REPORT NO. eae 75:30 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER NOVENSER 1975 | FLUSH A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR APPROXIMATE 3-D ANALYSIS OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS. by JOHN LYSMER TTAKEKAZU UDAKA, CHAN-FENG TSAI H. BOLTON SEED cOUEGE OF ENGINEERNG | UNIEESIY OF CALFORNIA + Bley, Clr[EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER FLUSH [A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR APPROXIMATE 3-D ARALYSIS OF SOIL - STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEKS by Sohn Lyener Takekazs Udaka chan-Feng Tesi Report No. EERC 75-30 November 1975 college of Engineering University of califomia Berkeley, californiaTABLE OF conTENTS saTRoDUCTION SOTL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS Basic Requirenents ‘Two-dimensional Finite Element Analysis ‘hree-dinensional Effects Effects of Bullding-Building Interaction Proposed Computational Method ‘COMPUTATIONAL MODEL General Identification of Nodes and Elements Boundary Conditions Mage Distribution stiffness and Damping Free Field Notions MOMERICAL PROCEDURE ‘The Method of Complex Response ‘The Frequency Domain Interpolation The Equivalent Linear Method Effective Shear Strain Amplitedes ‘The Equation Solver Baseline Correction Summary of Numerical Procedure Fr a a as 1s as » 20 20 2 23 23 2% 2s 27 29 2 32 35. 6. 10. PROGRAMING BETATLS MODEL - The Initation Mode MODE? ~ The Extraction Mode MODES ~ The Iteration Node ‘Subprograns ‘Tapes: Punched output core Requirenents rime Betinates Auxiliary Prograns COWENTS O INPUT AND OUTPUT Frequency content control Notions Solid Elements and Soil Layers Void Elemente: eam Elements ‘Transmitting Boundaries Fixed Boundary Condi tions Symmetric Models Material curves Iterations output accelerations Response Spectra Amplification Punctions Bending Moments LISTING OP MATH PROGRAM Geneval discussion Input bata cards sai 2% 36 a6 28 o 52 33 56 55 56 56 sa sa 6 a 6 6 e 6 6 6 6 or 6 6 2 a 2APPENDIX A - APPENDIX B - w Program abstract and availability ea “comparison of Plane Strain and axisymmetric Ba Soll-Structure Interaction Analyses,” by B. Berger, 3. lysmer, and H. B. Seed. "A Simplified Three-Dinensional Soil-structure ca Interaction study," by R. M. Bvang, J. Lysner, and E. Berger.2. amRopucrzon ‘the computer progran FLUSH Js a further development of the complex response finite clement progran LUSK (Lysner et al, 2974). the new program *h inclwies = large nunber of new features such a traneniteing boundaries, bean elements, an approximate 3-0 ability, deconvolution within the Progran, out-of-core equation solver, new input/output features, ete, As considerably faster than WISH, thus the nane PLUSH = + and it all of which mate the program more efficient and versatile 2. SOMLASTRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS. Baric Requirements analyses of soil-structure interaction effects during carthquakes for nuclear power plant structures are usually nade by one of two methods either by means of a conplate interaction analysis involving consideration of the variation of motions in the structure and the adjacent soil, or by fan inertial analysis in which the motions in the adjacent soil are assuned to be the sane at all points above foundation depth. For surface structures, the distribution of free field motions in the underlying soils has no in- fluence on the structural response and thus, provided the analyses are made in accordance with good practice, good results may be obtained using either method of approach. For enbedded structur variation of ground motions with depth is essential if adequite evaluations however, consideration of the of soil and structural response are to be obtained without uidue conserva tiem, At the present time, analyses including th developed using the finite element method of approach, although other ‘computational methods might also be used for this purpose. Jot only does fan Sdealized complete interaction analysis using finite elenent methods offer ‘effects have only been 4 Greater prospect of improved accuracy for analysis of enbedded structures fon theoretical grounds but recent observations of the response of the Hunbolde Bay Nuclear Pover Station to strong shaking induced by the Perndale, california earthquake of June, 1975 show that this method of approach provides response evaluations which are in excellent accord with those obs :rved under Field conditions.‘This does not mean that all finite element analyses of soil-structure interaction provide adequate evaluations of response. Like all analyses, ‘they can be performed with different degrees of approximatior or sophisti- cation. The basic requirements for a good analytical procedure may be summarized as follows: 1. The analysis should consider the variation of soil characteris thee with depen. 2, The analysis should consider the non-linear and energy-absorbing characteristics of the soils. 3. For embedded structures, the analysis should consider the varie~ tion of ground motions with depth. 4. The analysis should be capable of taking into account the three @imensional nature of the problen. 5. The analysis should be capable of considering the effects of adjacent structures on each other. It is not always necessary to mest all of these requirenents--for example, where a simple structure is involved accurate evalustions of the motions at the base of @ structure cen be obtained using a tvo-dimensional analytical model--but, in general, all of the requirements Listed above ‘should be taken into account. one of the primary argunents against the use of finite elenent methods of analysis is their high cast. This of course depends on the efficiency of ‘the computer program used but it ie true that in the recent past, analyses of this type have been substantially sore costly than analyses using the inertial interaction approach in conjunction with half space theories and although savings may be realized by virtue of the lover degree of conservatism involved in the finite elenent approach, it is clearly desirable to reduce ‘the analytical costs to the fullest extent possible. Accordingly, it is the purpose of this chapter to review the current level of accomplishment which may be achieved using finite element tech- nigues for the performance of complete interaction analyses and to describe an efficient procedure which mects all desivable requirements without in- curring excessive costs for design and analys:‘wordinonsional Finite Element analy: A complete analysis of the soil~structure interaction preblem would involve © determination of the response of a structure when it is sub- jected to earthquake ground motions vhich vary from point to point in the soil and rock around and underlying the structure and travel ir some un- known way across the base of the structure. ‘this adnittedly complex problen is usually idealized for purposes of analysis so that motions in the vicinity of the structure are considered to be due to vertical propagation of body saves from underlying stiffer formations. This is clearly an approximation and is justified only on the grounds that it is believed to be sufficiently accurate for engine purposes fon the basis of the above approximation, finite elenent analysis proce- dures satisfying the first three of the basic requirenents for an adequate procedure have been available for several years. The basic method of approach is illustrated in Fig. 1 (Seed ot al, 1975). A control motion, specified at sone point in the free-field soil profile, can be deconvolved to determine the corresponding motions at some depth, such az 2 goil-rock interface. one dimensional amplification theory can be used for this purpose (Schnabel et al, 1972a and 19725). Next the motion computed at this depth is used as input toa finite element model of the soil structure aystem, and the response computed at points of special interest (Seed et al, 1995). Another method of approach Ss to compute transfer functions relat= In each iteration the analysis is linear but the soil properties are adjusted from iteration to iteration wntil the computed strains are compatible with the soil properties used in the analysis. Using this approach, different soil properties may be assigned to every element, if desired, so that there is no difficulty in eosidering the variation of soil characteristics with depth, while the iteration procedure permits consideration of the non-linear stress-strais and dampingAINA ONIGN SISATYNY NOLLOWH2INI IHPUIMLS-TI0S 40 NOLWINSSHETY OUWWEHOS 1 Hy 7a00N aNaw: twoishs, aun 1 pow wouors o103 (a) sovaroans Aovanbang 1S 10 09 urupeds woo TOTOcharacterietics of the soils, In order to contro} the anping ratios to the desired values it has been found desirable to use the complex response method of analysis, ané the computer program LUSH (Lysmer et 21, 1973) hae been widely used for analyses of this type. Other methods of analysis (modal analyses, methods using Rayleigh damping, etc.) do not provide the necessary freedon to adjust damping ratios to specified values in each element. In the Lusi-approach the soil-structure system is represented as a two Simensional finite element wodel, It has been shown that such two- Jeructure system can provide good evaluations of the response at the base of the structure (Berger et al, appen- ix B) but, not necessarily within the structure. Thus in order to obtain At has been necessary to commute the over Gimensional representations of the soil adequate evaluations of respon 11 response of structures which cannot be considered plane in two stages: (2) a tho-dimensional analysis of the soil-structure system t> determine the ‘base motions and (2) a thres-dinensional analysis of the structure to deter~ mine its response to the base notions computed in stage (1). Clearly the main Limitations of this approach are that it fails to satisfy the last two requirenents Listed on page 2, i.e. full consideration of the three-dimensional nature of the problem and the ability to satis~ factorily evaluate the effects of adjacent structures. In adaition, computer costs for extensive aystens have been very considerable. Accordingly, the following modifications have been made to remedy these deficiencies, Leading to a more versatile and efficient analysis procedure. ‘Three-dinensional Effects In recognition of the need to consider the three-dimensional nature of the aoil-structure system, finite element analysis procadures for axi- symmetric structures have been developed by several investigators (Ghosh and Wilson, 1969; Agrawal et al, 1973; Kausel, 1974; Berger et al, appendix 8). ‘The analytical problen involved Le illustrated schenatically in Pig. 2. (lm et al, Appendix B). Alternatively, the analytica? model may be provided with transmitting boundaries which absorb any wave effects emanating from theSructure Soit Deposit Fig. 2 SCHEMATIC VIEW OF AN AXISYMMETRIC MODEL Bedroce Fig 3 SCHEMATIC VIEW OF & SIMPLIFIED S-DINENSONAL MODELstructure and thus simiate the effects of an extensive soil deposit (Kausel, 1974). While some thres-dimensional effects may be considered in this way, solutions cannot be obtained once the oxi-symetric nature of the structure ceases to exist; this might occur, for example, in the simple case of two, adjacent structures, each axi-aymetric but the combined system no longer having axi-symmetric characteristics. In 4 nuclear plant involving many aitterent types of structures, axi-symetric situations are the exception rather than the rule and other mathods of approach are required. Never= the-less the axi-symmetric solutions provide an essential standard by meane of which the validity of other approaches may be judged and in this respect represent a vital aspect of the development of analytical techniques. An alternative method of approach for including the three-dinensional features of a soil-structure system is that suggested by Hvarg,et al (Appendix €). The method involves the use of viscous boundaries along the planar sur- faces of a slice of sofl on which one or more structures are Iocated. This idealization of the soil-structure systen is illustrated schematically in Fig. 3. (@Peiviscous boundaries; That this form of analytical model for « single structure provides essentially the sane response values as az analysis for an axi-aynnetric system such as that show in Fig. 2 is illustrated by the comparative results for these two methods of analysis shom in Fig. 4. the method also has the advantage that it is considerably faster than the axi- symmetric anelysis because it uses only two as opposed to three degrees of freedom per nodal point. ‘The dimensions of the finite elenent mesh ‘Llustrated in Pig. 3 may be drastically reduced ££ the model is provided with transni-ting boundaries fat the ends, ae show schematically in Fig. Sa. In this case, the analysis of the so{2 structure system shown in Fig. 4 may be accomplished using the Finite elepent mesh show in the lower part of Fig. 6 (equipped with viscous boundagies in the plane of the paper). The results obtained using this analytic cal model are compared with those for the complete axi-synnetric analysis in Pig. 6. Défferances in computed response are negligible for practical purposes.