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Nong nl dung he Wn cn hud Hse gt wns nD hava am phuewulr tip change, Theo deeb Ne Hn in ecb prong muc ny tiie ri 8 ec this ch ap neh 3 én ep "Ngan ty dus i quan rong cla ie he ng cong nh thi ge nang ‘hein ccc banhoc vin ong ig im idémnguénnguyéniutyhe,cusimBi neces ‘ud sich ELS Foundaons8es ehwyn mucosa nck Ban hee vin Bde cng cp ko tu wing ng An hae hit mar theo cc chi lab ge Cie ban au hy hn DB renty tude lian nt 2 Gi che ett i iy is [MB mets noe cia cu sit IELTS Foundation de ti vl cho Bbg dng ha {nw vo en Eng. thn tn dpe ch gis ample... w Ue tie cha még bl ep thé ating myn su Hr Yong még ning ea th Teng Qu vie im yA ce haat 5098 i ong fc, aio ven 2 cing hoe vn tm de ang phuong pho vb hin thus phi hep 8 a apt dong bi 88 Ngo rm, au m8 bal Ng cb phn "YOUR NOTES" 6 cic ban hoe én ty do gi eh In nhing ne dung ch ch Me rg ln phn in ne ng magisovien dcp. 3 Ont win ng bit te IELTS Bh hrdng. m8 A? ina tv lan tp thvena win IB cng xan tons i cétheald dng gh nee anh hoe cc an kng chic hd ee tc the «tn veicd dong tenga hd won opmBcusn sich oneangcsp them pa cc ben hewn th lant thém al nh ‘Du gon nant hung ELS Fighter tin eing ee bonhoc vin thin ust losin jet minh réncon aug cinh phuemue iv IEUIScdabenthan ‘hdc ee bonthenhnceng! —oContents READING Unit 4. Environment ar Unt 2 Science & technooay a Unit Culture & festivals - 4s Unit 4 The natural wo 68 Unit 5, Research & experation ne WRITING Unit. Task 1 Line grap : 101 Unit 2.Taskt -Bar char. . 116 Unit 3. Task 1-Table 494 Unit 4, Task 2 Intoducton & Cancuson. sen Units. Task Topic sentences & Reasons (Yun 461 Unit 6. Task2- Topic serences & Reasons (2). - sl Unit 7. Task2- Examples, Consequences & Alternatives 192 Unit 8. Revision = : vo 208 ‘Vl long tray ep dp 3 tl ink: naps WOIPaeSzZ Hoge quet ma OR [Nim khang ngimg nng cao cht lvong day va hes tai JELTS Fighter, mol ybién déng gdp v8 ta iu Kinda IELTS. Fundation 6 tn gtk vb dng tink: itpsflorms gletIFN>BUKtrccNgt8 Hoge quet ma QR. Rt mong 88 nhgn due nhing tein a dung b teu ny. ssxrsrouoaron @Q——READING| ENVIRONMENT PES o ait LUO 2\ VOCABULARY EXERCISE 1. Match e221 word withthe right éfhition A Answer 1. Fossi (a) 1. a. to remove harmful substances ox poisons from something 2. contaminate vy [2- b. environmentally responsitie travel o enjoy and ‘appreciate nature and cultural experiences s.Detoxtyy) [8+ ‘c.the pars ofa dead animal ora pint that have become hard and turned into rack [4 Urbanization (n) | 4 the use of natural products and energy in @ way that does nat harm the envionment 5. Sustainabilly (n) | 5- e.tomake something lass pure or make it pollu es 6. Ecotourism in) [6 Fhe process in which towns, sees, factories, et. are bait where there was once countryside 7. Deforestation (a) [7- [a money given as part ofthe cost of something, tohelp oF encourage it to happen 8. Subsiay(n) |e 1 the ctng down of trea ina lage area EXERCISE 2. Choose the covect answer 4. Since the has removed so much opscl the rop productivity is ‘A. deforestation 8. soil eresion urbanization 2. The company recelved a substantial state for further investment A.subsiy B. money ©.cost texsrowosnov Q—3 Jess rough posive changes in poor areas, ‘A.Conlamination _—_B Urbanization ©, Deforestation 4 thas a chronic waste problem with garbage and sewerage Iitering the edges of the that foms the iland, A coral reef fossil fuel ©, contamination 5, Costa Rica's national perks have made ita center for ‘A. sustainabity B. urbanization ©. ecotourlam \2\ GRAMMAR WORD FORM Exam tip InlELTS Reding test, especialy n completion questions, you need to predict the type ‘of word, which wil help yeu locate the answors from the taxt and make sure they are ‘grammatically correct EXERCISE 1, Put these words into the right eluran naturally effec: sustainable fective ature ‘contamination sustainability dafoest. natural sustain ‘subside deforesaton —aflecl_-»—=—cantaminate——ffecvely Noun con AdverbsEXERCISE 2. Cielo thecorectonewer 1. Technology a considered to (foc relationships in various ways “The (flecetect) of rise polation on our heath is undeniable. 2. Gender equality one of he (sstanabe/sustanabily development gos. “The longterm (sustairablofsustainabiliy) ofthe community s the priory a the ‘moment. £3. The lave of beauy isan essential part ofall human (nsturavhatue) (NoturaUNature) disasters include al ypes of severe weather, which have the poten tial to pose asigifican threat to human heath and safety. ‘4. The goverment received a substantial government (subsisie/subsidy) COilrevenue has allowed the government to (subsidize/subsiny) housing, gasoline and 5, The governments aking actions to (urbanize/urbanizaton) his ares, Rapid (rbanizeturbarization) happened ater several lage groups of immigrants ‘maved into the city Grammar notes Verbs: + Position in a sentence: ater subject, after adverbs of requency Nouns: + Noun endings: iy,-ment, ness, ation, hood + Position n a sentence: alter a determiner or ane or more adjectives, Adjectives: + Adjactve onéings: ul, abo, ble, -l, Wve, -ous,y, 468s + Poston ina sentence: belo noun(s), after inking verb (be, become, get 80m, look, foe.) ntnskerkewp + object * ad avers: + Adverb endings: - and some special cases (e., well fast.) sersroonnaron @——READING. SENTENCE / NOTE / TABLE COMPLETION EXAMPLE 1°. Read the passage below and do thefellowing task fe on Earth statad arourd 3.8 bilo yoars ago and has since evolved and diversified throughthe process of natural eolectonto be adapted toalmostevery envionment possible. ‘There are currently an esinated 1.9 milion arial, plants, and other forms of We on Earth, Looking back through time, by means ofthe fossil and phylagenetic record, we can see that the Earth has been home to many mare species than are alive today. Taking a historical Perspective shows that Ife 's constantly evolving, withthe success and dominance of diferent groups waxing anc waning over time ‘The civersty of tite is truly amazing, but al ving organisms do share certain simlaries, ‘All tving organisms can rescate, andthe replicator molecule is DNA. AS well all ving ‘organisms contain some means of corvecing the infermation stored in DNA nto products ‘used to bull celllar machinery rom fas, proteins, and carbohycrates, Complete the sentences. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the passage foreach answer 41, The past history ofthe species that used to exist on Earth ean be found through the recor, 2. The coming and going of specie groups and spocies can ilustrate tous that eis forever. 3. Without, + He fos would nol be able to replicate, Reading strategies = ety themed rember of words + Underine keywords fom questions + Predict the type of word (noun, ver, adjective...) = Locate and scan the information from the text Reading tips {As the statement you are given in IELTS completion tasks wil not be taken exactly rom the passage, you need tobe avare of paraphrasing and synonyms. —o “Tene criEXERCISE 1°, Read the passage below ard do Ue foloing Lash ‘The impact of environment to children A \What determines how a chi develops? In realty, would be impossible to account for ‘each and every infuence that utimately determines who a chlé becomes. What wo can look at are some of te mast apparent influences suchas genet, parenting, experiences, ‘ones, family relaionstis and schoo! to help us understand the infuences that help contribute to ach’ growth, “Tink ofthese influences 2s bulging blocks. While roost people tend fo have the same basic building blocks, these components can be put together in an infite number of ways. Constr your owr overall personaly. How much of who you are to ay was shaped by your genetic inheritance, and how much i a result of your Matime cf experiences? This ‘question has puzzled piosophers, psychologists and educatrs for hundreds of years and ie frequent refered ae the nature versus nurture debate, General, the given rate ‘of inuence on chien is 40 % to 50%. Itmay refer to all of siblings ofa family. Ave we the result of nature (our genetic background) or nurture (our environment)? Today, most researchers agree that child development involves a complex interaction of both nature and nurture, while some aspects of development may be strongly infuenced by biclogy, ‘environmental intuences may als play arle. Fer example, the timing of when the onset ‘of puberty occurs is largely the results of heredity, but environmental factors such a¢ ntron can also have sn effect, © From the earliest moments of ie, the Interaction of heredity and the environment works ta shape who chiléren sre and who they wil become, While the genetic instructions a ‘hid inners from his parents may set outa road map for development, te envircrment ‘cam impact how these dtecions are expressed, shaped or event slencod. The complex. Interaction of nature and nurture does not just occur at certain moments or at catain periods of ime; tis persstent and tfelong, “The sharea envirnmert (aso cates common environment refers ta environmental Influences that have the effect of making siblings more similar to one another. Shared ‘environmental influences can include shared family experiences, shared peer groups, _and sharing the same schoo and commun. In general there hss not been strong evidence for shared’ environmental effects on many behaviors, particularly thase measured in ‘adults, Possible reasonsfor tis are discussed, Shared enveormental fects are evident a aIn children