NAME OF DEVICE OR

WHAT IS IT USED FOR HOW DOES IT WORK OTHER DETAILS

TECHNOLOGY

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOUND

General ultrasound works by

using sound waves to procure a
sonogram.
Sound energy is a vibratory
A General ultrasound is a non- A transducer in an ultrasound substance that moves in a wave
invasive device generally used for emits sound waves and records the through air, solid, and liquid
imaging of internal structure of the echoing waves. When this is presses mediums. These vibrations and the
body. in the skin of a patient, a transduces echoes that reflect/return and are
This device uses sound waves to emits small pulses of inaudible, high recorded are used to identify the
procure a picture, known as a frequency sound waves, through the exact location, distance, size, shape,
sonogram, of different organs, gel, and into the body. These signals etc. of an object, as well as data to
General Ultrasound
tissues, etc. including the following: then hit the target organ and return procure an imaging of the object.
(Diagnostic Ultrasound)
heart, liver, bladder, kidneys to the transducer as an echo, which The imaging produced by a
reproductive organ of women, etc. the probe records and diverts the
general ultrasound provide
recordings to a biometer. After that,
It is used to aid in the diagnosis of the biometer would convert those information that aid in diagnosing a
patients depending on the results of signal data into organ imaging. The patient’s condition and knowing the
the imaging. condition of the internal body
image that will be formed depends on
without cutting it open.
the echoes received by the
transducer and the time taken for the
sound to be reflected.

This device is used to measure A Doppler Ultrasound works by Doppler Ultrasound aids in
Doppler Ultrasound
(Functional Ultrasound) and visualize the blood flow within assessing the blood flow and the assessing the blood flow in the blood
the body of the heart of a patient heart in real time using sound waves. vessels such as those in arms, legs,

1

through the use of sound waves.
It is used to provide real-time
imaging of the blood flow and the
heart or the blood vessel where the
ultrasound is inserted.
First, blood pressure cuffs will be and neck. It helps in diagnosing heart
applied in areas like the calf, ankles, and other circulatory diseases like
or thighs. Then, after applying gel to blockage in major arteries and veins.
the target area, a transducer is
pressed on the skin. The transducer
then sends high frequency sound
waves through the body and the
echoing waves are recorded. The
movement of the blood cells cause
changes in the pitch of the sound
waves, known as the doppler effect.
The echoing waves are recorded and
are used to generate graphs or
sonograms that show the flow of
blood cells in a particular area.
2

HIFU is a non-invasive therapy or
method used for modifying or
destroying abnormal tissues, such
tumors, inside the body without
having to surgically remove the mass
High Intensity Focused by cutting the body open or cause
Ultrasound (HIFU) damage to the surrounding tissue.
(Therapeutic Ultrasound)
HIFU is currently used to treat
prostate cancer by using highly
focused ultrasound to heat and kill
the cancer cells.
HIFU works by heating and killing
off cancer cells through the use of
highly focus ultrasound waves with
higher intensity compared to normal
ultrasound devices.
HIFU uses multiple beams of
ultrasound devices and focus the
beams on the exact tissue that
requires treatment. The ultrasound
waves produced by the transducer
generate heat within the body,
causing the target cancer cells/tissue
to be destroyed.
The heat generated by the
focused ultrasound waves with high
intensity can reach up to 70 to 80
degree-Celsius, causing tissue
coagulation necrosis, cavitation and
heat shock in the cells of the
abnormal/target tissues due to
intense heat.
3
HEARING AIDS