‘Teonsmittng Boundary Viscous — Boundory —] Tearing tS Fig. 50 SCHEMATIC VIEW OF A SIMPLIFIED 3-l MODEL WITH TRANSMITTING BOUNDARIES NSIONAL, Transmitting Boundary Viscous —_ Boundory a en Fig.Sb SCHEMATIC VIEW OF A SIMPLIFIED 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL WITH MULTIPLE STRUCTURES10a ‘The analytical model illustrated in Fig. Sa hes the added advantage that it can be used to compute the combined response of multiple structures having the sane width as the soil slice, Fig. Sb. This might involve, for example, two rectangular structures of approximately equal wiéths standing side by aide, Such a system could not be analyzed using an axi-symretric analysis formulation but the three-dimensional effects for adiacent struc tures can readily be included using the model formilation shom in Fig. 5b. Effects of Building-Building Interaction ‘The necessity of considering the interaction between adiacent struc ‘tures in evaluations of structural response is illustrated by the results presented in Fig. 7, The building lay-out involves three buildings, two Similar structures located on each side of the centerline of a containment structure, as shown in Fig. 7, The results of three analyses of the response at a point at ground level but on the center Line of the conteinment strve~ ture are shown in Fig. 7. These studies were made for the following condi- tions: 1, the containnent structure standing alone. 2. A two-dimensional analysis of the containnent building and adjacent structures using the computer program LUSH. 3. A three-dimensional analysis of the containnent building and adjacent structures using the analytical model. shown in Fig. Sb (computer progran PLUSH). ses the Tt may be seen that the presence of the adjacent structures incr maximum response of the containment building by about 60 percent, a sub- stantial effect, but considerably less than that which would be indicated by a two-dimensional analysis of the soll-structure systen. Proposed Computational Method Im the Light of the above discussion it appears that the computational models show in Fig. 5 satisfy all of the major requirements for high quality analysis of large fanily of three-dimensional seisnic interaction problems. the analytical procedure is essentially two-dimensional and the ‘equation of motion for a finite element representation of the system can bea ni © Date) © = (ody (0) + fr) = (rd wo whore {u} are the displacements of the nodal points relative to the rigid base, [i] and IX] ave the usual plane strain mass and stiffness matrices, respectively, of a slice of unit thickness and {nm} is a vector related to [0] and the direction of the rigid hase acceleration, j(t). (MRESHAN) ‘me forces {v) originate from the viscous houndaries on the planar sides of tho slice, As shown in Appendix C these forces are L w= bradi- wp 2 where L is the thickness of the slice, {C) is a simple diagonal matrix which opens on the properties of the free field, and (A), are the known free fed velocities. ‘The forces (F) act at the ends of the slice. They are merely the forces which act on a vertical plane in the free field and they involve no horizontal transmission of wave energy. These forces are fe} = (lly a where [G) is a ginple frequency-indepondont stiftness matrix formed from the complex moduli in the free fila. ‘the forces related to the energy transmission are ft = Un) + tn) (tub - aby a wheve [R] and (L] are the frequoney-dependent boundary stiffress matrices Anteoduced by Lysmer and Drake (1972) and Waas (1972). These matrices represent the exact dynamic effect of the semi-infinite visccelastic soil aysten show in Fig. 6 at both ends of the model. ‘the equation of motion can be solved by the complex response method which assunes that the input motion can be written as a finite sum of harmonics, i.e. a truncated Fourier series we Fa) =e D =o exp (iat) ey whore is the nunbor of digitized points in the input motion.a tn {i} + teafu) = = )¥ -fv) + Ge} = fo) a where {u) are the displacenents of the nodal pointe xelative to the rigid base, [M} and IK] are the usual plane strain mass and stiffness matrices, respectively, of a slice of unit thickness and (n} is a vector related to IM) ané the direction of the rigid base acceleration, $(t). @GESHaD | Gamping can bo included by forming (X] from complex moduli. ‘the forces {v} originate from the viscous boundaries on the planar sides of the slice. As shown 4h Appendix C these forzes are wi = db eetal-Gho 2 where 1 is the thickness of the slice, [Cl is a simple diagonal matrix which Gepends on the properties of the free fleld, anc ((tipla#e/ ene NGM EE ‘the forces {] act at the ends of the slic ‘they are merely the forces which act on a vertical plane in the free field and they involve no horizontal transmission of wave energy. These forces are tr} = tohlady ° where [6] 48 2 simple troquency-indepondont stiffness matrix formed from the complex moduli in the free field. ‘The forces related to the energy transmission are (= im + Garth - We « ‘wheze [R) and [L) are the frequency-dependent boundary stiffness matrices Antroduced by Lysmer and Drake (1972) and Weas (1972). These matrices represent the exact dynanie effect of the semi-infinite visccelastic soit system shown in Fig. 6 at both ends of the model. ‘the equation of motion can be solved by the complex response method Which assumes that the input motion can be written as a finite sun of hamonice, i.e. a truncated Fourier series a Fey = ne D+ exp w.t) ° where Nis the number of digitized poines in the input motion.“ ‘This implies that the response can algo be written a2 Fourier series wa fe =e DS toh ew duo © =o we and Glee me Eto), ow 8 o the amplitudes , and (u,}, can he found easily by the Fast Fourier Transform algorithn. Substitution of Eqs. 2 to 4 and corresponding terms of Bs. 5 to 7 into the equation of motion, By. 1, yields. (wa +m, + G1, + Ms teed ta), =, + (tol + imi, + y+ Me 1) fog, 7 which is nothing but a set of Linear equations which determines the Gisplaconent amplitudes (U}, at each frequency Oj, # = Orlyes-e18/2. The equations can be solved by Gaussian elimination and the displacenants An the time domain follow from Bg. 6 by the inverse Past Fourier ‘Transform. Further details of the solution procedure for ty. 6 axe gaven an chapter 6. Except for the boundary forces {v}, (F}, and {7}, the above pro- codure is identical to the two-dimensional approach used in the compute program WUSH. This program has therefore bean nodified to form a new ‘computer code vhich includes the following adéed features: 1. Viscous boundaries are provided to simulate three-dinensional effects: 2. Tranemitting boundaries are provided to minimize the required punber of finite elements. 3. An out-of-core equation solver has been added, mking it possible to solve large eroblens on a relatively small con puter, 4, Linear ending elenents are provided for better nodsling of baserent walls and structural frames.as 5. A capability to perform the deconvolution of near surface motions within the program using the sane Finite elenent mesh as that used for the soil-structure interaction analysis. 6, Baseline corrected output motions. 7. Several computational inprovenents which increase she effi- ciency of the program (RMS method for effective strain, new interpolation schene, etc.) 8, Several new input/out features (nore flexible material properties, plots of amplification functions, time histories of bending monents, etc.) since the new program is considerably faster than the original LUSH program St has been called FLUSH (for Fast LUSS). The increase in speed can be judged from the following approximate relative computer tines for different analytical approaches now available. Relative Computer Computer type of analysis Progeas | Tine Axs-aymetric analysis with extensive mesh nuose 1.00 axi-nymmetric analysis with transmitting boundaries EMT. 0.50 Plane strain analysis with extensive mesh sn 0.35 Plane strain analysis with trananitting boundaries FLUSH =O.18, Taree-dinensional analysis with viscous ané trans pace 0.20 nitting boundaries ‘Three-dinensional analysis with viscous and trans mitting boundaries and deconvolution through finite FLUSH 0.10 ‘element mesh ‘Thus the new program provides a greatly extended capability together with substantially greater economy. It is believed that the development of this procedure permits @ reasonable evaluation of the rasporse of soil- structure systems, including structure-structure interactior and should lead to both improved analytical results and increased econeny in evaluations of the seiemic response of nuclear power plant systems.Fry CONPUDATIONRL MODEL General ‘The computational model used in the FLUSH analysis is show in Fig. 5b. However since che node 1s essentislly two-dimensional it is simpler to consider the plane representation shown in Fig. @. The nogel consists of two types of real elements, Displacenent-conpatible isoraranetric quadrilateral clenents there called solid elements) and Linear bending elements (here called beam elements). The latter are compatible only at their nodes where they have thres degrece of freedom (two aleplacenente plus one rotation). In addition the model may inclule dummy elenents (here called yoid elenents), the use of which will be discussed later. ‘The lower boundary of the model is astumed to be rigid and to trans~ late horizontally or vertically according te gone acceleration tine history Yt), This time history can be given directly or can be obtained by decon- volution of a given motion in the free field, ee p. 21. ‘arensnitting boundaries must be vertical and the layer interfaces must coincide with the nodes on the boundary, see Fig. 8 Identification of Nodes and Elements ‘The nodes are identified by nodal point numbers. This numbering system is subject to the following restrictions: 2. The nodes on the rigid base should be nunbered last. b. The nodes on the Left (or right) lateral boundary must be numbered first and in sequential order starting from the top, see Fis. 8.TAGOW AVNOLLVINGWOD AVIIdAL 8 614 x~ agai €9 29 19 «oss 8 15 9g = T8N La pee eee cpeelet epic b yaa) @;/e@;ea|@e © |© » yak ss| 's 2b 98| 22| ala 4 © UgAVT @ ®| © | eva ___s|__ os'ee] 2 2 yBAVT a) @ @ 1 2 yaad yaaa © @ @| © | tsa as oF 7 = rel oreas cc: The nodes on the right (or left) Lateral boundary aust be numbered sequentially from the top. Also, they should be punbered last, i.e. just before the nodes on the rigid base. 2, Two sequential munbers must be assigned to all nodes where bean elenents are connected, e.g. see Neds (43, 44) in Fig, 8: ‘The second component of @ double node witl be called fa rotational node. Rotational nodes are not alloved on the lateral tranonitting boundaries. ‘The meaning of the parenthesis in restrictions (b) and (c) is that the nodes may sleo he numbered by @ systen which is the micror image of that shown in Fig. 6. Restrictions (b) and (c) can be relaxed when tranonitting boundaries are not used. Special, but simila:, rules apply to symmetric models, seo p. 61. ‘The nodal point numbering systen is directly related vo the erdering of the displacements in the vector (u), eee 8. 