7 +6F 0)@+-)- 

U4>41#$21 =2<7525 7" :;>; C;7 "44< $; P5;S 7: 2 3#$

S G#5/ (5/"F $"#"- <#A<$)@(& ) %)&)

U;1 #"I#$25;" 2 >212 2";>H4 DH4@ H2< 71 ;I45 921$ "#PH$

mF#4 4&,' #(' :+" F#8&1=
s!"n1-+ 8&'1'1d
4F', +8'(d

S G/#: (+1F G)-$<- V 0)-%3)-&"

9FH
 8510UH

?2=;1 2 #5 2 H;52 a4 254 P;#"P $; H42< ;7$ ";S

sK %"p F+(# +3 ,#(/Fn&3d mF#4 4&,' #(' :+" =":3 F'#-'- +"4d

&-([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;"
       
        
,)&$ m 0(#$3&B U@@<$<(#),,.5 3" 0"$ +G ?<$3 ) ^-<$<&3 ?(0)# )$ ) %(CC"" &3(G $(
G-)%$<%" 3<& &G(L"# [#:,<&3 "A"-.@). C(- )# 3(+-B H3". 3)A" L#(?# ")%3 ($3"-
               
$")%3 [#:,<&3B >" 3)& *""# ) G3.&<%), "@+%)$<(# $")%3"- C(- s .")-& <# 6)@-<@B
 d+)# 8)-,(& 3)& ),?).& ?)#$"@ $( ,<A" )#@ $")%3 <# $3" x#<$"@ !$)$"&B W(?5 3"
<& )&L<#: 3<0&",CB 2D<@ E *,(? <$5 )#@ C)<,= U,, (C $3" 3)-@ ?(-L )#@ "CC(-$ E 3)A"
G+$ <#$( G-"G)-<#: C(- $3" [#:,<&3 "`)0= ]- @<@ E G)&&=4 >" %),,"@ 3<& 0($3"- $(
$",, 3"- )*(+$ 3<& %(#%"-#&B >" &)<@ $( 3"-5 20).*" EF0 #($ %+$ (+$ C(- *"<#: )#
[#:,<&3 $")%3"-4B !3" %3)#:"@ $3" &+*Z"%$5 C"",<#: #"-A(+& C(- 3"- &(# )#@ 3<&
C+$+-"B d+)# 8)-,(& "`G,)<#"@ ")%3 (C $3" )-")& (C $3" "`)0B ><& 0($3"- )A(<@"@
$3" &+*Z"%$ )#@ )&L"@ 3<0 ?3"# 3" ?)& :(<#: $( :"$ 0)--<"@B d+)# 8)-,(& :($
C-+&$-)$"@
C-+&$-)$"@ ?<$3 3<& 0($3"- C(- #($ ,<&$"#<#: $( 3<0 )*(+$ &(0"$3<#: &( <0G(-$)#$
$( 3<& C+$+-"B >" @"%<@"@ $( ?(-L (+$ <# (-@"- $( -",<"A" 3<& &$-"&&B K(-L<#: (+$
3)& ),?).& L"G$ d+)# 8)-,(& :(<#: )#@ C(%+&"@ $( -")%3 3<& :(),&B

P; mF#4 '9#, -&- L"#1 !#($+3 4#a'd

T; m#3 F' .$'#3'- #*4'( 4#a&1= 4F' @1=$&3F '9#,d
Q; mF#4 -&- F' -+ 4+ .('.#(' *+( 4F' '9#,d
V; W+b $+1= F#- L"#1 !#($+3 5''1 34"-:&1= *+( 4F' @1=$&3F '9#,d
]; mF#4 -+'3 L"#1 !#($+3 -+ *+( b+(ad
f; mF: -&- L"#1 !#($+3 4#a' 4F' @1=$&3F '9#,d
[; mF#4 &3 F&3 -('#,d
\; mF: &3 F' b+((&'- #5+"4 4F' '9#,d
Z; mF+ -&- L"#1 !#($+3 /#$$ 4+ 3F#(' F&3 /+1/'(13d
PU; mF#4 -&- F&3 ,+4F'( 3#:d mF:d
PP; m#3 F&3 ,+4F'( # =++- $&34'1'(d

9FQ
8510UH

PT; W+b -&- L"#1 !#($+3 *''$ #*4'( 4#$a&1= 4+ F&3 ,+4F'(d
PQ; mF#4 -&- F' -+ #*4'( 4F' .F+1' /#$$d
PV; W+b F#3 b+(a&1= +"4 F'$.'- F&,d

&,([Go:5411#;"1
K .#(4&( -' '34# "1&-#-2 8#,+3 # &( ('/+.&$#1-+ '9.('3&+1'3 /+,"1'3
'1 &1=$p3; ^1#3 3+1 ,n3 /+$+%"&#$'3 %"' +4(#32 .'(+ 4+-#3 3' "3#1
F#5&4"#$,'14' '1 '$ -># # ->#; `(#4# -' .(#/4&/#($#3 -' 8'7 '1 /"#1-+ :
8'(n3 /+,+ ',.&'7#3 # ('/+1+/'($#3 '1 .'$>/"$#32 3'(&'3 + /+18'(3#/&+1'3;
@3 '3 '$ .#3+ .('8&+ # %"' $#3 ."'-#3 "3#( /+1 1#4"(#$&-#-;

D; 34 35;E4 G1$25 :492<;

`+ 5' *'- ". b&4F @34#( F#(4+ -' #$=+ + #$="&'1
D; 34 E#<<#"P G1$25 <4 35;=2
J+ a&--&1= {w"p -&/'3| s@1 3'(&+d
U; S2@ B;18 U# H23925 b<49 :49767\"d
`+ a''. #1 ':' +1 l&=&$#(
Keep ngers crossed Z57>4=;1 9;1 <4<;1
`+ -(+. # $&1' H#1-#( "1 ,'13#?'
Y5;: #$ Y8B29; 41$25
s@1 %"p %"'-#,+3d
H#a' ". :+"( ,&1-
{K/$n(#4'|
M2E4 7: S#$H ^2>45 921 :2>41 >;"
H#a' &4 ". 4+ 3+,'5+-: !+,.'13#( # #$="&'1
M2E4 7: T;5 1;=4$H#"P Z;=:4"125 :;5 29P;
H#a' 3+,'4F&1= ". E18'14#(3' #$=+
M2E4 #$ b994P25d i94P25 2 7" 1#$#;
W+b /+,' s!0,+ '3 %"'~d

9FR
 8510UH

&/([?453
&/([?453 ?;>237925@
?;>2379 25@
ZH21#"P 2 5233#$ Z2J25 7" >;"4B;
N'3/"&1= # b+,#1 N'3/#4#( "1# ,"?'(
D;S#"P 2 >25 k4=;9>25 7" >;>H4
<%"''7&1=   @9.(&,&(
h;7">#"P   h;$25
M+&$&1=   W'(8&(
DH5;S#"P 2S2@ D#525QQ <41H2>4514 <4 29P;
D#525
D:&1= +1 4F' 3+*# `",5#(3' '1 '$ 3+*n
i2@#"P $H4 323@ D7=325 29 3438
M$+b&1= 35h3 1+3' <+1#(3' $# 1#(&7

&'([G"$;"2>#O"( k#$=;
g# F',+3 /+,'14#-+ %"' "1+ -' $+3 .(+5$',#3 ,n3 4>.&/+3 -' $# .'(3+1#
%"' '34"-&# &1=$p32 '3 %"' #/'146#1 -' ,#1'(# "1&*+(,' 4+-#3 $#3 .#$#5(#3;

^1 1#4&8+ 3&1 ',5#(=+2 3"'$' #.$&/#( '$ #/'14+ '1 1+,5('3 : 8'(5+3 : 4&'1-'
# 1+ #/'14"#( .('.+3&/&+1'3 + 8'(5+3 #"9&$&#('3;

O(#/4&/# '1 8+7 #$4# /+1 $#3 *(#3'3 -' -'5#?+;

T(01/01 7(":2 T(01/01 #0: 8+0)14(0 7(":2 

8Ubb XE_>H ^U8f E ?<,, TBKK .(+ X&!GD 9BTY 
 dx!H HXI E ?)& Z[.D DX\ <#:<#: <$
8b]![ H>UH D]]X E ?)& TKP. <#:
<#: DGBD @PPX
HUf[ 6]X[ HE6[ E$ ?<,, DBY?  &(0"
 &(0" QPX? D&Q? 
HUbf $( >E6 E ?)& Z+&$ DBKY <#:
<#: $( G&Q ?3"#
3" TBQ? 

^1# 5"'1# .(n/4&/# '3 -'/&( $#3 *(#3'3 /+1 (&4,+; D$'8# '$ (&4,+ /+1 '$ .&'2
' &14'14# -'/&( $#3 *(#3'3 '1 8+7 #$4# '9#='(#1-+ $# #/'14"#/&01 -' $#3
.#$#5(#3 '1 ,#:63/"$#;

9G=
 ^JE`UQ
&([k4:21; P4$ ;"Q P4$ ;TTQ P4$ #"$;Q P4$ ;7$ ;T
\ _"$ (#5 :"$ (CCT g9%<, )%%"&( T *+&5 G,)#"5 &+*?).5 *<L"5 0($(-*<L"5 ","A)$(-B
\ _"$ <#5 <#$(5 :"$ (+$ (C T )%%"&( 09& @<Cc%<,T %)-5
%)-5 3",<%(G$"-5
3",<%(G$"-5 ,<C$B

O(#/4&/# /+1 '34#3 *(#3'3C

A734 29 27$;3g1 F4$ ;" $H4 371
M#?# -'$ #"4+563 k'4 +** 4F' 5"3
MO"$2$4 4" 92 3#># F4$ ;" $H4 3#E4
A'3,014#4' -' $# ,+4+ k'4 +** 4F' 5&a'
?749I4 2 173#5 29 $54" F4$ 32>E ;" $H4 $52#"
l"'$8' # 5#?#( k'4 5#/a +**
G"$52 4" 49 >;>H4 F4$ #"$; $H4 >25
l"'$8' # '14(#( k'4 5#/a &1
F4$ ;7$ ;T $H4 >25 2"< P4$ ;" $H4
A29 <49 >;>H4 @ 1734 29 27$;3g1
371
l"'$8' # 5#?#( -'$ 5"32 : 3"5' #$ k'4 5#/a +** 4F' 5"3 #1- ='4 &14+
/+/F' 4F' /#(
h2B2 <4 92 3#># @ 4"$52 4" 49 >;>H4 F4$ ;TT $H4 3#E4 2"< P4$ #"$; $H4 >25
A'3,+4# -' $# 5&/& : 8"'$8' # '14(#( k'4 +** 4F' 5&a' #1- ='4 5#/a &14+
'1 '$ /+/F' 4F' /#(

*([f5N>$#>2 <4 I453;1 #554P792541

!+,+ /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('32 '3 &,.+(4#14' 4#,5&p1 4'1'( 3+$4"(# /+1
$+3 &(('="$#('32 '34+ '32 $# /+1?"=#/&01 : .(+1"1/&#/&01 /+(('/4# 4&'1'
%"' 3'( #"4+,n4&/#2 4#14+ /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 -'$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' /+,+ /+1 $+3
.#(4&/&.&+3 -' $+3 4&',.+3 .'(*'/4+3 XO('3'14' : O#3#-+Y; K /+14&1"#/&01
F#: "1# $&34# -' ,n3 8'(5+3 1"'8+3 : 3" /+1?"=#/&01 -'$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' :
O('3'14' O'(*'/4+;