Analog hearing aids work by

magnifying various sound vibrations
from the environment.
Hearing aids have several major
parts, namely: microphone, Analog hearing are considered to
amplifier, and speaker. be the “original” hearing aids, and
are becoming less and less common
The microphone picks up or
in the current generation.
detect sound waves from the
environment and converts this Some analog hearing aids can be
sound waves into electrical signals. programmed. These programmable
Analog hearing aids are used in hearing aids have a microchip inside
These signals are then intensified by
amplifying all kinds/frequencies of the device that can be adjusted to
the help of an amplifier, to a degree
sounds. Essentially, they are devices different listening environments.
the wearer needs. The amplified
Analog Hearing Aids that make sound waves louder
electrical signals are then As they are programmed to
continuously; be it a noise from the
transferred to a speaker, also amplify all sounds perceived by the
background or a voice of a person
known as receiver, which then device’s microphone, analog
making conversation.
converts those electrical signals into hearing aids might not be able to
amplified sound waves. filter background noises and will still
Lastly, these magnified acoustic be heard by the wearer, even if the
sound waves are received by the said wearer does not want to hear
surviving hair cells, or the small it.
sensory cells in the inner ear of the
wearer and converts them into
neural signals and are sent to the
brain to be processed.

4
 Just like an analog hearing aid, A digital hearing aid works by Digital hearing aids offer more
Digital Hearing Aids
digital hearing aids are devices used producing an exact but amplified features compared to an analog
to amplify the sounds intercepted by copy of the acoustic sound wave hearing aid, but is comparatively
the device’s microphone. They are, perceived by the device’s pricier than the latter.
however, able to filter out some of microphone.
the sounds and process sounds better
Digital hearing aids convert sound
than analog hearing aids.
waves into numerical codes and are
They are devices that offer more usually comprised of the following
features and better flexibility major parts: a microphone, a
compared to analog hearing aids. In processor, and a loudspeaker.
addition, they also have better
The microphone of the device
capability to be fine-tuned depending
picks up the acoustic signals, or the
on the user’s needs, and provides
sounds from the environment and
better control to the sounds that they
transmits those signals into the
hear.
processor.
Once the processor receives those
signals, they recognize and analyze
speech and background noise, and
filters out some of the background
noise or reduce whistles and other
noises. In order to do this, the
processor uses sophisticated
algorithms and selectively detect the
sounds that they will amplify and the
sounds that they will reduce. After
that, the processor then amplifies the
filtered digital codes and converts
them into electrical signals, which are

5

Bone-anchored hearing devices are
Bone-Anchored Hearing
Aid (BAHA) used for patients that may have a
conductive hearing loss, where the
outer or middle ear does not transmit
sent to the loudspeaker.
Lastly, the speaker transmits those
amplified signals into the ear of the
wearer.
The sound perceived will be
clearer, with less disruptive sounds
and amplified duplicate of the sound
received by the microphone.
Digital hearing aids are also
equipped with other features that
improve the wearer’s hearing at
certain situations.
A directional microphone allows a
user to converse in a noisy
environment my allowing sounds
from a certain direction to be
amplified compared to the sounds
from other directions. A Telephone
switch, or a T-coil, allows a
microphone to perceive sounds
produced by a telephone better. It
also allows the microphone to be
turned off to prevent the wearer from
hearing whistles while talking.
A bone-anchored hearing aid has BAHA can be worn in different
three (3) major parts, the sound ways. The first two, are implanted
processor, abutment, and a titanium surgically: (1) the fixture is attached
fixture. to the head in a way that it protrudes
6
 The sound processor comprises of
an external microphone and a sound
processor, and is located outside the
sound correctly, or complete hearing head, behind the ear. This detects
loss only in one ear. Essentially, they sound waves from the surrounding
are for patients who have at least one environment, and transmits them
(1) inner ear that is able to function into the abutment, which converts
through the skin so the processor can
properly. the sound into mechanical vibrations,
be attached to it; (2) the fixture is
similar to the vibrations created by a
They are used to send mechanical fully implanted in the skin, with the
normally-functioning middle ear. The
sound vibrations or sound waves processor attached to it via a small
mechanical vibrations produced by
directly into the inner ear, in the magnet. The last one, the Bone-
the abutment are the transmitted to
cochlea, of the patient through the anchored hearing aid, is worn or used
a titanium fixture beneath the skull,
skull bone, bypassing the middle and with any surgical procedures. A soft
which is surgically implanted, causing
outer ear of the patient. band, similar to a headband, is used
the fixture to move and the bones in
to hold the processor in place.
They are considered to be an the skull to vibrate, stimulating the
alternative hearing aid for patients cochlea of the patient directly. The
with problems in their outer or inner ear, or the cochlea, then
middle ears. receives these vibrations and
converts them into electrical signals,
which are then processed by the
brain.

