IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 21, NO.
2, FEBRUARY 2022
An UHF RFID Circularly Polarized Tag Antenna
With Long Read Distance for Metal Objects
Ping Wang , Member, IEEE, Wei Luo , Yu Shao , Member, IEEE, and Haiyan Jin , Member, IEEE
Abstract—In this letter, a circularly-polarized (CP) metal-
tolerant tag antenna with a long reading distance (RD) is
proposed for the ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio-frequency iden-
tification (RFID) systems. In order to realize CP radiation and high
gain, a cross slot is etched on top patch to provide two orthogonal
polarizations, whereas the meandered strip on the central copper
layer is used to obtain a 90° phase difference between adjacent
ports. An equivalent circuit model is established to better under-
stand the operating mechanism and impedance characteristic. A
prototype mounted on a 200 mm × 200 mm metal plate has been
manufactured and measured to verify the design and shows an
impedance bandwidth of 8 MHz (918–926 MHz) and axial ratio
bandwidth of 1.3 MHz (921.6–922.9 MHz). Also, a maximum gain
of 2 dBi at 922 MHz and a maximum RD of about 22.4 m have been
demonstrated.
Index Terms—Circular polarization (CP), high gain, metal-
attachable, tag antenna.
I. INTRODUCTION
W ITH the rapid development of radio frequency iden-
tification (RFID) technology operating in ultra-high
frequency (UHF) band (860–960 MHz) in recent years, a lot of
efforts had been made to design the UHF tag antenna in many
potential applications [1]–[3]. However, a circularly polarized (CP)
reader antenna is usually employed to increase orientation diversity
in a real RFID system, thus only half of the transmitted power is
received by the tag owing to the polarization mismatch between
the reader and tag antenna if a linearly polarized (LP) tag antenna
is utilized. Therefore, many studies were conducted on the CP tag
antenna to decrease the power loss [4]–[10]. In [4], a truncated patch
was proposed to obtain CP radiation, and the antenna achieves a
reading distance (RD) of 8 m, which is twice more than that of the LP
tag antenna. In [5], a crossed-dipole antenna was designed to realize
CP tag antenna, which exhibits a maximum RD of approximately
7.6 m. Additionally, the meandered-loop antenna was preferred to
design a planar CP tag antenna [6]–[10], and it obtains an RD of
about 8.3 m. However, when these antennas are attached on metal
objects directly, such as metallic bottles, vehicles, and shipping
Manuscript received October 3, 2021; accepted October 20, 2021. Date of
publication October 27, 2021; date of current version February 3, 2022. This
work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing
under Grant cstc2018jcyjAX0265074. (Corresponding author: Ping Wang.)
Ping Wang, Wei Luo, and Yu Shao are with the Chongqing Key Labora-
tory of Mobile Communications Technology, Engineering Research Center of
Mobile Communications of the Ministry of Education, and School of Com-
munication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and
Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China (e-mail: wp@cqupt.edu.cn;
luoweixyc@163.com; shaoyu@cqupt.edu.cn).
Haiyan Jin is with the Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of
Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China (e-mail:
uestcjhy@uestc.edu.cn).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3122871
1536-1225 © 2021 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
217
containers, the inductance of the antennas increases rapidly, which
results in poor impedance match, low efficiency, and high axial ratio
(AR). Thus, it is a hard task to design a CP tag antenna mounted on
metallic objects.
Presently, very few CP metal-attachable tag antennas operating
in UHF band were investigated [11]–[14]. Two coupling-feed CP
tag antennas located on a metallic plate were proposed in [11] and
[12], but the maximum gains of the antennas are less than −8 dBi,
and the RDs are 4 m. The design in [13] uses a star-shaped slot
on radiation patch to realize CP and antenna size reduction, and
similarly, the gain of the antenna is less than −8 dBi and achievable
RD is about 4.3 m. Other design methods including the use of the
electromagnetic band gap [14] and L-shaped feed line [15] were also
demonstrated, but the designs still show a low gain and a shorted
RD.
