(MD SHAHBAZ ALAM) OUNIT-5 Gr2XW—D FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING SYLLABUS EUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Elements of a Communication System, Teed of modulation, clectromaguetic shectrum and typleal applications, terminologies tx communication eystems, Basics of wigaat cepreseatation and analysis, Fucdamentals of amplitede bldostfe mnadetation, modulation and demodulation techntgucs, > {WeSSAGE @ es 3 ee rj_7 3X FEEDBAC™ LE Reciever Y SenderMd Shahber Alam IN SY: INPUT SiGnats = coreen La crane — I iwronstavion necoveneo S2UN, INTHE, NOISE yyroRMATION INT oo CTURE, ELECTRICAL INELECTRICAL ORIGINAL ae SIGNALS SIGNALS. SIGNALS Fig: 5.1 Block diagram of communication system The components of communication system are as follows (Fig. 5.1): 1. Information source 2. Input transducer 3. Transmitter 4. Channel 5, Receiver 6. Output transducer 1. INFORMATION SOURCE The information source originates a message, such as humanvoice, a television picture, a teletype message or data etc. 2, INPUT TRANSDUCER In case when the message produce by the information source is notelectrical in nature, an input transducer is used to convert it into an electrical signal. 3. TRANSMITTER The main function of the transmitter is modulation of the base band transmission. The transmitter consists of one or more of the followingsubsystem: (a) Pre-emphasizer(b) Sampler(c) Quantizer(d)Coder (e)modulator. 4, CHANNEL The channel is the physical medium such as a wire, co-axial cable, an optical fiber or radio linkthrough which the transmitter output is send. 5. RECEIVER The receiver demodulates the signal receives from the channel. The receiver may consist of a demodulator, decoder, a filter and a de-emphasis, 6. OUTPUT TRANSDUCER ‘The output transducer converts the electrical signal into the physical signal. NEED FOR MODULATION 1. MI IPLEXING Simultaneous transmission of multiple messages over a channel is known as multiplexing, If transmitted without modulation, the different message signals over a single channel will interface nal for efficient with one another. 2. HIGHTOF ANTENNAS The height of antenna needed for an effective radiation would be half of the wave length given as; Ae a The maximum audio frequency transmitted from a radio station is of the order of Skliz. If the signal were to be transmitted without modulation, the height of antenna needed: Ac 3x10® 27 af Gatos ~ 15:000m = 15KM So, it would be impracticable.When the signal is modulated with a carrier of frequency 1MHz then; A_c__3x10° fof asm 4° af ~ AxGx10) ‘This antenna height can be practically achieved. 3. REDUCTION OF NOISE ‘The effect of noise can be minimized with the help of modulation techniques. 4. EMOVEE PERE In radio broad casting, there are several radio stations. In case there is no modulation, all these stations transmit audio or sound signals in the range of 20Hz to 20KHz. Due to this transmi ‘over same range, the programs of different stations will get APPLICATIONS ance point to pe FREQUENCY BAND oquency (V |—_Mediu quency (MF) High Frequency (HE) _| | Very Nigh Frequency (VIE | Uitra High Frequency (UUF)_| Super High Frequency (SIF) Extrome High Frequency (EHF) ation purposes, nication, To understand the principles of communication, some of the basic terms used frequently must be known. 