HEARING IMPLANTS

Middle ear implants are surgically
Middle Ear Implant
implanted hearing aids, used for
patients where conventional hearing
aid or bone conduction hearing
systems are no longer possible due to
A middle ear implant has an
external and internal part. The
external part includes a processor and
the internal part are surgically
implanted to the patient.
There are two (2) types of middle
ear implants: the fully implantable
and the semi-implantable.
The fully implantable middle ear

7

extenuating circumstances, such as
medical reasons, and are suitable for
patients with mild to moderate
conductive hearing loss or collects sounds from the surrounding
sensorineural hearing loss.
They are used sending signals to
the middle ear to mechanically
vibrate/stimulate the bones located
in the area, which then increases the
vibrations sent to the cochlea of the
patient.
This device uses sound waves and stimulate the ossicles in the middle
converts them into vibrations to ear.
stimulate the ossicles of the middle
ear.
COCHLEAR IMPLANTS
Cochlear Implant
Used to transmit signals directly
to the brain through the auditory
nerve, bypassing damaged hair cells,
or damaged sensory cells in the inner
ear.
This device work by converting
sound waves to mechanical vibrations
to directly stimulate the middle ear
bones, and enhance the vibrations
that enters the cochlea of a patient.
Firstly, the sound/audio processor
implant is a device where all of its
environment and convert them into components are implanted under the
digital or electrical signals. These skin, and there are no components
signals are then transmitted across located externally.
the skin and into the implant, which
The semi-implantable middle ear
then send the signals to the
implant is a device where some parts
transducer in the middle ear area.
are worn on the ear externally and
The transducer converts these signals
some parts are implanted in the
into mechanical vibrations that
middle ear.
Finally, the vibrations in the
middle ear transmits the acoustic
information to the inner ear and then
to the brain, where it is interpreted as
sound.
Cochlear implants have several Cochlear implants are devices
devices located external and internal that make it possible for people with
to the skin behind the ear of a severe hearing loss or damaged inner
patient. The external parts include a ear to hear sounds.
sound/audio processor and an
8
 antenna. The internal parts are
comprised of a receiver with arrays
attached to it, which has electrodes
on the other end of the arrays located
at the cochlea of the patient.
Cochlear implants work by
sending signal directly to auditory
nerve by converting sound waves to
electrical signals, bypassing the
damaged hair cells in the inner ear.
Firstly, the sound processor
Cochlear implants are used for
captures sound waves from the
patients whose inner ear have been
surrounding environment and
severely damaged, or have a
converts it to digital codes or signals.
profound sensorineural hearing loss.
The antenna then transmits the
digital signals to the receiver located
underneath the skin behind the ears.
The receiver then converts the digital
signals into electrical signal and
transmits them to the inner ear via
the arrays towards the electrodes,
which correspond to different signal
frequencies. Lastly, the electrodes
use those signals to stimulate the
auditory nerve, which then sends
signals to the brain to process.