1, Thus, the horizontal and vertical displacerents for Node i are... and upy respectively. Similarly, the horizontal and vertical displacements of the double Node (i, i#1) are u,, ; and uyys and the comterclockwise rotation of the node is u,,.)- The displacement uy. is 2 dummy variable which is simply set to zero. The horizontal and vertical Aisplacenents, U,, , and Up, are computed positive in the positive X = ang Y - directions, which must be az shown in Fig. 8) ‘the choice of mimbering systen for the nodes will determine the band width of the stiffness matrix and thus the solution time for the equations of motion. Because of zactrictions (b) and (e) the snallest band width is usually obtained by systenatic numbering "by colums" as shown in Fig. 8 ‘me elanents are identified by elenent murbers (shown in circles in Tig. 8). ‘This mmbering aysten is subject to the following restrictions:19 a. the solid elements must be numbered first. 1b. The bean elements aust be numbered sequentially to the golid elements. cc: The void elenents, see below, mist be numbered separately starting with No. 1. 4. The horizontal so{l layers in the free field must be numbered sequentially from 1 to LAYER, starting from the top. Furthermore, since the low strain soil propertice of the LAYER soil Layers in the free field are taken from the first LAYER elenents the latter are most conveniently placed as a colum towards a transmitting boundary as shown in Fig. 8. This, however, is not a requirement. options axe provided to specify the tyener-iaas boundary conditions defined by qs. 3 and 4 at the lateral boundaries. These beundary conditions simulate the exact dnanic effects of the semi-infinite visoo-elastic horizontally layered soll aystem beyond the finite elenent region. The lateral boundaries can in principle be placed Fight at the edges of the structures. However, Sf several Sterations face required to account for nonlinear soil properties it might be necessary to nove the transnitting boundaries further avay from the ‘mree-dinensional effects may be approximated by the use of the viscous boundaries described in appendix C, When this opticn is used no voids may exist Below the ground surface, i.e. all points below the ground surface must be covered by at least one layer of solid elements. Actual openings can be spanned by a special void elenent. Also, when viscous boundaries are used it becones necessary to associate each solid elenent with a soil layer in the free fielé. Por this reason it is onvally most convenient, but not absolutely necessary, to use & simple rectangular finite element mesh below the ground surface.20 ‘The void elements are numbered completely separately from the regular elenents (starting from No. 1). Their only function is to spect fy the free field soll layer corresponding to the void. No matersal pro- perties are specified and thus no stiffness mateix, mass matrix, strains for stresses are computed for void elements, Void element numbers in Pig. 8 are indicated by numerals vithin a triangle. Besides the above transmitting boundary conditions it also possible to restrain nodes from roving in relation to the rigid base. ‘This can be done separately for the horizontal and vertical components of Aieplaconent and is especially useful when advantage is takes of symmetry, see p. 61. Mage Distribution ‘The mass matrix used for solid elenents and in the free field computations is the average of the lumped and consistent mast matrix. ‘This Gistribution optimizes the ability of the clement to transmit high frequencies, see p. 57. Consistent mass matrices are usod for the beam oloments. ‘These matrices include the inertial effects of the rotational degrees of freedom. In addition to the above distributed masses the finite elenent model may include concentrated masses at the nodal points. At rotational nodes these masses can have rotational inertia. stiffness and pamping All stiffness and boundary matrices in the complex equation of notion, Bq. 8, are formed using the conplex shear noduli ct = 6 (1-28? + 218 ITB = 6 + expi2isy ° whore & ‘s the fraction of critical damping which may vary from element to element. It ce be shown, by application to a sinple damped oscii~ lator, that for a system with uniform danping and no radiat:ona Genping (transmitting and viscous boundaries) the use of the above complex moduli will lead to exactly the sane amplitudes as 2 noda analysis with the damping ratio §, A amall error will eceur in the phase of each mods but this is of no importance for the applications. & special option is provided in progran PUSH to simulate oda? analysis by using the sano danping in ali elements. Poisson's ratio 1s assumed to be real. This implies thet P= and s+ waves are astuned to have the gane attenuation factor, This assump tion may not be physically correct but is the best which ean be made with our present knowledge of wave propagation in soils. 1d Notions (st he fone aeved nave sentient aocions. une computations ers per formed in the frequency domain in terms of the free field anplitudes, see Eq. 7, which can be expressed as (Ose gy Wye = Otic ao) where the (Ag), 18 2 vector containing the amplification values fron the rigid base accelerations to layer displacements, the procedure for detemining fap), is similar to the procedure for detemining the vector {agl, in Chapter 4 and further details «131 be given in that chapter. ‘The seiemic input to the computer program FLUSH consists of 2 vertical of horizontal tine history of acceleration digitized at points at the constant time interval, ft. This control mction can bbe specified to exist at any depth in the free field, say at the2 Hy a Ujg/Aygh 8200 Beveee an 30/38) were Uy, and A, are the eh components of {vg} and {ag} , respectively. This proce: + may oF may not involve iteration on the soil properties as described in(Ghaptr|@i)) The iteration process is controlled by the allomble difference, ALOERR, between soil properties in successive iterations. The iterations can be suppressed by Using strain-independent soil properties or by using a very large value of ALOERR. If convergence is not achieved within 7 cycles the program will print the message: “FREE FIELD DOES NOT CONVERGE" and execution will be terminated. This will occur only shen an extrenely poor estimate has been ade for the soi2 properties on the first iteration or more Likely, if an unrealistic control motion, which the material cannot gugtain, has been chosen.2 4. NUMERICAL PROCEDURE The Method of cons Substitution of Eq. 10 into Eq. 8 gives the new equaticn of Response notion ikl, Wu), = ©), + ¥ aa where [K], 1s the frequency ~ dependent stiffness matrix Oe), = 1k) + trl, + 01), + 4 fe) ui as) and om, -(te1+ m+ m+ 8 ta) ag, ow is the load vector corresponding to unit amplitude of the rigis base motion (¥, = 1). In the above equations the subscript "s" indicates Frequency dependence and the stiffness and damping matrices are formed from complex moduli to simulate viscous damping, see Bq. 9 ‘The Linear equations of Bq. 12 can be solved by Gaussien eliminay sion. However, rather than solving £3. 12 directly, St is convenient. first to find the solution of il, 2), = as) where {A}, is the response corresponding to uit amplitude cf the rigid base notion. since (K), and {P), are smooth functions of frequency, the components of (A),, here called amplification finctions, will also bbe snooth functions of u. Hence, if By. 35 is solved for a few points in the frequency domain, say at = us 8 = 1, 5, 9% 23.0. (corres ponding to the input pavaneter KINT ~ 4), the intermediate points can be obtained by interpolation. This, of course, will lead to significant savings in computer tin. Having thus determined the amplification functions the complete response follows fron a. 6. we. ful = ne Do fa}, ¥, expuuer ae = which can be evaluated by the inverse Past Fourier ‘Transform algorithe. Actually, since a constant acceleration is unrealistic, the program FLUSH, neglects the first tom of Es. 16.4 ‘The Frequency Domain The frequencies,ul, = 27V,, at which the amplification fnetions have to be determined are defined by an DeSean where vy is the frequency in Hz and T= Ntht is the totel duration of ‘the control motion. In the computer progran FLUSH the number, N, of aiscretized points in the control motion is limited to valuas which are posers of 2 (Radix 2). This restriction is no inconvenience because it is always possible, and in fact desirable, to augent the earthquake by a string of trailing zeros. This is so because the notion defined by Eq. 5 is periodic with the period T= Net, Hence, in order to simsiate the finite duration of actual earthquakes it is neces sary to introduce a "quiet zone” at the end of each cycle to allow the vi cous and radiation damping of the systen tine to attenuate the response from one cycle before the beginning of the next cycle. Fortunately, ‘the damping of sols is high and the quiet zone usually needs to be only a fox seconds long. Furthermore, the computation time required by FLUSH is nearly independent of the duration of the control moticn. This is so because the frequency step AV = 1/T Le inversely propor ional to the dusation 7. Honos, ac T is inexcaced the amount of interpolation on the amplificstion functions can be increased without toss of accuracy. 