Unit 3

Group 3
 Welcome to our
group presentation.
Our group's
members:
Trần Hoàng Hương Giang
Nguyễn Cẩm Tú
Dương Thị Huệ
Trần Thị Huyền Trang
Nguyễn Phương Thảo
Đào Thị Nam Thảo

Definition and
characteristic
feature of
conversion .
 Derivation Conversion

V v
N Suffix N Suffix
beauty -fy ink -∅
beautify ink
∅ : zero morpheme
 DeFINITION
- Conversion ( Zero derivation ) is the proceed by which
new word are created by using a word in new functions
without any change in its form .
-It is a kind of word formation .
- Conversion can also be called ' functional shift ' .
- It is a productive way of forming words in English .
Example :
email (n) : I will send you an email later .
(v) : I will email you later .

total (adj) : complete or as great as is possible

That was a total party .
(v) : to reach a particular total
Imports totalled $1.5 billion last year.
(n) : the final number or amount of things ,
people when everything has been counted .
What is the total ?
 Conversion

Full conversion

Partial conversion
Full conversion is Partial conversion is
conversion of an conversion, where a
adjective into a noun word of one word class
which has all features appears in a function
of a noun. which is characteristic

of another word class.
 the characteristics features

Morphologica Syntactic Semantic

l
 Morphological

Morphology change ,
Only change in meaning and function in sentences

Exception
 Syntactic

When we convert from noun to verb, from noun to

adjective.... the syntactic is changed.

E.g. Water
Give me some water, please.
The children water the plants every morning.
 Types of
conversion

Noun – Verb Example:

access – to access
-She microwaved (verb)
bottle – to bottle
her lunch.
can – to can
-She heated her lunch in
closet – to closet
the microwave (noun).

 Verb – Noun Example :

to alert – alert
-Sometimes one just needs a
to attack – attack
good cry (noun).
to call – call
to cover – cover -The baby cried (verb) all night.
to cry – cry

Other form
adjective to verb: green → to green (to make
environmentally friendly)
preposition to noun: up, down → the ups and downs of life
conjunction to noun: if, and, but → no ifs, ands, or buts
Semantic

E.g. Walk
He can easily walk to the shop.
Let us have a walk around together

when we convert, the semantic

of the word is also changed.
Part 2: How are prefixes
classified according to
their meaning
(sematics)?

 Main content:
They classified into 3 main
groups:
G1: has a negative meaning
G2: denotes reversal or repetition of action
G3: shows time and space relationships
3. Main groups of prefixes
according to their meaning
Group 1: Group 2: Group 3:
Has negative Denotes reversal or Shows time and space
meaning repetition of an action relationship

such as : in- such as: de- such as : inter-

(invaluable), non- (decolonize), re- (interplanetary) ,
(nonformals), un- (rebuild, rewrite), hyper- (hypertension),
(unfree) de-, dis-, dis- (disconnect), ... ex- (ex-student), pre-
il-/im-/in-/ir-, mis-, (pre-election), over-
(overdrugging) ...
 PART 3: Definition and
characteristic of compounding
 DEFINITION
●In English grammar, new words are produced by
combining two or more stems.
●It is also called composition, (Latin borrowing means
"put together”).
Eg:
Compounds as 1 word: sunglasses,bedroom,raincoat,…
Compounds as 2 hyphenated words: life-threatening,
passers-by,….
Compounds as 2 separate words: football stadium,
fruit juice, …..
 TYPES OF COMPOUNDING
Typically, compounds are
usually divided into three
different types. Often, the way
the compounds are labeled will
depend on which dictionary or
grammar resource that you use.
Closed compounds
Closed compounds are compounds that
consist of two words combined together
without a space in between.
Eg:
blackboard, sweatshirt, backstroke, undercut,
horseshoe, desktop, smartphone,..
Open compounds

Open compounds consist of two words

with a space in between them.
Eg:
air conditioner, guardian angel, French toast,
spray paint, and cream cheese,..
Hyphenated compounds

The last type of compound is formed by connecting

two or more words
together using hyphens. Newer
compounds or compounds that don’t appear in
dictionaries are often written as this form of
compound.
Eg:
fat-free, dark-skinned, merry-go-round, two-faced,
tractor-trailer, stay-at-home,.....
Characteristic features of compounding
●In most compounds, the rightmost
morpheme determines the category of the
entire word.
Eg:
☺ greenhouse is a noun (house is a noun)
☺spoonfeed is a verb ( feed is a verb)
☺nationwide is an adjective (wide is adj)
●It is possible that a compound is considered more
than 1 type.
Eg:
☺ desktop : a noun compounding
But it is also a closed compound ( compound that
consists of 2 words combined together without a
space in between)
Eg
☺two-faced : an adjective compounding
However, it is also a hyphenated compound
( compound that is formed by connecting 2 or more
words together using hyphens )
● Tenses and plural markers can not typically be
attached to the first element, although they can be
added to the compound as a whole.
Eg:
☺ compound noun : forget-me-not
=)) plural: forget-me-nots
☺ original compound noun : love-in
=)) plural : love-ins
EXCEPTIONAL: brother-in-law
=)) plural: brothers-in-law
 ● In compounding, the new substance can be
different from the ingredients.
Eg
☺toothpaste ( a substance that you put
onto a tooth brush to clean your teeth) is different
from tooth ( white object in the mouth that are used
for chewing) and paste ( move a piece of text to a
particular place in a computer document)
Thanks for listening