Auditory Brainstem This device is used for patients An ABI has three (3) major parts: ABI is a device similar to cochlear
Implant (ABI) who receive little to no benefit from a microphone, receiver and implants, but different. This is

9

using hearing aids and aren’t
applicable for cochlear implants.
Auditory Brainstem Implants are
used for stimulating the auditory
brainstem directly, providing a sense
of hearing to the patient, all while
bypassing the ear and the auditory
nerve.
This device is suitable for patients
that has a severe hearing loss due to
the damage in the cochlea and whose
auditory nerve is non-functioning or
non-existent.
PACEMAKERS
Single-Chamber
A single-chamber pacemaker has
Pacemaker
one lead placed within the ventricle
of the heart to carry impulses to and
works by acting as an artificial sinus
from the right atrium or ventricle, and
node, sending electrical impulses to
is used to send signals to a patient’s
make a patient’s heart beat whenever
heart and regulate the pace, helping
electrodes.
The external parts of the implant
are the microphone, speech
processor, and a lead and transmitter
coils. The internal parts include the because, unlike cochlear implants,
receiver and a number electrodes, the internal parts of the auditory
which are surgically placed directly on brainstem implant are located
the brainstem of the patient. directly in the brainstem of the
patient, bypassing both the cochlea
First, the external microphone
and auditory nerve. While in the
picks up sounds in the environment
cochlear implant, the electrodes are
and the sound processor processes
located in the cochlea of the patient,
the sound waves, which are then
transmitted to the receiver located stimulating the auditory nerve,
under the skin. After that, receiver bypassing only the middle and outer
transmits the information to the ear.
electrodes, which gets stimulated,
and are received by the brainstem,
which carries the information to the
brain, giving the patient a sense of
hearing without the use of the inner,
middle and outer ear of the patient.
Pacemakers are surgically
implanted under the patient’s skin,
A single-chamber pacemaker
beneath the collarbone
10

the heart beat at a proper rate.
needed.
Electrical impulses are generated
from the pulse generator and are
transmitted via the insulated wires to
the pacing lead. This stimulates the
heart muscles to contract, restoring
or maintaining the heartbeat of the
lower right chamber of the heart
(right ventricle) or the upper heart
chamber (right atrium) at a set pace.

Dual-chamber pacemakers work

by generating electrical impulses to
maintain a regular pace in the heart
A dual-chamber pacemaker has rate of the patient.
two (2) leads placed within the
ventricle and atrium of the heart to First, the pacemaker senses the
carry impulses to and from the right heartbeat through its electrically Dual-chambered pacemakers are
atrium and ventricle, and is used to sensitive leads. Once it senses used to treat bradycardia and atrial
replicate the natural rhythm of the abnormal heartbeat, the pulse fibrillation with bradycardia. Atrial
Dual-Chamber Pacemaker generator generate electrical pulses fibrillation is the irregular heartbeat
heart and its intrinsic depolarization.
and transmits it to the right atrium of the heart caused by abnormal
This device is used to treat and ventricle, where the pacing leads electrical signals that originate in the
patients diagnosed with bradycardia, are placed, via the insulated wirings. atria.
or those with abnormally slow heart These electrical impulses regulate the
rate, having less than 60 or less beats pace of contraction of both
per minute. chambers, and allow blood to flow
properly through the chambers.

11
 This device is designed to change
the baseline heart rate of a patient,
the upper heart rate, and regulate the
A biventricular pacemaker has pace of the contraction of the cardiac
three (3) leads placed within the right muscles.
A biventricular pacemaker is used
and left ventricle, as well as the right
First, the pacemaker senses the in cardiac resynchronization therapy,
atrium of the heart to carry impulses
heartbeat through its electrically a treatment that coordinates the
to and from the chambers of the
Biventricular Pacemaker sensitive leads. Once it senses contraction of the ventricles, allowing
heart.
(Triple-Chambered) abnormal heartbeat, the pulse them to pump together.
This device is used to treat generator generates electrical pulses
This treatment is used on patients
patients whose heart muscles have and transmits carefully timed signals
diagnosed with arrhythmias caused
weakened. They resynchronize the it to the right atrium and left and
by advanced heart failure.
ventricles of the heart, increasing the right ventricle, where the pacing
efficiency of its contractions. leads are placed, via the insulated
wirings. These electrical impulses
allow the left and right ventricle to
contact in unison.
CORRECTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR VISION
Eyeglasses
Eyeglasses are a form of Eyeglasses work by focusing the The retina is a part of the eye
corrective lenses used to help focus light that enters the eye directly onto
located at the back of the eye, near
the light that enters the eye onto the the retina, which is located in the
the optic nerve. It is a layer of cells
retina, procuring a clearer vision for back of the eye. They make use of that react to light. When light enters
the wearer, or correcting the vision of refractive lenses to do this. the eye and into the retina, the retina
the wearer. would react to the light, and convert
The refractive lenses in
it into signals that are sent to the
They are used to treat refractive eyeglasses act as the first surface
brain via the optic nerve. This
errors such as presbyopia, where light would hit. The curved
produces the imagery that a person
astigmatism – having irregularly frames of the lenses bend the light to
sees.
shaped cornea, myopia or a certain angle, often done with the