1. SIGNAL A signal is a single valued function of one or more than one variables that carries the information. A signal may be a function of time, temperature, pressure etc. RANSDUCER ‘Transducerconverts one form of energy into another form. Thus system provides output in electrical form. EXAMPLE Microphone converts voice into electrical signal. A photo detector converts light signals into electrical signals. 3. NOISE Noise is refers to the disturbance or distortion in the transmission system. The noise may be due to imperfection of some source inside or outside the system 4. TRANSMITTER A transmitter is an arrangement that converts the message signal to a form suitable one for transmission and then transmits the message signal through some suitable communication channel. 5. RECEIVER A receiver is an arrangement to pick up the transmitted signal at the channel output and proce: it to reproduce the message signal in the suitable form. 6. AMPLIFICATION In this process, the strength of the transmitted signal is increased by using some eluctronic circuit It can be done anywhere between transmitter and receiver when the signal strength becomes weaker than the required strength. The energy required for extra signal strength is obtained from dc power source. 7. Itrefers to the loss of signal strength during its propagation through the communication channel. 8. BANGE 4 transducer in communicationid Siviber Alone A fe the largest distafite between tanemilter aml receiver where the sigeal ts feetived wr dase Rrength ®. BANDWiNTH Bandwnitth retort ta the range af frequencies over which Communication syater works. 18. MODULATION Raduletian the phenomena af super impasing the low frequency message signal (madictating imei) nn a Mah freawenty ware (cartier signal). The resultant wave ve sendeloted warre wh ts tramEmitted ver the chonnel, 1 DEMoDULATION A trveete process af smoitulation te retiieve the Information from the mudutoted wove at frcetver i known or Demndntaition 2 RUPLATR Bw & combination of recetvet, amplifier and » (ranemiitter Ite function te to ervend the 4 Sanmancation wien they ate eed, cout vt Haheniesion Increases. Repeater 1 set wp betwee Wammmitten vd Receive at wuaitatile Jnvation TS: Sheedaviy sn Tha Frey wen tog al ginoun Te pre sentodinn of 2 dHme atymoln oy nad. ie Called Shectyum . Ha. channel Bona stadt: Range of Fregusneses Ntnedtd for die Hang! ch/oy et. modulated Sgnol 2S Bostbend tianet:— Tha ™Mesoge Srp nol in se Orr Freq incn Uy mrge oy the Electr) Cal fnad tori . fé- Ba $ebond Trangia ton I- Franson elon, of meh OF e Sione oe . . 7 range Be ad in she Prtginad Rirghey ty C {?. BY fear 7 ~ [3 Broad bord The Mertoaae Lior tt moo) als G* “¢ . . Tas Pe, 12 _&re od band T Peon! Cro yy » g / a a ONY | mm LTO MT g yoy + Mh eo og 5 . / OO" Aard i 1 on votedaleg ' frig bt & Targa : W9. Chaney Z g ; ia 7~ 4 Fats £ ; " FO" ting Tv on ‘p “ff pals M122 on, “tAAT LO AT INDAMENTALS OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM i i ‘ 7 ‘Amplitude modulation(AM) is the process in which amplitude _ accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal (Fig. 5.2). Cot + =f LH TLE crt Baseband signal St pp tmp ri f rier_signal is varied in i Ct a Tt Sore A Maximum amplitude. Minimum t amplitude +1 /-| . i 7 | f ive CIV I ah i ct nial u = COP TTT Fig: 5.2Process of amplitude modulation (AM) MODULATING SIGNAL (BASE BAND SIGNAL} Modulating signal (base band signal) is represented by; Vm(t) = VnCOS Wnt ‘Where:vqt = Instantaneous amplitudeV, = Maximum amplitude ©m = 271fm = Angular frequencyf,, = Frequency | CARRIER SIGNAL Carrier signal is represented