and adoloscons, but ese effacts generally decrease across te He span, New developments in behavior genetic methods have made it possible to speciy shared ‘environments of importance and to tease apar familial and non familial sources of shared ‘envinmental intuence, Ina alsa reroll siblings of family, bu the rate of nuence Istoss than 10 percet. e ‘The importance of non-shered environment ly hidden within quanttatve genetic studies since they began nearly @ century ago. Quanttatve genetic methods, such as twin and ‘adoption methods, wore designed to tease apart nature and nurture in ord to explain family resemblance. For nearly all complox phenotypes, ithas emerged that he answer tothe question of the ergs of amily resemblance is nature-things ruin families primary for genetic reasons. However, the best avalable evidence for the importance of environmental infuence comes fom this seme quantitative genetic research because genetic intuence never explains all of the variances for complex phenotypes, and the remaining variance must be ascribed to environmental influences. Non-shares environment, may refer tothe part of sings ofa family, te rate ofinfivence to children 1s 40 610 50%, Complete the table now. CChoose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each Type of Impact to Children | Range of Reference to Siblings | Rate of Influence 1 ‘background from parents | Including to al of sibings 40-50% ‘an fay loss than 3 ‘Shared Environment tor 4 to par of sbtings 40-50%cas EXERCISE 1? Environmental medicine aso called conserration medicine, ecological medicine, or madical geology — A In simple terms, environmental medicine deals with the interaction between human and ‘arimal heat and the environment. concerns the adverse reactions that people ¥e on contact with or exposure to an envirenmental exctant. Ecological helt i its primary concern, especially emerging infectious dseases and pathogens frominsects, plans and vertebrate animals. navcht ta sueancuecuner pytcegele betel sparse apne 8 Practtiones of envronteental medicine wor in teams valving mary other specialists, [As wal as doctors, cinkions and medical researchers, thera may be marine and imate biologists, toxicologists, veterinarians, geospatial and landscape analysts, even peltical scientists and economists, This is @ vey broad approach to the rather simple concept hat there are causes forall nesses, and that what we eat and drink or encourterin our surroundings has a dred impact on our heath © CCenival to envrcrmental medicine isthe total load theory developed by the cinical ‘ecologist Theron Randoph, who postulated that lness occurs when the bodys ability to etoxy environmental exctants has reached its capacity. His wide-ranging perception of what makes up those stmul includes chemical, physical, bialogical and psychosocial factors. lf person with 1umereus andor chronic exposures to environmental chemicals suffers psychological upset, or example, tis could overburden his immune system and result in actual physical ness n ther words, disease ls the product of muliple fctrs. [Another Randolph concept is that of individual susceptibility or the variability in the cesponse of incividuals tovle agants.Indhiduals may be susceptible to any number of exctants but those erposed tothe same risk factors do not necessarily develop the ‘ame disease, due in large pat to genetic predispostion; however, age, gender, ntton, ‘emotional or physical sess, as well s the particular infectious agents or chemicals and tensiy of exposure, allcontibute iia mcs mangas —_ 70 FoNOATCn @—© ‘Adaptation is defined as the ability of an organism to adjust to gradually changing ‘ircumstances ofits oxistence, to survive and be successful in a particles environment. Dr Randolph suggested tat our bodies, designed forthe Stone Age, have not quite ‘aught up with the modem ago and consequently, many people sufer diseases trom ‘aladeptation, or an inabily to deal wih some of he new substances that are now part ‘of our envionment, He asserted that this could cause exhaustion, ial, depression, ‘ontision and behavioual problems in children. Numerous traditonal medical practitioners, however, are very sceptical ofthese assertions F Looking atthe ervrcrmert and health togethers a way of making distant and nebulous Potions, such as global varming, mere immediate and important, Even a sight rise in temperature, which the word is already experiencing, has immediate effect, Mosquioes ‘can expand their range and feed on eiforent migratory beds than usual, resting in these birds transferring a disease info other counties. Suburban spat is seen as more than {2 socioeccnomic prablem for brings an immeciate imbalance to the rural ecosystem, ‘increasing population density so people come into closer contact with digease-carying ‘rodents oF other animal. Dafoestation also displaces feral animals that may then infect ‘domesticated animals, whch enter the food chain and transmit the disease to people ‘These kinds of connection ae fundamental to environmental medicine and the teat of zoonotic disease looms later. s Zoonoses, diseases of animals transmissible fo humans, are @ huge concern. Different types of pathogens, incluing bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, cause zoonoses. Every year, millons of people worldwide got sick because offoogbome bacteria such as ‘salmonella and campylobacer, wich cause fever, lathes and abdominal pai. Tens of ‘thousands of people de fom the rabies veus ater being btan by rabid animals ike dogs {and bas. Viral zoonoses ite avian influenza (bid Mu), swine fy (HIN1 vis) and Ebola ‘are on the increase with more froquent, often uncontainable outbreaks. Some animals (artculartydomesticpets)oass onfungalinfectionsto humans, Parasitic infection usually ‘curs wien people comaiinta contact with foed or water contaminated by animals that are infected with parasites ike cryptospridlum, tichinela, or worms 4 ‘As the human population cl he planet increases, encreaching further on animal domeins ‘and causing ecological change, inter-professanal cooperation is crucial to meet the challanges of dealing wih the effects of climate change, emergent cross-species pathogens, rising toxicity in ar, water and sci, and uncontrolled development and —®Urbanisation, This can ely happen if aullional government funds are channelled into the study and practice of environmental medicine. Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS fiom the passage for each answer. 41 According to Dr Randolph, people get sick because of. -in other words, a flureto adjust tothe modem environment 2. Vague, far-off concepls tke global warming are made more urgent when ‘are studied together. 3. Rising temperatures ‘sulin more widespread distribution of disease because some insect are able to 4. Large-scale removal of trees forces wide from their habitat and brings them into ‘contac wth 5. Uncontolable of zoonotic viruses are becoming mere 6, Collaboration between many dscipines is needed to confront the problems of urban evelopment, potaten, and new pathogens. 7. Environmental medicine should receive more tohelpitmeet future demands EXERCISE 2" In many places, the ree’ may even act as a resource bank, used as a means of saving {ood for future times of reed. In Manus, Papua New Guinea, giant clams are cobected {and held in walled enclosures onthe reef, unl hey are needed during periods of rough weather In Palau, sea cucumbers are sekdom eaten duting good weather in an effort to ‘conserve thir populations fo months during whic rough weather profits ood fishing Coral ree esources als act as a bufler against seasonal lows in ober sectors, partly 2qriultre. For example, n coastal communities In northern Mozambique, reef harvests provide key sources f fod and cash when agricultural production slow, wih the peakin fahuries production ciniding wth the period oflovest agriculture! stocks, In Papua Now Guinea, while agriculture i the primary means of fod production, a large proportion ofthe ‘coastal population engaze In sporadic subsistence fishing Inmany cra-eef areas tourism i one ofthe main industies bringing employment, and in many cates is prometed to provde alematives to fisheries-besed lvelnoods, and to ensure that local ref resources are conserved. Inthe Caribbean alone, tours based onseutarlving have atractad 20 milion people in one year. The upgrading of roads ane ‘communications associated withthe expansion of toum may also bring benefits to local communities. However, plans fr development must be considered carefuly. The billy of the poorer members ofthe community to access the benefits of tours i far {tom quaranteed, and requires development guided by social, cutral and environmental ‘rnc. Thereisraninarecognton ha sustainably Iakeyrequirement.a encompassed In smallscale eco-tourism activites, fr instance, \wmhere tous development has not been carefully planned and the needs and pritties ‘ofthe local community have not been propery recognised, conflict has sometimes arson ‘between tourism and local small-scale fisher, Complete the notes below. (Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS trom the passage for each answer How coral-eet-based resources protect people during dificult times Coral roofs can provide + Arosource bank, 2. for keeping dams and t + A seasonal bakcup, when 2 products are insufiiont, 29. rorten Mozambique + Atouristatracton, 09.3. tours inthe Caribbean Benefis for local people