5#"P   52"P   57"P   1;"25

(&3'   (+3'   (&3'1   3"5&(
144 12S   144" I45
3'$$   3+$-   3+$-   8'1-'(

9G9
 8510UQ

14"<   14"$   14"$   4"I#25

3'4 3'4 3'4 congurar
1$429   1$;94   1$;94"   5;325
4F&1a   4F+"=F4   4F+"=F4   .'13#(
1H5#"E   1H52"E   1H57"E   4">;P4514
3F#a'   3F++a   3F#a'1   3#/"-&(
<#P <7P <7P   >2I25
$&' $#:   $#&1   4",5#(3'
92@   92#<   92#< $7=325 2
5'#4   5'#4   5'#4'1   =+$.'#(
34"<   34"$   34"$   <;3925
34&/a   34"/a   34"/a   #4#3/#(
144E   1;7PH$   1;7PH$   371>25
5&4' 5&4   5&44'1   ,+(-'(
T;5P#I4   T;5P2I4   T;5P#I4"   ;9I#<25
34&1a   34#1a   34"1a   #.'34#(

O(#/4&/# /+1 4+-+3 '34+3 8'(5+3 "3#1-+ $#3 4p/1&/#3 %"' /+1+/',+3C

E &$(," *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ &$"),

[A"-. @). E &$"),5 ."&$"-@). E &$(,"5 ,)$",". EFA" &$(,"#
EFA" #"A"- &$(,"#
W+#%) 3" -(*)@( #)@) EFA" #"A"- &$(,"# )#.$3<#: 

-([?453;1 54P792541( k4:21; :5;"7">#2>#O"

!+,+ 5&'1 3#5',+32 #"1%"' $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3 '1 O#3#-+ <&,.$' 3'
*+(,#1 &="#$'3 X#B#-&'1-+ 2"@4 #$ 8'(5+ 5#3'Y2 4&'1'1 4('3
4( '3 .(+1"1/&#/&+1'3
-&34&14#3 %"' 3+1  V$V5
 V$V5 V@V
@V55 . V"@VB
"@VB  g# F',+3 .(#/4&/#-+ /+1 $#3 4('3
.(+1"1/&#/&+1'32 .+( $+ %"' '1 '34' ."14+ 1+3 /'14(#(',+3 '1 .(+-"/&(
$# .(+1"1/&#/&01 /+(('/4# /+1 #=&$&-#-; @$ +5?'4&8+ '3 .+-'( .(+-"/&( $#
.(+1"1/&#/&01 /+(('/4# -' *+(,# #"4+,n4&/#2 $+ /"#$ $$'8# ,"/F# .(n/4&/#;

9GU
8510UQ

G"B;@ G"B;@4< L<L 

H&33 H&33'- j-j 
Go#1$ Go#1$4<   L4<L 
@9.$#&1 @9.$#&1'- j-j 
U;$#>4 U;$#>4< L<L 
@9.'/4 @9.'/4'-   j'-j 
e;99;S e;99;S4< L<L 
O#(a O#(a'- j4j 
^2$4 ^2$4<   L4<L 
D&34'1 D&34'1'- j-j 
f5;=#14 f5;=#14< L<L 
E18'14 E18'14'-   j'-j 
M;I4 M;I4< L<L 
O"3F O"3F'- j-j 
i2"< i2"<4<   L4<L 
N#&1 N#&1'- j-j 
D29E D29E4< L$L 
D#34 D#34'-   j'-j 
!14 !14< L<L 
m+(a m+(a'- j4j 
a2"$ a2"$4<   L4<L 
`(: `(&'- j-j 
a#1H a#1H4< L<L 
m#&4 m#&4'-   j'-j 

,([k4:21; <4 I453;1 #554P792541 :54I#;1

@/F# "1 8&34#7+ # $# $&34# -' 8'(5+3 # /+14&1"#/&01; <' 4(#4# -' "1#
('/+.&$#/&01 -' 4+-+3 $+3 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 %"' F',+3 8&34+ F#34# #F+(#
'1 1"'34(+ ,p4+-+; N'/"'(-# %"' $+ ,n3 &,.+(4#14' '3 $# #=&$&-#- '1 3"
"3+2 : $# /+(('/4# .(+1"1/&#/&01; O+( '?',.$+C

9G<
 8510UQ

H")%3T
I( "#&"hR G"-( $N #( "#&"h)&$"
"#&"h)& $" E $)+:3$ *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ $")%3
[A"-. @). E $")%35 ."&$"-@). E $)+:3$5 ,)$",. EFA" $)+:3$

EFA" #"A"- $)+:3$

 7[#&"h)&$"= D<@ .(+ $")%3=
$")%3=

<' 4(#4# -' %"'2 # ,#1'(# -' ('.#3+2 4(#5#?'3 /+1 4+-+3 "3#1-+ '34#3
fórmulas, y así trabajamos armación, negación y pregunta en Presente
<&,.$' : O('3'14' O'(*'/4+;

$42>H $27PH$ $27PH$

4F(+b 4F('b 4F(+b1
>2$>H >27PH$ >27PH$
,#a' ,#-' ,#-'
<5#I4 <5;I4 <5#I4"
"1-'(34#1- "1-'(34++- "1-'(34++-
9;14 9;1$ 9;1$
b&1 b+1 b+1
T299 T499 T2994"
=&8' =#8' =&8'1
$2E4 $;;E $2E4"
5'=&1 5'=#1 5'="1
<5#"E <52"E <57"E
*''$ *'$4 *'$4
S5#$4 S5;$4 S5#$$4"
('#- ('#- ('#-
H2I4 H2< H2<
b'#( b+(' b+(1
1944: 194:$ 194:$
$'#8'   ,"C$   $'*4

9GF
8510UQ

$499   $;9< $;9<

5(&1= 5(+"=F4 5(+"=F4
:7$ :7$ :7$
F+$- F'$- F'$-
34 S21LS454 344"
3.'#a 3.+a' 3.+a'1
P; S4"$ P;"4
/+,' /#,' /+,'
<; <#< <;"4
='4 =+4 =+44'1
1$2"< 1$;;< 1$;;<
3&4 3#4 3#4
57" 52" 57"
(&-' (+-' (&--'1
42$ 2$4 42$4"
b#a' b+a' b+a'1
nd T;7"< T;7"<
5": 5+"=F4   5+"=F4
1499 1;9< 1;9<
='4 ". =+4 ". =+44'1 ".
39;S 394S   39;S"
5('#a 5(+a'   5(+a'1
37#9< 37#9$ 37#9$
/F++3' /F+3' /F+3'1
>;1$ >;1$ >;1$
/"4 /"4 /"4
ght   T;7PH$ T;7PH$

9GG
 8510UQ

y ew own
*+(='4 *+(=+4 *+(=+44'1
P5;S P54S   P5;S"
F'#( F'#(- F'#(-
H75$   H75$ H75$
a''. a'.4 a'.4
E";S E"4S E";S"
,''4 ,'4 ,'4
94"< 94"$ 94"$
$'4 $'4 $'4
=42" =42"$ =42"$
%"&4 %"&4   %"&4

/[_A; T25` 2"< _"4I45` 5;7$#"41

g# /+1+/',+3 '34#3 ("4&1#3 %"' ('%"&'('1 %"' "4&$&/',+3 '$ O('3'14'
O'(*'/4+2 : .+( $+ 4#14+ $+3 .#(4&/&.&+3 -'$ ,&3,+; K /+14&1"#/&01 F#: "1#
$&34# -' $+3 1"'8+3 8'(5+3 : 3"3 .#(4&/&.&+3 ('3.'/4&8+3; q&?#(+32 #$="1+3
8'(5+3 3' %"'-#1 &="#$ %"' '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$'2 ,&'14(#3 +4(+3 /#,5&#1;
3214 T;5= :21$ :25$#>#:94
(&1=   ("1=
(&3'   (&3'1
3''   3''1
3'$$   3+$-
3'1-   3'14
3'4 3'4
34'#$   34+$'1
4F&1a   4F+"=F4
3F(&1a   3F("1a

9G:
8510UQ

3F#a'   3F#a'1
-&= -"=
$&'   $#&1
$#:   $#&-
5'#4   5'#4'1
5'1-   5'14
34&/a   34"/a
3''a   3+"=F4
5&4'   5&44'1
*+(=&8'   *+(=&8'1
34&1a   34"1a

l'#,+3 "1+3 '?',.$+3; O(#/4&/# -' '34# ,#1'(# /+1 4+-+3 $+3 8'(5+3 -' $#
$&34#; `' -#(n 3+$4"(#2 : '$ /+14'94+ -' $# *(#3' 4' #:"-#(n # %"' $+3 ."'-#3
"3#( /+1 #=&$&-#- '1 $# 8&-# ('#$; @34# '3 "1# ,": 5"'1# .(n/4&/#2 ,"/F+
,'?+( %"' '$ #.('1-'($+3 -' ,#1'(# 4(#-&/&+1#$ /+1 "1# $&34#C *-")L5 *-(L"5
*-(L"#5 "$%B

L .( 8#" 
>(? 0)#. $<0"& @<@ .(+ &"" 0" ,)&$ ?""L= E &)? .(+ $3-"" $<0"& ,)&$ ?""LB
BB)#@ &( C)- $3<& ?""L= EFA" &""# .(+ (#%" &( C)- $3<& ?""LB

>(? 0)#. *((L& @<@ .(+ &$"), ,)&$ .")-= E @<@#F$ &$"), )#. *((L& ,)&$ .")-B
Y )#@ &( C)- $3<& .")-= E 3)A"#F$ &$(,"# )#. *((L& &( C)- $3<& .")-B

v4'1 /"&-#-+ -' 1+ -'/&( )#. *((LYBB'3+

*((LYBB'3+ 3'(&# 2#)@) @" ,<*-(4 ; N'/"'(-# %"' )#.  /+1
  /+1 /+14#5$'3 3&',.(' 8# '1
.$"(#$;

L R/5/" 
K3"# @<@ .(+ ,)&$ &",, ) *()$= EFA" #"A"- &(,@ ) *()$B

K3"# ?)& $3" ,)&$ $<0" .(+ &)? 0. &<&$"-= EFA" #"A"- &""# .(+- &<&$"-B

9GH
 8510UQ

'([f5414"$ f45T4>$ Z;"$#"7;71

@$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ !+14&1"+2 3' .#('/' ,"/F+ #$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+;
@$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ !+14&1"+ 3' *+(,# #3>C &+Z"$( M 3)A" V 3)& M *""# M
A"-*( *)&" M <#:B D+
<#:B D+ ,n3 /+,61 '3 %"' '34# '34("/4"(# 3' /+14(#' X3+$+ '1
armación y negación) al hablar: EFA" *""# \ E 3)A"#F$ *""#5
*"" #5 I(+FA"
I(+FA" \ I(+
I(+ 3)A"#F$
*""#5 I(+FA" *""#5 !3"F& *""# \ !3" 3)&#F$ *""#5 "$%B

`#,5&p1 /#5' -'34#/#( %"' 3+$+ 3' ."'-' "3#( '34# *+(,# /+1 8'(5+3 -'
#//&01; !"#1-+ 3' 4(#4# -' "1 8'(5+ -' 1+ #//&01 %"&4#,+3 '$ .#(4&/&.&+
2*""#4 ; O+( '?',.$+C !<"0G-" 3" ;+"-<@( +# G"--(;
G"--(; l'#,+3 #$="1+3 '?',.$+3
en interrogación, armación y negación. Presta especial atención a la
*+(,# &14'((+=#4&8# :# %"' '$ +(-'1 -' 3" /+134("//&01 '3 #$=+ -&*'('14'C

>(? 0)#. .")-& 3)& &3" *""# G,).<#: *)&L"$*),, C(-=

!3"F&
!3"F& *""# G,).<#: *)&L"$*),, C(- ) C"? .")-&B
!3" 3)&#F$ *""# G,).<#: *)&L"$*),, $3)$ ,(#:B

`#14+ 2C(-4  /+,+
 /+,+ 2&<#%"4  tienen
 tienen signicados aparte de estos contextos, por
'?',.$+C

[& G)-) $< t E$F& C(- .(+

8(0( #( ,( G+"@"& 3)%"-5 ,( 3)-R .( t !<#%" .(+ %)#F$ @( <$5 E ?<,,

`(#5#?# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

i94I; $5232B2"<; 7"2 H;52
W' '34#-+ 3'14#-+ PU ,&1"4+3
^4 41$2<; 41$7<#2"<; $;<2 92
=2m2"2
s!"n14+ 4&',.+ $$'8#3 4(#5#?#1-+d
KVI4 344" S;5E#"P T;5 2" H;75
Eh8' 5''1 3&44&1= *+( PU ,&1"4'3
KVI4 344" 1$7<@#"P 299 =;5"#"P
W+b $+1= F#8' :+" 5''1 b+(a&1=d

9GQ
8510UQ

Wf;5 678 H21 41$2<; >;55#4"<;
$2"$; $#4=:;X
W# '34#-+ Xp$Y 1#-#1-+ 4+-# $#
,#B#1#
U; H2 41$2<; b4992d :4"12"<;
=7>H; 1;354 49 $4=2
aH@ H2I4 @;7 344" 57""#"P 1;
9;"PX
W'h3 5''1 3b&,,&1= #$$ ,+(1&1=
AH4 H21"V$ 344" $H#"E#"P 23;7$
$H2$ =2$$45 2 9;$

)([A$#99Q 29542<@Q @4$Q 2"@=;54 b4o$4"<4< I451#;"d

\ !$<,,5 U#.0(-"
!$<,, 3' "3# .#(# #//&+1'3 %"' 4+-#8># 3' '34n1 -'3#((+$$#1-+; J+(,#$,'14'
usada en armativo e interrogativo.