by; v¢(t) = Ve cos wet Instantaneous amplitudeV¢ = Maximum amplitude ‘ ngular frequency fc = Frequency DULATED SIGNA Vamct) = Vo + Ym(t) ; Vami(t) = Vo + Vm COS mat ( Uy t = Von COS mt) Amplitude modulated signal is represented by; vam (t) = Van Cos wactModulation (Win)and e: ‘lex (1) of AM wave is defined as the ratio of amplitudes of the modulating signal vier signal(Vc). So; The modulation index (m) lies between 0 and 1. (WV in Coe cet) t |— Veni From figure 5.3 we can write; Yinax ~ Vann Voy = VeVi 2 And Ve = Vinax — Vine oo By substituting value of Vm in equation (5.2), we get, ‘Vmax — Vin’ ( 2 (53) (5.2) Ve = Vmax — Vin _ (Wimax = Vnin/2) Vo Winax F Vinin/2) Frequency spectrum isa graph of amplitude versus frequency (Fig.5.5). Consider the equation of AM wave; vam (t) = [Vo + Vin COS Wt] COS wet Modulation index m = aa 6.4) Vm = mVo Substituting value of V,, in equation (5.4), we get; Vault) = [Ve + MVe COs Wat] cos wet 1 ca siant bm Ve engin.tens mats eas A ensR = Tens(A —RV + cach + RY) = Vetoswet + INVLEEW CL COS Wayt ,1 BM = Ve cos act + mVe5 [c05(we ~ wm) t + c0s(cc + mt] mVe 2 mV vam(t) = Ve cos wet + COS(We — Wy) t+ zo cos(we + Om) t Carrier —_ Lower side band Upper side band 1) In equation (5.5) first term represent Amplitude: unmodulated carrier and two additional terms represents two sidebands (Fig. 5.4). 2) The frequency of the lower sideband (LSB) Ffiss=fc—fm and the frequency of the upper sideband (USB) isfysp = fc + fm. The amplitude of both the sidebands is "= Frequency Tse fe _ fuse tote) =O) Bandwlgtn = =—— + ows, Fig: 5.4Frequency spectrum of AM wave BANDWIDTH OF AM WAVE The bandwidth of AM signal is measured by subtracting lowest frequency of the signal from the highest frequency of the signal. So; BW = fuse ~ fiss = (fe + fn) ~ fe = fn) EXAMPLE A carrier of 10V peak and frequency 100kHz is amplitude modulated by a sine wave of 4V peak and frequency 1000Hz. Determine the modulation index for the modulated wave and draw the frequency spectrum, Find band width of the AM wave. Given; Ve = 10V fc = 100kHz fn = 1000H2 = 1kHz av 100k — 1k = 99kHz 00k + 1k = 101kHz Amplitude fise fuse 5, Ue tf Amplitude of both the sideband = "YE = ** Amplitude spectrum is shown in figure 5.5; Bandwidth(BW) = 2fyy = 2x1k = 2kHz 99 Ke 100 wie 101 Peer Fig: 5.5 POWER IN AM WAVE ‘The total power of AM wave is the sum of the carrier power(Pc) and powers in the two sidebands Where: Voltages arer.m.s. voltages, and resistance R is a impedance of antenna in which the power is Diss Bored «‘The catrier power is given by; Véarr _ (Ne/V2 eRe ‘The power inside bands is given by; ES va) Pusn = Piss Po + Pusu + Psu ra eens 4 m? Procat = Pe(1 +5 MAXIMUM TOTAL POWER The maximum value of m is; Maximum total power; Preatdmae = Fe (1+ TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY The transmission efficiency of the AM wave is defined as the ratio of the transmitted power which contains the information (i.e. sum of lower side band and upper sideband power) to the total transmitted power (Frotai) Transmission efficiency(n) = Pax (t= 1.AM wave can be generated using analog when cD + H(t. re( multiplier and summer as shown in figui ¥ q(t)= (Voy COS Wnt)(Ve COs «ret Ym. Vel = (GnVc) 605 Wmnt)(Ve cos wet)(¥ Vm = mV) = (mVc?)