A PROJECT REPORT ON DRUGS AND

ITS USES

SUBMITTED BY
Himani Sah
Reg.No:-……………………..
Class: XII Section:A

SUBMITTEB TO:
The Department Of Chemistry
Alpine +2 Science, Birgunj
National Examination Board (NEB)
For partial fulfillment of the requirements of Grade –XII
Chemistry

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 RECOMMENDATION

A project Report on “Drugs and its Uses” was prepared by

Himani Sah of XII Science, Section: A of Alpine +2 Science,
Shreepur Birgunj, Parsa Nepal. This project report is forwarded
for the final examination of Chemistry practical conducted by
National Examination Board (NEB).

………………..………………………. ..……………………...
Mr. Baroon Kumar Nishad External
(Alpine +2 Science)

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 ALPINE +2 SCIENCE COLLEGE
Shreepur-11, Birgunj

Letter Of Approval

This is to certify that a project report on "Drugs and its uses"

was submitted by Himani Sah of Grade-XII Science, Reg.No.
……………………. Of Alpine +2 Science has been examined.

…………………………………… .................................................
Mr. Baroon Kumar Nishad Mr.Vikram Upadhya (Principal)
Alpine+2ScienceCollege

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to Mr.
Baroon Kumar Nishad, Department of Chemistry of Alpine +2
Science College, for providing me an opportunity to do my
project work on “Drugs and its uses” which help to learn a lot
in the research and course of completion of this project.
Secondly I would like to thank my parents who helped a lot
in finalizing this project within limited time frame.
At last I want to express my gratitude
to the officials and other staff members of “Alpine + 2 Science
College” who rendered their help during the period of my
project work.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................6
TYPES OF DRUGS.........................................................................................................................................................7
LEGAL DRUGS.....................................................................................................................................................7
A.Chemotherapeutic agent…………………………………………………………………………………………8
a) Antiseptics
b) Antibiotics
c) Sulphadrug
B.Pharmacodynamics agent……………………………………………………………………………………….9
a) Antipyretics
b) Analgesics
c) Analgesics and antipyretics
d) Psychotropic drug
e) Anesthetics
f) Antacid
Illegal Drugs.......................................................................................................................................................11
1. Drugs and/or alcohol help to socialize..........................................................................................................12
2. Drugs help in relaxation:..........................................................................................................................12
3. Drugs help to make less tired...................................................................................................................13
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS............................................................................................................................13
1.Physical health……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
2. Relationships.................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. Finances......................................................................................................................................................13
4. Legal Problems.............................................................................................................................................14
PREVENTION....................................................................................................................................................14
1. Avoid Temptation and Peer Pressure..................................................................................................14
2. Seek help for mental illness.........................................................................................................................15
3. Examine the risk factors..........................................................................................................................15
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................................16

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INTRODUCTION

A drug is substance that when put unto the body can change the
way the body works. It is a chemical substance that causes a
change in a organism’s psychology physiology when consumed.
Drugs are typically distinguished from food and substance that
provide nutritional support. Consumption of drug can be via
inhalation, injection and smoking, absorption via a path on the
skin, suppository or dissolution under the tongue
. A medicine or the other
substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or
otherwise introduced into the body are called drugs. Drugs affect
the way your body and mind function; they can affect the way
brain works, how you feel and behave your understanding and
your senses. This makes the unpredictable and dangerous,
especially for young people. Drugs can change the way your
body or brain works.

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#.HOW TO MAKE DRUGS

Drugs come from different sources:

a. plants - for example, cannabis, mushrooms, or tobacco

b. processed plant products - for example, alcohol, or heroin

c. processed plant products - for example, alcohol, or heroin

The processes used to make drugs vary widely, but drug products
have 2 main types of ingredients:
Active ingredients – the ingredients that biologically affect your
body
Inactive ingredients- these generally have no biological effect.
They include binding agents, capsules, dyes preservatives,
flavourings and other ingredients.

TYPES OF DRUGS
*Illegal Drugs: for example, cocaine or heroin.
*Legal Drugs: for example, alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco

LEGAL DRUGS
Some drugs such as alcohol, caffeine and nicotine are legal but
may be subject to restrictions based on age, location of use ,
driving and point of sale regulations. We regulate and control the
active ingredients in legal drug and alcohol content of drinks the
milligram of nicotine in cigarette.

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On the basis of therapeutic action, drugs can be classified on
two types:
 Chemotherapeutic agent
 Pharmacodynamics agent

1. CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT
These drugs are used to treat infectious diseases. These are
made in such a way that they kill the invading organism selectively
without any harmful effects on host tissues. For example:
antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal etc.

a)Antiseptics
These are drugs used to inhibit the growth of microorganism
either by inhibiting their reproduction or causing their death and
safe to host tissue. Example: Thymol, salol, iodol, chloro-m-xylenol
etc.
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 b)Antibiotics
Antibiotics are substance originally produced by various
species of microorganism which inhibit the growth of other
microorganism and ultimately destroy them even in low
concentration. Example: Penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline’s etc.

c)Sulphadrug
They are first chemotherapeutic agents which are
derivatives of sulphanilamide. They are used against bacteria.
Example: Sulphanilamide, sulphaguanidine etc.

2.PHARMACODYNAMIC AGENT
The disease condition in human beings which appear due to
functional degradation of body due to invading microorganisms.
For example, anemia, cardiovascular disorder, cancer etc. The
chemical used to reduce such disease condition are called
pharmacodynamics agent.

a) Antipyretics
The drugs which are used to lower body temperature to
normal in high fever are called antipyretics. Example:
paracetamol, Methacetin, Antipyrene etc.

b) Analgesics
The drugs which are used to relieve pain without loss of
consciousness are called analgesics. They are commonly called
as pain killers. For example: Novalgin.
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 c) Analgesics and antipyretics
The drugs which are used to lower body temperature as well as
relief pain are called analgesics and antipyretics. For example:
Aspirin, Phenacetin etc.

d) Psychotropic drugs
The chemical substances which are used for the treatment of
mental disorder like psychosis, neurosis, schizophrenia are called
psychotropic drugs. These act on the central nervous system to
reduce anexity.People used opium, alcohol to relief from mental
anxiety in ancient times.