In this letter, an UHF metal-attachable tag antenna with CP
radiation is proposed. The proposed tag antenna is composed of a
cross slot and a single-arm feeding line. The cross slot is sequentially
fed by the feeding line. The U-shaped microstrip of the feeding line
provides a 90° phase lag to bring into sequential rotation of current
on the top patch for CP radiation. With structural arrangement, the
proposed tag antenna shows high gain and long RD. Simulation
and analysis of the proposed tag antenna are performed using the
ANSYS Electronics Desktop 2018. A prototype is also fabricated
and measured to verify the design.
II. ANTENNA STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS
A. Antenna Structure
Fig. 1 shows the geometry of the proposed CP antenna, which
is attached to the center point of a metal plate with a size of
200 mm × 200 mm. It is composed of three copper layers: top
patch (Layer 1) and ground plane (Layer 3) locating in the ex-
terior of two dielectric substrates, the top substrate is 1.524 mm
(h1 ) thick Rogers 4003C with dielectric constant εr1 = 3.35,
the bottom substrate is 1.56 mm (h2 ) thick Rogers Kappa 438
(εr2 = 4.1), and the two dielectric substrates sandwiching the middle
feed line (Layer 2), as shown in Fig. 1(c). An unequal cross slot is
etched on the top patch to produce two orthogonal electric fields,
whereas one end of the feed line in Layer 2 is shorted to the ground
plane, and open end of that is extended and coupled to feed the slot
under the top patch sequentially. In order to realize CP radiation,
a U-shaped microstrip is loaded between two adjacent feedings
to produce 90° phase difference, as shown in Fig. 1(d). It should
be noticed that a blind-filled rectangle hole of sl (4 mm) × sw (5
mm) × h1 is etched on top patch and the top substrate to facilitate
testing operation. Its effect has been included in simulation and test.
Compared with the design in [11] and [12], there is no extra feeding
network area in this design.
A Monza R6 chip [16] with an impedance of 11.8 − j118.4 Ω
at 924 MHz and read sensitivity of −20 dBm is bonded to the feed
line with a vertical distance py from center to realize the RFID
218 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 21, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2022
Fig. 1. Configuration of the proposed CP tag antenna (a) Top view, (b) Feed
line, (c) Side view, and (d) U-shaped microstrip. The parameters are W = 60,
b1 = 51, b2 = 49.2, g1 = 4, g = 1, S1 = 19.8, py = 16, t1 = 2, t2 = 4,
t3 = 5, t4 = 5, d1 = 6, P22 = 6, P23 = 5, P24 = 16, P32 = 6, P33 = 5, P34
= 17, P42 = 6, P43 = 5, P44 = 16, P5 = 6 (unit: mm).
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit. (R1 = 0.07 Ω, L1 = 14.4 nH, R2 = 0.11 Ω,
L2 = 21.07 nH, C1 = 0.11 pF, R3 = 0.97 Ω, L3 = 15.85 nH, C2 = 1.66
pF, R4 = 0.97 Ω, L4 = 11.86 nH, C3 = 1.94 pF, R5 = 0.97 Ω, L5 = 11.86 nH,
C4 = 1.94 pF, L6 = 1.44 nH, L7 = 56.7 nH, M = 10.13 nH, C5 = 33.44 pF,
C6 = 0.59 pF, R6 = 0.016 Ω, L8 = 0.92 nH.).
tag, as seen in Fig. 1(b). Therefore, the impedance of the proposed
tag antenna should be designed around 11.8 + j118.4 Ω. The
power reflection coefficient (PRC) is used to evaluate the conjugate
matches between tag antenna and chip, which is defined as
 ∗  ZB = jωL6 + ω 2 M
 Zant − Zchip 
PRC = 20log10    (1)

Zant + Zchip
where Zant and Zchip are the input impedances of the tag antenna
and the chip, respectively. (.)∗ denotes the complex conjugate.