1A typical control motion, night contain say 8 = 1500 points Gigitizes at a time interval of Ot = 0.005 sec. This might be augnented by trailing zeroes to form a notion with n= 2!1~2048 points. lence, in principle, Bq. 15 would have to be solved for 4/2 = 1024 frequencies, a fomidabie computational task. Fortunately, this task can be reduced consideably by Anterpolation and truncation of the frequency donain. ‘The highest frequency contained in the contyel motion is the “folding” ox "Nyquist" frequency 1 tk as2 which for the above sption would be 1/{2#0.005) = 100 Hz. Such nigh frequencies are usually not of interest and can be neglected by setting ‘the high frequency tems of Eq. 15 equal to zero, This is dono in Program FILSH by the introduction of a cut-off Frequency, Vag, 26 DY the input variable STEP (I). Say va, 7 20 Hz, then onty 29+ 0,005 + 2088 = 205 golutions of Fg. 15 ave required with the coxtrol motion considered. Since many of thess solutions ean be chtained by the abowe nentioned interpolation procedure Gaussian elimination of Eq. 15 may be reguired for only say 26 (KINT © 8) or 52 (xiNT = 4) solutions. Interpolation ‘The economy of the complex response method used in FLUSH is to a large degree dus to the special interpolation scheme used or the complex amplification functions. This sethod is based on the cbsexvation that Linear interpolation on the invarse of the complex amplification Emotion for a simple danped oscillator with the natural frequency Ug ané the damping ratio 6 will give a maximum relative error of only ol ow ae wees bvj Ie Ule #iath of Wie interval of interpolation, the maximum error will occur at the peak and will be an under: point. Hence Af the interpolation interval ix chosen to be MU, = 0.25'V, and the danping ratio happens to be 10%, which is 2 typical value for soils, the maximun error made by interpolation will be only 0.38. Since letimate at that tthe individual peaks on the arplificstion functions for a miti-degree~ of-freedon systen are similar to the single peak for a one-degree-of- freedon systen the above expression is also approxinately valid at each of the above peaks with the appropriate value of Vg. This of course assunes that the peaks are well separated which appears to he £0 for post soll-stmicture interaction problens. Tt is clear fron the above that the critical peak is that corsesponding to the fundanantal node. Renentering that Jv, = KINT + f= KIIH/2, where T is the curation of ‘the motion this leads to the following upper Limit for the interpola tion control paranster, KINT. ive supt 20) Da igy eT YR, f6 where e,,,, 18 the maximum allowable interpolation error on the amplifi- cation functions. Assuming # loner Limit of 38 on the damping retio and accepting an error of St on the peaks this leads to the condition that the interpolation interval can be up to 25¢ of the fundamental frequency of the aysten, ic. shivar an OT oe 27% which is the recommended upper Limit for KINT. In addition, KINT is restricted in program PLUSH to values which are integer powers of 2 (L.e. Ay 4, Bysssete.), Lower values of KINT may be required if the amplitica ‘ion peaks are not well separated. This can be checked either by trying lover values of KINT or by using the PLUSH plotting option for 4 couple of the amplification functions. Equation 21 shows that Af the duration of the input action is increased KIND can be increased proportionally without loss of accuracy. ‘The expression also indicates that larger interpolation intervale can be ‘used in the high frequency range. Thus, in program FLUSH a provision has been provided for increasing KINT with frequency. This feature will be Aiscussed further in connection with the example problens in chapter 8.n ‘The Equivalent Linear Method According to this method an approxi- mate nonlinear solution can be obtained by a Linear analysis provided the atiffness and damping used in the analysis are compatible with the effective shear strain anplitudes at all points of the system. Seed and driss (1970) have published data on strain-conpatible soil pro- perties for typical clays and sands. This data, here called material curves have been summarized in Table 1. This or any nunbors of sinilar curves developed for specific materials may be input to program FLUSH which proceeds as follows: A set of shear modulus and damping values is estimated for each nail alemant af the Finite element mdal. ‘The apstem is anslysad using these-properties and the maximim shear strain tine history ie computed in each elenent of the model. From these tine histories the effective shear strain anpiitudes are estimated in each element and tre appropriate aterial curves are consulted to see if the strain level is compatible with the values of shear moduli and damping used in the resronse evaluation. If the soil properties are not compatible the curves are entered to provide improved values of shear moduli and damping for the next iteration and the process is repeated until convergence has occurred, usually within 2 to § iterations. the response from the Last iteration ie taken as being the nonlinear response. ‘Te special nodular structure of PLUSH allows the user to perform ont or several Sterations at each run and to restart the iterative process if the convergence is not satisfactory.28 Table 1 ~ Strain-coupatible Sol Properties. ] shear voauius | Fraceion of critical rtteceiva | neauetion'vacesss | ptucg Gh shear strain | top (gg) Pen — ees [em [ae [em |e 3.16 x 107" “3.5, 0.913 0.984 2.50 0.80 1,00 x 107 3.0 0.761 0.934 2.50 1.70 3.16 x 107? -2.5 0.565 0.826 3.50 3.20 3.16 x 107* -1.5 0.261 0.443 6.50 10.0 ous os | 0.0% | ons | ass | 210 1.00 °. vor o09 | mo |r 3.16 os | 0.010 | 0.0” | 26.0 | 26 330.00 10 | 0.00 | oo | 2.0 | 206 “this 4s the factor vhich has to be applied to the shear sodulus at low shear strain anplituges (here defined as 10-* perces the modulus at higher strain levels.Esfective Shear Strain Anplitudes ‘The effective shear strain amplitudes used in the equivalent Linear method are taken as ¥, ere 7 9-654 | Yay | (22 * ‘The factor 0.65 in the above equition is purely empirical. However, Que to the relatively small slope of the material curves the final motions are not sensitive to moderate, say #108, variations in this factor or in the estimate of the maximm shear strain. ‘wo procedures are provided in program FLUSH for the evaluation of the maximum chear strain in Eq. 22. The most direct, but also most ‘expensive option, involves the computation and transfer to the time domain of the entire tine history of maximin shear strain for each clement. This option is used only if epecifically requested (ty setting KSTRN = 1). ‘the above transfer of the shear strains, into the time donain and the subsequent search for the maximun value requires considerable computer time and storage. For this reason it is recommended to use the second option (XSTRN = 2) which estimates the maximum shear strain by a root mean square procedure in the fxequency domain, This procedure i¢ inexpensive land is therefore also executed when KSTRN = 1 for comparison with the zesults from the time domain computations. However, when KSuRN = 1 the effective strains computed in the tine donain will be used on entering the material curves. ‘the root mean equare value (RMS) of @ function with period T is defines by2 Honce, by substitution of the basic relation tere? ty ea we have Rus? (y ag) SRUSTIE,= E,) + RUSE Yy,? 25 pax) TANS? (Ee Ey) + RISE es) ‘The RIS values on the right hand side can he evaluated in the frequency domain by Parseval's sdentity 1, neti 22 ry 20) where Pj, 590, 1, .+,8/2, are the complex amplitudes of the Fourier Fit) = Re YP, expia,e) en = ” stg) EE (Legh leh ww od FE, (Fe ) where E, and I, are the complex amplitudes of ¢,-c, and Y,,. respectively. 5 ana complex. amp x7 Fy aNd Voy. Feapectively. ‘These amplitudes are easily evaluated fron the displaconent amplitudes fob, in the frequency domain. ‘The estinate of the maximum shear strain follows fron sax | Ygayg! = © FS gay) cs) which Le approxinately true for random sotions. The constant ¢ can be estimated by extreme value theory. However, in program FLUSH it is evaluated troma c= mx| ¥teol/msdh eo where H(t) is the control motion. This is reasonable since ctrains are essentially proportional to the input acceleration. The effective strain follows from Eqs. 22, 23 and 30, PHS pan) Voge = 0065 page EER + max | Ht | 20) ote BET Vee ‘ where the RiS-values are evaluated in the frequency domain according to ae. 26 and 26.2 the Equation solver The Linear equations, Bq. 15, are solved by Gaussian elimination using the active column method , The stiffness matrix (K), is formed in blocks and stored out-of-core on simulated tapes. The solving sub routine, SLOWR, is a nodified version of a subroutine develozed by Stock (1974). the solution tine is essentially proportional ton * né where n de the number of nodal points and m ie the average band width. ‘The use Of @ Limited number of double nodes at the enée of eam clenents and a fow non-zero stiffness coefficients far from the diagonal of the stiffness matrix will hardy influence the solution time, Te actual solution tine can be determined by solving for a single frequency step, seep. Sa, Easeline Correction AIT output accelerations are baseline corrected in the frequency domain pricr to transformation to the tine donain using a method and subroutine ADJUST developed by Chen and Lysner (1975). Figure 9 shows ‘the effect of baseline correction (BLINE) on a typical output notion. As nay be seen from the figure thet the effects on the tine history of acceleration are negligible but the integrated velocity and tine histories are altered significantly. Most of the differences are due to the fact that the input contol motion was not baseline corrected. Oatpet notions are also baseline corrected prior to the calculation of response spectra. Tt should be mentioned here that reliable total displacements cannot be expected fron FLUSH or any other equivalent linear method. FLUSH is essentially designed to compute acceleration tine histories and spectra, and tine histories of stress, strain or relative displace- ments between nocal points.ACCELERATION - 6 é veLocity - FT/see DISPLACEMENT - FT oft, TIME - Seconos Fig. 9 EFFECT OF BASELINE CORRECTION“ mary of Nunevical Procedure ‘the praceding sections contain all of the basic elements of the numerical procedures used in progran FLUSH except for options and input/output features which will be discussed in subsequent chapters. ‘The basic steps, not necessarily in the order in which they are executed in the program, are as follovs A. efine Probie 1. Nodes (ineluding double nodes at bean ende) 2. Elenents a. solid elements b, Bean elements ©. Void elenents 3. Boundary Conditions a: Transmitting boundaries b. Viscous boundaries (thickness of slice) ec. Fixed relative displacenents 4. Material Properties a. Yow strain propertics (gep + 107") b, initial properties for iteration 4. Beam properties fe. Concentrated masses Input Notion a. Trasfer to Frequency domain b. Truncate frequency range at ¥, fe: Specify control point B. Exe Field Computations 5 [, by deconvolution with iteration on soit 2. patemine (ag},, Ea. 10, for final sott properties 3. Transmitting Soondaries using final soil properties a. Determine (Gly Eas 3. b. determine IR], and [L]gs Fav 4r a 1, Form mass matrices (M) and {a} 2, Foum viscous boundary matrix [C] using final sof) properties fron free field. 3. Form constant stiffness matrix [K] using estinated soil pro~ perties. 4. For frequency-dopendont stiffness matrix [K],) Eq 13. 