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42. $@8867' @<& 42. $!"$

# !
% " !&'()*+) $.7
4. 3()E&3+3+'67'-3+'*?'
C
4.1 3()E&3+:
C
! !"*+$+)' C+O,;
. /
( 5*) . (!"=4-'OE3+9) =>%# ?*?'3A$
( *?'@88$"'=,%? # OK0I
# )
1 K?
. 9;
! !"*+$+)' C+O,;
. /
( 5*)
( *?'@88OI# (' -367'=4-'OE3+9) :)03+'@89# ' -367'??3=4-'
KL +0EA0?
# 0M+$!;+$=I+&* 1$ =>%# ?,; . # 537# ;F?
# 03 -'67'=?1 +!;+$6"/ . 9D+# '3()E&3+F?93A
C $ # .
!"E&=<%?3;(/5O)''-. M?
. 96 -84&3 -';+# !"*?'*&);3*&8+0 @<& ' -367'Q=F1.+OE9+0.
#
16!
. # 5!"!;'=?1 +OEO*:#
4.2 !;+$6"/
K+'F+)OK. @<& K+'F+) @$'$5 # - '5:.

# !;+$I+0M+# 93 -')9
K+'F+)OK:. N+. $5 24 3 2 " 12 , 56 3 8 " 7 , 72 3 9 " 8 , 120 3 6 " 20 , ...@<& ?%# 'Q
. ;+# 3+' “K+'F+)OK”. ; KL% =>5# '0 -9F7' 24 " 2 412 , 56 " 8 4 7 , 72 " 9 4 8 ,
=61+=?5'
. ;+# 3+' “K+'F+)OK”. !%3 -'.

120 " 6 4 20 , ...@<& ?%# 'Q 3C=?5'
:)0/1# ;H4: * C+< -8*?9E+';'N

C ;. 'M+$OE a @<& b . “ b K+'F+)OK. a ” 3CM# C
=$%# ?$5E+';'N
C ;. ' c =,(# 9M?8*&G?9OK. b " ac .
=,-# ';+# : 2 1 3 " 6 =>+&;+# 6 3 2 " 3 “?+# ';+# 6 K+'F+)OK. 2 ” KL% 6 3 3 " 2
“?+# ';+# 6 K+'F+)OK. 3 ”.
K+'F+) N+. $5 24 " 2 412 =61+=;1.+;+# 2 | 24 @<& ?+# ';+# “ 2 K+'F+) 24 ”, =,-# '
)7;3 -'=61+3C?+# ' 8 | 56 , 9 | 72 , 6 |120 , ...@<& ?%# 'Q.
3) 3+'K+'F+) (Divisibility)
'(0+$: E+';'N
C ;. ' b K+'F+)OKE
. +';'N
C ;. ' a , F7');
. 0 a | b “?+# ';+# a
.
K+'F+) b ”. N+. ;+# c 0 # =,(# 9M?8*&G?9OK. b " a 4 c . =61+0 -9=;1.+?53;+#

.
b @$'/&;5
# !' . ;+# ?A4&!"'F?9 b . E+';'N
" F?9 a @<& a =?5' C ;. 'M+$OE
a $5?4
A &!"'OK0
# *A)@$'
# 5a .
(=?1 +OEO*:# >;3=61+F7' a | b N+. ;+# a K+'F+) b , @<& F7' a 6| b N+. ;+# a
8C# K+'F+) b ).
17!
M 1;J+# 9 1: 3) 56 3 7 " 8 I+0!;+$;+# “ 7 K+'F+) 56 ”; KL% F7' “ 7 | 56 ”.
F) “ 3 | #15 ” ?+# ';+# “ 3 K+'F+) #15 ”.
!) 2 | 6 ( 2 K+'F+) 6 ) =>+&;+# 6 " 2 4 3 .
9) #3 |15 ( #3 K+'F+) 15 ) =>+&;+# 15 " . #3/. #5/ .
E) a | 0 ( a K+'F+) 0 ) * C+< -8 7a 0 # =>+&;+# 0 " a 4 0 .
1.2 !A'< -3*&'&F?93+'K+'F+)
KL 3
- =3' 1 : * C+< -8/A3Q a, b, c 0 # , >;3=61+$5:
1) a | a , 1| a @<& a | 0 ;
# a | . b ! c / ; M 1;J+# 9: 2 | 6 @<& 2 | 8
2) a | b @<& a | c @$'
# 2 | . 6 ! 8/ .
@$'
3) a | b @$'
# a | #b ; M 1;J+# 9: 7 | 56 @$'
# 7 | #56 .
4) a | b @<& b | c @$'
# a | c . M 1;J+# 9: 2 | 6 @<& 6 | 24 @$'
# 2 | 24 .
5) N+. ;+# a | b @<& b | c @$'$5

# a | . bx ! cy / * C+< -8 7 x, y 0 # .
# 2 | . 6 4 3 ! 24 4 4 / KL% 2 |114 * C+< -8 3, 40# .

M 1;J+# 9 2. 2 | 6 @<& 6 | 24 @$'
F) ?A4&!"'6;
# $OK0*
# )
A (Greatest Common Divisor KL% gcd )
'(0+$: M 1;K+'6;
# $OK0*
# )
A F?9*?9E+';'N
C ;. ' a @<& b ( a , b 8C# =/1# +*"'>?
. $
3 -') @$'E
# +';'N
C ;. ' d /5# K+'F+) a @<& K+'F+) b . d . ;+# ?A4&!"'
=?5'
6;
# $OK0* . 0: gcd . a, b / " d KL%
A F?9 a @<& b . * -'0&< -3);
# ) . a, b / " d .
18!
M 1;J+# 9 3. 3) gcd . 8, # 4 / " 4 .
F) gcd . 7, 11/ " gcd . 4, 9 / " 1 .
KL 3
- =3' 2:
3) OK. d " . a, b / . E&$5E+';'N

C ;. ' x, y =,(# 9*?)!?
# 9OK. d " ax ! by .
F) /A3Q?A4&!"'F?9 a, b E&K+'F+)M 1;K+'6;

# $OK0*
# )
A F?9>;3$'.
-
M 1;J+# 9 4. 3) ?A4&!"'6;
# $F?9 24 @<& 60 @$'
# 51, 5 2, 5 3, 5 4, 5 6, 5 12 .
F) 512 @$'?A
# 4&!"'6;
# $OK0*
# )
A F?9 24 @<& 60 .
!) E+';'$"
C '
'(0+$: E+';'N
C ;. ' . ;+# “E+';'$"
p 8 1 =?5' C '”, N+. ;+# $ -'$5?4
A &!"'>79@M # 5 p
-.
@<& 51 =/1# +''.
M 1;J+# 9 5. 2 $5?4
A &!"'@$'
# 52 @<& 51 ; 3 $5?4
A &!"'@$'
# 53 @<& 51 , ....
# - '5=. 4-'M'.
)9 1. !%@';''- . 2 @<& 3 =?5'
. ;+# E+';'$"
C '.
9) 3+'K+'@88?+'3CB)
( , R (Algorithm Division)
.
!"!;'0 13=?1 +M 1;J+# 9/+9'?3OK'

. -367'/1)<?9=>%# ?/;'!%'=,-# ': F7'F&K0+0
.
E+';'N
C ; . +$6"8@88 M 1;K+', D 1'K+' @<& M 1;=*)F?9:
. 'MC# H4'5M
3) 39 " 6 4 . 6 / ! 3 ; F) 87 " 9 4 . 9 / ! 6 ;
!) #123 " #23 4 . 5/ ! 8 ; 9) 147 " 24 . 6 / ! 3 ;
E) 279 " 15 4 .18/ ! 9 ; *) 1231 " 102 4 .12 / ! 7 .
19!
M 1;J+# 9 6. 3) 780 " #48 4 . #16 / ! 12 ;
F) #2805 " 119 4 . #24 / ! 51 ;
!) 826 " 25 4 . 33/ ! 1 ;
9) 758 " 242 4 . 3/ ! 32
M 1;J+# 9 7. E9# 1 ,?3K+ gcd . #2805,119 / );

. 0;(/53+'K+'@88?+'3CB)
( ,.R
8 1)@3:. #2805 " 119 4 . #24 / ! 51 =K- ';+# 51 6| 119 =61+*%8MC# F&K0+0?53H):.
#2805 " 119 4 . #24 / ! 51

119 " 514 . 2 / ! 17 ; *&''- . gcd . #2805/ " 17 .
51 " 17 4 . 3/ ! 0
M 1;J+# 9 8. E9# 1 ,?3K+ gcd . 758, 242 / );

. 0;(/5K+'@88?+'3CB)
( ,.R
8 1)@3:. 758 " 242 4 . 3/ ! 32 =K- ';+# 32 6| 242 =61+*%8MC# F&K0+0?53H):.
758 " 242 4 . 3/ ! 32

242 " 32 4 . 7 / ! 18
32 " 18 4 .1/ ! 14
;
18 " 14 4 .1/ ! 4
14 " 4 4 . 3/ ! 2
4 " 2 4 . 2/ ! 0
*&''- . gcd . 758, 242 / " 2 .
M 1;J+# 9 9. ,?3K+ gcd . 98, 72 / @<& E+';'N

C ;
. ' x, y 0 # =>%# ?=6-)OK.
gcd . 98, 72 / " 98 x ! 72 y .
20!
8 1)@3 . : ' C+O,3
. +'K+'@88?+'3CB)
( ,=R 61+H):.
K+'@88?+'3CB)
( ,R E+3=*)M+# 9*"'M 1;*A) N?'45. '!%'=>%# ?,?3K+
=>%# ?,?3K+ /+. 0F?9 . 4/ x, y

gcd . 98, 72 /
98 " 14 72 ! 26 (1) 4 20 " 3 4 6 ! 2 2 " 20 # 3 4 6
72 " 2 4 26 ! 20 (2)
(3) 6 " 26 # 20 " 20 # 3 4 . 26 # 20 /
26 " 14 20 ! 6 3 " 20 # 3 4 . 26 / ! 3 4 . 20 /
(2) 20 " 72 # 2 4 26
20 " 3 4 6 ! 2 4 " 4 4 20 # 3 4 26
6 " 34 2 ! 0 5 (1) 26 " 72 # 98
" 4 4 . 72 # 2 4 26 / # 3 4 26
" 4 4 . 72 / # 8 4 . 26 / # 3 4 26
9 gcd . 98, 72 / " 2
" 4 4 72 # 114 26
" 4 4 72 # 114 . 98 # 72 /
" 4 4 72 # 114 . 98/ ! 114 . 72 /
" 15 4 72 # 114 98
9 x " #11, y " 15

3;)!%' gcd . 98, 72 / " 98 x ! 72 y " . #11/ 4 98 ! 15 4 72 " #1078 ! 1080 " 2 . "
E) 3+'>1;> -'E+';'$"
C 'MC# 3 -' (Relatively Prime Integers)
'(0+$ 1.4: *?9E+';'N

C ; . ;+# =4-'E+';'$"
. ' m, n 2 0 =?5' C 'MC# 3 -', N+. ;+#
.
gcd . m, n / " 1 .
.
M 1;J+# 9 9. gcd . 8, 15/ " 1 *&''- . 8 @<& 15 =4-'E+';'$"

C 'MC# 3 -'.
5. 3+'; -) @<& 4&=$5'D 1'
);
. 0;(/5: 8 -'/23>2)M(3+F?9'
C -367'< 19O'6+# 9* -9=3)F?9!"
21!
1) 3+'@38
. 1)=P(3K -)@88=?3&<+), @883A$
# KL% M?8! C+N+$F?9!":$967'.
2) 3+'*#91 8 1);738+. '/-'=;<+.
3) E+3D 1'!&@''3;)3+@88? -)M&H' KL% 4+<&H'.
6. @'&' C+ ! C+M?88 1)=P(3K -)
1. ,?3K+ x, y 0 # =>%# ?=6-)OK. gcd . 758, 242 / " 758 x ! 242 y
! C+M?8: 9 x " 53, y " #166
2. ,?3K+ x, y 0 # =>%# ?=6-)OK. gcd . 726, 275/ " 726 x ! 275 y .
! C+M?8: 9 x " 11, y " #29
3. ,?3K+ x, y 0 # =>%# ?=6-)OK. gcd . 237,81/ " 237 x ! 81y .
! C+M?8: 9 x " 13, y " #38
4. ,?3K+ x, y 0 # =>%# ?=6-)OK. gcd . 616, 427 / " 616 x ! 427 y .
! C+M?8: 9 x " #9, y " 13
5. ,?3K+ x, y 0 # =>%# ?=6-)OK. gcd . 936, 666 / " 936 x ! 666 y .
! C+M?8 : 9 x " 5, y " #7
6. E9# 1 ,?3K+ x, y 0 # =>%# ?=6-)OK. gcd .1137, 419 / " 1137 x ! 419 y .
! C+M?8: ! 9 x " 206, y " #559
7. gcd . a, b / " gcd .14, 75 / " 14 x ! 75 y .
! C+M?8: x " #16, y " 3 .
22!
8. gcd . a, b / " gcd . 49, 60 / " 49 x ! 60 y .
! C+M?8: x " 11, y " 9 .
9. gcd . a, b / " gcd . 4147,10672 / " 4147 x ! 10672 y .
! C+M?8: x " 175, y " #68 .
10. gcd . a, b / " gcd . #180, 252 / " #180 x ! 251y .
! C+M?8: x " #3, y " #2 .
11. gcd . a, b / " gcd .143, 252 / " 143x ! 252 y .
! C+M?8: x " #37, y " 21 .