include: +The creation of jos, + Improvements to roads and 4 Important considerations: + Development must be based on appropriate principles. + Need for 5 + Pootty-planned development can 6812 6 onsnnnns with toca ‘hers. —®o Tham ido Ree susie ng 1%, seni ciEXERCISE 3 ‘The role of government in environmental management A ‘The role of govemments in environmental management is dificut but inescapable. Sometimes, the stale tes fo manage the resautces it owns, and does so badly. Oten, however, governments atin an even more harmful way. They actualy subsidize the ‘explotaion and consumption of natural resources. A whole range of polcies, frm fam price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense, Seapping them offers a two-old onus: a clesner environment and ‘more efficient econany. Growth and environmentalism can actually gohand in hand it poltcians have the courage to confont the vested interest that subsidies create, Noactivly affects more the earth's surface than farming, I'shapes a thir ofthe plane's land area, nat counting Antarctica, and the proportion Is sing. Ward food output per head has rican by 4 percent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land already in cutvation, but also because more land has been brought ‘under the plough. Higher yields have boon achiaved by increased inigaton, better crop breeding, and 2 doubling inthe use of pesticides and chemical ertiisers inthe 1970s and 19806, c [Al thace sctities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land Clearing for agreuture ithe largest single cause of deforestation; chemical elses and pesticides may contaminste water supplios; more intensive farming and te abarrdonment of falow periods tend to exacerbate sol erosion; and the spread of mono-culture and se of highyilsng varetes of cops have been accompanied by the disappearance of ‘ld varieties of food plans which might have provided some insurance against pests or iseasos in futuro. Soll erosion threatens the productivity of land in bo rich and poor ‘couniras. The United Sates, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that cooutone-fith of its farmland was losing tops at arate kely to diminish the sols prostctivty. The country subsequently embarked upon 3 program to ‘convert 1 percent ofits cropped lan to meadow or forest. Topsl in India and China is vanishing much faster tran in Amenca, Government poliies have frequently Gompounded the environmental damage that fering a cause: Ini eountis, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for {arm output crve up the price of land, The annual value ofthese subsidies I immense: ‘iisicemnnenttonnmnnnmens —sr0onroy —§about $250 billion, er mone daa ll Work! Sunk fencing In the 19808, To Increase the ‘output of crops per acre, a farmer's easiest option Is lo use more of the most readily ‘2valiable pus: fertlizers'and pesticides. Feriizer use doubled in Denmark nthe period 1960-1985 and incteased n The Netherlands by 150 percent. The quantity of pesticides ‘applied has risen too; by 69 percent in 1875-1964 in Denmark, for example, with arise of ‘15 percent inthe frequency of application inthe three years from 1268 Inthe late 1980s and ear 1990s, some eforis were made to reduce farm subsidies. ‘The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most frm support in 1984. A study of to environmental efects, conducted in 1903, found thatthe end of {erilsersubsities had been followed by a fall in frliser use (a fall compounded by the ‘decine in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies ‘also stopped land-clearing and averstockng, which in the past had been the principal ‘causes of erosion, Farms began to diversi. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad forthe environment was the subsidy to manage sal erosion, Complete the table betow. (Choose your answers A-G rom the box below he table and write them in boxes 4-4 on your answer sheet. Agricultura practi Environmental damage that may result 4 = Deforesiaton 2 Degraded water supply = More intensive farming es Expansion of monceukure <4 Abandonment of fallow seriod 3. Disappearance of ol pant var Increased use of chemical inputs Insurance against pests and diseases A 8 ©. D. tnereased ingation e F. Sol erosion 6. . Clearing land for cultivation —oEXERCISE 1¢ Reducing the effects of climate change A ‘Suchis our dependenceon fossil fuels, and such isthe volume of carton dioxide already Feleasedinto the atmosphere, that many expers agree that significant global warming is ‘ow inevitable, They beleve tat the best we can dois keep it at areasonable level, and ‘at present the only serious option fr doing thsi cutting back on our carbon emissions, ‘But while a few counties are making malor strides inthis regard, the majo are having ‘reat aifcuty even stemming the rat of increase, let alone reversing It. Consequenty, fan increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the atematve of geo- engineering - a term which generaly refers tothe intentional lerge-scale manipulation ‘ofthe environment, According to Is proponents, geo-engineering i the equivalent of a backup generator: If Pian A reducing our dependency on fossil fle falls, we require 1 Plan B, employing grand schemes to slow down or reverse the process of global warming 8 Geo-engineering; has twen chown to work, atleast on a small localised scale. For decades, MayDay parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies ara having deposited cry le, sve lodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. Many of the schemes now suggested look todo the opposite, and reduce the amount of suniight ‘teaching the planet. The most eye-catching idea o ll is suggested by Professor Roger ‘Angel ofthe University of zona, His scheme would employ up 1916 tlion-minute ‘spacecrat, each weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlightrefrecting ‘sunshade in an ori 15min km above the Earth. This could, argues Angel, reduce the ‘amount of ight reaching he Earth by two percent. © “The majority of geo-engineering projects so far cartied cut — which incude planting forests in deserts and ceposting iron in the ocean to stimulate the growin of algae - have focused on achiesing a general cooling ofthe Earth. But some look specifically at reversing the meting at the poles, particulary the Arctic. The reasoning is that If you replenish the ice sheets and fazan waters ofthe highlatudes, more ight illberelctod beck nto space, reducing the warming ofthe oceans and atmosphere . = aii comestrntgeng ecto ses rounoarion @Q——‘The concept oF easing aerosol sprays Into the sratospnere above the Arcuc has been proposed by several sciertss. This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide ‘2ercsols so that sulphur dinside would form clouds, which woul in tum, lad oa global limming. The idea is mocelled on historic voleanc exolesions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo inthe Philppinesin 1991, which ed to ashor-trm coating of global temperatures by 05°C. Scientiss have aso scrutinised whether is possible to preserve thee sheets of Greenland with reinforeedhigh-enson cables, preventing icebergs from moving ino the sea. Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees, Whereas the -rogions naive evergreen pines shade the snow and sbsorb radiation, birches would shed ther leaves in intr, thus enabling radiation to be Feflectodby the snow, Re-outing Russian river to increase cold water fw ofoa-forming ‘areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientist, Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD from he passage for each answer, White your answWors In boxes 1-7 ‘on your answer sheet GEO-ENGINEERING PROJECTS Procedure Aim put large numberof ny spacecrat into |to create a 1 that woul orbit ar above Earth reduce the amount af ight reaching Earth lace 2 intho-sea_|to encourage 3 ‘form release aerosol sprays into the to crete a that would stratosphere reduce the amount of ight reaching Earth ‘ix svong 5 to |to prevent icebergs moving into the sea Greenland ice sheets Plant tees in Russian Arc that would [to allow the 6 lose ther leaves in winter ‘fect radiation [change the drecton of. {o bring more cold water nto ice-formingEXERCISE?” Light pollution, ‘America has become sc bright that in @ satelite image ofthe United Sates at night, the outing ofthe county Is vsble fom its ights alone. The major cies are all there, In bright clusters: New York, Boston, Miami, Houston, Los Angeles, Seattle, Chicago, ‘and, ofcourse, Las Vegas. Mark Adams, superintendent othe McDonald Observatory in west Texas, says that the very fact that city lights are visible from on high proof of thelr \wastefuness. “When you'e upin an plane, allthat ight you s2eon the ground fom the cy ie wasted I's going up into the night sky. That's why you can soe it” ‘But don wo nead al hone lights to ensure our safely? The answer from ight engineers, light pollution contol adveeates and astanomersi¢ an emphatie"no" Elzabeth Alvarezof the International Dark Sly Associaton (IDA), # non-profit organization in Tucson, Arizona says that overly bright securiy lights can actully force neighbours to close the shutters, ‘which means that any cminal atvty does occur on the street, noone wil see And ‘the ole assumption that bight ghts deter crime appears to have been @ false one: Anew Department of Justice repat concludes thet there isno documented corelaton between tha level of ighting ane the level