5. om frequency-dependent load vector {F},, Ba. 14. Determine Amplification Functions 1, Solve Bg. 15 for requised fraquencies, say, s= 1,5, 9.00 2. Generate amplification functions for bending sonen:s 3. intexpolate (A), in frequency domain 4, compate effective shear strains 5. Obtain new soi2 properties fvon material curves for ail elements and repeat fron stop C3 for the required punber of iteration Generate output 1. Compute selected relative displacements, from (U), = (0) 2. Compute: and output bending momeuts 3. Compute relative accelerations fron {ll}, 4. Add rigid base motions, ¥, 5. Baseline correct in frequency donain at {0}, 6, Transform to tine domain 7. compute spectra if required 8. output on tape, printer or punched cards as required End of Analysis Agaitional iterations can be initiated and further details of the solution can be obtained from magnetic tapes produced during execution.6 5. PROGRAMOIENG DETAILS ‘The computer program FLLIGH was developed on COC computers but ie written in a restricted FORTRAN IV code which makes it easily convertible 1% mst aodern computer systems with more than 130 K of high speed stor~ age. ‘The program can operate in three modes, all of which produce a complete Listing of relevant input data and computational status. YPDEL = the Initiation ade ‘in this mode all input data are from punched cards and the program estontially follows the procedure outlined in the previous section. During execution a magnetic tape, TAPEL, is written which cortains a permanent record of all input data, information on the free field motions ang the transmitting boundaries, and all of the anplificatior functions computed during the last iteration. The interpolated points of the amplifi- cation functions are not on the tape. At the end of executicn both the new and the old estimates of the soil properties are saved or TAPS] for use in gubsequent iterations in MODE3, ‘The “old” estimates are those corresponding to the solution generated on the last iteration. ove? ‘the Extraction Hod: Monn? is used to extract details of the solution on TAPE using the amplification functions stored on that tape. In this mode the program starts from Stop D3 in the above “Summary of Numerical Procedure,” skips. the strain computations (D4 and DS) and proceeds to generate the new out~ put at required nodal points. TAPEL remains unaltered by these operations. Operations in this mode are relatively cheap since no linear equations have to be solved and it hag been found practical to monitor the aotion of only, 44 few points during the initial iteration runs which produce TAPEL, and thon to extract details of the final solution using MODE2, This of course ‘can be done at any later tine as the information is required. In this mode it is possible to svecify a new control motion with the sane control point and direction as the original motion. Also the éura~ ‘ion and time step must correspond to this motion. When a new control2 potion is specified the procran uses the amplification functions generated for the original motion. Hence, the new control sotion should be such that it introduces essentially the sane strains in the soil as the original motion. MODE? = The Iteration odo MODE] is Used to initiate further iterations using the new or old soil properties as initial estimates. ‘This mde is very useful for practical applications of program PLUSH, since, for real-eize jebe it is convenient and economical to do the iterations on the soil properties one at a tine on separate runs, In this mode the program first reads TAPEL and immediately copies ite contents onto TAPE. No further data are written on TAFE2. The program then goes to Step C3 and forms a new stiff- nese matrix vith the now estimates of the soil properties which vere written fon TAPE during the previous iteration. From thie point on sxecution is Like MODE, Se. output can be generated in Steps EI-E8 and TAPER is over~ written with new information corresponding to the next estimate of soil properties, A nev control motion, with the sane tine step, OT, and controt point, but perhaps with a new maximn acceleration and cut-off frequencies, STEP(Q), STEP(2), etc. can be specified. When this occurs the program starts from Step Anda and the free fleld is recomputed, Piso in this mode it is possible to change the £ixed heundary conditions. ‘the advantage of being able to use the old oil properties is that this makes it possible to generate several solutions, each on a different tape, corresponding to the same soil properties; but with different controi motions and/or £ixed boundary conditions. This is especially useful for symmetric models, seep. 61, and other cases in which it is desirable to superimpose two solutions for the sone nodel: say a pair of solutions ‘corresponding to vertical and horizontal control motions, respectively. The superposition can be performed by certain auxiliary prograns to FLUSH, see Pe 55. hen tho old properties are used the free field soil properties ang the transmitting boundary conditions are not recomputed. ence in this case only one iteration can be pexformed,8 ‘The COC 7600 vorsion of FLUSH consists of a main program, FLUSH, plus 57 subroutines. The calling sequence ie illustrated by the diagran in Fig. 10. Further details ave given in Table 2 and in the brief descrip~ tions belov. Three of the subroutines, LOGE, SEIFLS an SECMD are COC system routines. They ere called by subroutines LOC, MOORE ané TIME respectively. Conversion to ether aystens requires changes in subroutines INPT, 10, MOORE, ROWR, TINE and VEDDA. Instructions for conversion to WUIVAC systens are given in the comment cards of program PLUSH, see Chapter 7. Further details are given below. FLUSH This is the main program, It consists mainly of conment cards which describes the input data. FLUSH sets the Length of blank Common to the default value 19000. he actual field length is set by the subroutine MOORE. ADSUST Baseline correction of tine histories of acceleration AWLAT Plotting of amplification functions. ASSMBL Formation of the frequency dependent stiffness matrix [ic], and load vector {P},. BEANE Computation of anplification functions for monents and axial strains in bean elenents. BLOCK Sets up blocking of stiffness matrix and equation oxofile for subroutine GstIr. BWATCH Forms and writes boundary matrices [R], and [L], 02 ‘tare23. BuoP Computation of Bending moments in boan elements.[FLosy Fer) Lay eR ee} — ie] I a] 3] i cove Tier} | Wvenoa] + pear —{ae} | Hi ol GIG FLUSH — SUBLCUTINE TR iadi “0 Table 2 ~ calling Sequence for Subroutines and Te writes on | Reads fron rrograz] canis antes a ed Tape Tape a exon | vom veri mene | penne ve00n mock | moore one naw 2 acon | Rmor, nee rn 22 2 wee | Beno venom avery | BBTCH FER, — aaaas | 232028 cnn | root vA a B enass case ene conse FIELD, STAR, crnsn Pie asin | TaRen = [pasere PasHe 2 basic | oasure veo x ovate wori0¥,sTRAI wrorar | empenx,Puomn worronia a Table 2 (Continued) ~ cating Sequence for Subroutines and Tapes. estes on | Reads trom Prosram cas canted bs yo Tape Tape assien,convs2, ero | sonow sant,” ven $19,709.20, MIU 238 RoomeStear, 24,28 Ed Finer ere FoRAB ‘Bor POR Brera FRECOS YEDDA, BR EXE, QUAD, rere vveoo a, nae QuaDé,ROsT? au FSEr worron wecr Brac 25 corr | siock,rorsre Vespa 5eity131617| 6.01,23,17 FRECOS, WORE, 12 eee. 134, NPT ‘RDWR,VEDOA m thre 27 ‘thru 27 WERT ieatcH TaREA BASHA, QUAD ve | Sustem routine won enon areax FIELD cone | System routine ser vEDOR saver anris, SOULE, ORCS, 5 motto | esez,piota,Provt,| PPELD.VEDDA 228 RPET RES TIME veut FIELD 262 ‘Table 2 (Continued) ~ calling Sequence for Subroutines and Tapes. Progra | calls catted by | Mites on | Reade trem — ‘wots ores, onion aa Pra NonIoN gaan _| ewes aanen Paste ouape | ommse ene pe Fresreorste | B22 rom | ww mer Las ab woo ie mer [ err oH, WOR wx lor vomaok arias, mone Fae on Ton, some, seco a semis one stow | pu,suer soLve Bistdts, | islet anan6a8, | 514,26, 18, sowe | ma, stown,nane noon Te.doransaa’ | 19,25,21,23, 23,28/26029 crmane | SuRIS2-000RE, | asen,vsboR 40 the Some Siok 23, 25,2627 System routine cee ruse ous | & vorsok, sou, SECOND SPRAIN, YEDDA.a ‘rable 2 (Continued) - Calling Sequence for Subroutines and Tapes. —_ calle eites on Program canis sted by ae gorste | RostF, RW srt, Salts BERNE ,BAOPM, [BNMWTRX, CALE, (CURVS2 | DASHPA, 13,5 DASHRC, FIELD, 8,9,10,11, FRECOS,FRSTP, 13,13,14,45, sti, Loc, ncoke, oy 16,17,18,19, vweDDA | yomz0H, REBLK, 20,21, 22,23, REPT, RESY, 24,25,26,27" | 24,25,26,27 ROOMME, RW, SOLVE, ‘STRAIN, ME Note: only the tape munbers that appear underlined are used within the specific sunprogran iteelf, whereas the tape numbers aon-under]ined are used by subordinate subprograns.BaNTRK mass corms conse DasHPR pasHPc oven bRCTSP Controlling subroutine for formation of transmitting boundaries. Reordering of element stiffness and mass matrices cn Pen Determination of maximum values in computation of response spectra. Printing of cover page for output. Formation of consistent mass matrix for solid elements. Formation of consistent mass matyix for bean elenents: computation of strain-compatible soil properties from material curves Inccore equation solver for symmetric, banded, Linear equations with complex coefficients, Formation of the diagonal matrix [C] for viscous boundary. Fomstion at each frequency of load vector from viscous boundaxy. Controlling subroutine for DASHPB. Interpolation subroutine ~ doubles the nunber of terms in a complex array by Linear mid-point interpolation plus one extrapolated point. the procedure Ss repeated log, KINT tines, Not called when KINT = 1, Standard routine for computation and plotting of response spectra.FIELD Fino RST Pser Fvect ostie NPT raver “ Standard routine for complex Fast Fourier Transform. Deconvolution of free field motions. Solution of the eigenvalue problem ({a}k? + ife]k+ (¢]){v) for computation of the tranamitting boundaries. Formation of the matrices (AJ and [8] in the above eigen- value problem. Formation of the matrix [C] in the above eigenvalue problem. Sets up the frequencies at which amplification functions are computed by Gaussian elimination. Formation of the modified stiffness matrix and losd vector in Bg. 15. The matrix is blocked on TAPELL. Sets the frequencies at which spectral values are computed. Forms the load fector (F}, see Bq. 3, at the transmitting oundarie ‘This subroutine sets up the Linear equations prefile, deter~ ines element location in global stiffness matrix, and calew lates blocking information. Reads input data from cards (MODE) of TAPEL (MCDE? of MODES) TAPE! onto TAPE? (MODE3). Sets constants, aynanic storage and field length, and prints input data. and copi Inccore inversion of complex matrix. Fornation of lumped mace natrix for solid elenerts.Narra Noor vorzon sour PLOT Prout AD uane a Calle the Cie system routine LOCF, see below. The argument Ss (1) © the fiest variable in blank common. coc 7600 ayaten routine which determines the address of a variable in the high speed core. Forms stiffness and mass matrix for conputation of free field notions. catis the CBC 7600 system routine SETFLS which cets the required field length at different stages of execution. controls most of the transformation of acceleration time histories between the tine and frequency domains. This includes the interpolation of the asplification functions in ‘the frequency domain. Also controle computation and printer= plotting of spectra and tine histories. Forns load vector for computation of free field motions. Printer plotting of response spectra, amplification functions and time histories. The carriage control of this subroutine is system dependent. Hence, the format etatenents of this routine might have to be changed for use on non-CDC computers, Prints the last table of the output which shows the maximum accelerations of selected nodes. Formation of atiffness and average mass matrix for solid celenents. Formation of stiffness and consistent mss matrix for bean elements. Controls reading and writing on TAPE an@ TAPEL? which contains ‘the blocked stiffness matrix,ESN secon sErFLs ‘STRAIN o Reads and prints inpat data from cards on TAFEL, sets dynanic storage for subroutines STRAIN and VEDA, and modifies control Reblocks the diagonal satrix [C] related to the viscous boun- dary, se0 Bg. 2. Standard routine for Fast Fourier Transform at real tine series into the complex frequency domain, see £4. 