(cos wet COS st) = (onve?) fF (costne = yy) t+ C08 (HG + wm) (5.6) dat). velt) = (Ve) (ME eosCing ~ tom) t + AEE eos( One + Om) ’) The equation 5.6 gives two sideban 3. Now by adding carrier to them wi val) = volt) + Ym(0- vel) vay(t) = Vo cos wet + (Ve) (“costo nds of AM wave. ith the help af summer we ean generate complete AM waves vm) t = wy) ide band Carrier Lower sideband Upper Detector diode 1. An envelope detector produces an output signal that follows the envelope of the input AM signal exactly. AM WAVE, 2. The circuit diagram of the envelope van(t) detector is shown in figure 5.7. It consists ofa diode and an RC filter. D ELOPE Van(t) Detected output © RZ (message signal) AM ye Fig:5.7Envelope detector | piode Om | + demodulator) 1. The AM wave is applied at the input of the detector. 2. In the positive half cycle of the input the 9 detector diode (D) is forward biased. It will charge the filter capacitor C connected across the load resistance R to almost the peak value of the input voltage. 3. The capacitor will discharge through R between the positive peaks (Fig. 5.8)-The discharging process continues until the next positive half cycle. When the input o} signal becomes greater than the capacitor voltage, the diode conducts again and the process repeats itself. 1 T Appresimate output af te envelope detector Fig:5.8 Input output waveforms for an envelope detector 4. The inputoutput waveforms for the envelope detector are shown in figureS.8. 2. It can be seen from these waveforms, that the envelope of the AM wave is being recovered successfully.a Multtone modufotin 3— (Md RES Bi) > Modlulgton wrth more tAsn one Message Signa] + > let VY sin wit, “Vz sin wrt , Va SInWat--- - ~ + Van Sin yt ove the n numbers of Neage Slonaf. > The Herulbent Bub ldade ; Ve = [v2 vee Vg toot Vag -D @ Divice bor Side, op eg ®O with Vo’ Vv. t vy Vo Vv Ve Ver r rai ot , ¢ Ver where Zs Me = Yesuttant m voluladyon Lneloy Ye MOG te N-messoge greeal cayrvent Let Ey and Ip qrve te valney of Currents of the Wonsmitter antenna for Podured) Wave gnol Canrler wave xespective ly + t > We knew Hot) d fo =k[ir 2] —o a TER = ZIRT s+ me z . HH Mocdidoton LEnaex sm terms rah 7 Where, R= Resistance of Ay Broad cast Antler : es 2 n AG 9 a > O&O. The +oto/ gnkenng cunrent of 9 BM Twongmitfey is SA, TE moduletfan Trolow /o p64 Co)tulate fhe antenra Cyvoent byhen on, ; (s Sent: ; of tha Cqrasey Soluinb'— Te tor ae > fe =, ae = 2 x = 46h 1+ me ie oe 2 2B©- A goo watt carriey is modulated to a depth oF 75 Jo + Calculate tha total Prwer in He Modulated wave. Solutim'— Given) m= OPS, Pe = Yoo. io nn] eae > =» —_ a, A Certain T¥ ens mitten Yadi ates gg kW worth 3 She Carri'eg ann ed ulot-ed 9nd [0172.5 lew) whan tha Carrier fs Stmultanerns, M Oduloted Calcudale” the modulohon toe T qn Ofhen Sine wave /s Simultaneousl frarsm ited bol fh modulated Indax 014+ DeLovinine the fotal yakated Power. selnHOn'— Given; Cae; Poe QkW ; Ae loyasty seen Rat Fe oP Lie 9 > fons _ [¢ om? Z 2 ny = 7 (ss -1) = Joo 7 Recording t5 7 , band on > m,=msO5 ond Me, = Oh C Gwen . Ln ° 2 GH. Now, B= (\> 3 )re Zz. (Thane 1 Pr = Total Power for the moclunfim olne ts both wrAsage rod “4 Pes afar dl 7 GSW ¥ Ou: The auieung Cyrmeut of an 4 Trouamster 188A. whey Only the Cancties is Sent bot at S'93A when the Cavofey / Moelodatef by vigils SAL Wane. Bod 4 tone To modufattorn. Detwmine tre aueung Cumment when tre 7 modulation Chern tm O+-e.