.
.
23!
8 1)/5 2 * 1$D 1'<5='@?)5:?> -9/+0 ax ! by " c
(Linear Diophantine Equations)
=;<+ 4 ,#;1 :$9
1. EA)4&* 19
=>%# ?OK'
. -367'*+$+):
- 6"'
. 0
( +$ @<& !A'< -3*&'&F?9* 1$D 1'<5='@?)5:?>9- /+0.
- 6",
. ?3K+OED 1'N;
. 'F?9* 1$D 1');
. 0;(/5?+'3CB)
( ,,R :$)"0:< @<& ;+9M 1;
47# 'OI.#
2. ='%? 1.
. O'M'MC
- '(0+$3+'K+'F+).
- 3+'K+'@88?+'3CB)
( , R @<& ?A4&!"'6;
# $OK0*
# )
A F?9*?9E+';'N
C ;. '.
- 3+'' C+O,3
. +'K+'@88?+'3CB)
( ,=R >%# ?,?3K+OED 1'N;
. 'F?9* 1$D 1'<5='
@?)5:?>9- /+0.
3. *%# 3+'67'-3+'*?'
42. $@8867' @<& 42. $!"$

# !
% " !&'()*+) $.7
24!
4. 3()E&3+3+'67'-3+'*?'
C
4.1 3()E&3+:
C
! !"*+$+)' C+O,;
. /
( 5*) . (!"=4-'OE3+9) =>%# ?*?'3A$
( *?'@88$"'=,%? # OK0I
# 1)K?
. 9;
! !"*+$+)' C+O,;
. /
( 5*)
( *?'@88OI# (' -367'=4-'OE3+9) :)03+'@89# ' -367'??3
=4-'KL +0EA0?
# 0M+$!;+$=I+&* 1$ =>%# ?,; . # 537# ;F?
# 03 -'67'=?1 +!;+$6"/ . 9D+# '3()
E&3+F?93A
C $ # . !"E&=<%?3;(/5O)''-. M?
. 96 -84&3 -';+# !"*?'*&);3*&8+0 @<&
' -367'Q=F1.+OE9+0.
#
4.2 * 1$D 1'<5='@?)5:?> -9/+0
# 1$D 1'/5#$568
* 1$D 1'<5='@?)5:?> -9/+0@$'* " 6+# 9 ax ! by " c =,(# 93+',?3
. $'=61
OED 1'F?9* 1$D 1''5@ # +E&,?3O'3A$
# E+';'N
C ;
. '.
4.3 =9%# ?'HFE+=4-

C ' @<& >79>C =>%# ?OK*
. 1$D 1' ax ! by " c $5OED 1'N;
. ':
KL -3=3' 1: OK. a, b, c @$'*+$E

# +';'N
C ;. ', =,(# 9 a @<& b 8C# =/1# +*"'>?
. $3 -'.
* 1$D 1'<5='@?)5:?> -9/+0 ax ! by " c E&$5OED 1':

.
1. =$%# ? d " gcd . a, b / |c .

.
2. N+. ;+# x0 , y0 @$'OED

# 1'G2#9F?9 ax ! by " c , @$'OED
# 1'N;
. '/1# ;H4F?9$'E&
-
b a
$568
" 6+# 9: x " x0 ! t ; y " y0 # t @<& t 0 # .
d d
KL -3=3'='%#?9: OK. a, b, c 0 # . * 1$D 1'<5='@?)5:?> -9/+0 ax ! by " c E&8C# $5OED 1'
. ': N+. ;+# d " . a, b / 6| c .

N;
25!
4.4 @3*
. 1$D 1');
. 0;(/5' C+O,3
. +'K+'F+)
M 1;J+# 9 1. @3*
. 1$D 1' 6 x ! 9 y " 21
8 1)@3:. =61+,?3K+ gcd . 6,9 / " 3 @<& =K- ';+# 3 | 21 , *&''*

-. 1$D 1'$5OED 1'N;
. '.
=>%# ?,?3OED 1'N;

. ' x, y 0 # =61+E&,?3OED 1'N;
. ' x0 , y0 0 # G2# 9F?9* 1$D 1'.
E+3 6 x ! 9 y " 21 =$%# ?K+'*?9>+3);

. 0 3 =61+H) . 2 x ! 3 y " 7 .
);
. 03+'F7'F&K0+0@88?+'3CB)
( ,F
R ?9 3 , H):. 3 " 2 41 ! 1
#2 41 ! 3 " 1
2 4 . #1/ ! 3 41 " 1
2 4 . #7 / ! 3 4 7 " 7
*&''-. : x0 " #7 ; y0 " 7 @$'OED

# 1'N; -.
. 'G2# 9F?9* 1$D 1'. *&''OED 1'/1#;H4@$':
#
x " 3k # 7 , y " #2k ! 7 ; k 0# .
N+. k " 5 =61+E&H) . x " 8 ; y " #3 3C@$'OED

# 1'N;
. 'G2# 9?53F?9* 1$D 1', ...
M 1;J+# 9 2. @3*
. 1$D 1' 6 x ! 9 y " 5
8 1)@3:. =61+,?3K+ gcd . 6,9 / " 3 @<& =K- ';+# 3 6| 5 , *&''*

- . 1$D 1'8C#$5OED 1'.
4.5 @3*
. 1$D 1')5:?>9- /+0)
R ;
. 0;(/5:$)"0< -)
1 > -'/78=/1# +:$)"0:<

! 3+'>;
'(0+$ : OK. m 0 # @$'E

# +';'N
C ;. '8;3. 3+'>;
1 > -' “/78=/1# +:$)"0:< m ” F?9
*?9E+';'N
C ;
. ' a, b 0 # E&3+' . 0 a : b mod m 3CM# C=$%# ? m | . a # b / .
C 1));
M 1;J+# 9 3. 3) 89 : 25 mod 4 =>+&;+# 4 | . 89 # 25/ .
26!
F) 89 : 1 mod 4 =>+&;+# 4 | . 89 # 1/ .
!) 25 : 1 mod 4 =>+&;+# 4 | . 25 # 1/ .
9) 153 : #7 mod 8 =>+&;+# 8 | .153 ! 7 / .
E) 24 : 3 mod 5 =>+&;+# 3 6| . 24 # 3/ .
*) 243 : 167 mod 7 =>+&;+# 7 6| . 243 # 167 / .
! !A'< -3*&'&>%.'N+'F?93+'>1;>'
- /78=/1# +:$)"0:<
3) a : a mod m .
F) N+. ;+# a : b mod m @$'# b : a mod m .
!) N+. ;+# a : b mod m , b : c mod m @$'

# a : c mod m .
9) N+. ;+# a : b mod m @<& 7c 0 # , @$'

# . a ! c / : . b ! c / mod m ;
ac : b c mod m
KL -3=3' 2 : OK. a, b, c 0 # @<& x 0 # E&*?)!?

# 93 -'3 -83+'>1;>'
- /78=/1# +<5='
@?:$)"0:< ax : c mod b 3CM# C=$%# ?$5 y 0 # @<& ax ! by " c .

.
KL -3=3' 3 : OK. a, b, c 0 # 3+'> 1;> -'/78=/1# +<5='@?:$)"0:< ax : c (mod) b

.
E&$5OED 1' x 0 # 3CM# C=$%# ? d " gcd . a, b / K+'F+) c .
M 1;J+# 9 4. E9# 1 ,?3K+OED 1'N;

. 'F?9 14 x ! 18 y " 12 .
8 1)@3 . : =61+,?3K+ gcd .14,18/ " 2 @<& 2 |12 . *&''*

- . 1$D 1'$5OED 1'N;
. '.
=61+K+'* 1$D 1' 14 x ! 18 y " 12 OK. 2 H):. 7 x ! 9 y " 6 .
27!
@3*
. 1$D 1' 7 x ! 9 y " 6 /78=/1# +OK3 . 1$D 1' 7 x : 6 . mod9/ .
. +'@3*
( , R =,(# 9M 1;45. 'F?9 7 mod 9 @$'

! ! C+';'D+# ';(/5?+'3CB) # - ''=$%#
# 4 , )9 - . ?!"'/-9
. 0 4 =61+H) . x : 24 : 6 . mod9/ .
*?9>+3);
*&''-. x # 6 " 9t 9 x " 6 ! 9t , t 0 # , @/'!+# '5O. **

# 1$D 1'=61+H) . y " #4 # 7t, t 0 #
KL% . x, y / " . 6 ! 9t , # 4 # 7t / ; t 0# .
# @3*
. 1$D 1')5:?>9- /+0)
R ;
. 0;(/5;+9M 1;4#7'OI#
M 1;J+# 9 5. E9# 1 ,?3K+OED 1'N;

. '/1# ;H4F?9* 1$D 1' 4 x ! 13 y " 5 .
8 1)@3:.
5 # 13 y 1# y
;(/5 1: E+3 4 x ! 13 y " 5 9 x " " 1# 3y ! . (N?'=?1 + x ) @<;
.
4 4
1# y
;+9 " t 9 y " 1 # 4t , t 0 # . (N?'=?1 + y OKF %. 3 -8 t ), E+3''=?1
. ' - . +H4@/'
4
1# y
!%'O* # x " 1 # 3 y ! " 1 # 3 4 .1 # 4t / ! t " #2 ! 13t , t 0 # .
4
-.
*&''OED 1'N;
. '/1# ;H4F?9* 1$D 1'@$'
# . x, y / " . #2 ! 13t,1 # 4t / , t 0# .
;(/5 2: );
. 03+'K+'@88?+'3CB)
( ,,R >;3=61+H) . 13 " 3 4 4 ! 1 , * 1$D 1'E&3+0=4-'
4 x ! . 3 4 4 ! 1/ y " 5 @<& =$%# ?E -)<79!%'OIH# ) . 4 . x ! 3 y / ! 1y " 5 .
;+9OK. u " x ! 3y H)*

. 1$D 1'OI@
# $'
# 4u ! y " 5 9 y " 5 # 4u , @/'!%'O* #
u " x ! 3 y H) . x " u # 3 y " u # 3 . 5 # 4u / " #15 ! 13u, u 0 # . *&''OED

-. 1'/1#;H4
F?9* 1$D 1'@$':

# . x, y / " . #15 ! 13u ; 5 # 4u / , u 0# .
28!
M 1;J+# 9 6. E9# 1 @3*
. 1$D 1' 9 x ! 100 y " 1 .
1 # 100 y 1# y
8 1)@3:. ;(/5 1 E+3 9 x ! 100 y " 1 9 x " " #11y ! . (N?'=?1 + x ).
9 9
1# y
;+9 " t 9 y " 1 # 9t , t 0 # . (N?'=?1 + y OKF .% 3 -8 t ) @<;
. ' . =?1 +!+# '5H. 4@/'
9
1# y
!%' O* # x " #11y ! " #11.1 # 9t / ! t " #11 ! 100t , t 0 # .
9
-.
*&''OED 1'N;
. '/1# ;H4F?9* 1$D 1'@$'
# . x, y / " . #11 ! 100t,1 # 9t / , t 0# .
;(/5 2: =K- ';+# gcd . 9,100/ " 1 . *&''*

- . 1$D 1'$5OED 1'N;
. ' x @<& y /5# *?)!?
# 9
OK*
. 1$D 1' 9 x ! 100 y " 1 . =$%# ?=<%?3=?1 +!+# F?9 x, y 0 # M+$OE$+/1)*?83 -8* 1$
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n DC
1.2 ? -') -88C#*('

. *A) an /5# $5F?8=F) =?5'
. ;+# "? -') -8E?
. $".
. ;+# "? -') -8K;+".
1.3 ? -') -8 an /5# 8C# $5F?8=F) KL% lim an " C =?5'
n DC
- =3'F?9F?8=F)F?9? -') -8/5#E+=4-