5. Standaré routine for Fast Fourier Transform of real tine series from the frequency domain into the time domain, see, Ba. 5. Computation of RMS estinates of effective shear strains, see Bq. 26. Controls revinding and back spacing of tapes. coc system subroutine called by subroutine TINE. Reads the system clock (in seconds elapsed since the start of execution). (DC System subroutine for changing the core requirement during execution. Called by subroutine MCORE. The integer argument. is the field Length required. out-of-core equation solver for symetric linear equations in complex variables. Uses the active colum method of Gaussian elisination. Controls the equation solver SLouR, Computation of effective strains sn free field soil layers land solid elements and eubsequen> determination of compatible soil properties from the material curves (by subroutine cuns2)suet ne sorstr \vEDDA Contos the formation of the modified stiffness matrix in Bq. 13. ‘Taming of execution, calls the COC system subroutine SECOND, which gives the tine since the start of execution (in seconds) Formation of global stiffness matrix. ‘This important subroutine is the heart of the FLUSH-system, It controis the finite elenent analysis, reads and modifies ‘the control motion, controls the use of tapes, the formation of the boundary conditions, and the progress at che iteration fon the soil properties. it also controls the computation of time histories and spectra through the subprogran MOTION. For tenese reasons VEDA has a very large number of arguments and sone problems miy be encountered in compiling the routine on non-COC systems. On some systens, Like the UNIVAC 1108, the problem can be cireunvented by the use of multiple entry points, Tnstructions for conversion to UNIVAC eystens axe given in the coment cards of the main progran FLUSH, see chapter 7.4 map ‘The program uses # total of 27 tapes. Only TAPEL and TAPE? are Physical tapes. The other 25 tapes are simulated on magnetic discs or aruns. ‘operation in oor! and MODE? requires the mounting of one tape, ‘TAPEL. To tapes, TAPE] and TAPE2, must be mounted for MODE2. Any ‘TAPE or TAPE? produced can be used as TAPEL input for execution Sn MODE? oF NODEI. ‘The writing and reading sequence for the tapes are given in Table 2 where underlined tape numbers indicate tapes used directly >y the sub- routine. Tape numbers not underlined indicate tapes used by subroutines called by the subroutine in question. The contents of the tapes are as follows: TAPEL This de the principal input tape for MODE or "SDE. It contains all punched input data, estimated material properties for the current and the next iteration, final amplification functions, matrices for viscous and transmitting boundaries, ete. TAPE? Copy of TAPEL produced in the initial stages of MODES. TAPES Amplification functions for motions to be output. Viscous boun- dary matrix and load vector. TAPES Control mation in frequency domain, Strain amplification Functions, TAPES Global stiffness matrix for each block. TAPES Layer stiffness and mass matrices. TAPET Amplification functions for output sotions (interpolated points not included), Rigid base motion. New material properties for all elements, Blocked stiffness matrix and dimension informa- Hon for each block.‘tare mmeea ‘APEIO ‘TAPELL ‘TAPEL2 ‘TAPES ‘TAPE ‘TAPES TAPEIG ‘TAPE? TAPEIE ‘TAPES ‘TAPEZO ‘TAPEZI ‘marE22 ‘TAPE23 ‘TAPE? 50 Frequency information for response calculation. Solutions to Bq. 15. Amplification functions for free field motions for points where output 2 required, Blocked global stiffness matrix. ‘enporary storage of elenent information. Amplification functions for strain computations in the free field. Element mass and stiffness matrices. Location of elements. similar to TAPEI2. Information on block sizes. information on block sizes. Entire blank comon. Information on block sizes Information on block sizes. information on block sizes. Blocked stiffness matrix. Information on block sizes. Blocked global stiffness matrix. Blocked global mass matrix. Sane as TAPE2). Matrix for transmitting boundary. Free field solvtion in frequency domain, Ola soil properties at free sie.mares TAPE6 ‘mape27 5 Load vector from transmitting boundary. Frequency-independent load vector (F}, see Ba. 2. sei 9s matrix [e] and load vector related to viscous boundary, see eq. 252 Punched output ‘The progran can produce several types of punched output Element cards with new material eroperties ine histories of acceleration Aeceleration and velocity response spectra. Tine Matories of bending ronments. ‘The ability to punch element cards is useful for cases in which it is desired to perform a new analysis with a slightly changed finite elenent model or = new control point for the contyol motion. All the elenent cards (solid elenonts, beam elements, and void elenerts) are punched to the same format as the input to MODEL. The estinsted material properties for the solid elements are those computed from the last iteration. All tine histories are punched out at the sane time interval as the input contrel motion and fer the entize duration, including the guiet zone (© the duration of the trailing zeroes). Acceleration tine histories, in g's, are punched in the format (8P3.) which is the same fas the input control motion. When response spectra are requested both the acceleraticn spectran, An g's, and the velocity spectrum, in ft/sec., are punched in the format (8P9,5). similarly, when the bending moment time histories are re- quested for a bean, the moments at both ends of the beam are punched to tthe format (8510.3). Moments are computed positive anti-clockwise as they act on the bean. Punched output cannot be requested for nod! fon the rigid base: However, these notions can be requested from the base of the free fiold.53 core Requivenents ‘The dynanic storage arzangenent in FLUSH makes it very Aifficule co predict a priori the exact core requirenent for execution of 2 given Gata set. However, it i¢ unlikely that the eapacity of nos: comercial computers Like COC6500 or UNIVAC 1108 will ever be exceeded oven with large data sets. During execution the proarar Will exand and contract the blank COMMON to Flt te need. Four different lengths of Blank COMMON are used. ‘Three of these lengths are printed out on the very First page of the output. The fourth length is 19,000. The largest of ‘these four numbers plus the location of the first variable of biank Ccomton is tho total field Iength required. ‘The location of the first variable of blank COMMON can be found from the lead map. Hence, loading ‘the program and executing {t for a few seconds will give all the informa ‘tion eaquived to determine the required field length. For nany problems computation of effective strains in the frequency domain (RS procedure) will lead to smaller core requirenents. Agein, under normal cixcunstances when a modem computer is used ‘the operator does not have to concem himself with computer capeet ty.sé ue to the multitude of options in program FLUSH it is very difficult to establish exact valuss of execution tines without prior trial runs. he most effective method for a large data set is to execute the program long enough to do one oF two Gaussian eliminations of Eq. 15. The execu- tion time for each elimination will appear in the output and since the total munber of eliminations can be estimated a priori the total tine requized for eliminations can be estimated. The total execution time can then be estimated to be less than exo tines the time required for Gaussian eliminations provided only a few response spectra aro requested. tow. ‘the following precautions can be taken to keep the execution tise 1, Keep the maximum frequency as low as possible 2, Use as high an interpolation contro} parameter, KINT, as possible. 3. Choose the mesh size as large as possible with the given frequency cut-off. 4. Use transmitting boundaries 5. Compute maximum strains by the WIS procedure. be. seep the number of layers in Lie f2ee field as low as possible, Compute as few spectra as possible on the MODEL rin ‘The shove mentioned trial run with short execution tine is also use~ fui for checking the input data and the free field computations prior to embarking on the complete finite elenent ansiysis.55 Auxiliary Programe ‘The magnetic tapes produced by progran FLUSH contain the complete Anput data ané solution in the frequency domain. Details of the solution can be extracted from these tapes by running the progran in sooE?, Further details can be extracted fom the tages by a eysten of auxiliary Programs to FLUSH which aro currently under preparation. These additional Aetails include: 1, Tine histories of shear in beans. 2. Time histories of earth pressure on walls. 3. Tine histories of stress and strain in solid elenents 4, Time histories of relative displacenents between nedea. 5. Superposition of several solutions to the sam model. say ‘tho combined response of horizontal and vertical control56 6. COMMENTS ON INET AND OUT>UT ‘The format of the input data is described in the coment cards of ‘the main program which is Listed in chapter 7. In the current chapter ‘comments will be given on the choice of certain items of the data. Frequency Content ‘The post important of ali decisions to be made by the user is the choice of the maximum frequency v... = TOTPR = STEP (NUMBER) to bo ine cluded in the last iteration of the analysis. This frequency will nore ‘than anything else influence the accuracy, the finite elenent dimensions land the cost of the analysis. Since the computation time is proportional to about the fourth power of TOTPR it should not be chosen higher than absolutely necessary. Typical values are 8 Hz for earth dans and 25 Hz for nuclear power plants. control Motion ‘the horizontal or vertical input motion in the free field, here called the control motion, can be specified at the top of any soil layer. ‘The control point can also be the rigid base, in which case it is speci~ f4ed ag INPTT = LAYER+1, where LAYER is the number of Layers in the free field. The control motion must be digitized at N3 points at a constant. tine interval which is smaller than 1/(2v,,,). Trailing zeros should be added to make the total number of points, KGWK, equal tos power of 2. Usually only a fev seconds of trailing zeros are required. However, it is advisable to check the sufficiency of the quiet zone by requesting a printer plot of one or two acceleration tine histories. If the motion does not attenuate before the end of the time history more seros must be added. Ax mentioned in Chapter 4 this can be done with only a small penalty since the interpolation control parameter KINT can be doubled a= ‘the duration is doubled. Coreain control motions cannot be deconvolved to the rigid hase because they cause failure in the sol or contain frequencies which can- not be transmitted by the soil profile in question. In such cases the37 mesh size (layer thickness in the free field) should be checked by comparison with a SHAKE analysis, Schnabel, tysner and Seed 11972) and ‘the user should consider the use of a different control notion which is compatible with the eite condition Solid Elenents and soil Layers ‘The solid elements can have any quadrilateral or triangular shape and the material properties, shear modulus and darping ratio, can be chosen strain-dependent. The vertical dimension of solid eleents and soil layers should not be chosen larger than (2) where Vz is the lovest shear wave velocity reached during iterations and “pay * TOTFR As the highest frequency of the analyst: ‘The horizontal dimension of the elements can usually be chosen several ‘times that indicated by By. 32. This 1s so because the major part of the notion consists of vertically propagating waves with horizontal wave fronts When the control motion is at or near the free surface the vertical Gimension of the solid elements and soil layers in the free field can often be increased gradually with depth beyond the criteria of Eg. 32 starting at a point below the foundation level of the deepest structure, nen this is done the computed soil properties and motions at great depth, including the motions of the rigid base, may not be realistic and my deviate from exact motions computed by the SIAKE program. Hevever, the motions in the upper part of the soil profile and thus the response