of crime in an area. And contrary to popular bee, more crimes oocur in broad daylight than at night For drives, ight can actualy creat a safety hazard, Glarng ights can temporal blind ‘vers, increasing the ielnood of an accident. To help prevent such acciéens, some cles and states probit the use oflghs thal impair righ-ime vision. For instance, New Hampshire ta forbids the use of “any light along a highway so positioned as to blind or deze he vision of travelers on the acjacent highway.” F ‘Badly designed lighting can pose a threat to widife as well as people, Newly hatched turtles In Florida mave toward beach Ighis instead ofthe more muted siver shimmer ‘ofthe ocean, Migrating birds, confused by lights on skyscrapers, broadcast towers and lighthouses, are inured, sometimes fatally, aftr coliding with high, lighted structures, ‘And ligt polluion harms air quay as wel: Becausa most ofthe county's powerplants are sill powered by fos! fuels, more ight means more air pollution. s ‘So what can be done? Tucson, Aizona is taking back te night. The ct has one of the best igting ordinances inthe country, and, nat coincidentally, the highest concentration ‘of observatories inthe world. Kit Peak National Optical Astronomy Observatory has cn @— "is eine orm en! ‘e1rs rower‘24 telescopes simed shyrard around the oly's perimeter, ant is eae of asrnomens neods a dark sky to wore wth, 4 For @ while, that darkness wes threatened, "We were totaly lasing the night sky” vim Singleton of Tucson's Lighing Commitiae told Tulsa, Oklahoma's KOTV last March, Now, ster retroiting Inefficient mercury lighting with low-sodium lights that Bick ight rom “respassing” into unwanted areas ke becroom windows, and by doing away with some unnecessary igh atogeter, the cys sofly glowing rather than brightly beaming, The ‘same things happening na handful of oer slates, including Texas, whic just passed a light polution bliast summer. "Astronomers can get what they need atthe sam time that ‘tzens get what they nee sately, security and good visibly at righ,” says MeDonald Observatony's Mark Adams, who provided testimony at the hearings forth bil ‘And i the long run, everyone benefits fom reduced energy costs, Wasted energy fom Inefficient ighing costs us between $1 and $2ilion a year, according to IDA. The ay ef ‘San Diego, which installod new, highefclency street igh ater passing a ight potaton Jain 1985, now saves about $3 milion a yearn energy cots J Legislation ist he only enswer to light potion problems. Brian Greer, Central Ohio representative forthe Ohio Light Poltin Advisory Counel, says that education is just 8s important, not mores. "There are some special situations where regulation isthe ‘nly fix,” he says. But the ast majoiy of bad lighting is simply the result of not knawing ‘any better” Simple actions tke replacing old bulbs and fixtures with mare efclent and betterdesigned ones can make a bg dference in preserving the night sky. ‘Complete each ofthe follwing statements with words taken from the passage. \Wihite NO MORE THAN T¥IO WORDS for esch answer. ‘A. According to a recent study, wellit strests do not or make neighbourhoods safer to lve In, 1. Ineticent lighting increases produced from coal, gas or ol ©. Eficintights from going into areas where tis not needed, . Indealing wihlight potion Isatleastasimportantas passing new laws. —eGLOSSARY EXERCISE 1 Flin each blank with the suitable word cid rain poisonous polutnts lobal warming ‘reanhouse effect energyeficent release ronewable 41. Many factories release harm into the atmosphere, 2, Buming fosi fuels can cause to alt from the clouds, 3. the increase in tomporatreof the eats atmosphere. ‘ehicles and appliances use less energy than other types of transportation 5, To deal with global warming, we should use ‘energy tke solar and wine, ‘Thousands of fsh were kilo chemicals from a nearby factory result of a eischarge of 7. The destruction of forest ie contributing to the 18. Some counties approved to ‘contaminated water ito the sea, EXERCISE 2. Circle the correct answor 4. Scientists are developing some (ettemative/sewage/poisonous) approaches to treat the disease, 2. Untreated (rlease/sonagelenorgy) is being released into the soa, from whore it pallutes ourbeaches 53, Ways must be found to provent the (oficiontrenewable/poiscnous) gases from potting the ai ‘4. Cleaning upraad dusts ona ofthe cheapest ways to reduce the (altemstivepollutant/ release) ‘exsrowomnou @—een Pe Parinbavs gees! | Higu ang nha inn = rene {esd rem) | Mua ant [ Tonal omy iets | Finca [adi [anon ; — Trae | ‘YOUR NOTES VASCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY eS) aaa Ue) \2) vocaBULARY EXERCISE 1. Complete the words below te.nd.nse \y____|Temake something change from a gas toa > guido sl state a. ects ‘container that you pour aliquid or soft NV substance into, hich then becomes soi inthe same shape 28 the contalner no [ase ate snag rt > turer topes near oath Fem ain | year pe ola is 5 nn oon EXERCISE 2. Fillin each blank with the sultable word vapour ant-aging Interrupt hypothesis techno-sawvy reproduction stainless combine 4. The company is famous for proving keives made of steel with reasonable price and high qualty 2, The researcher setup experiments to test the 3. The properties of green tea are widely dscussed et present 4, The state needs more employed forts hi-tech industries, ‘ex18rovrosron Q——5. Water condenses 1 form clouds. 16. Hyerogea and oxygen toform water 7. Solent studied the _ et, and health of he dolphins. 1. Cafeine and alcohol may sleep and cause poo seep quay \et\ Grammar WORD FORMATION Exam tip In IELTS Reading test, ycu can base on the profes (extra laters at he beginning ‘of the word lke ant, dis ete) and suffixes (extra ltters atthe end of the word ike — ‘ment, -cal, ec} to guess the meaning of a word. EXERCISE 4. Make thest adjectives negative in meaning by choosing the correct, prefix. Write the words nthe correct columns honest sincere regular gal possible tencly capable paint logical expensive formal loyal correct ‘happy polte sensitive practical obedient responsible comfortableEXERCISE2, Putthe word in brackets Into the right form using theaultable profes! suffixes 4. Link | gree) ith your opinion, | don’ find it cnvieing enough 2, tis said that Morocco wil have put an end to (heracy) by 2090 3. Itseems (possible) to dothis tas. think the numbers are wrong 4, Special (arrange) can be made for uests wit disables. ‘5 The scheme has bean set upto help (home) peeple. 6. The tink between poverty and bad health is (deny) 7. Al contracts are translated to avoid any (understanding) betweon the companios. 8. Thanks to her (ski) hancling ofthe affair, the problem was solved, 9. He was famous) {or his antfeminist attitudes. 410,0ne ofthe major changes in histor)... com Bain was the gradual hi away fom hunter-gathering towards settled agriculture. GRAMMAR NOTES. Example ‘Antiaging, Decompose Disconnect, regular ‘Emphasis, Encounter Forehoad, Forecast lndoor, imbalance inter [mie | ile ‘Midday, Midnight Mi wrongly ‘Micunderstanding, Misjudge ‘Over ‘Overlook, Overve ‘Again Reschedule, Reium Hatt ‘Semifinal, Semisrele Under ‘Subio, Underground ‘Above ‘Superman, Supersiar ars ounoariow Q——‘Sut Meaning Example ance, nce ‘Anadion orstate | Importance, Diference “ant 06, er =r ‘person Employee, Teacher wise In relation to Ukewise, Otherise stip Peston held Friendship. Internship a Notable for Han, Playft Jess without Homeless, Meaningless “ess Make a feminine form | Waivess, Actress bie an be done Prevertable, Countabio ¥ Characterized by | Sunny. Dity arr \2E\ READING. DIAGRAM / FLOWCHART COMPLETION Reading tips ‘Scanning Isa very usefu unique technique, because it saves ime, It means that you move your eyes down the text quick to find specif information, e.g. paces, names, Phrases, without reacingsverthing propery anc ignoring information you do nat need. EXAMPLE 1°. Read the passage bolow and do the following task Snow-makers ‘Snow formed by natural weather systems comes from water vapourin the atmosphere, ‘The water vapour condansas ino droplets, forming clouds. Ihe temperatures suficiently low, the wator droplets reaze into tiny ice crystals, More water particles then condense ‘onto the erat and join win ite form a anowae, Aa the anon grows heave, falls towards the Earth, ‘The snow gun works very ifererily or a natural weather system, but it accomplishes ‘exactly the same thing, The device basicaly works by combining water and air, To Alerent hoses are atached to the gun. one leading rom a water pumping station which —o | nam ine hasnonote coinspumps water up ftom a ake or reservar, and tne ote leading tom an ar compresscr \When the compressed sir passes trough the hose into the gun, i atoises the water - thats Rpts the stream so that the water pls up ino tiny droplets, The droplets are then blown out of the gun andi the outside temperature is below O°C, ic cryetals vl form, and wil then make snawckes In the same way as natural snow, Label the diagram below. ‘Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from ho passage for each answer. ‘Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet Reading strategies, = Identity the fmited number of words + Undetine heywords from questions = Prodit the type of word (noun, verb, aectve..) = Locate and scan the information from the ext (Use the linking and eequence words seers rounoarion @——EXERCISE 1" ‘The serious search for an Anti-Aging