KL 3 C 'M?. 9E%# OKH. )..
OK. c =4-'E+';'!
C 19!+# , k , n 0 ! , lim an " L @<& lim bn " M E&H):.
n DC n DC
1. lim c " c
n DC
2. lim can " cL

n DC
3. lim . an 5 bn / " lim an 5 lim bn " L ! M

n DC n DC n DC
4. lim . an 4 bn / " lim an 4 lim bn " L 4 M

n DC n DC n DC
42
!
an lim an L
5. lim " nDC " =$%# ? M 2 0
n DC b lim bn M
n
n DC
. /
k
6. lim . an / " lim an
k
" Lk
n DC n DC
7. lim k an " k lim an " k L

n DC n DC
8. lim an " lim an " L

n DC n DC
9. lim nk " C
n DC
c
10. lim "0
n DC nk
c
11. N+. lim f . n / " C KL% lim f . n / " #C @<;
. lim "0
n DC n DC nDC f . n/
g . n/
12. N+. lim f . n / " 0 @<& lim g . n / " c, c 2 0 @<;
. lim 8C# $5F?8=F)
n DC n DC n DC f . n/
13. N+. c $ 1 @<;

. lim c " 0 , N+. c $ #1 @<;
n
. lim c 8C# $5F?8=F) @<& N+.
n
n DC nDC
.
c 8 1 @<;
. lim cn " C .
n DC
.
1.
KL -3=3' . 3+'N%3G58*?9*'
=$%# ? an E bn E cn , N+. lim an " L @<& lim cn " L @<;
. H) . lim bn " L
n DC n DC n DC
3. *%# 3+'67'-3+'*?'
*%# /5# O,=. F1.+O'3+'*?'8 1)'5$
. 5 42. $@8867', 42. $!"$ % ," 42. $M C+<+/5#37# ;F?
# ! . 9
(N+. $5), 3&)+', *(# 9/5# O,F
. 7'3&)+' @<& =E0
. @D'
# OK0* . O'8 1)67'.
# &KLA8='%?
43
!
4. 3()E&3+3+'67'3+'*?'
C
!"?&/(8+0M 1;J+# 9<&?7), ' C+>+ @<& $?8I+03()E&3+OK
C ' . -367'=6-)
O'K?
. 967' E -)' -367'=4-'3A$ 1.
# M+$!;+$=I+&* 1$!'!;+. (:)0=?1 +' -367'=4-'OE
. 1)=P(3K -)8+9FC. @<& $?8I+0;738+. ' KL% 8 1)=P(3K -)OK'

3+9), @38 . -367'=6-)J"#
O'K?
. '67' KL% =6-)J"8
# +. 'M+$!;+$*&);3.
5. 3+'; -) @<& 4&=$5'D 1'

. $'E+33+'=6-
3+'; -) @<& 4&=$5'D 1'3+'67'F?9' -367'O'8 1)'5@ # )3()E&
3+O'K
C ?
. 967'J+# 9K+. ;K -' @<& 3+. *&@)9??3O'3+'@38
. 1)=<3, 8 1)3;)3+
'?
. 0 KL% 8 1)/1)*?8, 3+'@38 . * -9=3)=8(#9;+# ' -367'
. 1)=P(3K -) KL% ;738+. ' @<;
=F1.+OE8 1)67' @<& @38
. 1)=<3H)J
. +# 9N%3M?
. 9 KL% 8C# ?
6. @'&' C+ ! C+M?88 1)=P(3K -)

3. an " 3 ! . 0.5 / =4-'? -') -8E?
n
1. . $
1 # 2n
F. an " =4-'? -') -8E?
. $
1 ! 2n
2n
!. an " =4-'? -') -8E?
. $
n !1
9. an " n2 ! 5n # n =4-'? -') -8E?

. $
n 2 # 2n ! 1
E. an " =4-'? -') -8K;+
n #1
sin n3
*. an " =4-'? -') -8E?
. $
n
. #1/
n
,. an " 1 ! =4-'? -') -8E?

. $
n
1
0. an " =4-'? -') -8K;+
n2 ! 1 # n
44
!
cos 2 n
). an " =4-'? -') -8E?
. $
2n
3n # 5
2. 3. lim 2 "0
n DC 6 n ! 3n # 1
2n ! 1 2
F. lim "
n DC
8n ! 2 2 2
!. lim
n DC
. n !1 # n " 0 /
8
n ! 2n 2 # 3
3
9. lim 8C# $5F?8=F)
n DC 5n 2 # n ! 3
3n 2 # 5n 3
E. lim "
n DC 5n 2 ! 2n # 6 5
1
*. lim
.1 # n#1 / (3 ! n 3 ) "0
n DC 2
4
5!n #n 3
n !1
5 !3
,. lim "5
n DC 5n # 2
2x ! 5
0. lim "0
xDC 5x
5 4 2n !1 # 4 20
). lim "
n DC 3 4 2 n #1 ! 3 3
( sin n )
M. lim * 2 ! +"2
n DC
, n -
.
. #1/
n
!2
N. lim "0
.
n DC 3n
(1)
/. lim . #1/ sin * + " 0
n
n DC
,n-
7 n # 3n
'. lim 8C# $5F?8=F)
nDC 5n ! 9
3 4 2n ! 3n # 6 4 5n
8. lim "0
nDC 5 4 3n # 7 n ! 3
45
!
( cos n )
4. lim * 4 ! +"4
n DC
, n -
?( 4 ) n 3 @
3. lim an " lim F* + ! # 9 G " #9
n DC n DC
FA, 5 - n GB
2n 2 ! 4n # 3
4. lim an " lim "2
n DC n DC n 2 # 4 ln n
1 2 3 n 1
5. 3. lim an " lim 2 ! 2 ! 2 ! ... ! 2 " !
n DC n DC n n n n 2
n .1 ! 2 ! 3 ! .. ! n / 3
F. lim an " lim "
n DC n DC 2 2 2
1 ! 2 ! 3 ! ... ! n 2
2
( 3)
!. lim an " lim * 3 + .12 ! 22 ! 32 ! ... ! n 2 / " 1
n DC n
n DC
, -
46
!
8 1)/5 6 3+'' C+O,?
. -') -8E+';'
C
=;<+ 2 ,#;1 :$9
1. EA)4&* 19
. -367'*+$+)6". @<& =F1.+OE:
=>%# ?OK'
- 3+'' C+O,!
. ;+$6"F
. ?9? -') -8E+';'@3
C :. E)8 -'K+37# ;3 -8!+# KLA 0
. K7.' @<&
9 184&$+'/+9)+. '3+'=9('
2. . O'M'MC
='%? 1.
- !+# KLA 0
. K7. ' @<& 9 184&$+'
- )?3=80
.
)?3=80
. @$'
# E+';'=9(
C '/5# H)6 . &:K0)E+3=9('''-.
. -8D 1'M?8@/'E+33+'O,4
M+$H<0&=;<+/5# 3+'
C 1).
- )?3=80
. P+3$53+'
C 1)
.5 +';'=9(
*")! C+';'3C<&'5'E C 'O'8 -',5KL9- E+3P+3H) . n 45 @$':
#
( r )
An " P ! nI , I " P* +.
, 100 -
- )?3=80
. P+34&J-)
*")! C+';'E+';'=9(
C 'P+3>+0KL 9- 3+'!()H<) # ?3=80 -.
. !9/5 n @$':
.
#
r
An " P .1 ! i / =,(# 9 i "
n
.
100
N+. 3+'!()H<)
# ?3=80
. O'G2# 945 $K - . ': !())?3=80
5 L +03;+# 1 !9=,-# . /A3Q 3 =)%?'
KL% !())?3=80 1. *+$+)! C+';':)0O,*
. /A3Q 6 =)%?' =4-'M'. . ) # - '5..
" )9
mn
( i )
An " P * 1 ! +
, m-
i
=,(# 9 m E+';'!
C -. !()H<)
9/5# # ?3=80
. O'G2# 945 , )?3=80
. /5# H)6
. -8O'@M<
# &9;).
m
47
!
- 3C<&'5=?1 +=9('=F1.+8 -',5P+34&J-)/A3Q9;).
*")E+';'=9(
C '<;$O'8 -',5P+34&J-)/-9I 1)@$':
#
P ?1 # .1 ! i / @ P
n
S " P .1 ! i / ! P .1 ! i / ! ... ! P .1 ! i / ! P " A B " ? 1 ! i n # 1@

. / B
n #1 n#2
1 # .1 ! i / i A
- $'
" !+# 4&EA8 -'
=>%# ?*+$+)N?'=9('E+38 -',5P+34&J-)/5# OK)
. ?3=80
. i =45 =,- 'MC# 9;)OK!
. 18
N;
. ' m 9;) @<& 9;)<& P 358 M?
. 9$5=9('O'8 -',5:
A " A1 ! A2 ! ... ! Am " P .1 ! i / ! P .1 ! i / ! ... ! P .1 ! i /
#1 #2 #m
P .1 ! i / ?1 # .1 ! i / @ P
#1 #m
A B " ?1 # 1 ! i # m @
" . / B
1 # .1 ! i /
#1
i A
3. *%# 3+'67'-3+'*?'
*%# /5# O,=. F1.+O'3+'*?'8 1)'5$
. 5 42. $@8867', 42. $!"$
# !
% ," 3&)+', *(# 9/5# O,F
. 7'
3&)+', E -3!()H< # @<& =E0
. @D'
# OK0* . O'8 1)67'.
# &KLA 8='%?
4. 3()E&3+3+'67'3+'*?'
C
!"?&/(8+0M 1;J+# 9<&?7), ' C+>+ @<& $?8I+03()E&3+OK
C ' . -367'=6-)O'
K?
. 967' E -)' -367'=4-'3A$ 1.
# M+$!;+$=I+&* 1$!'!;+. (:)0=?1 +' -367'=4-'OE3+9),
. 1)=P(3K -)8+9FC . @<& $?8I+0;738+. ' KL% 8 1)=P(3K -)OK'

@38 . -367'=6-)J"O# 'K?
. 9
67' KL% =6-)J"8
# +. 'M+$!;+$*&);3.
5. 3+'; -) @<& 4&=$5'D 1'

3+'; -) @<& . $'E+33+'=6-
4&=$5'D 1'3+'67'F?9' -367'O'8 1)'5@ # )3()E&
3+O'K
C ?
. 967', 8 1)3;)3+'?
. 0 KL% 8 1)/1)*?8, 3+'@38
. 1)=P(3K)
- KL% ;738+. '
. * -9=3)=8(#9;+# ' -367'=F1.+OE8 1)67' @<& @38

@<; . 1)=<3H)J
. +# 9N%3M?
. 9 KL% 8C# ?
48
!
6. @'&' C+ ! C+M?88 1)=P(3K -)
1. =$%# ?! 183+'
C 1)E&H)=. 9('<;$/-9I 1) 4 168 560 358
2. =$%# ?! 183+'
C 1)E&H)=. 9('<;$/-9I)
1 5 385 060 358
3. 4+
. @)9P+3=9('E+';'
C 70 504 700 H4=F1.+O'8 -',5.
4. 4+
. 8 1;E -'H)6
. -8)?3=80
. 720 000 358
@<& H)6
. -8=9('<;$ 4 720 000 358.
5. <+;E&H)=. 9('<;$@$'
# 12 867 500 358
@<& )?3=80
. /-9I)
1 /5# H)6
. -8!%: 4 867 500 358
6. <+;M? 1 G5.
. 9E+# 0 20 =)%?' E2# 9E&I)
7. =9('=)%?'/+?(
C )@$'
# 200 000 358
. 45 <&
=>5# $F2' 40 000 358
=9('=)%?'45 /5 38 @$'
# 1 680 000 358
8. !+# KL 0
". K7. '@$'
# 135 000 358 MC# 45 .
9. < 1)05#KC. A E&$5<+!+KLA )< 19M+# C 3;+# $15 000 KL -9E+3 119 =)%?'.
10. P " 8 534 900 358

11. 3. =61+H) . An " 2 000 000 ! 2 00 000n
F. n " 5 45 H) . A5 " 3 000 000 358.

.
12. P " 30 795 900 358

.
13. 3. A " 6 934 320 !!358.
F. A " 27 155 400 !!358.
14. E&=4-'/+. 045 /5 n " 25
15. 3. A " 35 117 900 358

!
F. A " 79 315 100 358
49
!
>+3/5 3 $+MB)
( , =)@M3$'
5 9- @<& <&88*
1 $D
1 '
1 <5='@?
8 1)/5 7 $+MB() @<& !A'< -3*&'&F?9$+MB()
=;<+ 6 ,#;1 :$9
1. !"#$%&'(
&'()*+,#$-./0$12324:
- &5"#2+6$7823 9:; <=$:-.$;5*>32!?74&'()*$%2+@#&5"#2+$.2$<74A:)!)2>B
- <%2$C$+$.=)332!?74
(a b)
- <74A:) A 2 , A 3 ,..., A n 1%2:-D A " ** ++
,c d-
2. )*+,-.*/',*/0.
- $77823 9:; <=$:-.1;$;5*>32!?74
- .2$&E")2.-$5*>1*>32!?74
- .2$<%2$C$+$.=)332!?74
- .2$5F#$.%2:->32!?74
3. &+123*&-*
GF#39DD/0$ 9:; <H)3(<H<;$74124 3.7
4. 24#!%20323*56*-23*&-*
- !"' C+*&=G5'0
( +$ @<& M 1;J+# 9F?9$+MB()
- 3+'=/1# +3 -'F?9 2 $+MB() @<& M 1;J+# 9
# - '5.
- 3+'! C+';'37# ;3 -8$+MB())9
$ 3+'8;3 @<& 3+'< 18$+MB() @<& M 1;J+# 9
$ 3+'!"'$+MB()3 -8E+';'!
C 19!+# @<& M 1;J+# 9
$ 3+'!"'$+MB()3 -8$+MB()
50
!
!A'< -3*&'&F?93+'! C+';'$+MB(): ( AB )C " A( BC )
1. . A ! B / C " AC ! BC
2. A . B ! C / " AB ! AC
3. k . AB/ " .kA/B " A.kB/ , =$%# ? k =4-'E+';'!