of the structures are only slightly affected. The above simplification of the moth can lead to very significant reductions in computation time which is proportional to approximately the cube of the number of layers in the free field. Solid elements should be numbered before the beam elements and the First LAYER elenente should have the sane properties as the yyers in the free 161d since the low-strain free field properties are obtained from these olenents.58 the material properties of an elenent is specified by reference oa pair of material curves, MIYFE(N), and the shear aodulus at low strain, In addition an estimate should be provided for the chear modulus and damping ratio to be used during the fizst iteration, Good estimates can be obtained from a SHAKE analysis or @ FLUSH analysis of the free Field (column study) or, Sf this ie not available, by estimating 10 Gemping and a shear modulus equal to 0.3~0.5 times the low-etrain value men 3-D simalation is used each solid elenent should be associated with a soil layer by providing @ value for MAY in the element card. If this fLeld de left blank or set to zero the element will not be connected to the free field, i.e. no viscous damping will be applied at the element nodes. This may actually be desirable if the elenent represents an internal structure in which case the free nodas on the internal structure should be given code KEYBC(H) = 6 in the nodal point cards. Only one layer of elenents with MAY # 0 should be used below the ground surface since it makes no sense to connect two overlapping elements to the free field. Void elenents should be provided where it is desirable to connect tthe free field but not to provide stiffness or mass over an area. Void elenents, if any, should be numbered separately from solid and boar, elements, starting with "L". No material propertios are associated with these elements but they mist be related to soil layer in the free field. ‘Their effects are those of a very weak and light solid element, and they can in fact be replaced by such tn order to help the user in checking his mesh the areas of all solid and void elements and the cum of these areas are computed and printed in the output. ‘the bear elements used in program FLUSH have eight degrees of free~ dom two of which are dumies. the other six are the two translations and the rotation at the tuo beam ends. Both Bending and shear deformatios are considered in forming the elenent stiffness matrix.ie so Beam elements cannot be connected to nodes on the transmitting boundaries. A beam elenont can be connected to a double node on the risid base. However, in this case it 1s not possible to extract the bending ‘moment and axial force in the beam. This problem can be overcons by connecting the bean to s double node with code KEYEC = 3 for the tranc~ latory node and code KEVEC = 4 or 5 for the rotational node (see section below on fixed houndary conditions). The double node should have nodal point numbers less than NB1 (= the firat node on the rigid base). ‘The displacenents of beam elenents are not compatible with those of solid elements, excert at the nodes. Hence, wherever it {s desirable to model compatibility, say at a hagenent wall, the soil elenents should be connected to several nodes distributed over the span of the bean. Tf this is not done earth pressures will be transmitted only at the bear ‘supports and free oscillations will occur in the bean element. These oscillations my not die out within the quiet zone because of the usually ow damping ratio for beam materials ‘Even when a beam element is not corrected to a solid elenent it ie recomended to put a double node at midspan. This will give a better solution due to the extra degrees of freedom and it will ale make it possible to output the bending moment at midspan. ‘The material properties for beam elenents are assuned strain independent and the cross-sectional properties specified are those corres ponding to a one-foot width perpendicular to the plane of the finite element model. Rules for the numbering of beam elenents and their nodes were given on pp. 16-19.60 ‘qeansnitting Boundaries ‘The viscous and transmitting boundary conditions are conputed using the iterated soil properties from the froe field computations, usually those corresponding to a horizontal control sotion. The number of free nodes on the transmitting boundary i deternined by the input variable LAYER, ‘the case: IAYER = 0, corresponds to a LUSH analysis with control notion at the base and no viscous boundaries. ‘The location of the transmitting boundaries is determined by the input variable LOB which can have the values LEFT, RIGHT or BOTH, corres ponding to a transmitting boundary on the left side only, the right side only, of both sides, respectively. If 108 is left blank no transmitting boundaries will be used. ‘the nodal points on the transmitting boundaries are either the first. EAYER nodes or the last LAYER nodes before node NBL (= the first node on ‘the rigid base). lence, whan transmitting boundaries are ured the @irection of the nodal numbering system must be specified through the input variable 1S which can have the values LEFT or RIGHT according to the Location of Node 1. This does not praclude the possibility of starting the numbering system from the Left side but having transmitting boundary on the right side only (JOB = RIGHT, mS = LEFT) and vice versa. The nodes on a transmitting boundary must be sequential from the top down.a ized soundary Conditions Tp addition to the viscous and transmitting boméary conditions individsal nodes can be restrained in their motion relative to the rigid base. ‘These boundary conditions, here called the fixed beundary condi~ tions, are set by the input parameters MBP on the second data card and XEYEC on the nodal point cards. Regular translatory nodes both in the mesh and on the rigid base fare assigned the code KEYEC = 0 (no punch in field). Codes KEYEC = 1 and 2 restrain 9 transiatory node fron moving hori- sontally or vertically, respectively, in relation to the rigid base. ‘Those codes aro used in connection with symmetric models, see below. Code KEYRC = 3 when applied to a translatory node with a nodal point umber less than NBL (first node on the rigid base) fixes the node in relation to the rigid base. This code may be used to obtain the motion of ‘the rigid base, which cannot be obtained directly since motions cannot be output for nodes on the rigid base. A alternative, of course, is to request the base motion as part of the free field solution (set = LAYER + 1). Regular rotational nedes are given the code KEYSC = 4 and are counted in determining NEP, The code KEVEC = 5 which prevents rotation of the node is wsed for rotational nodes on the Line of syrnetry for symmetric models subject to vertical excitation. Code HEYEC = 6 is sinilar to code KEYSC = 0, but 2 node assigned this code is not connected to the free field through the viscous boundary. ‘his code is assigned to translatory nodes of internal structures. Symnetele Hodol: Symmetric models can be handled by half-nodels as shown in Fig. 11. For horizontal excitation, translatory and rotational nodes ch the Line of aymetry are given the codes HEYSC = 2 and 4, respectively, see Fig. 1106), and, for vertical excitation the corresponding codes are KEYEC = 1 and 5, eee Fig. 11le). In both cases only half of the unit weight and cross sectional properties of bean elenents should be input for vertical beans on the Line of smmetry, 0.9. Bean 7 in Fig. 11. Sindiarly, concentrated translatorySTAQOW LAWNS 4O SISAIVNY 11 O14 NOLLVLIOX] TWwOLWAA ©) NOWWLIX3 “WLNOZIOH (a) tay ogo @ @ 9 za3av7 SHIA os haga TWANOZIWOH6 fang rotational inertia masses at nodes on the Line of symmetry should be Snput with only half their actual values. ‘the combined response of horizontal and vertical control motions can be found as follows: ‘The horizontal response is found first using ‘the model in Fig. 11(b) and MODEL, perhaps followed by some iterations using MODES, This producos a TAPE1 containing the horizontal solution, land a TAPE2 which can be @isearded, Next TAPE is road in MODE3 ands solution 4s obtained for vertical control motion with old soil properties land the fined boundary conditions changed to confora to the model shown An Pig. 11(e}. This run produces a TAPE1 which contains the vertical solution and a TAPE? which contains the original horizontal solution. ‘The solutions on the two tapes can be added by one of the above mentioned auxiliary programs to PLUSH. Material Curves ‘The FLUSH program allows the use of an unlimited number, MATYP, of material curves of the type show in Table 1. ‘Three cards should be Provided for each material type. A card identifying the material, a card with values of modulus reduction factors, and a card with damping factors im percent. Each of the last two cards contains eleven values digitized ‘at equidistant points on a logarithnic scale of effective shear strains ‘over the range 10 to 10 percent. ations ‘the nimhor of iterations on each run is sat by the input variable SOMBER, NOWGER=1 gives the initial solution plus the soil properties for ‘the next iteration on TAPE. The latter are obtained from the tine domain ‘when XSTR=1, and by the RAS method in the frequency domain when KSTRN ‘The RUS method ie recomended. Experience has shown that if the initial soil properties in the Einite element mesh are set equal to the iterated soil prorertics in the free fleld it is often unnecessary to perform iterations or the finite elenent parts of the system. Hence, it is often practical to perform pre~ Lininary free field computations using program SHAKE or pregram FLUSH, the latter on 4 single column of elenonts representing the soil layers. Suchie oa ccan also be used to make initial determinations of element dimensions, cut-off frequencies and appropriate values for the weolumn studi Anterpolation control parameter XINT. The column study will also reveal Af daconvolution is possible for the given control motions. ‘nen performing colum studies vith program PLUSH some computation tine can be saved by setting ISTP © 1, This will eliminate the comeuta- ion of the transmitting boundaries and the finite elenent computation. hen LsTOP = 1a column of LAYER elements should still be defined but the fixed boundary conditions need not be specified.65 Output Acceleration: Acceleration time histories at selected nodes which are not on the rigid base can be punched in the format 879.6, printer plotted (with an option for skipping points to reduce the length of the srapts), oF only, ‘the maximum values of acceleration can be requested. The ovtput process ie governed by the input variables NOUS, OUTPUE, OUTPUV and NSKIP. NOUT, is the total number of nodes where any output (time histories, maximum values, response spectra or amplification functions} are requested. OUTPU controls output of horizontal and rotational motions (the latter in the unit: radian/sec*), and OUTPUV controls output of vertical motions. ‘The skip paraneter, NSKIP, refers to all tine histories of accelerations or monents plotted during the run. Free field motions, including the rigid base motion, can be requested through the input parameters KPOUP (similar to NOUT) and KOUT (which replaces OUTPUE or OUTPUV as the case may bel. ‘The most efficient vay of using the above features is to printer plot only one or two tine histories and to print the maximun accelerations of a Limited number of nodes during the initial runs in order to monitor ‘the solution process. Further details and punched output can be obtained fon a later MODE? run, 11 output accelerations are baseline corrected and contain no frequencies