EF0 &$<,, ")$<#: UN# "&$(. %(0<"#@(

EF0 &$<,, ?)$%3<#: $A H(@)Ac) "&$(. A<"#@( ,) $","
E &$<,, ,<L" $( G,). U+# 0" :+&$) Z+:)-B
D( .(+ &$<,, ,<L" $( G,).= UN# $" :+&$) Z+:)-= 

 U#.0(-"
 U#.0(-"  3' "3# .#(# '9.('3#( %"' "1# #//&01 :# 1+ '34n 8&='14';
J+(,#$,'14' 3' "3# '1 1'=#/&+1'3;

EF0 #($ ")$<#: )#.0(-"B I) #( "&$(. %(0<"#@(

%(0<"#@ (
E @(#F$ ,<L" <$ )#.0(-"B I) #( 0" :+&$)

<' "3#1 4#14+ '1 O('3'14' /+,+ '1 O('3'14' !+14&1"+2 #"1%"' '3 ,"/F+
,n3 F#5&4"#$ '1 O('3'14' !+14&1"+;

\ I"$5
I"$5 U,-")@. 
U, -")@. 
'14(' ."$5 ),-")@.5 )#.0(-" : &$<,,2
O#(# 1+ /+1*"1-&(3' '14(' ."$5 &$<,,2 $+ ,'?+( '3 #3+/&#(
#  &$<,, . )#.0(-" . ."$ . ),-")@.  #3+/&#($#3
O('3'14' : O('3'14' !+14&1"+ # &$<,,  #3+/&#($#3 #$
O('3'14' O'(*'/4+;

9GR
 8510UQ

  

I"$T <#$"--(:)$<A)& . #":)$<A)&

<&1 ',5#(=+2 F#: #$="1+3 ,#4&/'3C

I"$ #
"$ # 8'/'3 3' "3# '1 .('="14#3 /"#1-+ 3' '3.'(# "1# ('3."'34# 1'=#4&8#;
 U,-")@.  4#,5&p1
  4#,5&p1 # 8'/'3 3' "3# '1 .('="14#3 /"#1-+ 3' '3.'(# ('3."'34#
.+3&4&8#;

  
       
  
   
   

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

<'14'1/'3 I[H UbX[UDI 

 C2
 C2 H4 $45=#"2<;
K61 1+ F' 4'(,&1#-+
WC2 H21 $45=#"2<;X
g# F# /+,&-+ Xp$Y
Wf;5 678 "; H2 >;=#<; 4992 2g"X
K61 1+ F' 4'(,&1#-+ -' '34"-&#(
 C2
 C2 H4 94#<; 49 9#35;
g# F' 5'5&-+ -+3 $&4(+3
I have already nished
I haven’t nished yet
Have you nished yet?
W' F#3 #$('#-: '#4'1
aH@ H2I4"
H2I4"V$
V$ 1H4 42$4" @4$X
I haven’t nished studying yet
KVI4 29542<@ 542< $H4 3;;E
Eh8' #$('#-: -("1a 4b+ $&44'(3

<'14'1/'3 I[H5
I[H5 UbX[UDI
Ub X[UDI55 !HEbb5
!H Ebb5 UWI6]X[ 
Rg" 41$;@ >;=#4"<; KV= 1$#99 42$#"P
g# 1+ '34+: 5'5&'1-+ Eh, 1+4 -(&1a&1= #1:,+('
 C2
 C2 H4 343#<; =7>H; KVI4 29542<@ <57"E 2 9;$
K61 1+ F' 5'5&-+ 1#-# E F#8'1h4 -("1a #1:4F&1= :'4
sR"<2p WC2 H21 >;=#<;X a;SQ H2I4 @;7 29542<@ 42$4"X
O'(+~;;sK61 1+ F#3 /+,&-+d M"4~;W#8' :+" '#4'1 :'4d

9:=
8510UQ

WRg" 41$N1 2"<2"<;X R54 @;7 1$#99 S29E#"PX

g# 1+ '34+: #1-#1-+
Rg" "; H4 2"<2<; =7>H; H;@
g# F' #1-#-+ ,"/F+ '34# 3',#1#
Eh, 1+4 b#$a&1= #1:,+('
K H2I4"
H2I4"V$
V$ S29E4< 2 9;$ @4$
Eh8' #$('#-: b#$a'- # $+4 4F&3 b''a;

KVI4 29542<@ $29E4<

$29E4< 2 9;$ 23;7$
23;7$ $H2$
$H2$
 C2
 C2 H4 H2392<; 1;354 41; =7>H; H;@
$;<2@
g# 1+ '34+: F#5$#1-+ Eh, 1+4 4#$a&1= #1:,+('
WG1$2 89 $;<2I#2 H2392"<;X K1 H4 1$#99 $29E#"PX
sK61 1+ F#3 F#5$#-+d W#8' :+" 4#$a'- :'4d
sR"<2p WC2 H21 H2392<;X  Wow,, Have you already talked?
 Wow

+([fH52129 ?4531
S !/1 #,(0<F ,,"A)-&" *<"#

M4 994I; 3#4" >;" =#1 H45=2";1 K P4$ 29;"P S#$H =@ 35;$H451

S !/1 #"(+0:F ,,":)- ) 3)%"- ),:(5 "A<$)-5 %(--"- ", -+0(- 

U; H4 :;<#<; :;"45=4 2 H2>459; K H2I4"

H2I4"V$
V$ P;$$4" 25;7"< $; #$
mF'1 E =+4
=+4 #(+"1- 4+ &42 &4 b#3
!"#1-+ ,' ."3' # F#/'($+ '(# 4#(-'
$#4'
^;S >2"
>2" S4 P4$ 25;7"< 299 $H#1
WZO=; 4I#$2=;1 $;<; 41$4 $5232B;X
S;5EX
m+(- =+4 #(+"1- 4F#4 F' b#3
!+((># '$ (",+( %"' p$ '(# (&/+
(&/F

S !/1 #7#-F ),"Z)-&"5 "&%)G)-5 3)%"- +#) "&%)G)@)

sR98B2$4 <4 =\p F4$ 2S2@ T5;= =4p

J+ $' -'?'3 '3/.#( A+1h4 $'4 F&, ='4 #b#:
U4>41#$; 7"2 41>2:2<2 2 921 K "44< 2 P4$[2S2@ $; $H4
=;"$2m21 =;7"$2#"1

9:9
 8510UQ

S !/1 #7#- 741=F -"Z)- &),<- %(# ,) &+.)

U; <4B41 674 14 129P2" >;" 92 17@2 Y;"V$ 94$ $H4= P4$ 2S2@ S#$H #$

S !/1 (5/" 741=F 3)%"- ),:( @" +#) A"e

?4"P2Q I2=;1 2 H2>459; <4 7"2 I4J Z;=4 ;"Q 94$V1 P4$ #$ ;I45 S#$Hp

S !/1 *-F )G)h9-&",)&

M4 2:2m; >;" =# #"P981 K >2" P4$ 3@ S#$H =@ G"P9#1H

g# 1+3 $#3 #(('=$#(',+3 m'h$$ ='4 5:

.([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;"
6)-<(5 )#@ 3<& ?<C" 6)-c)5 3)A" *""# ,<A<#: <# $3"<- 3(+&" C(- /u .")-&B 6)-<(
<& &$<,, $")%3<#: 0<@@," &%3((, 0)$3 )$ b<A<#:&$(# 6<@@," !%3((, <# [A)#&$(#5
E,,<#(<&B 6)-c) $)+:3$ &"%(#@ :-)@" )$ D)?"& [,"0"#$)-. !%3((, C(- /n .")-&
            
&3" %3(&" $( &$). )$ 3(0" $( -)<&" $3"<- %3<,@-"#B 8"%<,<) <& #(? q .")-& (,@ )#@
               
$( ,")A" $")%3<#:B 6)-c) ,(A"@ $3" &%3((, )#@ %(00+#<$. ?3"-" &3" ?(-L"@B
W"A"-$3","&&5 &3" 3)& *""# "#Z(.<#: *"<#: )$ 3(0" ),, @). ?<$3 8"%<,<) )#@
3)&#F$ 0<&&"@ $")%3<#: )& 0+%3 )& &3" $3(+:3$ &3" ?(+,@B !3" )#@ 6)-<( &G"#$
              
*<$ ?(--<"@5 ?(#@"-<#: 3(? 8"%<,<) ?<,, )@)G$ $( 3"- .(+#:"- *-($3"- (- &<&$"-B
               
#)GG<#: )#@ &,""G<#: &%3"@+,"B 6)-c) )#@ 6)-<( 3)A" $),L"@ ?<$3 8"%<,<) )*(+$
3"- 3)A<#: ) #"? *-($3"- (- &<&$"-B
&<&$"-B 6)-c) 3)& 0)@" C-<"#@& ?<$3 ($3"- ?(0"# <#
$3" #"<:3*(-3((@ ?3( ),&( 3)A" .(+#: %3<,@-"#B E$ 3)& *""# #<%" C(- 6)-c) $(
$),L ?<$3 ($3"- ?(0"# ?3( 3)A" :(#" $3-(+:3 &<0<,)- &<$+)$<(#&B

9:U
8510UQ

P; mF'(' F#8' H#(&+ #1- H#(># 5''1 $&8&1=d

T; W+b $+1= F#8' 4F': 5''1 $&8&1= 4F'('d
Q; mF#4 -+'3 H#(&+ -+ *+( b+(ad
V; W+b $+1= F#3 H#(&+ 5''1 4'#/F&1= #4 F&3 3/F++$d
]; mF#4 =(#-' $'8'$ -&- H#(># 4'#/Fd
f; W+b $+1= -&- 3F' 4'#/Fd
[; mF: -&- H#(># %"&4 4'#/F&1=d
8. Why was it difcult for her to leave teaching?
Z; mF#4 &3 H#(># -+&1= 1+bd
10. How old is their rst child?
PP; mF: &3 H#(># b+((&'-d
PT; W+b &3 H#(># #-#.4&1= #3 # ,+4F'(d
PQ; mF#4 F#3 H#(># 5''1 -+&1= &1 +(-'( 4+ #-#.4 4+ F'( 1'b $&*' /F#1='d