( of. ). = 9A; B= 8.934. Solufim:— Given} Leztag Sistine BYEZ) (BE) The antenna current BE gn AM Tens ten, Modulated ty a ola pis of 407. by an Aadig ONL wave {s WA» Lt sSnepontey to inh as 4 xe suit of Simutentors mm oedulatton modulettd by anothn RA Sine wave. What ig #42 Modutetren index dun to tic Second pave Pp SorHon; 7... fe 14 = 10-58A [i+ ms, vis et 4 Aecovoling t dh Bnntin) Resultent moa Jockey: ~ I4\ me EPG IS APs) - > ME = 0135 1 NOW Sm, = myr —m > = Ogse Hd. 2 OG The tuned ck of the Oscillee? Im 3 Simple. am ; ; } . nam ithe employs & 50 4H Cots and INF : eer Tr4 p ut is moduloted b ® srine Deel vier wae What ss the men fragunan top an by the Srolg Bards? yange oceupis fp ° lakHe. Soludim— f= amyte Bonsai} now fis = Fe fig = 1/2 —lo = Fork Hy fusn = fe ttn TILPH = FoLkHy y ———_— QF Shecred Tha message Signa) And tre Carrie Sonal Is given A ty; Vwlt) = 5 Singer) ond Useb= 20.Sin(4TY 0). Calealalate Cy pppaulaton Enetox UW) A mp litacls Pf Syolebands . SD Preqvercrss gy Sele. barely CD) Barclcidth, De. x uf ee fae Bsasck BERT Siwice thave is power wo asfege LozL) I» Case 84 Amplrtuste wodtlottns So 4 New echnigue fe infroduced in whych the can yr}. Component fiom AM wave is Femoreel before Trancmith from the Tran stter Aufthra + Thic fe Collect Double Srofed barr vsith Po Supvesredt Crrrirer COsace) ~ tre YosacclO= Yamlo — Vz Cos Wet SS Uren clb = MVe Cos Webs Cos Wmit /~/ ——__ Upcasc( ffm te fot fm ft ish . Carrer Sh 1S Stressed:Pid. Skabbaz Alo ux DR $58 Tranomitter vodiatey vSkW When AD Modutattn 7 is bof» How much of Carrier Power fn Kor fs veguived If we want to transmit the Same. Wesage by an AM Trquami Her, 9 O;udsM-— Given? laee = 0'SkT ond oe Covrie, Power) Poa Pow ws —— > PSP we Googie Pals Some Message ty an AM Traven!toy Thien Tote Pow = OF OCP SG 2 (f, = & SLEW D Bans 2 oct Prien 1 yet When ce ne Pega Se en (w loo/ & SD /. Ap or o/udtiom: ~ — copa fon (rofl) = flit 2 ee eve fe — anal ee = He me =P, ee S ase) p i = eDeaEy vo e(% oe) = © o6ash, ae he ee 0. 0625h LIU Fo Zsaving = WY To (voGR SSB Tranomitter vodsatty DSK when He PmedulatiM 7 is bo/- - How much of carrier Power (in KW fs veguived Sf we want to transmit the © Same. Menage by an AM Travan Her, Solution’ Givens” hogy = o-skwr and 1 20:6. Corrie, Prweys Pos Peso as ws 2 > 4 we Saaz P Pals Some Massage 4y 4” AN Traventty Thin Tote Powa = Oop Or SS ° F Proto) = 6 SLEW) Bas x Colewlate Ahn Y Prey Saving When tra Carrier ane) One bP tre Sjole bonds gre Supe ssed in on AM Wave midulbtre (wo loo? (& Wf. 4 aepr Ge “yp = 27> Selet Pi gia) fn rot) eS Pelle Je Usk ard Poca = Pf m = OAS Case) == lpm (feted) = fe [I+ 8] 2 baste Foca 5 fe (208) = 6 ogarh [Sav tng = L2Sf, — 0.0625te ees Le 12°F a 72 Saving = IVY/ Md-Shakbaz Mare) Lx Adventeg es, Disooventagts and Applicalions Of BMI f # Advantage 2_ L- AM Trangmitpers que Less Complex . . 2) AM weceivers ave. Simple, defect on 1s cagy . 3. Cost eppective . 4+ BM Waves can frarve} Longer distance: B. Lous Bondiviclth Beguireal A Disoduan ey Ls Power blastare tgkes Place C677h easter), 2. AM Wave get: affected dusts nojse - 3- AM naode Larger Bardiidt, . Applications ef AM s— 1: Roclid Br ooo! Casting. 2+ Prefuye Trqramissron 1% 4 TY Se stem. ¥ ay M Kvow led GE eee . [An] H Difference (Comparisvin) Beryesen Fm han 1. AM veceivers ave Impt @ Lmmure te nojce. [2+ Bandwidth is much loxy 2+ Band wiolty 1s Lange » henca tian Fry Wide Channa) /s veguived 2 -Caraien Power ond Ona 13s All tho i Sie band Power are Uceles| /¢ Urepap mtd Passer: 4. Amp !Fuda. BM wave 7 f tort) ohne Be the ee Coren oe f" m dicla Volhago inolopenclant ah olaladver ie 5+ Tgnsm ited Power | Tha ty j . ang p woodah Cnclendt at Ws indepencery ot ™ LL ad-t en index mo hin 1 i Bese ciel: All Tha Best my Loving |