Pill [No treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging. But one Intervention, consumption of low-calorie" yet nutronally balanced diet, works ineceibly wellin abroad range of arimals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health, Those findings suggest that caloreresticton could delay aging andincrease longevityinhumans, too. But what if someone could create a pl that mimicked the physiological efects of ating less without actualy forcing people to eat less, a ‘caloric resticton mimetic"? ‘The best-stucied candidate for a caloricrestiction mimetic, 206 (2-deoxy-D-ghicase), orks by interfering with tha way calls process glucose, Ithas proved toxc at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. Butithas demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of calercrsticton; he tek is ning the right one, Cells use the glucose from foat to generate ATP (adenosine tiphosphete), the molecule ‘that powers many actvtesin the body. Byliitng food Intake, calaicrestition minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2G is ‘ministorod o animals thet eat normally, lucese reaches cele in abundance butte drug prevents most fit rom being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis, Researchers ‘have proposed several explanations for why interuption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibilty relates to the ATP-making machinery's ‘emission of fre rica, which are thought to centrbute to aging and ta such age-related ciseases as cancer by damaging eels. Reduced operation of the machinery should iit thoir production and thereby constrain tha damage. Ancther hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of gicose cout indicate to cll that feed is scarce (even isnt) ‘2nd induce them to shift into an ant-aging mode that emphasizes preservation ofthe ‘xganism over such 'xuries' as growth and reproduction, —o “Tro hd ipsa psn angi: cd spew copssn sacri fee seraComplete the flow-chait below. (Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for aach answer How a caloric-restriction mimetic works CR mimetic 4 leas 4 Is processed 4 production of ATP is decreased ae “Theory 4 ‘Theory 2: cals less damaged by disease because cals focus on 3 because fewer2 se emited food i in short supply ay euler 2!) READING. DIAGRAM / FLOWCHART COMPLETION EXERCISE 1* Techno-Wizardry in the Home ‘A techno-sawy home can have a tremendous impact on the occupants’ ives. Many ’chores or jobs can be dene more simply, 26 It allows all sorts of electronic gadgets and appliances to perform a vciely of asks. For example, an alarm clock canbe programmed to 90nd a message tothe coffee maker to begin bowing the moming cafe. In another ‘example, the thas inside, then comminictes with the microwave or evento suggest a cooking time, It frgerato can suggest what could be eaten as a snack based on what it ‘eoms hard to Bolave that hose Iypes of refigoratoe aready ais. They can tak tothe Internet and download recpes; bey can even order new groceries as required, because they are able to scan anc log bar codes of food tems taken fom isi, Athough there are many smart appliances avalable on the market and many more ‘becoming available, probably one ofthe frst aspects thats fully automated in a home is ihe LS en ben se.rsrounosrion @——tho ontortsinmant ayetam. While @ ic nol necoccany making the Bvoe of tho eoaupania ceasior or making them any safer, its fun being able to change channels by speaking to the TV and to use the Internat in conjunction withthe television ‘Atochno.savwy house can save anergy by lowering the temperature sating and switching off appliances and lights that are not required. can also manage heaters, the air condoning, and fans in such a way as to save energy. For example, Ifthe outside temperature is only slighty mere than the setting on the thermostat, then @ smart home wil use fans instaad ofthe ale conlioner, which uses a lot more energy Also, if the {elevsion fs notin use tent wll completly tun off the energy outlet, which also saves {2 small amount of energy. Over an extended period of tie, these actions can mean a considerable saving Being able to monitor secuiy from a central system makes the home a safe haven for all occupants. With a single push ofa button, an alarm system puts the entre home into security mode. Al the windows and doors close and lock, and the security systems are ‘2ctvated, Abcont owners can check thir security system va the Inmet, duo i hidden survellance cameras aru the house which sendinformation. further useful {hat lights can be programmed to go on and off at random times when nobody is at home ‘a make it ook ike somebedy i there, This feature acts as a major deterrent to eeninals. sure ie In an emergency, people can panic and not react nthe best possible manner. However, 2 techno- savvy house can help here. For example, atthe time of ate, the te alarm ‘would activate nd the tecmo-sawwy house's ‘bai immedlately cals the fie begade. ‘Would also tum onthe Highs that laa! Yo an exit and unlock al the windows and doors to ‘make the escape route easier. However, ny techno-savwy home has a major wunerabily; rele on a power supply. this were to be interupted chaos would preva. Being connected to battery system fs ‘essential, so there isa back-up energy supply should there be power cut. It's essential ‘hat safe entry and exit ponts tothe home are ahvays avalable. Provided the system is safe, twill save power ard increase security and pleasure for house occupants ofthe future.‘Choose NU MORE THAN TWO WORDS trom the passage foreach answer ‘ATechno - Savvy House EXERCISE 2" Ochre fine reveals ancient knowledge of chemistry Tho oldest oche.processng toolkits and workshop ever found have been unearthed, Indeating that as far beck as 100,000 years ago, humans had an understanding of chemistry. ‘South Aica's Blombos Cave lies within alimestone ci onthe southem Cape coast, 300 km east of Cape Town, I's known forts 76,000-year-old rich deposits of artefacts suchas beads, bone tools and ochre engravings. Some engravings date as far back as 100,000 years. ‘Archaeologist Christopher S. Henshitwood from the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg and Unversity of Bergen, Norway has been excavating at the ste since 1982, and has reported he discovery of a mixture, ich in ochre, stored in two abalone ‘hells. dates back to the Middle Stone Age — 100,000 yesrs ago. Ochre isa term used to describe a piece of eath or rock containing red or yolow oxides or hytroxdes of iron Itcan be used to make pgments, or paints, ranging from geldonyellow and light yellow brown to rch red, Is we spans te history of humans - from those living more than £200,000 years ago, to modern indigenous communities, “Made from an array of material, this mistue, which couldhave functioned as wall, object ssrsrovrearen ——‘ana skin 6ecoraton or sin protection (acting in simlar way to modern-day sunscreen), Indicates the early developments that occured inthe people who orignaly used te st, “Uudging for) the compleity ofthe material that has been collected from diferent parts the landscape ane brought tothe ste, they the people] must have had an elementary knowledge of chemistry tobe abe to combine these materials to produce this frm. Its nota stralghtforward proces.” said Henshitwood, ‘The Blombos Cave discovery Is the earlestinown example of a pigment- or paint producing workshop. All of the materials were discovered at the same site, and they included an array of raw materials including samples of bone and charcoal, as well as pigment producing equipment such 95 grindstones and hammerstones. Judging bythe ‘equipment, which shows sgns of wear, Henshilvood and his team were able to deduce the process used to produce the ochre mixture, Firs, the pieces of ochre were rubbed on quartte slabs and crushed to produce a res Powder. This was combined with ground-up mammal Bone, the traces of which show signs that it was hesied before beng ground. The ochre powder and the bone pieces were mixed wih charcoal, tone chips, quartz grains and aliquid (perhaps water) and was then transferred to abalone shells tobe gently sired before being ready for application. Choose ONE WORD ONLY frm the passage for each answer How pigment was made in ancient times, ‘Acolourtul 4 ‘was created by rubbing the ochre pieces of quarzte ‘Animal bones were 2 ‘and then rushed and added othe ochre + ‘The bones and ochre wore mixed with other salds and the researchers believe Bsns WHS thon addod The mixture was poured into 4 then mixed by hane The nal minture was wady to use for ale 6 To wali ora an eatly type of 6 or the body —o "Taam ido e037. vag 5,58 Te One iri Ge LTSEXERCISES" ‘The birth of modem plastics Baekeland’s intrest in lastics began in 1885 when, as @ young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked 01 research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances reduced when phenol (arbolic acd) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fd simi to aleahol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only retuing to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune withthe invention of a new pholgraphic paper. While Backeland had been busily amassing daliars, some advances had been made in the development of plastic. Tha years 1889 ‘and 1900 had seen the patenting ofthe fest semi-synthetic thermosetting material that couldbe manufactures onan industial sale. n purely scientific