&0([Go:5411#;"1

 C;7V99
 C;7V99 9425" #$ #"1#<4 ;7$ Y4 >23; 2 523;
`+ ='4 4F' 5#$$ (+$$&1= K((#1/#(2 ',.'7#(
D2E4 #$ 421@ f;>; 2 :;>;
<$''. +1 &4 !+136$4#$+ /+1 $# #$,+F#-#
F4$ 32>E $; @;7 $;=;55;S D4 <#58 29P; =2m2"2
`+ a1+b 34F $&a' 4F' 5#/a +* :+"( F#1- <#5'( #$=+ /+,+ $# .#$,# -' 4" ,#1+
D; P#I4 2 H2"< G>H25 7"2 =2";
`+ 5' #$$ '#(3 <'( 4+-+ +>-+3
K$V1 299 #" @;75 H42< A;" #=2P#"2>#;"41 $7@21
A+1h4 $'4 &4 =+ 4+ :+"( F'#- w"' 1+ 3' 4' 3"5# # $# /#5'7#
aH454 254 @;7 H42<4<X WR <O"<4 I21X
`+ .#33 4F' 5"/a @3/"((&( '$ 5"$4+
D; >2$>H 13 54<[H2"<4< f#9925 2 29P7#4" >;" 921 =2";1 4" 92 =212
`F' '#($: 5&(- /#4/F'3 4F' b+(, K$ %"' ,#-("=#2 A&+3 $' #:"-#
G259@ $; 34< 2"< 4259@ $; 5#14Q =2E41 2 =2"
R9 674 =2<57P2Q Y#;1 94 2@7<2
H429$H@Q S429$H@ 2"< S#14

9:<
 8510UQ

&&([?453
&&([?453 ?;>237925@
?;>2379 25@

i;S45#"P 13V1 H2"< h2B25 92 =2";

N#&3&1= 35h3 F#1- D'8#14#( $# ,#1+
A7" #1 5#1#"P G9 1;9 41$N 129#4"<;
M#/a&1= ". A#( ,#(/F# #4(n3
Y#PP#"P 2 H;94 ^2>45 7" 2P7B45;
A(&..&1=   k+4'#(
h944<#"P   A2"P525
<1+(&1=   N+1/#(
h4PP#"P   k;P25
m(#..&1=   @18+$8'(

&*([G"$;"2>#O"( f5N>$#>2 >;" k#$=;

`' -'?#,+3 #%"> ,n3 *(#3'3 .#(# %"' .(#/4&%"'3 /+1 (&4,+; <' 4(#4# -' -#(
=+$.'3 /+1 '$ .&' '1 '$ 3"'$+2 + 5&'1 /+1 $# ,#1+ '1 $# ,'3#; E14'14# '1*#4&7#(
$#3 .#$#5(#3 -' /+14'1&-+2 '3 -'/&(2 $#3 %"' #.#('/'1 '1 ,#:63/"$#32 %"'
3"'$'1 3'( 1+,5('3 + 8'(5+3;

JGBD @( .(+ DG&RY =  = 

E ?)& DG&RY <#:<#: $( @B\ 
@B\  ?(+,@
 ?(+,@ *" !X?BD C(- ) JBKY 
JG?X?  &3(+,@
 &3(+,@ ?" !P= 
E$F& ) JPR@"-@+, @B\ @B\  C(-
 C(- ) JBKY <# $3" ABXY 
JG?R &3(+,@ ?" K?B'? =
EF,, *" X?B@. )& .PPR )& E E&R4&3 0.  JPXY 
 JPXY 
 U-" .(+
.(+ DBKY&R! $( Q? =  = 
EF,, *" DBKY <#:
<#: $( \P[ ?3"# E E&R<&3 $3<& ZP9

9:F
 ^JE`UR
&([f5N>$#>2 <4 I453;1 #554P792541
!+,+ /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('32 '3 &,.+(4#14' %"' 4#,5&p1 4'1'( 3+$4"(#
/+1 $+3 &(('="$#('32 '34+ '32 $# /+1?"=#/&01 : .(+1"1/&#/&01 /+(('/4# 4&'1'
%"' 3'( #"4+,n4&/#2 4#14+ /+1 $+3 8'(5+3 -'$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' /+,+ /+1 $+3
.#(4&/&.&+3 -' $+3 4&',.+3 .'(*'/4+3 XO('3'14' : O#3#-+Y; K /+14&1"#/&01
F#: "1# $&34# -' ,n3 8'(5+3 1"'8+3 : 3" /+1?"=#/&01 -'$ O#3#-+ <&,.$';
O#(# %"' #3&,&$'3 '34+3 8'(5+3 ,n3 *n/&$,'14' F',+3 #B#-&-+ #%"> 3+$+ '$
O#3#-+ <&,.$'2 : '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+ $+ 8'(n3 '1 '$ ."14+ VSc<+ *#(e #1-
c1'8'(e (+"4&1'3;

1S44:   1S4:$   325545

-('#,   -('#,4   3+B#(
T544J4   T5;J4   >;"P4925
3F'-   3F'-   .'(-'(
1S425   1S;54   B7525
3b&,   3b#,   1#-#(
<52S   <54S   <#37B25
*+(5&-   *+(5#-   .(+F&5&(
H2"P   H7"P   >;9P25
3F++4   3F+4   -&3.#(#(
1#"E   12"E   H7"<#5
b&1-   b+"1-   3'(.'14'#(
H#<4 H#<   41>;"<45
3$&-'   3$&-   -'3$&7#(
$425   $;54   521P25
5'#(   5+('   3+.+(4#(
1:#99   1:#9$   <4552=25
3.&4   3.#4   '3/".&(
1$5#E4   1$57>E   P;9:425
5$''-   5$'-   3#1=#(
T44< T4<   29#=4"$25
,&34#a'   ,&34++a   /+1*"1-&(
1:#"   1:2"   P#525
34(&8'   34(+8'   '3*+(7#(3'
1"42E   1"7>E   41>755#514
5(''-   5('-   .(+/('#(
E"449   E"49$   255;<#992514
 8510UR

*([?453;1 54P792541( k4:21; :5;"7">#2>#O"

!+,+ 5&'1 3#5',+32 #"1%"' $+3 8'(5+3 ('="$#('3 '1 O#3#-+ <&,.$' 3'
X#B#-&'1-+  2"@4 #$ 8'(5+ 5#3'Y2 4&'1'1 4('3 .(+1"1/&#/&+1'3
*+(,#1 &="#$'3 X#B#-&'1-+ 2"@4
-&34&14#3 %"' 3+1  V$V5
 V$V5 V@V
@V55 : j'-j; g# F',+3 .(#/4&/#-+ /+1 $#3 4('3
.(+1"1/&#/&+1'32 .+( $+ %"' '1 '34' ."14+ 1+3 /'14(#(',+3 '1 .(+-"/&(
$# .(+1"1/&#/&01 /+(('/4# /+1 #=&$&-#-; @$ +5?'4&8+ '3 .+-'( .(+-"/&( $#
.(+1"1/&#/&01 /+(('/4# -' *+(,# #"4+,n4&/#2 $+ /"#$ $$'8# ,"/F# .(n/4&/#;

R"1S45 R"1S454< L<L 

K3a K3a'- j4j 
R<< R<<4<   L4<L 
K((&8' K((&8'- j-j 
Z;;E Z;;E4< L$L 
K44'1- K44'1-'-   j'-j 
Z299 Z2994< L<L 
A#1/' A#1/'- j-j 
R$$52>$ R$$52>$4<   L4<L 
!F#1=' !F#1='- j4j 
^49: ^49:4< L$L 
K8+&- K8+&-'-  j'-j 
Z942" Z942"4< L<L 
q&1&3F q&1&3F'-  j4j 
Z;"$2>$ Z;"$2>$4<   L4<L 
!$+3' !$+3'-  j-j 
Z542$4 Z542$4<   L4<L 
@9.$#&1 @9.$#&1'-  j-j 
i;;E i;;E4<  L$L 
@9&34 @9&34'-   j'-j 
^2::4" ^2::4"4< L<L 
`#$a `#$a'- j4j 

9::
8510UR

K"1#1$ K"1#1$4<   L4<L 

D&34'1 D&34'1'-  j-j 
a29E a29E4< L$L 
@9.'/4 @9.'/4'-   j'-j 
f92@ f92@4< L<L 
O(+,&3' O(+,&3'- j-j 
K"I#$4 K"I#$4<   L4<L 
N#&3' N#&3'-  j-j 
f71H f71H4< L$L 
D#34 D#34'-   j'-j 

-([k4:21; <4 I453;1 #554P792541 :54I#;1

@/F# "1 8&34#7+ # $# $&34# -' 8'(5+3 # /+14&1"#/&01; <' 4(#4# -' "1#
('/+.&$#/&01 -' 4+-+3 $+3 8'(5+3 &(('="$#('3 %"' F',+3 8&34+ F#34# #F+(#
'1 1"'34(+ ,p4+-+; N'/"'(-# %"' $+ ,n3 &,.+(4#14' '3 $# #=&$&-#- '1 3"
"3+2 : $# /+(('/4# .(+1"1/&#/&01; O+( '?',.$+C

H")%3T
I( "#&"hR G"-( $N #( "#&"h)&$"
"#&"h)& $" E $)+:3$ *+$ .(+ @<@#F$ $")%3
 7[#&"h)&$"= D<@ .(+ $")%3= 

<' 4(#4# -' %"'2 # ,#1'(# -' ('.#3+2 4(#5#?'3 /+1 4+-+3 "3#1-+ '34#
fórmula, y así trabajamos armación, negación y pregunta.

N'/"'(-# 4#,5&p1 4(#5#?#( '$ O#(4&/&.&+ O#3#-+2 "3#1-+ $#3 ("4&1#3 %"' :#
-' #"A"-  :
/+1+/'3 -' #"A"-  : &( C)- ;

EFA" #"A"- $)+:3$

EFA" #"A"- $3-(?# $3)$YB"$%

9:H
 8510UR

$42>H $27PH$ $27PH$

4F(+b 4F('b 4F(+b1
>2$>H >27PH$ >27PH$
,#a' ,#-' ,#-'
<5#I4 <5;I4 <5#I4"
"1-'(34#1- "1-'(34++- "1-'(34++-
9;14 9;1$ 9;1$
b&1 b+1 b+1
T299 T499 T2994"
=&8' =#8' =&8'1
$2E4 $;;E $2E4"
5'=&1 5'=#1 5'="1
<5#"E <52"E <57"E
*''$ *'$4 *'$4
S5#$4 S5;$4 S5#$$4"
('#- ('#- ('#-
H2I4 H2< H2<
b'#( b+(' b+(1
1944: 194:$ 194:$
$'#8'   ,"C$   $'*4
$499   $;9< $;9<
5(&1= 5(+"=F4 5(+"=F4
:7$ :7$ :7$
F+$- F'$- F'$-
34 S21LS454 344"
3.'#a 3.+a' 3.+a'1
P; S4"$ P;"4
/+,' /#,' /+,'
<; <#< <;"4
='4 =+4 =+44'1
1$2"< 1$;;< 1$;;<

9:Q
8510UR

1#$ 12$ 12$

(&-' (+-' (&--'1
42$ 2$4 42$4"
b#a' b+a' b+a'1
nd T;7"< T;7"<
3'$$ 3+$- 3+$-
57" 52" 57"
='4 ". =+4 ". =+44'1 ".
39;S 394S   39;S"
5('#a 5(+a'   5(+a'1
37#9< 37#9$ 37#9$
5": 5+"=F4 5+"=F4
>H;;14 >H;14 >H;14"
/+34 /+34 /+34
>7$ >7$ >7$
ght   C(+:3$ *+"=F4
y ew own
*+(='4 *+(=+4 *+(=+44'1
P5;S P54S   P5;S"
F'#( F'#(- F'#(-
H75$   H75$ H75$
a''. a'.4 a'.4
E";S E"4S E";S"
,''4 ,'4 ,'4
94"< 94"$ 94"$
$'4 $'4 $'4
=42" =42"$ =42"$
%"&4 %"&4   %"&4

9:R
 8510UR

(&1=   (#1=   ("1=

5#14   5;14   5#14"
3'' 3#b   3''1
14"<   14"$   14"$
3'4 3'4 3'4
1$429   1$;94   1$;94"
4F&1a   4F+"=F4   4F+"=F4
1H5#"E   1H52"E   1H57"E
3F#a'   3F++a   3F#a'1
<#P <7P <7P
$&' $#:   $#&1
92@   92#<   92#<
5'#4   5'#4   5'#44'
34"<   34"$   34"$
34&/a   34"/a   34"/a
144E   1;7PH$   1;7PH$
5&4' 5&4   5&44'1
T;5P#I4   T;5P2I4   T;5P#I4"
34&1a   34#1a   34"1a