12

nearsightedness, and hyperopia or
farsightedness.
Laser-Assisted in Situ
LASIK surgery is a form of vision-
Keratomileusis (LASIK)
correcting technology – refractive
surgery, to be specific – that is used
to reshape the curve of the cornea, a
transparent front covering the eye,
using a highly-specialized laser,
enabling light to enter the eye and hit
the retina properly, and eliminate the
need of wearing eyeglasses for the
wearer.
This treatment is done on
patients with myopia, hyperopia, or
astigmatism.
right prescription. These curved
frames bend the light in a way that
the light would reach the correct spot
in the retina upon entering the eyes.
When light hits the retina
perfectly, the image produced in the
brain would be clear.
LASIK Surgery work by reshaping The amount of corneal tissue
the patient’s cornea using a highly- that will be removed in the procedure
specialized laser, so that light that is calculated based on the following
enters the eye would hit the retina factors: (1) lens prescription of the
properly. patient’s glasses or contact lenses; (2)
the results of a wavefront test, which
First, local anesthetic will be
measures how light travels through
applied to the eye. Then, to prevent
the eye and; (3) the shape of the
movement of the eye, a suction ring
surface of the cornea.
will be placed over the eye and an
eyelid holder will be used to prevent
them from closing. After that, a thin
flap in the corneal will be cut and
folded using either a laser of a
microkeratome to expose the
underlying corneal tissue. Then, the
laser will be used to vaporize some
portion of the cornea, reshaping or
ablating it based on previously made
calculations. Afterwards, the flap that
was removed will be replaced and the
13
 eye will be allowed to self-heal.
For patients diagnosed with
myopia, the cornea is flattened, while
for patients diagnosed with
farsightedness, the cornea will be
reshaped to have a steeper curve.
And for patients diagnosed with
astigmatism, the irregular shape of
the cornea is smoothened to a more
normal shape.
By reshaping the curves of the
cornea, the angle at which the light
will bend upon entering the eye will
also change. By doing so, the excimer,
or the surgeon that performs the
procedure, will be able to fix the
location at which the light will hit
upon entering the eye to the proper
location in the retina, thus fixing the
refractive errors of the eye, and
giving a clearer vision for the patient.

Conductive Keratoplasty
Conductive keratoplasty is a type
of non-laser refractive eye surgery
used to correct mild hyperopia and
presbyopia by altering the curvature
of the cornea using radiofrequency
energy, or low energy radio waves.
Conductive Keratoplasty surgery
work by reshaping the curvature of
the cornea of the eye to produce a
steeper curve using radiofrequency
energy.
Firstly, local anesthetic will be
Conductive Keratoplasty (CK)
surgery is considered to be different
from other forms of corrective
surgeries like LASIK surgery, which
makes use of a laser. CK surgery
works by shrinking the corneal tissue