tems, Baekeland’s major contribution tthe dist zo much tha actual dlecovery of he material which he gave his name, but rater the method by which @ ration between phenol and formaldehyde ‘could be controled, tus making its preparation possible oo @ commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Backeland tock ot his famous patent describing his preparation, tne essential features of which are sti use today. ‘The exginal patent outed a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (ram wood o¢ coal) wer inal combined under vacuum inside a lage egg-shaped keto, The result was a "sin known as Novelak which became soluble and malleable \when heated. The resin was allowed to coal in shallow rays ntl it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder, Other substances were then inroduced: incding filer, such as wood flosr, asbestos or cotton, which inerease strength and. moisture jctance,catalyets (sutstances to speed up the reaction betweon two chomicals without ieining to either) and hex, @ compound of emmonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additonal formaldehyde necessary to forma thermosetting resi. This resin was then leftto.cool and harden, a ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was ‘aw Bakelite, ready to ba made into a vast range of manufactured objects, Inthe last stage, the heated Bakelte was poured into @ hollow mould ofthe required shape and subjected fo exreme heat and pressure; hereby ‘sting its form forte. “The design of Bakelite objects, everything rom earrings to television sets, was governed taalarge extent by th technical requirements of the mauling process. The object could not be designed 20 that it was locked into the mould and therefore difcu to extract, ‘A common general rua was that objects should taper towards the deepest part ofthe ‘mould, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed sothat the molten Bakelite would ow evenly end completely into the mould, Sharp comers proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, streamlined’ she popular inthe 1990s, The thickness ofthe walls ofthe moud ‘was also crucial: tick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be ‘considered by the desigra in order to make the most efficient use of machines. ‘agmamcomnmtgnanne ——trowoaron G——$‘Complete the ow-chart. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage foreach answer The Production of Bakelite reno aes cee tine under vac + stage oe rsin call 1 + + beak up ane rin iro {9 coion, asbestos) catalyst — ‘armenia a — fermalchyse | > sage we resin 4 oo un nadened + beak up and gin into powder 4 * sate i T pny tors heat an 5 + coo unl hardenedHOMEWORK \g¢) READING. DIAGRAM / FLOWCHART COMPLETION EXERCISE 1” How Mobile Telephony tumed into a Health Scare “The fist mobile phones to connect to telephone networks were often installed in cars before the hand-held version came on the market and the ravolution a mobile technology ‘began. The frst generation of mobile phones (called 1G) was large, heavy and analogue and it was nat unt the invention ofthe second generation (2G) in the 1900s that ital ‘networks could be used. The digital element enabled faster signaling. At the same time, evelapmenis in battery design and energy-saving electronics alowed the phones themselves to become snaller and therefore more truly mobile. The seoond generation allowed fortext messaging to, and his began wth heist person-to-person text message In Finland in 1993, atough a machine-generated text message had been successfully ‘sent iwo years eater. None of this would have been possible without the development of duplex technology ta replace the relatively primitve simplex technology of tho frst phase of mobile ‘communication, In duplex technology, there ar two frequencies avalabo simultaneously. “These two frequencies ean be obtained by the principle of Frequency Division Duplex (FD), To send two signals wirlessy & is necessary to create pared spectrum, where ‘one bane! cates the upink (tem phone to antenna) and the other caries the downlink {from the antenna to phone, Tine Division Duplex (TDD) can achieve the same thing, but instead of spliting the frequency the uplink and downlink re switched very rapidly, ving the impression that one Fequency is used, For mebile telephony to work fo ts fullest potenti it needs to have a network through ‘which it ean relay signals. This network depends on base stations which sond and receive the signals. The base stctions tand tobe simple conclusions, or masts, ontop of which ‘are mounted the antennas. With the rapid increase In demand for mobile services, ‘the Infrastructure of antennas in the United Kingdom is now huge. Mary thousands of repors have appeared ckiming that the signals relayed by these antennas are harmful to human ang animal heath, The aims focus on the fac that he antennas are transmitting rao weves In microwve form. In come way, public domand Ie reeponeiio fr the increase in the alleged threat to heath, Unt quite recently, voice and text messages were transmitted using 2G tec nology. A2G mast can send alow-requency microwave signal approximately 35 kl. Third generation (36) technology allows users to wirelessly ovina information from the internet and is extremely popular. The diference is that 13 technology uses a higher frequency to cary the signals, allowing masts to emit more ‘iain itiramnconetener rece naseuarammans 8 rounosrion Q—‘adlaion. This problem i itansifed by Ue red 1 Ive ness cose proximy 10 ‘each other and tothe handsets themselves. Whalever danger there was in 2G signals 's greatly multiplied by the fact thatthe 26 mes ara physically much closer to peopl, ‘Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage. ( 1) seteneannt— — 2 EXERCISE 2* Stainless steo! Varieties “There are over 150 grades of stainless steel with various properties, each dtingiched by its exstaline structure. Austenitic stainless steel, comprising 70% of global production, barely magnetic, but fn and Martenstc stainless steel function as magnets because they contain more nickel or manganese. Ferric stainless steel~ soft and slighty corrosive is eheap to produce, andhas many applications, while Marensie stainless sth, wth ‘more carbon than the other'ypes, is incredibly sttong, so tis usedn fighter jt bodies but is also the costliest to produce. Recyclablity Stainless steel can be recycles completely, and these days, the average slaniess steel ‘bject comprises around 60% of recycled material —o “Than tho pstetahngoins conieersag ii 8 si)Cutting-edge application In the last few years, 2D prntare hava become widespread, and stainless steel intused ‘with bronze isthe hardett matoral that a3 printer can curently use In 30 printing, an inklet head deposits altemate layers of stainless steel powder and ‘organic binder into @ buld box. After each Inyer of binder is spread, overhead heaters dy the abject before ancher layer af powder is added, Upon compton of printing, the whole abject, stints Bld box, s sintered in an oven, ubich means he object is heated tojustbelow the meting point, so the binder evaporates. Next, the porous objects placed ina furnaces that alten bronze can replace the binder. To fish, the objec is Pasted with tiny beads that smooth the surface. Appraisal In es than a cantury,slainles steel has become essential due tits relatively cheap production cos ite durabity, and its renewabilty, Used inthe new manufacturing process ‘0 30 printing, its future boks bright. (Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage. 30 printing using stainloss steo! and bronze eee ee eS TCV 2] Object heated rojas blew | Binder placed with melt (Byrn brome oemprate binder sexrsrourosnon @—CO Ga EXERCISE 4. Read the definitions and then complete the wocds. There fs one space per letter. Some letters have been given fo help you 1 The introduction of now things, ideas or ways of doing something: in _ 2. scientific test thats donein order to study whathappens and to galn new knowledge: 3, Progress or development ina particular activity or area of understanding: 2d _ 4, To change the form of something: tr 5. To examine the nature or stucture of something, especially by separating it into its pats, in order to understand or explain It an 16. An important development that may lead to an agreement or achievement br 7. One of several parts of which something is mage: co _ 18, To watch and check something over a period of time inorder to see how it develops: EXERCISE 2. Find the mistake In each sentence then comect 41. Modem water boilers ate highly efcency in fuel use ‘The information can be tansitiod wireless, Materials are transform rom ther rina 2 3 tint ther forms, 4. Universties should work withthe private sector to foster innovate and entrepreneurship, B ‘Thay are employed as monitor to make sure that the organization works within the tow.Era ca os Breaktough eck Liner | Sr atin ‘nam pooner | Thanh pin wees waa ~ ‘Femornator! Gigm sat Experiment x sperment Tene! | Phinuch Een it ‘eavenat | Sw nangcao eo your notes (”, CULTURE & FESTIVALS eee) Maite! \e2\ vocaBULARY EXERCISE 1 Match each word wi te right dfiton Word ‘o make or change something to sult the fe needs ofthe owner or user b. the action or rovess of changing something, 2. Fundamental (adj) | 2 ‘or of being changed, o sult anew purpose or stuation e- connected with language or the scientific 3, Customize (v) 3. eee — : a. The actor process of producing