,[_A; T25` 2"< _"4I45` 5;7$#"41

g# /+1+/',+3 '34#3 ("4&1#3 %"' ('%"&'('1 %"' "4&$&/',+3 '$ O('3'14'
O'(*'/4+2 : .+( $+ 4#14+ $+3 .#(4&/&.&+3 -'$ ,&3,+; K /+14&1"#/&01 F#: "1#
$&34# -' $+3 1"'8+3 8'(5+3 : 3"3 .#(4&/&.&+3 ('3.'/4&8+3; q&?#(+32 #$="1+3
8'(5+3 3' %"'-#1 &="#$ %"' '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$'2 ,&'14(#3 +4(+3 /#,5&#1;

9H=
8510UR

h214 T;5= f21$ :25$#>#:94

3b''.   3b'.4
-('#,   -('#,4
*(''7'   *(+7'1
3F'-   3F'-
3b'#(   3b+(1
3b&,   3b",
-(#b   -(#b1
*+(5&-   *+(5&--'1
F#1=   F"1=
3F++4   3F+4
3&1a   3"1a
b&1-   b+"1-
F&-'   F&--'1
3$&-'   3$&-
4'#(   4+(1
3.&$$   3.&$4
3.&4   3.#4
34(&a'   34("/a
5$''-   5$'-
*''- *'-
,&34#a'   ,&34#a'1
3.&1   3."1
34(&8'   34(&8'1
31'#a   31"/a
5(''-   5('-
a1''$   a1'$4

 l'#,+3 "1+3 '?',.$+3; O(#/4&/# -' '34# ,#1'(# /+1 4+-+3 $+3 8'(5+3 -' $#
$&34#; `' -#(n 3+$4"(#2 : '$ /+14'94+ -' $# *(#3' 4' #:"-#(n # %"' $+3 ."'-#3
"3#( /+1 #=&$&-#- '1 $# 8&-# ('#$; @34# '3 "1# ,": 5"'1# .(n/4&/#2 ,"/F+
,'?+( %"' '$ #.('1-'($+3 -' ,#1'(# 4(#-&/&+1#$ /+1 "1# $&34#C *-")L5 *-(L"5
*-(L"#5 "$%

9H9
 8510UR

L .( 8#" 
               
,)&$ ?""LB
             

>(? 0)#. G<%$+-"& @<@ .(+ @-)? ,)&$ ?""L= E @<@#F$ @-)? )#. G<%$+-"& ,)&$ ?""LB
Y )#@ &( C)- $3<& ?""L= E 3)A"#F$ @-)?# )#. G<%$+-
G<%$+-"&
"& &( C)- $3<& ?""LB

v4'1 /"&-#-+ -' 1+ -'/&( #1: .&/4"('~;;'3+ 3'(&# c1#-# -' -&5"?+e; N'/"'(-# %"' #1: /+1
/+14#5$'3 3&',.(' 8# '1 .$"(#$;

L R/5/" 
K3"# @<@ .(+ ,)&$ *,""@ 3"-"= EFA" #"A"- *,"@ 3"-"B

K3"# ?)& $3" ,)&$ $<0" .(+ @-"? ) G<%$+-" <# $3<& %,)&&= EFA" #"A"- @-)?# )
G<%$+-" <# $3<& %,)&&B

/([aH2$ <;41 H4 9;;E 9#E4X aH2$ #1 H4 9#E4X aH2$ #1 #$ 9#E4 $;(((X

@34#3 '9.('3&+1'3 /+1 ,<L" 
,<L"  /"'34#1 5#34#14' -' #3&,&$#(; J+ 4#14+ '1
/+,.('1-'(2 3&1+ 4#,5&p1 : 3+5(' 4+-+ '1 "3#($#3 /+1 #=&$&-#- '1 '$
,+,'14+ 1'/'3#(&+;

SK((> ,4>/F G)-) )G)-<"#%<) Cc&<%)

K3)$ @("& 3" ,((L ,<L"= 78Q0( "& ", Cc&<%)0"#$"= 

SD( */ ,4>/F i)-) %)-)%$"-c&$<%)&

%)-)%$"-c&$<%)& @" G"-&(#),<@)@
K3)$ <& 3" ,<L"= 78Q0( "& R,= 
K3)$ <& <$ ,<L" $(YC
$(Y C '34# '9.('3&01 '3 /+,.$&/#-#2 ."'3 3&(8' .#(# .('="14#(
/0,+ '3 #$=+2 $# -'3/(&./&01 -' #$=+ %"' 1+ 3' /+1+/';

q>?#4'C
 78Q0( 3) <@( ,) %,)&"=
%,)&"= >(? ?)& $3" %,)&&= 
 78Q0( "& )G-"#@"-
)G-"#@"- %3<#(= K3)$ <& <$ ,<L" $( ,")-# 83<#"&"= 

9HU
8510UR

D# .(&,'(# '3 .#(# .('="14#( 3+5(' #$=+ %"' :# /+1+/',+3; D# 3'="1-# '3
.#(# .'-&( -'3/(&./&01 -' #$=+ %"' 1+ /+1+/',+3; @$ .(+5$',# 1+3 8&'1'
-'$ '3.#B+$2 %"' '1 #,5+3 /#3+3 3' "3# /0,+;

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

WZO=; 41 R"2 T\1#>2=4"$4X aH2$ <;41 R"2 9;;E 9#E4X

s!0,+ 3+1 '$$+3 *>3&/#,'14'd
WZO=; 41 89 <4 :451;"29#<2<X
s!0,+ 3+1 '$$+3 -' /#(n/4'(d
WZO=; 41 I#I#5 4" ZH#"2X
s!0,+ '3 '3+d
WZO=; 41 412 "74I2 >9214X
s!0,+ F# &-+ $# /$#3' F+:d
WZO=; 41 >;"<7>#5 7" e45525#X
e45525#X
s!0,+ 8# 4" /+/F'd
mF#4 -+ 4F': $++a $&a'd
aH2$ #1 H4 9#E4X
mF#4 #(' 4F': $&a'd
aH2$ #1 #$ 9#E4 $; 9#I4 #" ZH#"2X
mF#4 &3 &4 $&a'd
aH2$ #1 $H2$ "4S >9211 9#E4X
W+b b#3 4F' /$#33 4+-#:d
aH2$ #1 #$ 9#E4 $; <5#I4 2 e45525#X
W+b &3 :+"( /#( ("11&1=d

'([h4>2714 ;TQ <74 $;

@" ;
Ambas expresiones signican @"*<@( ) ( %(0( %(#&"%+"#%<)5 ( ) %)+&) @";
`'1',+3 3&1 ',5#(=+ "1# ('=$#C

S D+" $(T 8#
$(T 8# 3&',.(' 4(#3 '$ 8'(5+ $( *"B
S ^"%)+&" (CT 1+ 3' "3# 4(#3 '$ 8'(5+ $( *";
*";

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

G1$232 $5#1$4 2 >2712 <49 =29
$#4=:;
`"8&,+3 .(+5$',#3 .+( $# *#$4#
-' -&1'(+
A4 5;=:#O :;5 H2345
<4=21#2<2 $4"1#O"
@34"8&,+3 #$$> # /#"3# -'$ ,#$
4&',.+
K S21 12< <74 $; $H4 32<
S42$H45
m' F#- .(+5$',3 5'/#"3' +*
+"( $#/a +* ,+1':
K$ S21 35;E4" 34>2714 ;T
$H454 34#"P $;; =7>H $4"1#;"
m' b'(' 4F'(' -"' 4+ 4F' 5#-
b'#4F'(

9H<
 8510UR

)([R$ 299
Esta es una estructura muy fácil de entender. Signica "# )*&(,+$(5 
)*&(,+$(5  : 3"
"3+ 3' .#('/' # /0,+ 3' "3# 3" '%"&8#$'14' '1 '3.#B+$; @/F# "1 +?+ # $+3
'?',.$+3 -' -'5#?+;
G" 231;97$; 2$ 299
J#-# '1 #53+$"4+ J+4F&1= #4 #$$
U; H2398 "2<2 <4 K <#<"V$ 1:42E G"P9#1H
#"P981 2$ 299

+([^755@ 2"< 571H

@34+3 -+3 8'(5+3 3+1 ,": /+,"1'3 '1 '$ "3+ -'$ -># # -># '1 &1=$p3; @/F# "1
8&34#7+ # $#3 *(#3'3 -' -'5#?+ : .(#/4&/#;

\ >+--. 
D4"P; :5#12 KV= #" 2 H755@
{A#4' .(&3#| W"((: ".|
U; H2@ :5#12 U; H755@
An$'3 .(&3# W"((: 4F',

\ X+&3
D4"P; :5#12 KV= #" 2 571H
l# /+1 .(&3# W'h3 ("3F&1=
i2 H;52 :7"$2 DH4 571H H;75

.([fH52129 ?4531
S !/1 *#)>F A(,A"- ), ,+:)- @" -"&<@"#%<)5 -"%+G"-)-

aH4" 254 @;7 P4$$#"P 32>E

WZ7N"<; I749I41 2 G1:2m2X
$; A:2#"X
E F+.'
F+.' E /#1 ='4
='4 5#/a &14+
@3.'(+ .+-'( ('/".'(#( ,& *+(,#
3F#.'

9HF
8510UR

S !/1 40; </1 (+1 (8F  "#$-)-5 &),<- 

G"$52 4" 49 >;>H4 F4$ #"$; $H4 >25
l"'$8' # 3#$&( k'4 5#/a +"4

S !/1 (5/"F &+G"-)- V (,A<@)-&"5 -"%+G"-)- @"

i; 17:4525N1 C;7V99 P4$ ;I45 #$
I$8>-#$+ k'4 +8'( &4
G1:45; 674 $4 54>7:4541 :5;"$; <49
K H;:4 @;7 P4$ ;I45 @;75 >;9< 1;;"
541T5#2<;

S !/1 1="(+<=F &+G"-)- O+# $<"0G( @<Cc%<, 09& "@+%)@( @", )#$"-<(-P5 %(0+#<%)-
%(# OG(- $",RC(#(P5 3)%"-&" %(0G-"#@"- 

A8 674 :;<8#1 17:4525 41$4 $#4=:; <#T\>#9
¿Has podido comunicar con la ocina?
U4>41#$; H2>45941 >;=:54"<45 674 "; 41 21\ 
`&'1'3 %"' #5(&($' 3"3 +?+3
K E";S $H2$ @;7 >2" P4$ $H5;7PH $H#1 H25< $#=4
Were you able to get through to the ofce?
K "44< $; P4$ $H5;7PH $; $H4= $H2$ #$V1 ";$ 9#E4
$H2$
g+" F#8' 4+ ='4 4F(+"=F 4+ F'(

S !/1 +6; 7#>/ +6F ,"A)#$)-&"5 @"&G"-$)-&"

M4 <41:45$8 2 921 ) @ =4 94I2"$8
K S;E4 7: 2$ )Q 2"< P;$ 7: 2$ +
2 921 +

S T#,, (88; )#,, (0

8),, (CCT %)#%",)- 
8),, (#T G-":+#$)- 

D4"4=;1 674 >2">4925 92 a4 H2I4 $; >299 ;TT $H4

547"#O" =44$#"P
O('="14# # 8#(&+3 #$",1+3 '1
8),, (# &"A"-), &$+@"#$& <# %,)&&
/$#3'

9HG
 8510UR

S T#1)= (0F %)G$)- V G<,,)-5 G(#"-&" @" 0(@)

G1;1 "#m;1 :#992" 921 >;121 DH;14 >H#9<54" >2$>H ;" $;
5N:#<; $H#"P1 67#>E9@
b) %)#%<Q# &" G+&( @" 0(@) ", @c) H3" &(#: %)+:3$ (# $3" @). <$
;+" "&$-"#Q %)0" (+$