They are of different types:

 Sedatives
 Hypnotics
 Antidepressants

e) Anesthetics
The drugs which a lot of sensation for certain period of time are
called anesthetics. Use of anesthetics has made surgery a more
comfortable experience for patients ad allowed surgeons to take
more time in which they can work carefully and more effectively.
For example: Diethyl ether, Chloroform, Nitrous oxide etc.

f) Antacid
The chemical substance which neutralizes excess acid in gastric
juice is called antacids. For example: NaHCO3, Al(OH)3 , Mg(OH)2
etc. A commercial antacid called ‘eno’ contains a mixture if
sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and anhydrous sodium carbonate .

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Illegal Drugs
A drug is a substance that affects the way the body functions. If
a drug is classified as 'illegal', this means that it is forbidden by
law.
Different illegal drugs have different effects on people
and these effects are influenced by many factors. This makes
them unpredictable and dangerous especially for young people.

# CAUSE OF DRUGS
 Family history of addiction. Drug addiction is more common in
 Some families and likely involves genetic predisposition.
 Mental health disorder
 Peer pressure.
 Lack of family involvement.

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Uses of DRUGS
i.They are curious and want to see what happens
ii.They want to fit in or feel pressured by their parents
iii.They enjoy the effect on their body –for example: feeling
excited and energetic or relaxed and calm
iv. They help them cope with situations-for example: reducing
pain or relieving stress
They have got a drug dependency and need to keep taking them
to avoid withdrawal symptoms

EFFECTS OF ILLEGAL DRUGS

POSITIVE EFFECT OF DRUGS

1. Drugs and/or alcohol help to socialize

Individuals who are plagued with social anxiety may find it
Difficult to engage in social situations, such as work functions,
community gatherings or celebratory events. Drinking alcohol or
doing drugs can lower a person's inhibitions

2. Drugs help in relaxation:

Many people use drugs or alcohol to escape the
stressors of everyday life. For example, if a person is
having
Problems, they may choose to get drunk and forget about
their problems instead of dealing with the issues that are
causing emotional and relational distress. Or if a person
doesn't feel like they are able to acknowledge a traumatic or
hurtful event
Their life, they may drink alcohol or do drugs to numb the

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pain that they feel as a result of that event.

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 3.Drugs help to make less tired
In some cases, people may feel like drugs or alcohol
gives them the energy they need to get through the day,
complete aI just feel normal. Often times the extreme lack of
energy they Feel is actually due to a mood disorder such as
depression, withdrawal, nutritional deficiency, or a general
lock of self-care, but self-defeating habits and beliefs keep
them acknowledging and appropriately reacting to these issue

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS

1. Physical health
Some of the most obvious negative consequences of drug
and alcohol use involve the physical damage that is done to
the body. Continued substance abuse can cause organ
damage, cancer, fertility issue, hormone imbalance,
gastrointestinal diseases and blood borne illness such as
HIV/AIDS in addition to several other diseases.

2. Finances
Addiction often goes hand-in-hand with financial distress,
as many addicted individuals will spend all their money, time,
and resources to obtain their drug of choice. They may incur a
large amount of debt, have their vehicle(s) repossessed, or
lose their job. All of these things are especially harmful if the
addicted individual is financially responsible for other family
members,
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such as children or parents, and can have devastating
consequences for all those involved.

3. Legal Problems
Since many addictive substances are illegal, it is not
uncommon for substance abusers to run into trouble with the law.
This often results in paying hefty fines, serving jail sentences, or
having driver's licenses revoked. These consequences can
make it very difficult to find or maintain employment and may
even result in years of financial problems.
PREVENTION

While there is no one way or guaranteed way to prevent someone from

abusing drugs and alcohol, there are things that everyone can do to
prevent substance abuse.
Here are the ways to prevent substance abuse:

1. Avoid Temptation and Peer Pressure.

Develop healthy friendships and relationships by avoiding
friends or family members who pressure you to use substances.
It's often said we become most like those we surround ourselves
by,' meaning if you surround yourself with people who abuse
drugs and alcohol you are more likely to as we l. Peer pressure is
a major part of life for teens and adults. If you are looking to
stay drug free, develop a good way to just say no, prepare a
good excuse or plan ahead of time to keep from giving into peer
pressure.
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2. Seek help for mental illness
Mental illness and substance abuse often go in hand. If you are
dealing with a mental illness such as Anxiety, depression or post-
traumatic stress disorder you should seek professional help from
a licensed therapist or counselor. A professional will provide you
with healthy coping skills to alleviate your symptoms without
turning to drugs and alcohol.

3.Examine the risk factors.

Look at your family history of mental illness and addiction,
several studies have shown that this disease tends to run in the
family, but can be prevented. The more you are aware of your
biological, environmental and physical risk factors the more likely
you are to overcome them.

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CONCLUSION
Drug use and addiction cause a lot of disease and disability in
the world. Recent advances in neuroscience may help improve
policies to reduce the harm that the use of tobacco, alcohol, and
other psychoactive drugs impose on society. Actually according
to me Drug abuse is not a problem to solve but just a situation to
learn to handle it. Likewise from every moment of life we can
begin a new chapter same as there the people who are addicted
to drugs must be taught about this that mistakes happens with
everyone but the person who learns from his mistake is the
supreme.

THE END

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