C 19!+# .
4. AI " IA " A
5. A 2 " AA, A 3 " AA 2 " A 2 A,..., A n " AA n #1 " A n #1 A.
!A'< -3*&'&F?9$+MB()
(a b )
KL -3=3' 1: =$%# ? A " ** ++ E&H) . A2 # . a ! d / A ! . ad # cb / I " O
, c d -
(1 0) (0 0)
=,(# 9 I " * +,O " * +
,0 1- ,0 0-
(& 0) (& n 0 )
KL -3=3' 2: A " ** ++ 9 A n " ** +.
,0 '- , 0 ' n +-
f .n /)
n
(& H ) (& n
KL -3=3' 3: ** + "* +.
,0 ' +- *, 0 ' n +-
- !"OK8
. 1)=P(3K -)' -367'=4-';738+. '
5. 3+'; -) @<& 4&=$5'D 1'

* -9=3)E+3:
1) 3+') C+='5'3()E&3+,
C ! C+M?8F?93()E&3+C @<& 8 1)=P(3K -).
.
2) =6-)8 1)/1)*?8=4-'8A3! 1'O'K?

. 967' 4&$+' 5 K+ 10 '+/5
.
6. @'&' C+ ! C+M?88 1)=P(3K -)

( 4 3)
1. 1) F&G+)F?9$+MB() A " * + @$'
# 21 2
,1 2-
2) 31 2 3) 31 3
51
!
( a11 a12 a13 ) I2, i 8 j
* + J
2. $+MB() A " * a21 a22 a23 + =,(# 96";
. +# ? 194&3?8 aij " K#1, i " j
*a a33 +- J3, i $ j
, 31 a32 L
( #1 3 3 )
# - ''-. A " * 2 #1 3 +
)9
* +
, 2 2 #1-
3. 3. =61+H) . ( x, y ) " ( 2,1), (0,#1).
F. =61+H) . ( a, b, x, y ) " (1, 1, 2, 1), (1, 1, 2, # 1).
!. =61+H) . a " #5, b " 2
9. =61+H) . a " 4 b " 10, b " 1
( 1 #1 3 ) ( 2 0 #1 ) ( 3 #1 2 )
4. 3) * 2 0 5 + ! * 1 4 #2 + " * 3 4 3 +
* + * + * +
, #3 2 0 - , 0 #2 3 - , #3 0 3 -
!
( 1 4 ) ( 2 0 ) ( #1 12 )
F) 3 * 0 #1+ # 2 * 1 #1 + " * #2 #1 +
* + * + * +
, 2 1- , 3 1- , 0 1-
!!!!
(1)
* +
!) .1 2 3/ * 2 + " .1 ! 4 ! 9 / " .14 /
* 3+
!! , -
(1) ( 1 2 3)
* + * +
9) * 2 + .1 2 3/ " * 2 4 6 +
* 3+ *3 6 9+
!!! , - , -
( 2 #1) ( 5 3 1 ) (10 # 2 6 ! 1 2 # 4 ) ( 8 8 #2 )
E) * +* +"* +"* +
!!!! ,
1 3 - , 2 #1 4 - , 5 ! 6 3 # 3 1 ! 4 - ,11 0 5 - !
52
!
(2 ) (2 #1 )
#1+
1* ( 1 3 1 ) *6 2 + ( 1 3 1)
*) * 3 +* +"* +* +
2* 3 + , 2 #1 1- * 1 3 + , 2 #1 1-
*1 + * +
!! , 4- ,2 8 -
(2 1 2 1 ) ( #1 3 #1 )
* 6 #1 1!
2
#
6 2+ * 3 2 6 +
"* +"* +
*1!6 3 3
#
1 3+ * 5
! + *
9 7 +
* +
,2 8 2 8 2 8- , 4 8 8 -
( 2 7 #4 )
5. 3) 2 . 3 A # B / # 5 A " * +
, #2 1 7 -
<
5) X # A " 2 X # 2 . A # B / =
( 6 15 #10 )
X " 3A # 4B " * +
, #4 3 17 -
1 ( #3 3 ) ( #1 1)
6. E+33+'@3< . &8 18* 1$D 1'H) . A " * +"* +
3 , 6 3 - , 2 1-
1 ( 6 #3 ) ( 2 #1)
B" * +"* +.
3 , #3 3 - , #1 1 -
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
( a b )( 1 a ) ( a ! ab a 2 ! b 2 )
7. AB " * +* +"* + =61+H) . x " 3
, b 1 -, a b - , a ! b ab ! b -
. &8 18* 1$D 1' x " 2, y " 1
8. E+33+'@3<
.
( a #1 a # 3 )
9. OK. A " * 2
+ , A ! A # 6I " O.
, 6 # 2a 2a # 4 -
.
2
.
=61+H) . A # . 3a # 5 / A ! 4a # 18a ! 22 I " O
2
/ .1/
=$%# ? A 2 kI E&H) .
I 3a # 5 " 0
K 2 <&8 18* 1$D 1'8C#$5OED 1'
L 4 a # 18 a ! 28 " 0
=$%# ? A " kI E&H) . .k 2
/
!k #6 I "O
53
!
# - ''- . k ! k # 6 " 0 $5OED 1'
2
@M # I 2 O , )9 k " #3 @<& k " 2
I+0!;+$;+# A " #3 I @<& A " 2 I
( a # 1 a # 3 ) ( #3 0 )
* C+< -8 A " #3I ; * +"* +
, 6 # 2a 2a # 4 - , 0 #3 -
<&8 18* 1$D 1'8C#$5OED 1'
( a #1 a # 3 ) (2 0)
* C+< -8 A " 2 I ; * +"* +
, 6 # 2a 2a # 4 - , 0 2 -
. &8 18* 1$D 1' a " 3
@3<
(a b) 2
E+3 A # . a ! b / A ! . ad # bc / I " O
2
10. OK. A " * + , A # A # 12 I " O
,c d -
A # A # 12 I " O ; # . a ! d # 1/ A ! . ad # bc ! 12 / I " O
2
!!!!!!!!!!!
=$%# ? A 2 kI E&H) .
Ia ! d # 1 " 0 Ia ! d " 1
K 9K
Lad # bc ! 12 " 0 Lad # bc " #12
=$%# ? A " kI E&H) .
2
. 2
A # A # 12 I " O ; k # k # 12 I " O /
2
# - ''- . k # k # 12 " 0 9 k " #3 @<&
@M # E 2 O )9 k " 4!
* C+< -8 k " #3 9 A " #3 I =61+H) . a ! d " 6 @<& ad # bc " 9
* C+< -8 k " 4 9 A " 4 I =61+H) . a ! d " 8 @<& ad # bc " 16
# - ''-. . tr . A/,det . A/ / " .1, #12 / , . #6,9 / , . 8,16 /
)9
( a #1) 2
E+3 A # . a ! 1/ A ! . a ! b / I " O
2
11. OK. A " * + , A ! 2 A ! 4I " O.
,b 1 -
A " . a ! 1/ A # . a ! b / I !
2
! . a ! 1/ A # . a ! b / I ! 2 A ! 4 I " 0 ; . a ! 3/ A # . a ! b # 4/ I " 0 !
Ia ! 3 " 0
=61+H) . K . &8 18* 1$D 1' a " #3 , b " 7
@3<
La ! b # 4 " 0
54
!
F. E+3 A2 ! 2 A ! 4 I " O N?'=?1 + A2 " #2 A # 4 I
!"' A O* # AA2 " A . #2 A # 4 I / @/'!+# A
2
O* # A3 " #2 A2 # 4 A
(8 0) (8 0)
" #2 . #2 A # 4 I / # 4 A !! " 4 A ! 8I # 4 A " 8I " *
3
! + 9 A "* +!
,0 8- ,0 8-
( 7 13 )
E+3 A # tr . A/ A ! det . A/ I " 0
2
12. OK. A " * +.
, #4 #7 -
KL% A # . 7 # 7 / A ! . #49 ! 52 / I " 0
2
2 2
A ! 3I " 0 9 A " #3I !
5
( #3 0 ) ( #243 0 )
10
# - ''-. A " A
)9 . / " . #3I /
2 5 5
"* + "* +
, 0 #3 - , 0 #243 -
( 3 2) (1 0)
13. OK. A " * + ,I " * + , A " 5 P ! Q, I " P ! Q.
, 2 3- ,0 1-
IJ A " 5 P ! Q .1/
E+3 K =?1 + (1) – (2) H) .
JL I " P ! Q . 2 /
( 3 2) (1 0) ( 2 2) 1 ( 2 2 ) 1 ( 1 1)
4P " A # I " * + #* + "* + 9P" * "
, 2 3- ,0 1- , 2 2- 4 , 2 2 +- 2 *,1 1+-
E+3* 1$D 1' I " P ! Q =61+N?'H) .
( 1 0 ) 1 (1 1) 1 ( 1 #1)
Q" I #P"* +# * +" * +
, 0 1 - 2 ,1 1- 2 , #1 1 -
.
( 2 1)
E+3 A # . a ! d / A ! . ad # bc / I " 0
2
14. OK. A " ** ++.
, #1 4-
.
2 ( #3 3 )
9 A # 3A " * +
, #3 3 -
(1 # 2 )
E+3*") A # . a ! d / A ! . ad # bc / I " 0
2
16.. OK. A " ** ++.
,1 3 -
( #3 3 )
9 A2 # 2 A " * +
! , #3 3 -
55
!
8 1)/5 8 =)@M3$5' -9 @<& $+MB()45. '
=;<+ 5 ,#;1 :$9
1. EA)4&* 19
=>%# ?OK'
. -367'*+$+):
- ,?3K+=)@M3$5' -9F?9$+MB()F&G+) 2x2 @<& 3x3
(a b)
- ,?3K+$+MB()45. 'F?9 A " ** ++
,c d -
@<&O,!
. '
A < -3*&'&F?9$'O'3+',?3
- An
- ,?3K+$+MB()45. 'F?9$+MB()F&G+) 3x3.
. +MB()45. 'F&G+) 2x2 @<& 3x3 =F1.+O'3+'@3*

- ' C+O,$ . 1$D 1'
2. ='%? 1.
. O'M'MC
- 3+'!()H<=# )@M3$5' -9F?9$+MB()F&G+) 2x2
- 3+'!()H<=# )@M3$5' -9F&G+) 3x3 ';'O'3A$

# $+MB()
- $+MB()45. 'F&G+) 2x2 @<& 3x3
3. *%# 3+'*?'
42. $@8867' @<& !"$
# !
% !
" &'()*+) $.7
4. 3()E&3+3+'67'-3+'*?'
C
!"*&=G5'0
( +$ @<& !A'< -3*&'&
- =)@M3$5' -9F?9$+MB() 2 1 2 >?
. $M 1;J+# 9
- =)@M3$5' -9F?9$+MB()F&G+) 3 1 3 >?
. $M 1;J+# 9
- !A'< -3*&'&F?9=)@M3$5' -9
56
!
OK. A @<& B @$'*?9$+MB(
# )E&MA< -) =61+H) .
1) det . I / " 1
# 'I 1) 9 det. A/ " 0

2) =$%# ? A $5N -' KL% @N;O)G2# 9@$'*"
3) =$%# ? A $5 2 N -' KL% 2 @N;!%3 -' 9 det. A/ " 0

4) det . AB / " det . A / 4 det . B /
$+MB()45. '. (inverse of Matrix)
'(0+$: N+. ;+# A B " B A " I =61+=;1.+;+# B =4-'$+MB()45. 'F?9 A @<& A =4-'
$+MB()45. 'F?9 B . * -'0&< -3);

. 0 B " A @<& A " B .
#1 #1
E+3'(0+$=61+H):. AA#1 " A#1 A " I
.A / #1 #1
" A.
- $+MB()45. 'F?9$+MB()/5# $5F&G+) 2x2.
KL 3
- =3':
(a b ) 1 ( d # b)
• N+. ;+# A " ** ++ @<& det A 2 0 @<;
. E&H) . A "
#1
* +.
,c d - det A *, # c a +-
• N+. ;+# $5 A #1 , B #1 @<& . AB /#1 @<;

. . AB /#1 " B #1 A #1 . .P #1 AP /n " P #1 A n P.
- $+MB()45. 'F?9$+MB()/5# $5F&G+) 3x3.