S T#1)= +6 741= O (0F -"%+G"-)-5 +#<-&"5 ;+"@)-&" "0*(*)@(5 G(#"-&" ), @c) V

%(#$)-&"
i74P; =4 B7"$; >;" I;1;$5;1
`'1=+ %"' ('/".'(#( ,"/F+
M4 674<8 4=3;32<; 94@4"<;
`'1',+3 ,"/F+ %"' /+14#(1+3
A# $4 54$52121Q $4"<5N1 674 54>7:4525
KV99 >2$>H 7: S#$H @;7 P7@1 92$45
E 3)A" ) ,($ $( %)$%3 +G (#
K P;$ >27PH$ 7: 542<#"P
K" 3)A" ) ,($ $( %)$%3 +G (#
KT @;7 T299 34H#"<Q @;7V99 H2I4 $; >2$>H 7:

&0([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;"
!)#@-) ?(L" +G C-(0 )#($3"- #<:3$0)-" @-"#%3"@ <# &?")$ )#@ 3"- 3")-$
G(+#@<#: <# 3"- %3"&$B !3" @-")0$ &3" ?)& &?<00<#: <# ) ,)L"B U& &3" 0)@" ,)G&
)-(+#@ $3" ,)L"5 $3" ,)L" *"%)0" &0),,"- )#@ &0),,"-B !3" $3"# &$)-$"@ &<#L<#:
$( $3" *($$(0B !)#@-) ?(L" +G )& &3" 3<$ $3" *($$(0 (C $3" ,)L"B !3" 3)@ *""#
3)A<#: $3" &)0" @-")0 (A"- $3" ,)&$ &"A"-), 0(#$3&B !)#@-) Z+&$ *":)# 3"- #"?
G(&<$<(# )& G-<#%<G), (C b<#%(,#?). [,"0"#$)-. !%3((, <# ^)$)A<)5 E,,<#(<&B !3"
$3(+:3$ &3" ?)& :"$$<#: $3" 3)#: (C 3"- #"? G(&<$<(#B !3" 3)& &G"#$ ) ,($ (C $<0"
C(&$"-<#: -",)$<(#&3<G& *"$?""# $3" $")%3"-& )#@ C)0<,<"& (C $3" &%3((,B ^"C(-"
&3" $((L $3<& Z(*5 &3" ?)& ) u$3 :-)@" $")%3"- C(- qn .")-& <# $3" &)0" *+<,@<#:B
!3" @"%<@"@ $( )GG,. C(- $3" G-<#%<G), G(&<$<(# <# 3"- &%3((,5 ),-")@. 3)A<#: )
%(##"%$<(# ?<$3 0)#. (C $3" C)0<,<"&B 6)#. (C !)#@-)F& %(,,"):+"& 3)@ $(,@
3"- $3)$ &3" 3)@ $3" -<:3$ G"-&(#),<$. $( *" )# "CC"%$<A" ,")@"- <# $3"<- &%3((,B
!)#@-) <& 3)-@ ?(-L<#:5 %)-<#:5 )#@ 0)L"& @"%<&<(#& ?<$3 $3" *"&$ <#$"-"&$& (C
$3" &$+@"#$& )#@ $")%3"-& <# 0<#@B !)#@-) 3)& *""# +#@"- ) ,($ (C &$-"&& <# 3"-
             
<& )*," $( &,""G5 &3" 3)& #<:3$0)-"&B H( -",<"A" 3"- &$-"&&5 (- ?<#@ @(?# )C$"- $3"
?(-L@).5 !)#@-) :("& C(- ) ,(#: -+#B

9H:
8510UR

P; W#3 <#1-(# 5''1 3$''.&1= b'$$ $#4'$:d mF:jbF:

mF:jbF: 1+4d
T; mF#4 b#3 <#1-(#h3
<#1-(#h3 1&=F4,#(' #5+"4d
Q; mF: F#3 3F' 5''1 F#8&1= 1&=F4,#('3d
V; mF#4 &3 F'( 1'b .+3&4&+1d
]; mF#4 -&- <#1-(# -+ 5'*+(' 4F&3 ?+5d
f; mF: -&- 3F' b#14 4+ 5'/+,' 4F' .(&1/&.#$d
[; W+b &3 <#1-(# #-#.4&1= 4+ F'( $'#-'(3F&. .+3&4&+1d
\; mF#4 &3 3F' $&a'd XW+b b+"$- :+" -'3/(&5' F'( .'(3+1#$&4:dY
Z; E3 3F' F#(-Sb+(a&1=d
PU; A+'3 <#1-(# ='4 34('33'- +"4 &1 F'( 1'b .+3&4&+1d
PP; W+b -+'3 3F' ('$&'8' F'( 34('33d

&&([Go:5411#;"1
D; $41$ $H4 S2$45
K(' :+" ". *+( &4d
D; "2#9 1;=4$H#"P
mF#4h3 4F' /#4/Fd
K$V1 2 1=299 S;59<
K1 #..$' # -#: a''.3 4F' -+/4+(
#b#:
aH2$ H4 12@1Q P;41
`F#4h3 # 1+ 5(#&1'(
^4V1 299 325E 2"< "; 3#$4
J+ .#&1 1+ =#&1
 C;7V99
 C;7V99 P4$ ;I45 #$
D'4h3 ='4 &4 +8'( b&4F
D; P; 7: $H4 S299
`+ -(&8' 3+,'5+-: ". 4F' b#$$
D; P; 3299#1$#>
?45 :;5 <O"<4 I2" 9;1 $#5;1
@34#( -&3."'34+
Z92I25 29P;
sA01-' '34n '$ 4("/+d
G9 =7"<; 41 7" :2m749;
^1# ,#17#1# #$ ->#2 '$ ,p-&/+ 4'
#F+((#(>#
i; 674 <#>4 I2 2 =#12
J+ 4&'1' ,&34'(&+ j A'/&3&01 +58&#
f455; 92<52<;5 :;>; =;5<4<;5
`+-+ /"'34# '3*"'(7+
i; 17:4525N1
{l'1=#2
{l'1=#2 F#=n,+3$+ -' "1# 8'7|
A73#514 :;5 921 :254<41 b4"T2<;d
W#/'( %"' #$="&'1 3' 3"5# .+( $#3
.#('-'3
G"T2<2514 b4o:541#O" 2"$#>72<2d

9HH
 8510UR

&*([?453
&*([?453 ?;>237925@
?;>2379 25@
A7554"<45#"P   k4"<#514
Overowing <#$&(3' X#="#2 (&+32 '4/Y
!"S52::#"P   Y414"I;9I45
K(="&1=   A&3/"4&(
Y52PP#"P   R5521$525
A:&1=   `'B&(
k7" #"$; G">;"$52514 >;"
D'44&1= +** 4F' .#33'1='( A'?#( # "1 .#3#?'(+
f7$ 2S2@Q :#>E 7:   k4>;P45
q#$$ 5'F&1-2 a''. ". N'4(#3#(3'2 #$/#17#(

&-([G"$;"2>#O"( i2 >;"$52>>#O" <4 S;79<

@34' '?'(/&/&+ '3 30$+ .#(# ('/+(-#(4' $# /+14(#//&01 -' ?(+,@5 %"'
?(+,@5 %"' '3 {@B
'3 {@B
a;79< @;7 P;X C41Q Kt< P;
m+"$- F' 4#a' &4d g'32 F'•- 4#a' &4
a;79< 1H4 34 $H454X C41Q 1H4V< 34 $H454
m+"$- E $&a' &4d g'32 :+"h- $&a' &4

&,([f5;"7">#2>#O"( h#$4Q 3#$Q 342$

@34#3 .#$#5(#3 3+1 '3.'/&#$,'14' /+1*"3#3 .#(# $+3 '34"-&#14'3;

^<$" V*)<$V 0(-@"- 

^")$ V*<<$V :(,G")-5 :)#)- 
^<$ V*"$V 0(-@c5 $-(%<$(

-Trabaja primero en pronunciación y signicado:

U; =4 =745<21 Y;"V$ 3#$4 =4
`&'1'3 %"' =+$.'#($+ g+" F#8' 4+ 5'#4 &4
!" :;67#$; R 9#$$94 3#$

9HQ
8510UR

S!+,5>1#$#3 .(&,'(+ '1 '$ O('3'14'C

U; $4 I;@ 2 =;5<45 27"674 =4 KV= ";$ P;#"P $; 3#$4

3 #$4 @;7 4I4" #T
P2"41 @;7 342$ =4
<& ,' =#1#2 1+ $' ,+(-'(p "1 .+/+ E* F' 5'#43 ,'2 E b+1h4 5&4' F&, # 5&4

S!+,5>1#$#3 '1 '$ O#3#-+ : O('3'14' O'(*'/4+C

^<$" *<$ *<$$"#
^")$ *")$ *")$"#

i4 P2"8 @ =4 =;5<#O K 342$ H#= 2"< H4 3#$ =4

s`' =#10 + 4' ,+(-&0d D<@ 3" *")$ .(+5 (- @<@ 3" *<$" .(+= 
D4 =;5<#O 7" :;67#$; :;5674 94 ^4 3#$ @;7 2 3#$ 34>2714 @;7 342$
P2"21$4 H#=
`' ,+(-> "1 .+%"&4+ E 5&4 :+" # 5&4

`("/+3 -' .(+1"1/&#/&01C

W+#%) ," 3" 0(-@<@( EFA" #"A"- *<$$"# 3<0B
 V*R-"#VB
 V*R-"#VB H-<%LT
H-<%LT *"-"#Z"#)

W+#%) ," 3" :)#)@( EFA" #"A"- *")$"# 3<0B

 V*<-"#VB
 V*<-"#VB H-<%LT
H-<%LT A<-"#

S@94(# 5+1"3C H( *"$

R:741$; 7" :;>; 2 674 $4 =;5<#O >72"<;

K 34$ 2 3#$ H4 3#$ @;7 SH4" @;7 342$ H#=
94 P2"21$4

9HR
 R7<#; <41>25P2394
N'/"'(-# -'3/#(=#(4' : '3/"/F#( '$ #"-&+ ,.Q %"' /+14&'1' '34' $&5(+;
#"P981Q /+1 /+14'1&-+ '94(#2 : -+1-' 4'
MN1 <4 &, H;521 <4 9;>7>#O" 4" #"P981Q /+1
-#,+3 $+3 ,'?+('3 4("/+3 -'$ Hp4+-+ g+"$%&';
SSS(27<#;19#35;1(@;7$29E;"9#"4(>;=
!$#8' -' -'3/#(=#C F\3f1?