14
 applied to the eye, and a rinse away
dye will be used to imprint a pattern
in the eye. Then, controlled low
energy radio waves will be applied to
certain spots around the outer cornea
in a circular pattern. These radio
waves will be converted into heat,
causing the corneal tissue in contact and steepen the curvature of the
with the waves to shrink, thereby cornea, making it possible for light
causing the overall shape of the the enters the eye to focus onto the
cornea to become steeper. Once the retina, located at the back of the eye.
radio frequency has finished
In addition, some patients with
reshaping the curvature of the
mild hyperopia prefer this treatment
cornea, antibiotics will be applied to
because of the following reasons: (1)
prevent infection, and the eye will be
CK surgery do not use lasers; (2)
allowed to heal.
tissues in the eye are not removed
By steepening the curvature of not cut and; (3) there is no change in
the cornea, the way at which light the central cornea.
rays would enter the eye and hit the
back of the eye would change to a
way where the light would focus at
the retina, bringing the patient’s
vision to focus, and procuring clearer
images.

Cataract Surgery
Cataract surgery is a procedure Cataract surgery works by
performed to correct vision by removing the lenses of the eye that
removing the cataract and replacing has been obstructed by cataracts, or

15
the lens of the eye with an artificial
lens. A cataract causes the lens of the
eye to become cloudy due to the
accumulation of proteins in the
lenses, which results to the
obstruction of vision for the patient.
Cataract surgery is performed to
replace the lens that clouds the eye
with an artificial lens to remove the
obstruction in the patient’s vision.
Essentially, it is used to treat
patients with cataracts.
clumps of protein, and replace it with
an artificial lens, to remove
obstruction and improve the vision of
the patient.
To do this, the pupil would first
be dilated and a local anesthetic will
be applied. Then, a small incision will
be made at the front of the cornea
where a probe will be inserted into
the lens and a high-frequency
ultrasound device will be used to
break up the clouded lenses. The lens
fragments will then be removed via
suction. After that, the lenses in the
eye will be replaced with artificial
lenses, and the eye will be allowed to
heal. The vision of the patient will
then be clearer after the obstruction
has been removed and the lenses
replaced.
Lenses focus the light that enters
the eye, so the brain and the eye is
able to process the information ito a
form of imagery. If the lenses become
cloudy or obstructed, the eye will no
longer be able to focus the light
properly, leaving a person with blurry
vision or other symptoms such as the
vision is getting obstructed or glares,
16
 etc.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A. ILLUSTRATIONS and FIGURES (drawings)

17
Figure 1. High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) being used in treating prostate cancer. Highly focus ultrasound waves with higher intensity are used to
heat within the body, causing the target cancer cells/tissue to be destroyed.

Figure 2. A hearing aid and how the device functions to help the wearer hear noise
and other sounds in the surrounding environment. The microphone would detect
and collect sound waves from the surroundings, and the amplifier would process
magnify those sound waves. The receiver/loudspeaker will then send or release
those amplified sound waves towards the functioning hair cells, which will be sent
and processed by the brain as sound.

Figure 3. A diagram that shows how a digital hearing aid perceives and
processes sound waves. The microphone would pick up sound waves,
and the pre-amplifier would convert them into magnified electrical signal,
then transmit them to the processor would convert the electrical signals
to digital codes and filter out the background noise. The digital codes will
then be converted into amplified electrical signals. Lastly, the receiver
would transmit the amplified electrical signals as amplified acoustic
output.

18
Figure 4. Main parts of a cochlear implant, showing their location within the ear of the wearer. The microphone/sound processor captures sound waves
from the surrounding environment and converts it to digital codes or signals. The antenna then transmits the digital signals to the receiver located
underneath the skin behind the ears. The receiver then converts the digital signals into electrical signal and transmits them to the inner ear via the arrays
towards the electrodes, which use those signals to stimulate the auditory nerve.

19
Figure 5. The major parts of biventricular pacemaker, and where they are surgically located in the heart of the patient. A biventricular pacemaker changes
the baseline heart rate of a patient, the upper heart rate, and regulate the pace of the contraction of the cardiac muscles by sending electrical pulses to the
pacing leads.

20
Figure 6. (a) shows how light rays enter a hyperopic eye, wherein the light rays would hit/intersect behind the retina, causing images seen/processed to be
blurry. (b) shoes how converging lenses correct the angle at which the light rays hot/intersect so that they would properly hit the retinal part of the eye.