babies, omens | ae young animals or plants 8. Celebration (n) | 5> |e. The smallest basic uit fa planter animal the making of things, especialy decorative ob 18, Adaptation (a) | 8 Jets, by hand asa profession or leisure seivty 9. serious and very important, affecting the most 7: Crafter tn) a ental and important pats of something h. 2 special event that people organize in order je errpowoedt) | 8s tooelebrate something EXERCISE 2, Fllin the blank withthe given word inthe box camival calebration adjustment linguist caf work rarade Indigenous ‘eorientaton “They undertne the rick of migrant workers to express freely thelr ethnic, cut religious ana characteris, sees rounosron @—2. Latin American know very ttle about the hietory ofthe peopiee whe Used tolve here several centuries ago. 3, The stnets wore strewn with rubbish after the - We are aso interested in extending their manus skis in the form of related to aesthetic experiences. The process of tolfein anather country can be vary ficult, The Olympic Games begin witha ofall he competing nations ‘The citys annual lof Caribbean culture kicks off on June 4 exe eo The cl public policy towards the needs ofthe poor 3¢\ GRAMMAR Exam tips. \When scanning and skirming the information in IELTS Reading, determining the "ight type of sentence in the text and then caving the subjects, verbs, etc are the effective way to save time and get the main point ofthe text. ‘TYPES OF SENTENCES (Simple and compound sentences) EXERCISE 1. Read the tot below and dec which sentence is a simple sentence (ote S) and which one isa compound sentence (write C). Then determine the subject ‘and verb In each sentence 1. All these activites: may have damaging environmental impacts.°) For example, land clearing for agrcature s the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical feriisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies." Soll erosion threatens the productivity of and in both rich and poor counties." Topscilin India and China is vanishing much faster tan in America. Sentence 1 Sentence 2: Sentence 3 Sentence 4 —oThe cversity of Me ts Uuly srmsciy, Vu all ving arganisms do share certain siilales. ll ving organisms can replicate, andthe replicator molecule is DNA.” [As well al living organisms contain some means of converting the information. Sentence 1 ‘Sentence 2: ‘Sentence & Grammar notes ‘Simple sentence: Cortaln one indepensent claus than expected) Compound sentence: Contain two independent clauses joined by = A coertinating corunction (FANBOYS fer, and, nor, bu, or ye, £0) Eg. The gas price creased, but the petrol price decreased conjunctive adveb (0g. however, therefore) Eg. The gas pric increased; however, the petrol pice decreased. semicolon alone E.g. The gas price increased the petrol price decreased (E29. The station's worse “independent clauee:A dase that can sand alone as 2 sentence, ‘exxsroorosr0% Q—aka} \gE) READING. True / False / Not Given Exam information ‘True /False /Net Given questions are a commen feature of he exam, They are similar to ‘Yes No Not Given questions, bul instead of being opinion based, these questions relate to factual information any EXAMPLE 1%. Road the passage below and do the folowing task La Tomatina (Spain) Le Tomatina isthe work's biggest food fight. Its aways held onthe last Wednesday of ‘August every yearn Bun 8 town near Valencia in Spain. Because itis such fun, thas ‘become very popular and ofiials have had lit the event to 20,000 people by fsuing tickets, Mere than 100 metic ton of overspe tomatoes ae thrown inthe street during the event Boryeong Mud Festival (South Korea) ‘cosmetics company in South Korea created a line of beauty products which featured ‘ue from the Boryeong mu fats asa main ingredient. Thecompany didnot wantto spend rmaney on adverising, so the Boryeong Mud Festival was bom, This alowed potential customers to foe the benefits ofthe special mud. The festival is home to mudslides, 3 ‘mud prison, mud poole and mud sking. You can alo enjoy lve music, acupuncture and 8 fireworks display, Dia De Les Muertos ~ Day of the dead (Mexico) This Mexican holiday is eebrated throughout Mexico and around the wold, The holisay focuses on remembering tends and family members whe have ded, Is paniculry celebratod in Mexico, where the day Is @ bank holiday. Actes involved inthe hoisay Include buiding private atars, cleaning the graves of loved ones anéteing funny stores about dead relatives, Strect partie, paredes and festivals are alo a comnion fete ef the calebtion —o "Phan do Ea 3 Unt erg, nang hiiothe followin statements agree with the Information alven in Reading Passa TRUE ifthe statement agrees withthe information FALSE —_ ifthe statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN ifthe ia information on this 1.Any numberof people can attend La Toman 2. The mud festivals used to sll a beauty produc 53. On Da de los muertos, people do the same activites their loved ones enjoyed in fe Reading strategies 1. Read the fist questions and underine keywords 2. Scan and skim fr the st answer 2. Repeat with othe questions Reading tips ‘The questions are inthe same order as te text Decide if the answer is Tue, False or Not Given according to the given information True: You can ind tis information inthe passage andi agrees with the statement. False: The passage ad statoment have diferent information. The statement contains ‘2 mistake which youknow because the passage shows us what it shout be {Not Given: You cart find the information in the passage oF the passage does not contain enough information to know ifitis tue or aso. EXERCISE 1* In January or February, venice plays host tothe most magical of camvals. During the camival, the city s fled wth a mass of masked party goers, posing and dancing, in an attempt to reinvent one ofthe great iradtions of the city, Naturally tis very crowded and hotels and restaurants re expensive, but i isa unique occasion and a great time to ‘experience this beautiful cy “The carnival was fst nel in Venice in the 11" cantury and lasted fr over two months. Advts involved a series of formal parties in St Mark's Square and playing games for money Regardlassof socal status, participants worecostumesand masks. magesofthe time and occasion are sit displayed throughout the city today. During the 18th century, sienna eon nn vaxrerounosrey @Q—owner this patio of fesvities came to an and, al the cara dil at turn nt +1979, Today, the camival extremely popular with people eager'o dress up and parade ‘round the city in their masks and costumes. “The weekends are the busiest times atthe camival — the final weekend in particular, During the festivities. you ean enjoy lve music and tke part in a large open: Costumes are also & male feature of the cocasion and tare is even @ competion to judge the bestone. The best ones are usually eplayed! in to broattaking St Mark’s Square numerous shops in Venice ell these costumes and ‘masks in preparation fr ts great event, festival the conte of carivafstvies, Perhaps the most atractve aspect ofthe Verice camival, though isthe variety of masked balls and partes there ar attend, You do have to pay fer hese, however, ane they can be quite costly. One ofthe most expensive partes the Valentine's Grand Masquerade Ball held on February {tha the Palazzo Flangi othe following statements agree with tho information given in Reading Passage? TRUE ‘the statement agrees with the information FALSE Ifthe statement contradicts the information NOTGIVEN there is no informtion on this 41. Botere the 20th century only the rch parcpated inthe camival 2, The Verice carnival was banned in the 12th century. 3. The most popular daysat the carriva are during the week. 4. None ofthe fests take place outside. ', There are few places in Venice where you can purchase your costume and maskcues 21) READING. True / False / Not Given EXERCISE 1” Is there such a thing as Canadian English? If so, what is it? “The standard stereotype among Americans is that Canadians are ke Americans, excopt they say ‘aha lot and pronounce “out and about as ‘aot and aboot. Many Canaan, ‘on the ather hand wlll you that Canaan English is move like Beitsh English, and 2s proof wil hold aloft the spolings colour and centre and the name 26d forthe letter Z Canadian does exist as aseparae variety of Bish English, wih subtly cstincve features of pronunciation and vocabulary, I has its ovn dictionaries; the Canadian Pross has its ‘own sile guide; the Edrors' Association of Canada has just released a second edition of Ealing Canadian Engish. But an emblematic feature of Elting Canadian English is comparison tables of American versus Brsh splings so the Canadian editor can come to a reasonable decision on which to use... on each aceasion. The core of Canadian English is a pervasive anbivalence, Canadian history helps tc expain hs. Inthe beginning there were he ndlgenous people, wih far more nguistc and cultural valty than Europe. They'e sil there, but Cenadian English, tke Canadian Anglophone societyin general, givs them itiemors than desultory token nods, Fights between European sellrs shaped Canadian Englsh more. The French, stating inthe 1500s, colonised the St Lawrence River ragion and the antic coast South of In the rid-1700s, England got into a war with France, concluding with the Tealy of Pals in 1763, which coded ‘New France’ o England. The English allowed any French to stay who were wiling to become subjects of the English King [A the time of the Treaty of Paris, however, there were very few English speakers in Canada. The American Revolution changed that. The founding English-speaking people ‘of Canada were United Empire Loyalists —people who fed American independence and ‘were rewarded with land in Canada, Thus Canadian English was, fom ts very begining, both American — because its speakers had come from the American colonies ~ and not ‘American, because they rejected the newly independent nation, st asthe Americans sought to have a truly distin, Independent American version of English, the loyalists sovght to remain more Ike England... sort of. These were people whose varity of English was already dvorging fom the British and vice verse: when the ‘residents of London and ts environs began to érop thers and changed some of the ‘vowels, pple in certain pars ofthe United States adopted some of these changes, but ‘Canadians di not “Renin censor arate cers rousomon @—1 the following statements agrae with the Information given in Reading Passage? ‘TRUE ifthe statement agrees with the information FALSE {tthe statement contradict the information NOTGIVEN there is no information on this 1. Canadian English is considered more ke Bish English by Canadians. 