9Q=
 ^JE`<=
&([M;5"#"P A4"$4">41( DH#"E M4o#>2" $4>H"#674
@34# '3 "1# 3'//&01 F'/F# .#(# ('/+(-#(4' %"' -'5'3 -' "3#( '$ O#3#-+
<&,.$' .#(# #//&+1'3 %"' +/"(('1 '1 '$ ,+,'14+ : %"' '34p1 #/#5#-#32
&1-'.'1-&'14','14' -' %"' +/"((#1 '1 '$ -># + 1+; O+( '3+ $# $$#,#,+3 $#
4p/1&/# H3<#L 6"`<%)#2
6"`<%)#2 ."'3 '3 $# *+(,# '1 %"' "3#1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' '1
'3' .#>3;

`(#-"/' $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'32 /+,+ 3& F"5&'3'1 +/"((&-+ F+:;

M4 H4 94I2"$2<; K P;$ 7:
W' &-+ # $# /+/&1# E ?"#$ $( $3" L<$%3"#
U; H4 >;=#<; "2<2 K <#<"V$ 42$ 2"@$H#"P
W' 5'5&-+ "1 8#3+ -' #="# E @-)#L ) :,)&& (C ?)$"- 
U; H4 #<; 2 $5232B25 K <#<"V$ P; $; S;5E
W' 8&34+ $# 4'$' E ?)$%3"@ H'B
U; H4 <#>H; "2<2 K <#<"V$ 12@ 2"@$H#"P
sW#3 8&34+ '3+d D<@ .(+ &"" $3)$= 
W^21 23#45$; $7 92 :745$2X Y#< @;7 ;:4" $H4 <;;5X

*([a2"$ 1;=4;"4 $;( f5N>$#>2 5N:#<2

W#/',+3 #%"> "1# (n.&-# ('8&3&01 -' '34# '34("/4"(# %"' 4#14+ 1+3 /"'34#;

S+<"-( ;+" A"#:)& E ?)#$ .(+ $( %(0"

.( +1+,5(' +5?'4+ .(+ :

<+5(' 4+-+ .('34# #4'1/&01 #$ .(+1+,5(' .(+ : 4#,5&p1 # $(2
$(2 %"' 8#
&1,'-&#4#,'14' -'3."p3;

Wl7#4541 674 H2394 #"P981X Y; @;7 S2"$ =4 $; 1:42E G"P9#1HX

sw"&'('3 %"' p$ F#5$' ,n3
-'3.#/&+d
Wl78 67#4541 674 H2P2"X b499;1d
w"&'(+ %"' 4' %"'-'3
l7#45; 674 14 674<4" b499;1d
A+ :+" b#14 F&, 4+ 4#$a 3$+b'(d
aH2$ <; @;7 S2"$ $H4= $; <;X
E b#14 :+" 4+ 34#:
K S2"$ $H4= $; 1$2@

9Q9
 8510<=

l7#454" 674 ";1 674<4=;1 DH4@ S2"$ 71 $; 1$2@

sO+( %"p %"&'('1 %"' 1+3 %"'-',+3d mF: -+ 4F': b#14 "3 4+ 34#:d
Wl78 67#454" 674 H2P2=;1X aH2$ <; $H4@ S2"$ 71 $; <;X

-([Z;"<#$#;"29 KK K"$5;
@$ !+1-&/&+1#$ EE2 + 4#,5&p1 $$#,#-+ !+1-&/&+1#$ '1 '$ O('3'14'2 3&(8' .#(#
'9.('3#( "1# 3&4"#/&01 F&.+4p4&/# '1 '$ ,+,'14+ '1 '$ %"' 3' -'3#((+$$# $#
#//&01;

!< ,) G+"-$) "&$+A<"-) %"--)@)5 ,) )*-<-c) EC $3" @((- ?"-"

?"-" %,(&"@5 E ?(+,@
?(+,@
(G"# <$

q>?#4'2 %"' -'3."p3 -' <C5

<C5 '1 $# .(&,'(# /$n"3"$#2 3&',.(' 8#,+3 # "3#( '$
8'(5+ '1 O#3#-+;

EC E 3)@YB
EC <$ -)<#"@YB

Eso simplica mucho las cosas, pues en español tenemos dos opciones (si
$$+8&'3'2 3& $$+8&'(#~Y;
$$+8&'(#~Y;

8'(5+  $( *"2
K-',n32 '$ 8'(5+  *"2 /+,+ "1# *+(,# -' &,&4#( '$ <"5?"14&8+2 3' "3#
3&',.(' '1 $# *+(,# ?"-"2
?"-"2 '1 .$"(#$;

EC E ?"-" .(+Y
EC <$ ?"-" -)<#<#:YB

@1 4+-+ /#3+2 ('/"'(-#C <C M &<0G," G)&$ M ?(+,@

9QU
8510<=

O(#/4&/# /+1 $#3 3&="&'14'3 *(#3'3C

A# 41$7I#452 4" M2<5#<Q $4 992=25\2
<& 4"8&'(# .(+5$',#32 1+ &(>#
A# >2"$2141Q 99;I45\2
<& 1+ F&/&'(# /#$+(2 4' $$#,#(>#
KT K S454 #" M2<5#<Q K S;79< >299 @;7
E* E F#- .(+5$',3 E b+"$-1h4 =+
KT @;7 12"PQ #$ S;79< 52#"
E* &4 b'('1
b'('1h4
h4 F+42 E b+"$- /#$$ :+"

,([Z;"<#$#;"29 KK( f5414"$2>#O" <4 9;1 - >;"<#>#;"2941

l#,+3 # -#($' "1 ('.#3+ # $+3 4('3 4&.+3 -' !+1-&/&+1#$'3 .(&,'(+C

8(#@<$<(#), ET EC <$F& 3($5 E ?<,, $)L" (CC 0. Z)%L"$B

8(#@<$<(#), EET EC <$ ?"-" 3($5 E ?(+,@ $)L" (CC 0. Z)%L"$B
8(#@<$<(#), EEET EC <$ 3)@ *""# 3($5 E ?(+,@ 3)A" $)L"# (CC 0. Z)%L"$B

!+1-&/&+1#$ E : EE +/"(('1 '1 '$ O('3'14'2 : '$ EEE +/"((' '1 '$ O#3#-+; @$
/+1-&/&+1#$ E '3 "1# 3&4"#/&01 #$=+ ,n3 *#/4&5$' + ('#$; Hn3 &1,'-&#4# :
.(+5#5$' %"' +/"((#;

!< 3)%" %),(-5 0" ;+<$)-R ,) %3);+"$) EC <$F& 3($5 EF,, $)L" (CC 0. Z)%L"$

D+3 !+1-&/&+1#$'3 EE : EEE 3+1 3&4"#/&+1'3 ,n3 F&.+4p4&/#32 '$ .(&,'(+ '1 '$
O('3'14' : '$ 3'="1-+ '1 '$ O#3#-+;

!+1-&/&+1#$ EE; W&.+4p4&/+ '1 '$ O('3'14';

!< 3<%<"-) %),(- 0" ;+<$)-c) ,) %3);+"$)B
EC <$ ?"-" 3($5 E ?(+,@ $)L" (CC 0. Z)%L"$B

!+1-&/&+1#$ EEE; W&.+4p4&/+ '1 '$ O#3#-+;

!< 3+*<"-) 3"%3( %),(- 0" 3+*<"-) ;+<$)@( ,) %3);+"$)B
EC <$ 3)@ *""# 3($5 E ?(+,@ 3)A" $)L"# (CC 0. Z)%L"$B

`' -'?#,+3 '34#3 *(#3'3 .#(# %"' .(#/4&%"'3 '$ !+1-&/&+1#$ EE; O('34#
-'  <C ;
#4'1/&01 # "3#( '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$' -'3."p3 -' <C 

9Q<
 8510<=

KT #$ S454 >;9<Q K S;79< :7$ ;" 2 :2#5 ;T

A# H#>#452 T5#;Q =4 :;"<5\2 7";1 P72"$41
P9;I41
<& 1+ 4"8&'(# -&1'(+2 1+ ,' /+,.(#(># "1 E* E -&-1h4 F#8' ,+1': E b+"$-1h4 5": #
/+/F' /#(
A# $7I#852=;1 =N1 $#4=:;Q H25\2=;1 =N1 KT S4 H2< =;54 $#=4Q S4 S;79< <;
>;121 =;54 $H#"P1
<& F"5&'3' ,n3 ='14'2 =#1#(>#,+3 ,n3 E* 4F'(' b'(' ,+(' .'+.$'2 b' b+"$-
-&1'(+ '#(1 ,+(' ,+1':
A# 9; :7<#452 >;=:525Q
>;=:525Q 9; >;=:525\2 KT K >;79< 37@ #$Q K S;79<
<& ."-&'(# 8'1&(2 8'1-(># E* E /+"$- /+,'2 E b+"$-
?4"<5\2 1# :7<#452 K S;79< >;=4 #T K >;79<
E(># # H#-(&- 3& 4"8&'(# %"' /+,.(#( "1
E b+"$- =+ 4+ H#-(&- &* E F#- 4+ 5": # /#(
/+/F'
D4 992=25\2 1# $7I#452 7" $498T;"; K S;79< >299 @;7 #T K H2< 2 :H;"4

5.-Special Verbs: meet and know

@34+3 -+3 8'(5+3 1+3 /#"3#1 5#34#14' /+1*"3&012 3+5(' 4+-+ .+(%"' '1
'3.#B+$ #,5+3 3' 4(#-"/'1 /+,+ %(#(%"- ;

<&1 ',5#(=+2 $( 0""$2

0""$2 F#/' ('*'('1/&# #$ ,+,'14+ '1 %"' 3' /+1+/' #
#$="&'12 : $( L#(?  se
 se reere más al tiempo que hace que conoces a alguien.
q"1/&+1# ',5#(=+2  $( 0""$2
q"1/&+1# ,n3 '1 '$ O('3'14' O'(*'/4+; <&1 ',5#(=+2 $( 0""$2 3"'$' *"1/&+1#(
,n3 '1 '$ O#3#-+ <&,.$';

H" %(#(%c ", )h( G)&)@( E 0"$ .(+ ,)&$ .")- 

H" %(#(e%( @"&@" 3)%" +# )h( EFA" L#(?# .(+ C(- ) .")- 

H( 0""$ se reere al momento en que se conoce a alguien.

E 0"$ .(+ <# d)#+)-. 

E 0"$ .(+ ,)&$ .")- 
E 0"$ .(+ ?3"# .(+ ?"-" G,).<#: <# ) *)#@

9QF
8510<=

H( L#(?  se
 se reere al tiempo que hace que conoces a alguien.

EFA" L#(?# .(+ C(- ) ,(#: $<0"

>(? ,(#: 3)A" .(+ L#(?# 6)-<)= 
K"FA" L#(?# ")%3 ($3"- C(- ) ,(#: $<0"

'([?453 $; =44$
8'(5+ $( 0""$2
@$ 8'(5+ $( 0""$2 #-',n3 -' /+1+/'( .+( .(&,'(# 8'72 4#,5&p1 4&'1' +4(+3
signicados que vamos a ver ahora.

K$V1 #=:;5$2"$ $; =44$ :4;:94 G1 #=:;5$2"$4 >;";>45 P4"$4

H' F' '1/+14(#-+ /+1 K$*+13+ -'
E ,'4 K$*+13+ +1 ,: b#: F'('
/#,&1+
a4V99 =44$ $;=;55;S l74<254=;1 =2m2"2
E b#14 :+" 4+ ,''4 H#(&# `' 8+: # .('3'14#( # H#(>#

)([R1 #T
 U& <C  '3
  '3 .#('/&-+ # ,<L"2
,<L"2 .'(+ '3 ,n3 F&.+4p4&/+; <&',.(' $' 3&="' '$ O#3#-+
<&,.$'; !+1 '$ 8'(5+ $( *"2 *"2 $' 3&="' ?"-";
?"-"; O(#/4&/# /+1 '34#3 *(#3'3C

^2J >;=; 1# "; 17:#4521 "2<2 Y; 21 #T @;7 <#<"V$ E";S 2"@$H#"P

u$ F#/' /+,+ %"' 1+ 3".&'3' /#14#(
M4 H2392" >;=; 1# T7452 7" "#m;
sJ+ /(''3 %"' F#5$# /+,+ 3& *"'(# "1
/"(#d
W' -+'3 #3 &* F' -&-1h4 a1+b F+b
4+ 3&1=
DH4@ $29E $; =4 21 #T K S454 2 E#<
A+1h4 :+" 4F&1a F' 4#$a3 #3 &* F'
b'(' # .(&'34d

+([?
+([?453; >245
g# 8&,+3 .('8&#,'14' $+3 8'(5+3 $( @-(G : $( C),,B K,5+3
C),,B K,5+3 3' 4(#-"/>#1 .+(
/#'( '1 '3.#B+$; l#,+3 # 8'( #F+(# '$ ('34+ -' #/'./&+1'32 + *+(,#3 -'
4(#-"/&( '$ 8'(5+ %)"-  #$
 #$ &1=$p3;

9QG
 8510<=

H" A)& ) %)"- I(+ )-" :(<#: $( C),,

!" $" A) ) %)"- I(+ )-" :(<#: $( @-(G <$
J>)& %)c@(a O3)& G<%)@(P I(+ C",, C(- <$a
W( 3)*c) %)c@( "# ,) %+"#$) E$ @<@#F$ @)?# (# 0"