( a11 a12 a13 )
OK. A " ** a21 a22
+
a23 + =4-'$+MB()E&MA<
A -)
.
*a a32 +
a33 -
, 31
adj . A /
.
@<& $+MB()4(. 'F?9 A F7'@/');

. 0
1
A#1 " adj . A/ =$%# ? det A 2 0
det A
t
:)0/5# adj . A / " ?ACij @B ,2# 9 Cij " . #1/
i! j
M ij
n1 n
57
!
a22 a23 a21 a23
C11 " . #1/ C12 " . #1/
1!1 1! 2
a32 a33 a31 a33
a21 a22 a12 a13

C13 " . #1/ C21 " . #1/
1! 3 2 !1
a31 a32 a32 a33
a11 a13 a11 a12

C22 " . #1/ C23 " . #1/
2! 2 2!3
a31 a33 a31 a32
a12 a13 a11 a13

C31 " . #1/ C32 " . #1/
3!1 3! 2
a22 a23 a21 a23
a11 a12
C33 " . #1/
3! 3
a21 a22
t
( a11 a12 a13 ) ( a11 a21 a31 )
* + * +
=,(# 9;+# A " a21
t
* a22 a23 + " * a12 a22 a32 + .
*a a32 a33 +- *, a13 a23 a33 +-
, 31
$5,# ;
% +# $+MB()47# '@N;=4-'N -' (Transpose of Matrix).
t
( a22 a32 a21 a23 a21 a22 )
* # +
* a23 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32 +
1 ** a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12 +
+
E&$5 A "
#1
# #
det A * a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32 +
* +
* a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12 +
#
*a a23 a21 a23 a21 a22 +-
, 22
- !"*&=G5M 1;J+# 9O'4%. $@8867'
58
!
5. 3+'; -) @<& 4&=$5'D 1'
* -9=3)E+3:
1) 3+') C+='5'3()E&3+,
C ! C+M?8F?93()E&3+C @<& 8 1)=P(3K -).
2) =6-)8 1)/1)*?8=4-'8A3! 1'O'K?
. 967' 4&$+' 5 K+ 10 '+/5
6. ! C+@'&' C+ ! C+M?88 1)=P(3K -)

(2 5 ) ( #5 #1 ) ( #5 4 ) ( 2 6)
1. OK. A " * +. B " * + C "* + D"* +
, 7 15 - , #3 #4 - , 3 #10 - , 1 3-
a11 a12
' C+O, . det A " " a11a22 # a21a12
a21 a22
! C+M?8: det . A/ " #5, det B " 17, det C " 38 @<& det D " 0
!!!!!!
1 ( d # b)
' C+O, . det A 2 0 @<;
. E&H) . A "
#1
* +.
det A *, # c a +-
#1 1 ( 15 #5 ) #1 1 ( 4 1) 1 (10 4 )
! C+M?8: A " * +, B " * +, C #1 " * +
#5 , #7 2 - 17 , 3 5 - 38 , 3 5 -
@<& * C+< -8$+MB() D 8C# $5 D#1
( #3 7 ) ( 1 #1)
2. OK. A " * + , B"* +
, #1 2 - ,2 3 -
#1 ( 2 #7 ) ( 1 #1 ) ( #12 #23 )
3. AX " B 9X "A B"* +* +"* +
.
, 1 #3 - , #5 3 - , #5 #10 -
.
#1 ( 1 #1 ) ( 2 #7 ) ( 1 # 4 )
F. XA " B 9 X " BA "* +* "*
#3 +- , 7 #23 -
+
, #5 3 - , 1
1 ( 3 1)
!. A XB " A 9 X " A AB " B " *
#1 #1 #1
+
5 , #2 1-
3. =61+H) . . x, y / " . 2, 0 / , . 2, 6 / , . #4, 0 / , . #4,6 /

59
!
( 1 3)
* # +
4. (3) E+3 A"* 2 2 +.
* 3 1 +
* +
, 2 2 -
( 1 3) ( 1 3)
* # + (1 0) * # # +
=61+H) . A # I " * 2 2 +# 2 2 +
*0 1+ " *
* 3 1 + , - * 3 1 +
* + * # +
, 2 2 - , 2 2 -
2 2
(1) ( 3)
@<& det . A # I / " * + # * + "1
,2- , 2 -
( 1 3)
* # +
# - ''-. . A # I / " * 2 2 +
#1
)9
*# 3 # 1 +
* +
, 2 2-
.A# I/ . A # I /. # A / " I
#1
F. E+3 " # A =61+H) . =>+&;+# AA " I
#1
; A2 # A ! I " 0 9 A2 # A " # I 9 A2 " A # I
A3 " AA2 " A . A # I / " A2 # A " # I
A 6 " . A3 / " . # I / " I

2 2
=61+H) . A6 # I " 0 ; A6 # I 6
" . A # I / . A5 ! A4 ! A3 ! A2 ! A ! I / " 0 ( M)
.A# I/
#1
!"' O* # (M) H) . A5 ! A4 ! A3 ! A2 ! A ! I " 0
!. =61+$5 I ! A ! A ! ... ! A
2 14
" . I ! A ! A2 ! ... ! A5 / ! . A6 ! A7 ! A8 ! ... ! A11 / ! . A12 ! A13 ! A14 /
60
!
" . I ! A ! A2 ! ... ! A5 / ! A6 . I ! A ! A2 ! ... ! A5 / ! A12 . I ! A ! A2 /
" I ! A ! A2 =>+& ;+# A12 " . A3 / " . # I / " I
4 4
" I ! A! A# I
( 1 # 3)
" 2A " 2* +!
, 3 1 -
(1 2 ) 1 2
5. 3. E+3 P"* + =61+$5 det . P / " " #1
,1 1 - 1 1
( #1 2 ) ( #1 2 )( 4 #2 )(1 2 )
# - ''- . P #1 " *
)9 + =61+H) . B " P AP " *
#1
+*
!!! , 1 #1- , 1 #1-, 1 1 +* +
-,1 1 -
( #1 2 )( 2 6)
"* +*
, 1 #1-, 2 3 +-
( 2 0) ( 2n 0)
9 B"* + )9# - ''- . B n
" * +
, 0 3- ,0 3n -
(5 4 )
6. E+3 A " ** =61+H) . A # . a ! d / A ! . ad # bc / I " 0
2
++.
, 7 # 5-
KL% A2 # . 5 # 5/ A ! . #25 ! 28 / I " 0 9 A2 ! 3E " 0
OK. n " 2m
An " A2 m " . A2 / " . #3I /

m m
.
n
. #3/ 4 I " . #3/ 2 4 I
m
.
OK. n " 2m ! 1 H) .
n #1
An " A2 m!1 " A 4 A2 m " . #3/ A " . #3/ 2 4 A
2m
61
!
I n
(1 0)
J . #3 / 2
* + , n " 2m
J ,0 1-
# - ''- . A " K
)9
n
J. #3/ 2 ( 5 #4 ) , n " 2m ! 1
n #1
JL * 7 #5 +
, -
(1 2 3 )
7. E+3 A " ** 1 3 5 ++ =61+H) .
* 1 5 12 +
, -
t
(a a a a23 a21 a22 ) t
* 22 32 # 21 + ( 3 5 1 5 1 3 )
* a23 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32 + * 5 # +
* + * 12 1 12 1 5 +
1 * a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12 + * 2 3 1 3 1 2+
A#1 " *# # + " *# # +
A * a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32 + * 5 12 1 12 1 5+
* + * +
* a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12 + * 2 3
#
1 3 1 2 +
* # + *, 3 5 1 5 1 3 -+
*a a a a a a +
, 22 23 21 23 21 22 -
( 11 1 )
t * 3 #3 3 +
( 11 #7 2 ) ( 11 #9 1 ) * #7 +
1 * + 1* #2
#7 9 #2 + 9 A "* +
#1
! " #9 9 #3 " 3
3 * + 3* + * 3 3 +
, 1 #2 1 - , 2 #3 1 - * 2 1 +
* #1 +
, 3 3 -
(1 2 3 ) ( 6 #2 #3 )
$ E+3 B " ** 1 3 3 ++ =61+H) . det . A / " 1, B " * #1 1 0 +
#1
*1 2 4 + * +
, - , #1 0 1 -
( 4 3)
* #1 #
7 7+
( 2 1 0) * +
8 6
$ E+3 C " ** 9 4 6 ++ =61+H) . det . C / " #14, A#1 " * 3 # +
*5 3 8+ * 7 7 +
, - * 1 1 1 +
!
*# +
, 2 14 14 -
62
!
( 5 3 1)
*# 4 4 4+
(1 2 3) * +
3 3 1+
$ E+3 D " ** 2 2 4 ++ =61+H) . det . D / " 8, D " *
#1
#
* 3 4 3+ * 4 4 4+
, -
!
* 1 1 1+
** # ++
, 4 4 4-
8. 3. =61+H) . BA " I B =4-'$+MB()4(. 'F?9 A
F. =61+H) . BA " I B =4-'$+MB()4(. 'F?9 A

( 4 3)
* #1 7
# +
7
* +
* 3 8 6 +
9. =61+H)! +
. # F?9 C " #42 , C " #2 @<& A #1
" #
12 23 * 7 7 +
* +
*# 1 1 1 +
* +
, 2 14 14 -
.
.
63
!
8 1)/5 9 <&8 18* 1$D 1'<5='@?
=;<+ 5 ,#;1 :$9
1. EA)4&* 19
=>%# ?OK'
. -367'*+$+):
- F7'* 1$D 1'O'6"86+# 9$+MB() AX " B
- @3< . +MB()45. '

. &8 18* 1$D 1':)0' C+O,$
- @3<
. &8 18* 1$D 1'<5='@?:)0O,=. )@M3$5' -9
2. ='%? 1.
. O'M'MC
- <&8 18* 1$D 1'<5='@? ( Systems of Linear Equations )
- 3+'@3< . +MB()45. ' X " A B

. &8 18* 1$D 1':)0' C+O,$
#1
det( A i )
- 3+'@3<
. &8 18* 1$D 1'<5='@?:)0O,=. )@M3$5' -9 x i "
det( A )
- 3+'@3<
. &8 18* 1$D 1'<5='@?);
. 0;(/53+E
C -)M 1;47# 'F?93+;-EC@)'
3. *%# 3+'*?'
42. $@8867' @<& !"$

# !
% !
" &'()*+) $.7
4. 3()E&3+3+'67'-3+'*?'
C
!"*&=G5
- <&8 18* 1$D 1'<5='@? ( Systems of Linear Equations )

# - '5:.
<&8 18* 1$D 1'<5='@?/5# $5 2 * 1$D 1' @<& 2 M 1;4#7' E&F7')9
Ia 11 x 1 ! a 12 x 2 " b1
K
La 21 x 1 ! a 22 x 2 " b 2
# - '5:.
<&8 18* 1$D 1'<5='@?/5# $5 3 * 1$D 1' @<& 3 M 1;4#7' E&F7')9
64
Ia 11 x 1 ! a 12 x 2 ! a 13 x 3 " b1
J
Ka 21 x 1 ! a 22 x 2 ! a 23 x 3 " b 2
Ja x !a x !a x " b
L 31 1 32 2 33 3 3
E&*+$+)F7'H) . AX " B >?

. $M 1;J+# 9O'8+9=?3&*+'3CO,M
. 1;< -8=4-'
x, y , z
- 3+'@3< . +MB()45. '
. &8 18* 1$D 1':)0' C+O,$
E+3 AX " B
E&H) . A #1 AX " A #1 B KL% X " A #1 B

# - ''OED
)9 -. . +3 X " A B >?
1'F?9<&8 18* 1$D 1',?3H)E #1
. $M 1;J+# 9
det( A i )
- 3+'@3<
. &8 18* 1$D 1'<5='@?:)0O,=. )@M3$5' -9 x i " >?
. $M 1;J+# 9
det( A )
- 3+'@3<
. &8 18* 1$D 1'<5='@?);
. 0;(/53+E
C -)M 1;4#7'F?93+;-EC@)'
>?
. $M 1;J+# 9
- !"OK8
. 1)=P(3K -)' -367'=4-';738+. '
5. 3+'; -) @<& 4&=$5'D 1'
* -9=3)E+3:
1) 3+') C+='5'3()E&3+,
C ! C+M?8F?93()E&3+C @<& 8 1)=P(3K -).
2) =6-)8 1)/1)*?8=4-'8A3! 1'O'K?
. 967' 4&$+' 5 K+ 10 '+/5
.
6. @'&' C+! C+M?88 1)=P(3K)

-
.
1. @3< # '5:. )0O,=. )@M3$5' -93 -8@?)E?0.