2. According tothe second paragraph, Canadian Englch is prety similar to Bish, with ome minor ailerances 3. The St Lawrence Riverwas colonised by Canadians in 1600. 4. Canadian English Is covsidored nekther American nor not America, 5. The ith paragraph states that many English-speaking counties adopted changes in pronunciation EXERCISE 2* ‘Trends in the Indian fashion and textile industries [At the begining ofthe 21% eantury. wth new designers and models, nd more sensible . | simtarthings usually are EXERCISE 2, Choose the best answer 41. Heat and wind can cause A.prosence -—B.exéslonce—C. evaporation. temperature 2. During the last le Age, average were much lower than they are now ‘A.tomperatures B. surfaces C.srandings myth $3. Many researchers are stil wondering about he of Loch Ness Monster. Aslocier Biewictonce —C. stranding _—_D.evaperatlon 4. Mass whale involves fouror more animals A. stranding envi C.eognion 0. presence 5. The children enjoyed eirsteries about the gods of Greek and Roman A.giant Bpresence — C. myth D. eristence setrsreusoarion @}—GRAMMAR TYPES OF SENTENCES (Complex and compound-complex sentencas) Exam tips. Ii IELTS Roading passages, long sentences lke compound sentences, complex ‘sentences or compound-somplex sentences tend to make canciates confused du to {the number of clauses. Inst of spending time reading the whole passage, identifying the main clause (independent cause) of each sentence wil help you save time to catch the main idea EXERCISE 4. White the ype of each given sentence and und gs 12 The availaiy of funds, which have been saved rather than borrowed, can relieve he pressure when faced with alarge il ine the main clause es 1b Because humans are ot monkeys, we must be careful about extrapolating rom ania stules to human behavior. ‘©. The problem of polluion wil get worse unl the goverment] {takes action on factory emissions — 4d Because crop predusion Is insutfcient to support most families, the vilage sconomy rales on man and women working es daylabourrs In nearby sugarcane plantatons, but he productivity cannot meet the demands {© In these areas where there is litle opporunty for summer ablation (loss of mass, snow changes tothe compacted form | and then crystalized ieGrammar notes ‘Complex sentence: Contain one dependent clause (headed by 2 subordnating conjunction or relative pronoun) joined to an independent clause. .g. Although the government has invested lot of money on funding, the unemployment is til high, ‘Compound-complex sentence: Contain two independent clauses joined to one or more dependent clauses. .g. When the unemployment rae is high, the government has invested lt of ‘money, but the suation hasnt changed much, “Dependent clause: A clause that not stend alone as a complete sentence (not express a complete taught) EXAM FOCU! \E\ READING. TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN EXERCISE 1. Road the passage below and do th following ask Glaciers a “The majoriy of the eat’ glaciers are located near the poles, though glaciers exist on all continents including htica and Ooeania, The reason glaciers are generally formed in high alpine regions is that they requir cold temperatures throughout the year. In these ‘areas where there lite opportunity fo summer ablation (loss of mass), snow changes to ‘compacted fem and then cystalized ice. During periods in which melting and evaporation ‘exceed the amount of srowal glaciers wil retreat rather than progres. While glaciers rly heavily on snowfall other climactic conditons including feezing rain, avalanches, _and wind, contribute other growth, One year of below average preciptaton can stunt tha ‘orowth ofa oacier tremendously With the rare exception of surainaalacer, 2 common ‘lacier flows about 10 inches per day inthe summer and 5 inches per day in the winter “The fastest glace surge on record occurred in 1953, when the Kuiah Glacier in Pakistan {grew more than 12 klomsters in three months. retrsFounoarion @——‘The weight and pressure of ce accumulation causes glacier movement. Glaciers move ‘ut from under themselves, via plastic deformation and basal slippage. First, the internal flow of ice crystals begins o spread outward and downward from the thickened snow pack also known as the zune of accumulation. Next, the ice along the ground surface begins to sip inthe same dracton, Seasonal thawing atthe base of the glacier helps to facitate this slippage. The middle ofa glacier moves faster than the sides and bottom because there is no rock cause fiction. The upper pat of a glacier rides on the ice below As a glacier movesit carves out @ U-shaped valley similar toa riverbed, but with Besides the extraorcinary rivers of ie, glacial erosion creates other unique physical features in the landscape such as horns, fords, hanging valleys, and cirques. Most ofthese landforms do not become visible unt aller a glacier has receded, Many are ‘created by mozaines, which occur atthe sides and front ofa glacer. Moraines are formed ‘when materia is picked up along he way and deposited in @ new location, When many ‘alpine glaciers occur on the same mountain, these moraines can create @ hom. The Matterhorn, in the Swiss Alps is one of the most famous hams. Fjords, which are very ‘common in Nerway, are coastal valleys that fil with ocean water during a lacal retreat Hanging valleys occur when two or more glacial valleys intersect at varying elevations. Itis common for waterfalls ta connect the higher and lower hanging valleys, such asin \osemite National Park. Acrque is large bowishaped valley that forms atthe front of ‘a glacier. Cques offen have a lip on ther dou slope that is deep enough te hold smal lakes when the ice mats avy. b. Glacier movement and stape shiting typically occur over hundreds of years. While presenty about 10 percent of the earth's land Is covered with glaciers, its bebeved that ‘during the lat Ice Age glaciers covered approximately 32 percent ofthe ears surface, In the past century, most saciers have been retreating rather than flowing forward. It | unknown whether this cial activity Is due to human impact or natural causes, but by studying glacier movement, and compering climate and agricultural profles over hundreds of years, dlaciolgists can begin to understand environmental issues such as label warming,Do the following statements agree with he information given in Reading Passat TRUE ‘tthe statement agrees with the information FALSE ‘tthe statement contraclets the information NOT GIVEN ifthere 1 information on this 4. Glaclers exit only ner the Noth and South poles. 2. Glace are famed ty a combination of snow and other weather conditions. 3. Glaciers normally move ta rat of about 5 1010 inches a day 4, Al pats ofthe glacie move athe same speed 5. During the lst ee Age, average temperatures were much wor han thy ae now Reading tips Ignore anything youaready know about the tople and donot make assumptions, ‘Base your answers onthe text ony = Watch out for those words that can slighty change the meaning ofthe sentence. For example, many some, never, few, all, lays, ec. = Ifyou cannot id an answer wahin 2 minutes, then automatically choose "Not Given” (NG) because the information is probably ot there, so do not waste time ooking fortae Neuils EXERCISE 1? Dino discoveries A \whon news breaks ofthe dscovery of anew species of dinosaur, you would be forgivenfor ‘thinking thatthe scientists who sot out in search ofthe fossils are the ones who made dle find, The realty tolls a cferent story, a8 Cavan Soa explains. B, ‘The BEC series Planet Dinosaur used state-otthe-ar computer graphics to bring 10 life the most impressive of these dinosaurs whose remains have bean discovered in the past decade. One of these is Giganloraptor erfanersis. Discovered in 2005, it ‘stands more than tree mates high atthe hip andi the biggest bird-tke dinosaur over unearthed yet ts discoverer. Xu Xing of Beling’s Intute of Vertebrate Palacontoiogy ‘and Paleoanthropology, was not even looking for it at the time, He was recording a ‘documentary in the Gobi Desert Inner Mongols, Sometimes itis sheer opgortunism that plays a part in the dlscovery of @ new species. Ir 1999, the National Geographic Society announced that the missing link between