@94(# 5+1"3C
6" %)"& *<"# E ,<L" .(+
b) *"*<@) #( 0" %)" *<"# D-<#L<#: @("&#F$ ):-"" ?<$3 0"
 78+9#@( $" %)"# ,(& ln= K3"# )-" .(+
.(+ $+-#<#: ln= 

@94(# 5+1"3 EE
8+)#@( 0" %)c . &" 0" %).Q5 "#$(#%"& %)c "# ,) %+"#$) @" ;+" 3)*c) %)c@( "# ,)
$-)0G)
K3"# E C",, @(?#5 )#@ E @-(GG"@ <$5 $3"# E$ @)?#"@ (# 0" $3)$ E 3)@ C),,"# C(- <$

.([fH52129 ?4531
S G/,6 (+1F "%3)- +#) 0)#(5 ).+@)-

WM4 :74<41 2@7<25 >;" 41$;X Z2" @;7 H49: =4 ;7$ S#$H $H#1X
`' ."'-+ '/F#( "1# ,#1+ 3& %"&'('3 E /#1 F'$. :+" +"4 &* :+" b#14

S G(,: (0F "&G"-)

G1:452 7" =#"7$; ^;9< ;" 2 =#"7$4

@3.'(# "1 3'="1-+ W+$- +1 # 3'/+1-

S G(,: 41F J"&G"-)a

Hn3 '1*n4&/+2 /+,+C {#$4+ #F>|

S G(,: +6F &+Z"$)-5 0)#$"#"- ) ,) "&G"-)5 &(G(-$)- 

9Q:
8510<=

WZO=; 41$N1 1;:;5$2"<; $;<; 49
$5232B;X
W#5># "1# -',+(# '1 '$ ,p-&/+2 .+( '3+
$$'=+ 4#(-'
Wl78 41 9; 674 17B4$2 49 $4B2<;X
^;S 254 @;7 H;9<#"P 7: S#$H 299 $H4
S;5EX
`F'(' b#3 # F+$- ". #4 4F' -+/4+(3
ofce, that’s why I’m late
aH2$ H;9<1 7: $H4 5;;TX

S G+0< +6F G-"(%+G)@(5 #( G(@"- &)%)- ),:( @" ,) %)*"e)

U; $4 :54;>7:41 :;5 9; 674 <#B45;" Y;"V$ P4$ H7"P 7: ;" SH2$ $H4@ 12#<
@$$# 1+ ."'-' 3#/#( $#3 1+4&/&#3 -' 3"
<F'h3 34&$$ F"1= ". +1 4F' 1'b3
/#5'7#

S T=/)> 40F -":<&$-)-&"

i94P2=;1 29 H;$49 @ 4"$;">41 ";1 54P#1$52=;1 a4 P;$ $; $H4 H;$49 2"< $H4" S4 >H4>E4< #"

S T=/)> (+1F "%3)- +# A<&$)e(

^4@Q >H4>E $H2$ ;7$Q #$V1 54299@

^4@Q
^4@Q =#52 41;Q =;92 7" =;"$O"
>;;9

S T=/)> +6F -"A<&)-5 %(0G-(*)- ;+R $), "&$9 ),:(

K 29S2@1 1$;: 3@ $; >H4>E 7: ;"

A#4=:54 :21; 2 >;=:5;325 >O=; 41$N"
$H4=
sW#3 &-+ #$ ('/+1+/&,&'14+
('/+1+/&,&'14+ ,p-&/+d A&- :+" =+ 4+ :+"( /F'/a ".d
C;7 H2I4 $; =2E4 2" 2::;#"$=4"$
^2@ 674 :4<#5 >#$2 :252 7"2 54I#1#O"
T;5 2 >H4>E 7:

&0([k42<#"P Z;=:54H4"1#;"
K"@#"&@).5 d)#+)-. //5 qn//
H(@). <& K"@#"&@).5 d)#+)-. //B E$ <& )#($3"- &#(?.5 %(,@ )C$"-#((# <# ^+CC),(5

9QH
 8510<=

W"? I(-LB
I(-LB E )0 C"",<#: &$-"&&"@ (+$ )#@ (A"-?3",0"@ ?<$3 ?(-LB 6. *(&& ?)#$&
0" $( ?(-L ,(#:"- 3(+-&B EF0 ),-")@. ?(-L<#: un 3(+-& )$ $3" #"?&-((0 )#@
?-<$<#: )$ 3(0" )*(+$ qn 3(+-& ")%3 ?""LB EF0 ) Z(+-#),<&$ )$ H3" ^+CC),( H<0"&
)#@ 3)A" 0. (?# %(,+0#B 6. *(.C-<"#@ ?)#$& 0" $( ?(-L C"?"- 3(+-& *"%)+&"
3" @("&#F$ :"$ $( &"" 0" A"-. (C$"#B E ?)#$ $( ?(-L 3)-@ <# (-@"- $( :"$ ) G-(0($<(#
$( $3" 0)#):"- G(&<$<(# <# $3" %(0G)#.B 6. G)-"#$& ?)#$ 0" $( 3)A" ,"&& &$-"&&B
H3". ?)#$ 0" $( $)L" *"$$"- %)-" (C 0. 3"),$3B EF0 ?(-L<#: C-(0 3(0" $(@).
*"%)+&" EF0 &<%L ?<$3 )#($3"- A<-+&B E L""G $3<#L<#:5 <C E 3)@ :($$"# 0(-" &,""G5
E ?(+,@#F$ *" &<%LB ]# $3" ($3"- 3)#@5 <C E ?(-L 3)-@"-5 0. *(&& ?<,, :<A" 0" $3"
0)#):"- G(&<$<(# $3)$ EFA" ),?).& ?)#$"@B EC E :"$ $3" 0)#):"- G(&<$<(#5 E ?<,,
3)A" 0(-" $<0" $( C(%+& (# $-)<#<#: "@<$(-& #"? $( $3" G)G"-B g+-$3"-0(-"5 E ?<,,
#($ 3)A" $( &G"#@ )& 0+%3 $<0" (+$&<@" (C ?(-L5 ?(--.<#: )*(+$ 0. ?-<$<#:B
           
$3"<- &$.," (C ?-<$<#:B

P; mF'(' &3 <4'.F#1&' b(&4&1=d

T; mF#4 4&,' +* :'#( &3 &4d
Q; mF#4 &3 4F' b'#4F'( $&a'd
V; W+b &3 <4'.F#1&' *''$&1=d
]; mF'(' -+'3 3F' b+(ad
f; mF#4 -+'3 3F' -+j bF#4 &3 F'( .+3&4&+1d
[; W+b ,#1: F+"(3 -+'3 3F' b+(a '#/F b''ad
\; A+'3 F'( 5+:*(&'1- b#14 F'( 4+ b+(a ,+(' F+"(3d
Z; mF: -+'3 F' b#14 F'( 4+ b+(a *'b'( F+"(3d
PU; E3 <4'.F#1&' F#..: b&4F F'( /"(('14 .+3&4&+1d
PP; mF: &3 <4'.F#1&' b+(a&1= 3+ F#(-d
PT; mF: &3 3F' 3&/ad
PQ; E* <4'.F#1&' ='43 4F' 1'b .+3&4&+12 b&$$ 3F' F#8' 4+ b+(a #3 ,#1:
F+"(3d
PV; mF#4 -+'3 3F' b#14 4+ *+/"3 +1 &* 3F' ='43 4F' 1'b .+3&4&+1d

9QQ
8510<=

&&([Go:5411#;"1

Y49 <#>H; 29 H4>H; H2@ 7"

G21#45 12#< $H2" <;"4
$54>H;
`+ 4#a' 4F' 5"$$ 5: 4F' F+(13 !+='( '$ 4+(+ .+( $+3 /"'(1+3
D; 1S#= 2P2#"1$ $H4 $#<4 L >7554"$ U2<25 >;"$52>;55#4"$4
O'(,#1'/'(2 %"'-#(3' '1 "1
`+ 34&/a #(+"1-
3&4&+
DH454 #1 ";$H#"P $; #$ U; $#4"4 =#1$45#;
E4h3 # .&'/' +* /#a' @34n 4&(#-+
K$V1 2 S29E #" $H4 :25E G1$N >H7:2<;
J+ 5&= -'#$ j &4h3 1+4 # 5&= -'#$ J+ 4&'1' 1#-#
U; 3#PP#4 L#$V1 "; 3#PP#4 U; $#4"4 "2<2
`F' 4&. +* 4F' &/'5'(= D# ."14# -'$ &/'5'(=
D; $H5;S #" $H4 $;S49 D#525 92 $;2992
`+ ("1 +"4 +* 4&,' w"'-#(3' 3&1 4&',.+
D; 57" 2" 4552"< ^2>45 7" 54>2<;
`+ ("1 $#4' D$'=#( 4#(-'
^;S #1 @;75 >25 57""#"PX WZO=; 2"<2 $7 >;>H4X

&*([k4:21; :5;"7">#2>#O" S;79<

N'/"'(-# %"' 1+3 /"'34# ,"/F+ F#/'( '34' 3+1&-+ : -' -&*'('1/&#($+ /+1
 :((@;
 :((@; O(#/4&/# /+1C

_((@ ?((@
_((@ ?((@ <# >(,,.?((@
E& $3"-" :((@ ?((@ <# >(,,.?((@= 

`(#5#$'1="#3C
>(? 0+%3 ?((@ ?(+,@ ) ?((@%3+%L %3+%L <C ) ?((@%3+%L %(+,@ %3+%L ?((@= 

9QR
 8510<=

&-([?453
&-([?453 ?;>237925@
?;>2379 25@

i42"#"P 2P2#"1$ $H4 S299 R:;@2514 4" 92 :254<

}1+/a&1= -+b1 # b#$$ A'((&5#( "1# .#('-
D2E4 2:25$   Y41=;"$25
O"4 5#/a 4+='4F'( l+$8'( # ,+14#(
A$4: ;" 2 1:#<45 f#125 7"2 145:#4"$4
N"55&1=   q(+4#(
DH542$4"   R=4"2J25
`#34&1=   O(+5#(
k#<#"P 2 H;514 M;"$25 2 >23299;
D++a &14+   E1*+(,#(3'

&,([G"$;"2>#O"( k4:21; ^ 1#94">#;12

N'/"'(-# %"' '1 &1=$p3 +(#$2 '1 ,"/F#3 +/#3&+1'3 $# 3 1+ 3' .(+1"1/&#;
Cuanto más practiques esto, te será más fácil hablar con uidez, sonarás
,n3 1#4"(#$ : #-',n3 /+,.('1-'(n3 # $+3 1#4&8+3 ,"/F+ ,'?+(;

O(#/4&/# /+1 '34#3 *(#3'3 3&="&'1-+ $#3 &1-&/#/&+1'3 -' $+3 4('3 .(&,'(+3
'?',.$+3; D# /$#8' '3 F#/'( 3+1#( $# *(#3' /+,+ 3& *"'3' "1# 3+$# .#$#5(# :
.('34#( #4'1/&01 # +,&4&( $# F "1&'1-+ $#3 .#$#5(#3;

aH454 #1 H4X   L7454J#L 

mF#4 &3 F&3 1#,'d   j"#('7'71p&,j 
aH2$ #1 H45 :H;"4 "7=345X  L7254J4kT;7"2=34kL 
 L7254J4kT;7"2=34kL 
mF#4 -+'3 F' -+d
aH4" <;41 H#1 :92"4 942I4X
<F' -+'3 F'( b+(a 1'#4$:

9R=
8510<=

aH454 S21 H4X

a21 H#1 54:;5$ 542<@X
aH2$ S21 H45 5421;"X
W#3 F' ,#-' #1: ('3'(8#4&+13d
aH; H21 H#1 :H;"4 "7=345X
<F' F#3 F'( 4&/a'4

aH2$ H2< H4 <;"4X

W' F#- F&3 4"(1
^2< H45 =;$H45 255#I4<X
mF'1 -&- F' /#$$d
Y#< H#1 94$$45 255#I4X
A&- F'( *#,&$: ='4 4F'('d

9R9
9RU