. &8 18* 1$D 1'<A$
Iy # x " 4 I2 x # 3 y " 2
3. K ; F. K
L2x ! 3y " 22 L2 y # x # 5 " 0
! C+M?8: x " 2, y " 6 ! C+M?8: x " 23, y " 14
65
I2 x # y ! 2 z " 1
I3y ! 2x " 1 J
!. K ; 9. K2 y ! 4 z " 3
L x # 3y ! 1 " 0 J y # 4 x # 2z ! 2 " 0
L
1 1 3 3
! C+M?8: x " 0, y " ! C+M?8: x " , y " , z "
3 3 4 8
I3x 1 # 2x 2 # x 3 " 2 Ix ! y ! z " 2
J J
E. Kx 1 ! 3x 2 # 4x 3 " 1 ; *. K x ! 2 y ! 3y " 1
Jx # 2 x " 5 J3x ! y # 5z " 4
L 1 3 L
39 46 47
! C+M?8: x " # , y"# , z"# ! C+M?8: x " 4, y " #3, z " 1
11 11 11
Ix ! 2 y # 3z " 0 I3x ! y # 2z " 1
J J
,. K3x ! 3y # z " 5 ; 0. K2 x ! 3 y # z " 2
J x # 2 y ! 2z " 1 Jx # 2 y ! 2z " #10
L L
! C+M?8: x " 1, y " 1, z " 1 ! C+M?8: x " #2, y " 1, z " #3
I2 x ! y ! z " 0 Ix ! y ! z " 4
J J
). K4 x ! 3 y ! 2 z " 2 ; M. K x ! 2 y ! 2z " 2
J2x # y # 3z " 0 Jz # x # y " 2
L L
1
! C+M?8: x " # , y " 2, z " #1 ! C+M?8: x " 6, y " 4, z " #6
2
2. @3<
. &8 18* 1$D 1'<A$ . ;
# '5) . 0;(/5F?93+;-EC@)'
Ix # 2 y " 0 I2x # 3y " #1
3. K ; F. K
L2 x # 4 y " 1 L# 5 x ! 8 y " 0
! C+M?8: 8C# $5OED 1' KL% $5OED 1'8C#*('
. *A) ! C+M?8: x " #8, y " #5
Ix ! y " 1 I4a ! 5b " #22
!. K ; 9. K
L 2 x ! 3 y " #2 L3a # 4b " #1
! C+M?8: x " 5, y " #4 ! C+M?8: x " #3, y " #2
I4 x ! y " 2 Ix ! y ! z " 30
J J
E. K# 2x # y ! 3z " #18 ; *. K4 x ! y # 4 z " 0
J2 x ! y # z " 8 J5y # 3z " 4
L L
66
23 115 128 147
! C+M?8: x " , y " #44, z " #13 ! C+M?8: x " , y" , z"
2 13 13 13
I7 x ! y ! 2z " 3 Ix ! y ! z " 6
J J
,. K4x # 2 y ! 4z " #2 ; 0. Kx # y ! z " 2
J3x ! 3y # 6z " 3 Jx ! y # z " 0
L L
1
! C+M?8: x " 0, y " 2, z " ! C+M?8: x " 1, y " 2, z " 3
2
Ix ! 2 y # z " 3 I2x # y ! 3z " #2
J J
). K3x ! y " 6 ; M. Ky ! z # x " 0
J2 x ! y " 1 J3x # 2 y " 0
L L
! C+M?8: x " 5, y " #9, z " 16 ! C+M?8: x " 2, y " 3, z " #1
Ix # 5 y ! 7 z " #7 I2 x # 3 y ! z " 8
J J
N. K4x # y ! 9z " #9 ; /. K# x ! 4 y ! 2z " #4
J5x ! y ! z " #9 J3x # y ! 2z " 9
L L
! C+M?8: x " #2, y " 1, z " 0 ! C+M?8: x " 2, y " #1, z " 1
I# 2 y # 2 z " 2 Ir # t " 1
J J
'. K2x # y ! z " #3 ; 8. K3r ! s " 6
Jx ! y ! 3z " #2 J5r ! 6t " #12
L L
48 66 35
! C+M?8: x " 1, y " 3, z " #2 ! C+M?8: r " ,s"# , z"
13 13 13
.
.
67
8 1)/5 10 3+'D -'4#7'<5='@?
=;<+ 3 ,#;1 :$9
1. EA)4&* 19
=>%# ?OK'
. -367'*+$+)
- 6". @<& =F1.+OE'(0+$F?93+'D -'47# '<5='@?
- ,?3=91+F?93+'D -'4#7'<5='@? @<& ,?33+'D -'4#7'<5='@?O'@D'

# >79
- ,?3!+# *&=>+& @<& =;-3=M5*&=>+&F?9$+MB()F&G+) 2x2
. +# *&=>+& @<& =;-3=M5*&=>+&F?9$+MB() =F1.+O'3+'D -'4#7'6"86+# 9

- O,!
C -9*?9/5#$5*?9M 1;47# '

3+<
2. ='%? 1.
. O'M'MC
( xN ) ( a b ) ( x )
'(0+$: N+. ;+# * + " * +* +
, yN - , c d - , y -
=>(# ';+# =$-)/5# $5M 1;4&*+' . xN, yN/ =4-'=91+F?9=$-)/5# $5M 1;4&*+' . x, y / /5# H) .
(a b) (a b)
E+3 3+'D -'47# '<5='@? * + . O'3C<&'5',5. * + @$'$+MB(
# )F?93+'D -'
,c d - ,c d -
4#7'<5='@?/5# D -'4#7' . x, y / OK=. 4-' . xN, yN/ .
OK$
. +MB()E&MA< -) A @<& * 1$D 1' Ax " O x (1)
!+# F?9 O /5# * 1$D 1' (1) $5OED 1' x 2 0 M+# 9*"', $5,# ;% +# !+# *&=>+&F?9 A @<& OE
D 1'$5,# ;
% +# =;-3=M5*&=>+&/5# 37# ;F? -.
. 93 -8 !+# *&=>+&''Q.
t
KL 3
- =3': N+. ;+# A . D " XAX E&@$'$+MB(
=4-'$+MB()=!(# 9!%@<; # )=*- .'='-# 9 =,(# 9
? 194&3?8O'=*- .'='-# 9@$'!

# +# *&=>+&F?9 A @<& X @$'$+MB(
# )/5# N -'
F?9$ -'=4-'=;-3=M5*&=>+&/5# $5F&G+)=/1# +3 -8 1 @<& 37# ;F?

. 93 -8!+#
*&=>+&F?9 A.
68
O'3C<&'5/# ;
1 H4, *+$+)F7'* 1$D 1'=*- .'F'*?9<A
-. $ # '5O. '6"8@88$+MB() @<&
47# '6"8); # - '5:.
. 03+'D -'47# '<5='@?)9
ax 2 ! 2bxy ! cy 2 ! dx ! ey ! f " 0
( a b)( x ) ( x)
.x y/* +* + ! .d e/ * + ! f " 0
,b c -, y - , y-
$ ( x) (a b)
+, K " .d e/.
t
ˆ ˆ + Kxˆ + f = 0, =,(# 9
xAx x = * +, A " *
, y- ,b c-
OK. xˆ = Xxˆ ',
( x')
=,(# 9 x'
ˆ = * + @<& X =4-'$+MB()F&G+) 2x2 /5# N -'F?9$ -'=4-'=;-3=M5*&=>+&
, y '-
F&G+)=/1# +3 -8 1 /5# 37# ;F?
. 93 -8!+# *&=>+& O1,O 2 M+$< C+) -8 F?9$+MB() A .
t
@/' xˆ " Xxˆ ' O**
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y
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d
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178
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2
). " 9
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1
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2
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dx (V ) 3V ( 3V )
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.
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.
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4
179
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2 y
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2
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dy xy C
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dx x # xy y
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, 4-
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dx
y
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dx 1 # .1 # e #1 / x
dy
3. 3. " 5 y 9 y " Ce5 x !
dx
dy
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dx
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180
!
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1
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3
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3
1
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2
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2
1
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x
1
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4
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). x # y " x 2 sin x 9 y " Cx # x cos x
dx
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dx 2
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1
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2
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x
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.
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dx L0, x 8 1
.
IJ1 # e # x , 0 E x E1
=61+H)O. ED 1' y " K # x
JLC2 e , x 81
,?3K+!+# F?9 C2 =>%# ?=6-)OKM . # C='%# ?9J"=# $-) x " 1 . =61+M?

. C+<+'5M . 9,?3K+
IJ1 # e # x , 0E x E 1
lim! y . x / " y .1/ 9 C2 " e # 1 # - '',
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#x
x D1 x 81
181
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dx L0, x W 1
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=61+H)O. ED 1' y " K 2 2
JC e # x2 , x W1
L 2
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. C+<+'5M . 9,?3K+
I 1 3 # x2
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182
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- 3+'@3,
-.
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2. . O'M'MC
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. O#" '6"8F?9* 1$D 1' (1) MC# H4'5..

6+# 9 KL% *+$+)F7'OKJ
ay NN ! by N ! cy " f . x / .......................(1)
=$%# ? a 2 0, b, c =4-'E+';'!
C 19!+# @<& f . x / =4-'M C+<+MC#='%# ?9O'K;+# 9HF
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- '(0+$: E&=?5'
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# 0!% am ! bm ! c " 0
2
....................(3)
#b # b 2 # 4ac #b ! b 2 # 4ac
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*&'', KL% m2 "
2a 2a
.
=,(# 9=61+E&>(E+<&'+=4-'@M3 C &'5)9# - MC# H4'5..

# <
.
#b # b 2 # 4ac #b ! b 2 # 4ac
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2a 2a
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C # - '',
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5. :%
y " C1e m1x ! C2 e m2 x =$%# ? C1 , C2 =4-'E+';'!
C 19!+#
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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3C<&'5/5 2: N+. ! b 2 # 4ac " 0 E&H) . m1 " m2 " # - '',
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2a
5. :% y " C1e 1 ! C2 xe 1 " . C1 ! C2 x / e 1 =$%# ? C1 , C2 =4-'E+';'!
O'3C<&'5'! C 19!+#
mx mx mx
183
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5. +3=4-'E+';'*
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#b 5 b 2 # 4ac
m" " & 5 ' i =$%# ? & , ' =4-'E+';'E(
C # - '',
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2a
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(2) O'3C<&'5'! C 19!+# !
2.2 -.
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=$%# ? a 2 0, b, c 0 " ;+# "* -.

* 1$D 1'F'*?98C# =?3&>-'" @<& g . x / 2 0
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- . , y " yc . x / ! y p . x /
@<& OED 1'*&=>+& ''!%
=,(# 9 yc . x / @$'OED
# 1'/1#;H4* 1$D 1'=?3&>-' ay NN ! by N ! cy " 0
@<& y p . x / @$'OED
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/-'6"! # - *&@)9O'M+M&<+9MC# H4'5:.