21
APPENDIX B. ILLUSTRATIONS and PHOTOS (photographs/illustrations taken from various sources)

Figure 7. How an ultrasound function. A transducer emits sound waves, which travel
through the skin, hits the target organ and reflects back and be recorded by the
transducer. The transducer will the send the recorded echoes to the biometer, which will
convert the data into images, producing a sonogram.

Illustration taken from https://www.informedhealth.org/how-do-ultrasound-examinations-

work.html

Figure 8. How an ABI system works. Electrodes are surgically implanted to the
brainstem of the patient, and these electrodes receives sounds collected and
processed by the microphone and processor, to stimulate the brainstem directly
and make the patient perceive sound, all while bypassing the inner, middle and
outer ear.

22
 multimedia/img-20185061

Illustration taken from https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/lasik-eye-surgery/about/pac-20384774

Figure 9. How LASIK surgery is essentially done.

23
APENDIX C. REFERENCES

Clinical Applications of Sound:

 https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sonogram/#:~:text=An%20ultrasound%20is%20an%20imaging,don't%20use%20any%20radiation .
 https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-an-ultrasound
 https://www.nibib.nih.gov/science-education/science-topics/ultrasound
 https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/genus
 https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/for-patients/video/how-does-ultrasound-work
 https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_principle_of_ultrasonography/article.htm
 https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/doppler-ultrasound/
 https://www.webmd.com/dvt/doppler-ultrasound-what-is-it
 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326824#uses
 https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw4477
 https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/vascularus#31f6bef58e814478bf07b7fdc4b29e9c
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/16541-high-intensity-focused-ultrasound-hifu-for-prostate-cancer#:~:text=High%2Dintensity
%20focused%20ultrasound%20(HIFU)%20is%20a%20prostate%20cancer,that%20leaves%20healthy%20tissue%20unharmed.
 https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/services/high-intensity-focused-ultrasound-hifu
 https://www.cirse.org/patients/ir-procedures/high-intensity-focused-ultrasound-hifu/
 https://www.ucsfhealth.org/treatments/high-intensity-focused-ultrasound-hifu
 https://prostatecanceruk.org/prostate-information/treatments/hifu

24
Hearing Aids:

 https://www.starkey.com/support/learn/using-your-hearing-aids/hearing-aid-parts-and-controls
 https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing-aids#:~:text=A%20hearing%20aid%20is%20a,both%20quiet%20and%20noisy%20situations .
 https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/hearing-aids/types-hearing-aids#:~:text=Analog%20hearing%20aids%20make%20continuous,analog
%20hearing%20aids%20are%20programmable.
 https://www.professionalhearingkc.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-analog-and-digital-hearing-aids
 https://heardothan.com/analog-vs-digital
 https://www.hearingandaudiology.com.au/blog/analog-hearing-aids-vs-digital-hearing-aids/
 https://tampahears.com/how-do-hearing-aids-work-how-effective-are-they/
 https://www.seniorliving.org/hearing-aids/how-they-work/
 https://www.connecthearing.com/blog/hearing-aid-technology/how-do-hearing-aids-work/
 https://www.resound.com/en/hearing-aids/digital
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/14794-bone-anchored-auditory-implant#:~:text=A%20bone%2Danchored%20auditory%20implant
%20is%20a%20surgically%20implanted%20device,traveling%20through%20the%20ear%20well
 https://www.healthyhearing.com/help/hearing-aids/bone-anchored
 https://www.hearinglink.org/your-hearing/implants/bone-conduction-hearing-devices/
 https://audiologicalservices.net/audiology-news-lufkin-tx/what-are-bone-anchored-hearing-aids-bahas
 https://www.attune.com.au/2020/09/30/what-are-bone-anchored-hearing-aids/
 https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abq8283
 https://www.webmd.com/connect-to-care/hearing-loss/bone-conduction-hearing-aid-without-surgery
 https://www.ndcs.org.uk/information-and-support/childhood-deafness/hearing-implants/bone-conduction-hearing-devices/
 https://www.oticonmedical.com/bone-conduction/new-to-bone-conduction/what-is-bone-conduction/how-bone-conduction-systems-work