above Ugg, = TOTFR. Response Spectra Acceleration and velocity response spectra corresponding to ND aifferent damping ratios can be produced for all translator? motions both in the free field and in the finite element mesh. The process is governed by the sane input parameters as for the output accelerations plug the parameters FSTRT, FLAST and NINT which determines she NIWT+2 frequencies at which spectral values are computed, These frequencies are equidistant on a logarithmic scale. The default option 4s 7STRT = 0.4 fe, PLAST = 10 He and NIWTeL = 41 points which will produce printer plots which can be reproduced directly on an 11-1/2" x 8" shect. In addition to the printer plot the spectral values and their time of occurance will be printed in tabular form.6 A special provision is provided, throush OUTPUH and OUTPUY, for punching the spectral values in the format (89.5) for later K-¥ plotting. oth the acceleration and the velocity spectrum are punched when this option is used. ‘The computation of spectra is a relatively expensive operation which should be used with moderation. amplification runctions Printer plots of the Fourier amplification functions defined by Bg. 10 for the free field or Fg. 15 for nodes not on the rigid base can be produced through the input variables NOUT, OUTPUD, OUTPIV or KOUT. ‘the plots, one of which is show in the output for the example problem contains ali points vp to the cut-off frequency V,,, = TOITR, Points computed by Gaussian elimination have the signature "C" ang interpolated points are shom as ‘The plots are useful for estimating the inportant nateral frequen- cles of the system and the adequacy of the interpolation schene. They ‘also show, in the left margin, the actual frequencies where Gaussian elimination vas used. the: WiLL usually be somevhat lower fzequoneis ian Wie Freuuencies corresponding to those selected by the user throwsh the nput variables PRKINT(I) and KIWT(Z). Allowance shouté be made for this shift when the above input variables are selected. Maximum values of the two hending moments and the maximum shear and nomal force are always printed in tabular form for all beam elements. ‘These values are usually sufficient for design. Printer plots of tine histories of hending moments and axial force can be requested through the input variables 100UT and NBEW. Punched tine histories can he requested but setting IIP = 1. ‘mis type of output is most conveniently genezated on a MODE2 rin with a high yalue of the skip paraneter, NSKIF. All points of the time histories will be punch in the format (6E10.2) with the sane tine step ae the control motion.1% 8. EXAMPLE PROBL General Discussion ‘me exanple output provided on separate sheets conseszonds to the hat t-no Fig. 13. shows ia Fig. 12. the complete symm sie model ix shown in ‘The model consists of 9 solid elements, 10 bean elements, and 2 vold elonents, Element 7 represents an internal structure, and nodes 26 and 27 are not connected to the rest of the structure or to the free field. the system has 15 fixed boundary conditions (5 horizontal rollers +10 free rotational nodes). A concantrated masa with the weight 10 kips per foot in the airsetion perpendicular to the plane of the model is specified at the tranelatory Node 20, and a polar mass mozent of inertis corresponding to 10 kips * £t!/ ft is specified at the rotational Node 21. The froe field consists of 3 soll Layers and the input control notion, waich consists of 256 points (22 cards) plus 256 zeroes ss epact fied at the righ hace (MDOT = Te = 4} Viscous boundaries are used and 4 transnittine boundary is apecttied fon the right-aang side of the modelwnich 4s 20 fe wide: The cut-off frequency is 20 Hs and three interpolation ran sed with KINE(2) = 4, KENT(2) = 8, and KINT(3) = 16. The unper Limits for these ranges vere set to 5 Hz, 15 Hz, and 20 42, respectively, but were reduced by the program £0 4.76 He, 14.94 He, aud 19.63 Hz, ces pectively. This can be nest easily seen from the printer slot of the amplification function for Node 19 or the output table labeled * soLUTrONS OBTAINED BY GAUSSIAN ELINTUATION FOR FREE FIELD * aruncation of the motion at 19.63 Hz reduced the maxirun acceleration of the original input contyol notion fran 0.300 ¢ to 0.286 ¢ (see outut, imodistely after the Listing of the input notion). This magnitude of reguction ie tysical, however, in gaze cases the offect of truncation may be @ sligat increase of the maximay acceleration,TROON WH = WITEONd BIdNvxXa Zi by x 2 Wos 2 wos 1 Nos sassvw oaivuinzonoo! (Zi) .01 yit ITROON 3137dNOD - W37@ONd FTAWxA I by | | =| 2 uW0s +29 +--+ of.od ‘The default option of an allowable exror of 5¥ on the soil properties in the froe field was used. The effective trains were conpited in both the tire ang the frequency domain and convergence required two iterations. An exatination of the output tables showing the final soil properties will show excellent agreenent between the two computational methods for effective strain. ‘The values determined in the tine domain vere ured in the response calculations onty one iteration was requested for the finite element analysis and the tine history was plotted for the horizontal acceleracion of Node 3. ‘The sealo of the plot is determined by the condition that 10% corres= ponds to 0.3273 which Ss the maximum acceleration, see last page of out put. The sane type of gealing {e used for moment tine histories. Response spectya weze computed for the horizontal motion of Hods 12, and an amplification function was plotted for the horizontal motion of Node 19. ‘This plot shows that the interpolation schons was well chosen, see p. 26. he Last output from MODEL is a table shoving computed maxing accelera- tions at selected nodes. inoediately following the execution of MODEL the progran continued into #0DE2 to recover the monent time history for Beam 11. this would umually Le dude on a sepesate rut with rempunting of TAPE, Sut execution of several nodes on the sane run is possible. ‘The last table of the output shows the recovered maximun accelera- tions of Nodes 3 and 19 which of course agree with the results from oper. input pate cards images: of the data cards vequixed for the example problam are reproduced below.9. ACIHONLEDCENENTS ‘The developront of the computer progran FLUSH was mace possible by @raving on many sources for funds, manpower, and ideas. Direct finan~ cial support was obtained from the National Science Foundation Grant No. ci-4310¢ and a grantein-aid from the Nuclear Enerey Divisien of the cenerel Electric Company. Indirect support in the form of subsidized salaries and computer tine was received from Noodward-Clyde Consultants, araing-Lawson and Associates, The General Electric Company, and ISD of Santa Clara, California, A wealth of ideas originated from industry wuthors also want to acknowledge the users of the program LUSH. The substantial efforts of M. P. Rono-Organista, J.-C. Chen, R. Gonez-Masso, and 7, Kagawa, Research Assistants at the University of California, Berkeley, who participated in the final stages of the program develop rent and verificationhb 62 10, REFERENCES Agrawal, P. K., Chu, S. Le and shah, H. H. (1973) "Comparative Study of Soil spring and Finite Element Hodels for Seismic soil-stru-vure inter~ action Anslysis of Muclear Powor Plants," First ASCE Specialty Conference on Structural Design of Nuclear Plant Facilities, Vol. FT, pp. 63-62, Chicago, December, 1973. chen, 3.-¢, and Lysmer, 3. (1975). To be published during 1976. Ghosh, §. and Wilson, EB, (1969) "Dynamic Stress Analysis of axisymmetric Stroctures under Arbitrary Loading," Earthquake Engineering Research Genter, Report No, EERC 69-10, University of California, sorkeley, September, 1969. wang, R. Ney Bysner, J. and Berger, B. (1975) "A Simplifict Thrse- Dimension Soil-Structure Interaction Study," Second ASCE Specialty Conference on Structural Design of Nuclear Plant Facilities, Hew Orleans, Decenber, 1975. kausel, E, and Rosset, . M. (1974) “Soil-Structure~Interaction Problems for Nuclear containment Structures," ASCE Power Division Specialty Conference, Denver, Colorado, August, 1978. Lysmer, J. and Drake, L, A. (1972) "A Pinite Element Method for Seistolosy hethods of Computational Physics, Vol. 11, Chapter 6, Academic Press, 1972 lysner, Je, dake, T., Seed, H, B. and Hwang, R. (1974) "LLSH - A conpeter Program for Complex Response Analysis of Soll-structure Systens," Earth~ wake Engineering Research Center, Report No. KENC Tana, uraversity ©: @alifornia, Berkeley, April, 1974. Schnabel, P. B., Lysmer, 3, and Seed, 8. B. (1972) "SHAKE = A Computer Program for Earthquake Responte Analysis of Horizontally Layered Sites," Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Report No. EERC 72-12, University of Coliforfia, Berkeley, Decenber, 1972. Schnabel, P., Seed, H. B. and Lysmer, J. (1972) "Modifications of Seismo~ Graph Records for Effects of Local Soil Conditions,” aull. Seisn. Soc. An., Vol. 62, No. 6, Ep. 1649-1664, December, 1972. Seed, H. Holton and Idris, I. M. (1963) “influence of Soi: Conditions fon Ground Notions During Earthquakes,” Journal of the Soil Mechanies and Foundations Division, ASCE, vol. 94, No, SM, January, 1963 seed, Hi. B, and Tariss, I. M. (1970) "Soll Moduli and Damping Pactors for Dynamic Restonse Analysis," Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Report Ne. EER 70-10, University of California, Borkeley, December, 1970, Seed, H. B., Loner, J. and twang, R. (1975) "Soii-Structure Interaction Analysis for Evalusting Seismic Response,” Journal of the Geotechnical Enginesring Division, ASCE, Vol. 101, No.0?5, Pp. 438-457, Hay, 1975.cy Stock, B. J. (1974) “Symetric Linear Equation Operations without Rows.” Graduate Student Report, Structural Engineering and Structural Mechanics Division, Departrent of Civil Engineering, University of Californie Berkeley, California, 1974 Wass, G. (1972) “Earth Vibration Effects and Abatenent for wilitary: Facilities-analysis Hethod for Footing Vibrations through layered Media," ‘echnical Heport §-71-14, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Etation, Vicksburg, Mississippi, Septerber, 1972. (also a doctoral Hiesertation entitied "Linear Two-Dimensional Analysis of soil Dynamics Problens in Seni-infinite Layered Media,” fron the University of California, Berkeley, California.ib APPENDIX A FLUSH 1 COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SEISMIC SOIL+STRUCTURE THTERACTION ANALYSTS ‘The Geotechnical Engingering Group at U.C. Berkriey is pleased to announce the release of the conputer program FLUSH on January 15, 1976, ‘hie program which is a further development of an earlier Firite element cole sl provides a complete too) for seismic soil-etructure interaction analysis by the complex response method. PLUSH includes the following features: 1, Plane strain quadrilateral elenents for nodeling of soils and structures. 2, Beam elements for modeling of structures. 3. Multsple nonlinear soil properties for equivalent :inear analysis. ‘This allows for different darping in each elenent 4. An approximate 3-D ability which makes it possible to per form meaningful structure - soil ~ structure, interaction analyses at essentially the sane cost as a 2-D analysis. 5, ‘Transmitting boundaries whieh greatly roduce the minber of elements required. 6. Anew out-of-core equation solver which essentially eliminates core-size problens. 4. Internal deconvolution. this feature eliminates the need to perform on independent site resconse analysis fer Aetermina~ tion of the rigié base motions. 8. convenient tape handling features which provide restart ability and 2 permanent record for later recovery of details of the solution,