. +# * C+4&*()!%)9
g . x/ 6"86+# 9/1# ;H4F?9 y p . x /
an x n ! an #1 x n #1 ! ... ! a1 x ! a0 x . A x ! A x ! ... ! A x ! A /
s
n
n
n #1
n #1
1 0
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n
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x . A x ! A x ! ... ! A x ! A / e
s
n
n
n #1
n #1
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kx
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s
n
n
0 n
n
0
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s &x
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=,(# 9 s " 0, 1, 2 @$'E

# +';'/5#
C . 0*A) =$%# ?!"' x =F1.+H4@<;
'? . =6-)OK>
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s
y p . x / 8C# ,+3
C . -8> 1)O)> 1)G2#9O' yc .
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184
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C
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C ?' C+>+' -367'=6-)3()E&3+O'
C
K?
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@38 . -367'=6-)J"O# 'K?
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# +. 'M+$!;+$*&);3.
5. 3+'; -) @<& 4&=$5'D 1'

3+'; -) @<& . $'E+33+'=6-
4&=$5'D 1'3+'67'F?9' -367'O'8 1)'5@ # )3()E&
3+O'K
C ?
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@<; . 1)=<3H)J
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1. 3. y NN # 5 y " 0 9 y " C1e # 5x
! C2 e 5x
F. y NN # y N # 2 y " 0 9 y " C1e # x ! C2 e 2 x
!. y NN ! 2 y N ! 4 y " 0 .
9 y " e # x C1 cos 3x ! C2 sin 3x /
.1# 2 / x .1! 2 / x
9. y NN # 2 y N # y " 0 9 y " C1e ! C1e
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.
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.
0. y NN # 2 y N ! 10 y " 0 9 y " e x . C1 cos 3x ! C2 sin 3x /
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M. y NN # 6 y N ! 25 y " 0 9 y " e 3 x . C1 cos 4 x ! C2 sin 4 x /
3 3
6 9 x x
N. y NN # yN ! y " 0 9 y " C1e 5 ! C2 xe 2
5 25
185
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1 #2 x
8. y NN # y N # 6 y " 0, y (0) " 0, y N(0) " 1 9 y"#
5
. e # e3 x /
4. y NN # 2 y N # 3 y " 0, y (0) " 4, y N(0) " 0 9 y " 3e # x ! e3 x
D. y NN # y N # 6 y " 0, y (0) " 3, y N(0) " #1 9 y " 2e # 2 x ! e3 x

1 2x
P. y NN ! 3 y N # 10 y " 0, y (0) " 0, y N(0) " #1 9 y "
7
. e # e#5 x /
x x
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&
S. y NN # y " 0, y (0) " & , y N(0) " 0 9 y"
2
.e #x
! ex /
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1 3
2. 3. y NN # y N # 2 y " sin 2 x 9 y " C1e # x ! C2 e 2 x ! cos 2 x # sin 2 x
20 20
(3 x 1)
F. y NN " 9 x 2 ! 2 x # 1 9 y " x 2 * x 2 ! # +
,4 3 2-
1
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2
x 2 x 11
9. y NN ! 5 y N ! 6 y " x 2 ! 2 x 9 y " C1e #2 x ! C2 e #3 x ! ! #
6 18 108
x2 4 x 73
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5 25 125
x3 2 x 7
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3 2 12
x
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2
1
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4
186
!
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3 2
M. y NN ! 2 y N ! 5 y " 3cos . x # V 4 /
3 ( V) 3 ( V)
9 y " e# x . C1 cos 2 x ! C2 sin 2 x / ! cos * x # + ! sin * x # +
5 , 4 - 10 , 4-
N. y NN # 3 y N ! 2 y " 2 x 2 ! e x ! 2 xe x ! 4e3 x
7
9 y " C1e x ! C2 e 2 x ! x 2 ! 3 x ! # xe x . x ! 3/ ! 2e3 x
2
4 1
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17 17
1
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2
(1 1 1 ) 3x
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, 18 27 162 -
1 1
4. y NN ! 2 y N " 3 ! 4 sin 2 x 9 y " C1 ! C2 e#2 x ! # . cos2x ! sin 2x /
3 2
x
# 9 3
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z # z1 , " (=*- '. ,%# L M9*+33
-. -8@3' Oz ).
a b
# N+. ;+# =*- .',%# -.
L K+3M9*+33 -8*?9O'*+$@3'=!1.+F?9<&8 18$+)M+*&N+'
Oxyz @$'$5 C 1)=*- .',%# O'3+9K+;H) . @<& >;3

# >79*?9* 1$D 1'3C>79>C =>%# ?3+'
# '5:.
$ -'E&3+0=4-'G2# 9O'8 -')+6"86+# 9<A$
x " x1 , y " y1 (=*- .',%# L M9*+33

-. -8@3' Ox @<& Oy ).
x " x1 , z " z1 (=*- .',%# L M9*+33

-. -8@3' Ox @<& Oz ).
y " y1 , z " z1 (=*- .',%# L M9*+33

-. -8@3' Oy @<& Oz ).
E) * 1$D 1'=*- .',%# D+# '*?9=$-)O'3+9K+;M+$M 1;4&*+'=$-)
* 1$D 1'F?9=*- .',%# L D+# '*?9=$-) P1 . x1 ; y1 ; z1 / @<& P2 . x2 ; y2 ; z2 / @$':

#
x # x1 y # y1 z # z1
" " ; * C+< -8 P . x; y; z / @<& 7P 0 L .
x2 # x1 y2 # y1 z2 # z1
M 1;J+# 9 11. F7'* 1$D 1'F?9=*- .',%# T D+# '=$-) . 2; # 3; 4 / @<& =$-) . 5; 2; # 1/ .
8 1)@3:. ;+9OK. . x1; y1; z1 / " . 2; # 3; 4 / 0 T ; . x2 ; y2 ; z2 / " . 5; 2; # 1/ 0 T
x # x1 y # y1 z # z1
@<& . x; y; z / 0 T . *&''M+$*"
-. )F?9 (E) : " " >;3=61+
x2 # x1 y2 # y1 z2 # z1
x # 2 y # . #3 / z # 4 x#2 y !3 z #4
@/'!+# O*H# ):. " " KL% =*- .',%# T : " " .
5 # 2 2 # . #3 / # 1 # 4 3 5 #5
210!
- . C+>)
2.2 /5# M9* - F?9*?9=*- .',%# O'3+9K+;
'?3E+33C<&'5*?9=*- .',%# HF;3

# -'@<; -. C+> -)?%#'Q @$'!%
. , /5# M9* # 3 -'3 -8/5#M9*
- . C+
> -)F?9*?9=*- .',%# J"O# '=<F+G+. >79. )9

# - $5<+0<&?7)MC# H4'5:.
3) *?9=*- .',%# M -)3 -'
E+3 (6"8 5), M+$=<F+!&'()=?53&<()>;3=61+=K- ':
AAN d AB d AD " < A= ; AAN d ANBN d ANDN " < AN= ;
AB d BC d BBN " < B= ; ANB d BBN d BNC N " < BN= ;

6"8 5
BC d CD d CC N " <C= ; CC N d C NBN d C NDN " <C N= ;
CD d AD d DDN " < D= @<& C NDN d ANDN d DDN " < DN= . !;+$I+0F?9* 1$D 1'
=*-.',%# O'3+9K+;@$':
# /A3Q<&8 18*+$* 1$D 1'=*-.',%# O'3+9K+; /5# 8 -'EA=?1 +*+$F+. 9
F?96"83? # - 3+# ;<;

. 'K 13G+. )9 # O5 ED 1'. =61+0 -9=K- '?53;+# : /A3Q*?9=*- .',%# M -)
. '@M$
3 -'E&'?'O'G+. >79)7;3 -'.
F) *?9=*- .',%# HF;3 - . )<&K;+# 9*?9=*-.',%# HF;3

# -' @<& H<0&K+# 9*'*A # -'
.
E+3 (6"8 5) =,-# ')7;3 -', >;3=61+=K- ';+# AAN 1 BC , AAN 1 CD, AAN 1 B NC N
.
# - '5=. 4-'M'.
AAN 1 C ND N )9 1. *?9=*- .',%# HF;
# 3 -'O'3+9K+;@$'*?9=*-
# .',%# /5# 8C# J"G
# +. >79
)7;3 -' @<& 8C# F&G+'3 -'. O'!;+$I+0F?9* 1$D 1' @$'<&8
# # - 3+# ;
18*?9* 1$D 1')9
)))(
AB 4 . u ` v /
- . )F?9>;3$'@$
8C# $5OED 1' @<& H<0&K+# 9*'*A - '
# d" .
u`v
211!
5. 3+'; -) @<& 4&=$5'D 1'
);
. 0;(/5: 8 -'/23>2)M(3+F?9'
C -367'< 19O'6+# 9* -9=3)F?9!"
1) 3+'@38
. 1)=P(3K -)@88=?3&<+), @883A$
# KL% M?8! C+N+$F?9!":$967'.
2) 3+'*#91 8 1);738+. '/-'=;<+.
3) E+3D 1'!&@''3;)3+@88? -)M&H' KL% 4+<&H'.
6. @'&' C+ ! C+M?88 1)=P(3K -)

( )(
1. 3) ;+9OK. n @$'=;-
# -.
3=M5M9*+3F?9G+. >79/5# OK3
. ?
# ' @<& ;+9OK. d @$'
#
( )(
=;-3=M53+'C 1)<;9F?9=*- .',%# /5# OK3 # '. =61+$5 n " <1, #1,1= ; d " <4,3,1= =?1 +!+# '5.
. ?
( )(
n4d
@/'O** # )" cos P " ( )( =61+H):.
n d
( )(
n4d 14 4 ! . #1/ 4 3 ! 141 2
cos P " ( )( " "
n d 12 ! . #1/ ! 12 4 42 ! 32 ! 12
2
26
.!
( 2 )
9 P " arccos * + [ 13,1
&
, 26 -
F) [ 11,3& !
!) [ 30, 7& .
)( ))(
2. 3) ;+9OK. n1 @<& n2 @$'=;-
# -.
3=M5M9*+3F?9*?9G+. >79/5# OK3
. ?
# 'M+$< C+
)( ))(
-.
) -8. *&''E+3* . +=61+$5 n1 " <2, #1,1= ; n2 " <1,3, 2= @/'!+# '5O. * #
1$D 1'/5#OK$
M+$*"):
212!
)( ))(
n1 4 n2 2 41 ! . #1/ 4 3 ! 14 2 1 1
cos P " )( ))( " " "
n1 n2 2 2 2
2 ! (#1) ! 1 4 1 ! 3 ! 22 2 2
2 21 2 21
( 1 )
9 P " arccos * &
+ [ 83, 7 .
, 2 21 -
F) [ 84,8& !
!) [ 86, 2& .
( 1 17 9 )
3. 3) * , , +;
,5 5 5 -
F) . #1,3,1/ ;
!) 6 x # 8 y # 5 z " #35 .
4. 3) *?9=*- .',%# M -)3 -'J"=# $-) . 4,3,1/ @<& $A$<&K;+# 9>;3$'- [ 44,5& ;!
F) *?9=*- .',%# HF;

# 3 -' @<& $A$<&K;+# 9>;3$ -' [ 71, 2 .
&
-. )<&K;+# 9*?9=*- .',%# HF;3

5. ,?3K+H<0&K+# 9*'*A # -'
2
3). F). 2 2
26
.
6. 3) L1 $5! u " . 3, # 16, 7 / @<& L2 $5! v " . 3, 8, # 5 / 8C# $5E+';'

C k 0 " /5# =6-)
.
OK. u " kv KL% v " ku *&@)9;+# L1 ! 8C# F&G+'3 -8 L2 @<& =$%# ?@3<
. &8 18* 1$D 1'
. OED 1'8C#M?8*&G?9/-9*+$* 1$D 1'>?

@<; . $3 -'*&@)9;+# L1 ! @<& L2 ! 8C# M -)3 -'
-.
''!% >;3$'HF;
- 3# -'.
F) P [ 28, 61& !) 14
213!
3+'@M9# 8 1)*?'@88 UbD
-.
8 1)/5 27 * 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F'*?9/5# $5* C+4&*()! 19!+#
=;<+ 50 '+/5
-.
F'M?'/5 1: D 1'6 -8/5#M?
. 93+'
G (Goal): =41.+I+0
. -367'=F1.+OE=N(93+'' C+O,*
=>%# ?OK' -.
1 EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F'*?9/5#
. 1$D' $5* C+4&*()! 19!+# @3 .
. %.'N+'O'3+'67'MC# =M- 3'(3 @<& ;(/&0+*+)?%# 'Q/5# 37# ;
8 -'K+/+9!&'()*+), $5!;+$6">
. 9=,-# ': S5 ,3
F? ( *+), =*)N&*+) @<& ;(*&;&3+*+)
C 1.
=4-'M'
U (Understand): !;+$=F1.+OE EQ (Essential Questions): ! C+N+$KL 3
-
» ' -367'=F1.+OE: - -.
* 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F'*?9/5# $5
- -.
'(0+$F?9* 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F' * C+4&*()! 19!+# =?3&> -' @<& 8C# =?3&
*?9/5# $5* C+4&*()! 19!+# =?3&> -' @<& 8C# > -'$568
" 6+# 9!%@';O)?
=?3&> -' - 3+'@3* -.
1 EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F'
. 1$D'
- 3+',?3K+OED 1'/1#;H4 @<& OED 1'*& *?9/5# $5* C+4&*()! 19!+# $53<
C &'5O)@)?#
-.
=>+&F?9* 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F' - 3+',?3K+OED 1'/1#;H4 @<& OED 1'
*?9/5# $5* C+4&*()! 19!+# *&=>+&$5;/
( 5) C+='5'3+'!%@';O)?
K (Knowledge): !;+$6". S (Skills): /-3*&
» ' -367'6":. » ' -367'*+$+):
- ,?3K+OED 1'/1#;H4 @<& OED 1'*&=>+& -.
. 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F'*?9/5#
- @3*
-.
F?9* 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F'*?9/5# $5 $5* C+4&*()! 19!+# H)J
. +# 9!?
# 9@!;
.
* C+4&*()! 19!+# O'@M<
# &3C<&'5 -.
. 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F'
- ' C+O,*
. 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F'*?9/5#
- ' C+O,* -. *?9/5# $5* C+4&*()! 19!+# O';(,+!&'()
$5* C+4&*()! 19!+# O';(,+?%# 'Q/5# 37# ;F?
. 9 *+) @<& ;(,+?%# 'Q/5# 37# ;F?
. 9
-.
F'M?'/5 2: KL 3
- N+'3+'4&=$5'
T (Task): G+. ;73/5# ' -367'4&M(8 -) OE (Other Evidence): KL -3N+'?%#'Q
- 3+'4&M(8 -)3()E&3()F?9' -367'=4-'3A$
# - . -'/23O'42. $ @<& =E0
*(# 9/5# ' -367'H)8 .
/5# !"$?8I+0OK. M+# 9Q
- 3+'<+09+'D 1'3+'4&M(8 -)3()E&3+C - 3;)3+
214
!
- . C+N+$ @<& M?8! C+
- 3+'* 1'/&'+, M9! - @38
. 1)/1)*?8, 8 1)=P(3K)
- @<&
N+$O'K?
. 967' ;738+. '.
- *&KLA 88 1)67'=4-'@D';+),;
# 0E%#
-.
F'M?'/5 3: @D'
# 3+'*?'
» ?A4&3?'3+'67'-3+'*?': @8867', !"$
# !
% ! -.
" &'()*+),'$.7, M C+<+/5#37# ;F?
. 9,
8(3=S5 ), 3&)+', *CF+; @<& =E0
. @D'
# OK0*
# &KLA 88 1)67'=4-'@D'
# ;+),;
# 0E%# .
- OK' . C+/5 1 @<& /5 2 MC# H4'5M
. -367'M?8! C+N+$,5' . +$!;+$=F1.+OEF?9' -367'
- /;'!%'!;+$6"3. 7# ;3 -8* 1$D 1'F'*?9O'

-. " @<& %
. C+/5 1:
• ! C+N+$,5'
1. E9# 1 @3*
. 1$D 1'MC#H4'5.
3. 2 x 2 ! 5 x # 3 " 0 F. x 2 # 2 x ! 1 " 0 !. x 2 ! 2 x ! 3 " 0
. -367'*&KLA 8O'FC. 3, FC . F @<& FC . ! ;+# $5OED 1'@M3M+# 93 -'!%@';O).