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Hearing Implants:

 https://www.ndcs.org.uk/information-and-support/childhood-deafness/hearing-implants/
 https://www.hear-it.org/middle-ear-implant
 https://www.hearinglink.org/your-hearing/implants/middle-ear-implants/#:~:text=Middle%20ear%20implants%20are%20suitable,alternative
%20to%20conventional%20hearing%20aids.
 https://uk.hearpeers.com/hearing-implants/other-implants/middle-ear-implant/

Cochlear Implant:

 https://www.hear-it.org/cochlear-implants
 https://www.ndcs.org.uk/information-and-support/childhood-deafness/hearing-implants/ https://www.hear-it.org/auditory-brainstem-implant-abi
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/16379-auditory-brainstem-implant#:~:text=implant%20(ABI)%3F-,An%20auditory%20brainstem
%20implant%20(ABI)%20is%20a%20surgically%20implanted%20device,(cochlea)%20and%20auditory%20nerve.

Pacemakers:

 https://myhealth.alberta.ca/health/AfterCareInformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=acg4344
 https://www.dignityhealth.org/sacramento/services/heart-and-vascular-care/diagnosis-and-treatments/advanced-therapies/leadless-pacemaker
 https://www.mhvi.com/micra/
 https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2019/06/10/13/49/the-leadless-pacemaker#:~:text=Leadless%20pacemakers
%20provide%20only%20single,those%20who%20infrequently%20require%20pacing.

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  https://medmovie.com/library_id/20083/topic/cvml_0076a/#:~:text=A%20single%20chamber%20pacemaker%20has,or%20less%20beats%20per
%20minute.
 https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/treatments/pacemakers
 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pacemakers-beyond-the-basics/print
 http://hobartcardiology.com.au/procedures/cardiac-testing/pacemaker-dual-chamber/
 https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/dual-chamber-pacemaker-helps-heart-failure
 https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-treatments/p/pacemaker/types.html#:~:text=The%20doctor%20programs%20the%20dual,atrium%20into
%20the%20right%20ventricle.

Corrective Technology for Vision:

 https://clarityvg.com/about-your-eyes/helping-you-to-better-understand-your-corrective-lense-prescription/#:~:text=Corrective%20lenses%20are
%20designed%20to,required%20by%20your%20given%20condition.
 https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02089
 https://www.medicaleyecenter.com/2018/06/10/corrective-lenses-2/
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/8593-eyeglasses
 https://heffingtons.com/how-do-glasses-work/
 https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/lasik-laser-eye-surgery
 https://www.allaboutvision.com/visionsurgery/lasik.htm
 https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007018.htm
 https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-laser-eye-surgery
 https://www.webmd.com/connect-to-care/lasik/how-does-lasik-eye-surgery-work

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 https://www.medicinenet.com/lasik_eye_surgery/article.htm
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21805-lasik-eye-surgery
 https://kaganinstitute.com/los-angeles/blog/2020/01/06/what-is-ck-conductive-keratoplasty/#:~:text=Conductive%20keratoplasty%20works%20by
%20shrinking,close%20up%20objects%20more%20easily.
 https://www.allaboutvision.com/visionsurgery/ck_ltk_eye_surgery.htm
 https://www.visioncenter.org/surgery/conductive-keratoplasty/
 https://www.vision-and-eye-health.com/conductive-keratoplasty.html
 https://www.cohenlasik.com/procedures/conductive-keratoplasty
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cataract-surgery/about/pac-20384765#:~:text=Cataract%20surgery%20is%20performed
%20to,doctor%20may%20suggest%20cataract%20surgery.
 https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/cataract-surgery.htm
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21472-cataract-surgery

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