- OK'
- ' C+=F1.+*"8
# 1)67' @<& )29)")!;+$* 1'OEF?9' -367':)0/5#N+$!;+$=F1.+OE
F?9' -367'37# ;3 -8D 1'M C+<+F?9M C+<+/5#37# ;F?
. 93 -8*&=I5D 1'/5#3+'
C 1)OK..
. C+/5 2:
• ! C+N+$,5'
1. OK. y " xe x . E9# 1 *&@)9;+# y NN # y N # e x " 0 KL% 8C# ?
2. OK. y " x 2 # sin x . E9# 1 *&@)9;+# y NN ! y N ! y # x 2 ! cos x " 2 x KL% 8C# ?
. -367'* -9=3)=8(#9<&K;+# 9FC . 1 @<& FC . 2 ;+# @M3M+# 93 -'!%@';O).

- OK'
.
(?&/(8+0: O'FC . 1 =4-'OED 1' @<& O'FC . 2 8C# =4-'OED 1'F?9* 1$D 1'/5#OK$
. +).
.
- OK'
. -367'=6-);73=4-'3A$ 1.
# !;!;+. , * 1'/&'+=>%#?K+FC*
. &KLA 8M+$! C+N+$,5'
. C+
- @38 . C+=4-'3A$
. 1)=P(3K -)M+$! C+N+$,5' # @<& M+# 9G+. 3A$ . *&=G5.
# F2'
3()E&3+C 1: * 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()=?3&> -'
- !"@89# ' -367'??3=4-'3A$

# M+$!;+$=I+&* 1$ @<& OK! 1.
. C+N+$!'!;+. . :)0
. C+, OK!
3+',5' . C+@'&' C+ @<& ,;
# 0=KL%?F?9!":)03 19J+# 9O3*
. )
( M()@/).
215
!
! C+N+$ 1. y NN ! 2 y N ! 4 y " 0
! C+N+$ 2. 4 y NN # 4 y N ! y " 0, y (0) " #2, y N(0) " 2
- M+9G+. 3A$ . *&=G5 KL% <+09+'J"3

# ' -367'F2' # &)+'
- !" @<& ' -367'>?
. $3 -'*&KLA 83()E&3+C @<& !"OK'
. -367'E 1)3+# 0=?1 +
(M+$!;+$=I+&* 1$)
.
! C+M?8: ! C+N+$ 1.. y " e # x C1 cos 3 x ! C2 sin 3x /
x x
! C+N+$ 2. y " #2e 2 ! 3 xe 2
8 1)67'/5#* C+! -': * 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F'*?9/5#

-. $5* C+4&*()! 19!+# =?3&>'
-
'(0+$: * 1$D 1' ayNN ! byN ! cy " 0 , a 2 0, b, c 0 " ................................(1)
. ;+# "*
=?5' -.
1 F'*?9=?3&>-'"
* 1$D'
• $5* 1$D 1',;
# 0!% am ! bm ! c " 0
2
#b # b 2 # 4ac #b ! b 2 # 4ac
=61+H) . m1 " KL% m2 "
2a 2a
#b # b 2 # 4ac #b ! b 2 # 4ac
3C<&'5/5 1: N+. ! b 2 # 4ac 8 0 9 m1 " , m2 "
2a 2a
#
)9- '', . m1 x
- OED 1'F?9* 1$D 1' (1) !%: y " C1e ! C2 e
m2 x
=$%# ? C1 , C2 ! 19!+#
#b
3C<&'5/5 2: N+. ! b 2 # 4ac " 0 9 m1 " m2 "
2a
- . OED 1'F?9* 1$D 1' (1) !%: y " . C1 ! C2 x / e 1 =$%# ? C1 , C2 ! 19!+#
mx
)9# - '',
#b 5 b 2 # 4ac
3C<&'5/5 3: N+. ! b 2 # 4ac $ 0 9 m " " & 5 ' i =$%# ? & , ' 0 "
2a
- . OED 1'F?9* 1$D 1' (1) !!%: y " e . C1 cos ' x ! C2 sin ' x / =$%# ? C1, C2 ! 19!+# !
&x
)9# - '',
8 1)=P(3K)
- KL% ;738+. '
1. E9# 1 @3*
. 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()MC# H4'5.
3. 4 y NN ! y N # 3 y " 0 F. y NN ! 6 y N # 9 y " 0
!. y NN ! y N # 6 y " 0, y . 0 / " 1, y N . 0 / " 0
9. y NN # 6 y N ! 25 y " 0, y . 0 / " 1, y N .V / " 2
216
!
3()E&3+C 2: * 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()8C# =?3&>-'
- !"@89# ' -367'??3=4-'3A$

# M+$!;+$=I+&* 1$ @<& OK! 1.
. C+N+$!'!;+. . :)0
. C+ @<& ,;
3+',5' # 0=KL%?F?9!":)03 19J+# 9O3*
. )
( M()@/).
! C+N+$ 1. y NN # 3 y N ! 2 y " 2 x 2 ! e x ! 2 xe x ! 4e3 x
! C+N+$ 2. y NN ! 4 y " x 2 ! 3e x , y (0) " 0, y N(0) " 2
- M+9G+. 3A$ . *&=G5 KL% <+09+'J"3

# ' -367'F2' # &)+'
- !" @<& ' -367'>?
. $3 -'*&KLA 83()E&3+C @<& !"OK'
. -367'E 1)3+# 0=?1 +
(M+$!;+$=I+&* 1$)
7
! C+M?8: ! C+N+$ 1.. y " C1e x ! C2 e 2 x ! x 2 ! 3 x ! # xe x . x ! 3/ ! 2e3 x
2
19 7 x2 1 3 x
! C+N+$ 2. y " # cos x ! sin x ! # ! e
40 10 4 8 5
8 1)67'/5#* C+! -': * 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F'*?9/5# -. $5* C+4&*()! 19!+# 8C# =?3&>-'
'(0+$: * 1$D 1' ay NN ! by N ! cy " g . x / , g . x / 2 0 =$%# ? a 2 0, b, c 0 " .........(1)
. ;+# "*
=?5' -.
1 F'*?98C#
* 1$D' =?3&> -'"
1 (1) E&J"O# '6"86+# 9 y " yc . x / ! y p . x /
• OED 1'F?9* 1$D'
=,(# 9 yc . x / @$'OED
# 1'/1#;H4* 1$D 1'=?3&>'
- ay NN ! by N ! cy " 0
@<& y p . x / @$'OED
# 1'*&=>+&F?9* 1$D 1'8C#=?3&> -'
• ,?3K+ y p . x / =,(# 9=4-'6"86+# 9/1# ;H4F?9 g . x / E+3M+M&<+9MC# H4'5:.
g . x/ 6"86+# 9/1# ;H4F?9 y p . x /
.
an x n ! an #1 x n #1 ! ... ! a1 x ! a0 x s . An x n ! An #1 x n #1 ! ... ! A1 x ! A0 /
.
.a x
n
n
! an#1 xn#1 ! ... ! a1 x ! a0 / ekx x s . An x n ! An #1 x n #1 ! ... ! A1 x ! A0 / e kx
x n sin kx KL% x n cos kx x s ?A. An x n ! .. ! A0 / cos kx ! . An xn ! ... ! A0 / sin kx @B
e& x sin ' x KL% e& x cos ' x x s . A cos ' x ! B sin ' x / e& x
x n e ax sin bx KL% x n e ax cos bx xs ?A. An xn ! .. ! A0 / cos ' x ! . An xn !... ! A0 / sin ' x@B e& x
=,(# 9 s " 0, 1, 2 @$'E
# +';'/5# . 0*A) =$%# ?!"' x =F1.+H4@<;
'? . 1)O' y p . x /
. =6-)OK>
s
C
1 O)> 1)G2#9O' yc .
C . -8>)
8C# ,+3
217
!
8 1)=P(3K)
- KL% ;738+. '
1. E9# 1 @3*
. 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()MC# H4'5.
3. y NN ! y N # 2 y " x 2
F. y NN ! 4 y " e3 x
!. y NN ! y " e x ! x3 , y . 0 / " 2, y N . 0 / " 0
9. y NN # y " xe x , y . 0 / " 2, y N . 0 / " 1
» *&KLA 8
- !"OK'
. -367'F7'O*3
# &)+'/=E0
. @D'
# OK0 # *&KLA 88 1)67'=4-'@D';+),;
# 0E%#
- !" @<& ' -367'*&KLA 8OK=. 4-'=?3&>+83 -'
- . -367'E 1)3+# 0=?1 +8 1)67'/5#* C+! -' (M+$!;+$=I+&* 1$)

OK'
218
!
@D';+),; -.
# 0E%# F?9* 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?F'*?9/5# $5* C+4&*()! 19!+#
!
* 1$D 1',;
# 0 am 2 ! bm ! c " 0, a 2 0, b, c 0 "
$5OED 1' #b # b 2 # 4ac #b ! b 2 # 4ac

6"86+# 9 m1 " , m1 "
ay NN ! by N ! cy " 0, a 2 0, b, c 0 " 2a 2a
.
1 2
1. b 2 # 4 ac 8 0 9 y " C1 e m x ! C 2 e m x , C1 , C 2 0 "
* 1$D 1'=?3&>'
-
. $5OED 1'
1
2. b 2 # 4 ac " 0 9 y " . C1 ! C 2 x / e m x , C1 , C 2 0 "
3. b 2 # 4 ac $ 0 9 y " e& x . C1 cos ' x ! C 2 sin ' x / , C1 , C 2 0 "
* 1$D 1'EA'<&!&'()<5='@?
1. an x n ! an #1 x n #1 ! ... ! a1 x ! a0 !
F'*?9/5#
-. $5* C+4&*()! 19!+#
2. . an x n ! an #1 x n #1 ! ... ! a1 x ! a0 / ekx
3. x n sin kx !KL% x n cos kx
y p . x / OED 1'*&=>+&F?9* 1$D 1'8C#=?3&> -'
4. e& x sin ' x KL% e& x cos ' x
* 1$D 1'8C#=?3&> -' 5. x n e ax sin bx KL% x n e ax cos bx
6"86+# 9 $5OED 1'

y " yc . x / ! y p . x / 1. x s . An x n ! An #1 x n #1 ! ... ! A1 x ! A0 / !
2. x s . An x n ! An #1 x n #1 ! ... ! A1 x ! A0 / e kx !
ay NN ! by N ! cy " g . x / , g . x / 2 0
3. x s ?A. An x n ! .. ! A0 / cos kx ! . An x n ! ... ! A0 / sin kx @B !
4. x s . A cos ' x ! B sin ' x / e& x !
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219
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3. y NN # y N # 2 y " 0
F. y NN ! 2 y N ! 4 y " 0
!. y NN ! y N # 2 y " 2 x # 40 cos x
9. y NN ! 9 y " x 2 e3 x ! 6
E. y NN # y N # 6 y " 0, y (0) " 0, y N(0) " 1
*. y NN ! 4 y " x 2 ! 3e x , y (0) " 0, y N(0) " 2
220
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