B. Equivalent Circular Model
The equivalent circuit model (ECM) of the proposed CP tag
antenna is given in Fig. 2. The series R1 and L1 represent the
whole inductance and resistance of the shorting end from chip
in section 1 and the open stub in section 5. The resistance
and inductance of the rest in section 1 and four coupling lines
(d1 × ti , i = 1, 2, 3, 4) between adjacent sections are repre-
sented by R2 , L2 . C1 denotes the sum of the capacitance (Cg )
of the chip gap and the capacitance (C15 ) between sections 1
and 5, where C15 = ε0 εref t5 K(k0 ’)/K(k0 ), and εref , k0 , k0 ’,
K(k0 ), K(k0 ’) can be computed using the formulas in [17], and
Fig. 3. Simulated and measured (a) input impedances and (b) PRC.
Cg = εr2 ε0 t1 {ln [0.25 + (h2 /g)2 ] + (g/h2 )tan-1 (2h2 /g)}/(2π ) [18].
The ac resistance [19] can be calculated using R = [ρl/(ti ×
hc )] × [KC /(1 – e-x )], where ρ = 1.72 × 10-8 Ω·m, l, ti and
hc = 0.035 mm are the resistivity, length, width, and thickness
of copper, respectively. The values of KC and x are achieved using
the formulas in [19]. The self-inductance also is estimated using
L = 0.2 l {ln [2l/(hc + ti )] + 0.50049 + (hc + ti )/(3l)} [20].
Similarly, sections 2, 3, and 4 are modeled as an RLC paral-
lel circuit (Ri+1 , Li+1 , Ci ), respectively. The Li+ 1 = Lself + 2
× LM is the sum of self-inductance (Lself ) and mutual inductance
(LM ) of the U-shaped microstrip, where Lself is found by using
the
 aforementioned expression L, and LM = 0.2 pi4 ln {pi4 /D +
1 + (pi4 /D)2 }- 1 + (D/pi4 )2 + D/pi4 , D is the geometric mean
distance between two parallel arms and can be expressed as lnD =
lnd − {(ti /d)2 /12 + (ti /d)4 /60 + ··· + (ti /d)2n /[2n(n + 1)(2n + 1)]},
and d is the actual distance of two parallel arms. Then, a transformer
with a mutual inductance M and two additional inductances L6 and
L7 is used to indicate the proximity coupling effect between Layers
1, 2, and 3 [21]. R6 , L8 , C5 are denoted as the resistor, inductor,
and capacitor generated by the top patch, respectively, expressed
as R6 = 2ρ/δ , C5 = ε0 εr1 εr2 Ae /(h2 εr1 + h1 εr2 ), where Ae is the
effective surface area of the top patch. Also, the capacitive effect
from cross slot can be modeled as C6 = εr3 ε0 x3 {ln [0.25 + (h/g)2 ]
+ (g/h)tan-1 (2h/g)} /(2π ), where εr3 = εr1 εr2 h/(εr1 h2 + εr2 h1 ) is
the effective dielectric constant and h = h1 + h2 . Finally, the input
impedance of the proposed CP tag antenna (Zant ) can be expressed
as
Zant = R1 + jωL1 + ZA (2)
(R2 +jωL2 +1/jωC 1 +Z2 (ω)+Z3 (ω)+Z4 (ω)) × ZB
ZA =
R2 +jωL2 +1/jωC 1 +Z2 (ω)+Z3 (ω)+Z4 (ω)+ZB
(3)

2
(jωL7 + ZC ) (4)
ZC = 1/jωC6 +(R6 +jωL8 )/(1+jωC5 × (R6 +jωL8 )) (5)
where ω = 2π f (f is the operating frequency), Z2 (ω ), Z3 (ω ), Z4 (ω )
are the impedance in sections 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
Fig. 3 shows the input impedance and the PRC generated from the
ECM and the simulation. It is seen from Fig. 3(b) that the proposed
tag antenna can operate from 920 to 930 MHz with PRC less than
−10 dB, covering the Chinese UHF band (920–925 MHz). Good
agreement is found between the ECM and the simulation, which
implies that the ECM is reasonable.
C. Parametric Analysis
The simulated current distributions on top patch at the time
phase 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° are shown in Fig. 4, which indicates
that the currents of the top patch are flowing along anticlockwise
direction as ω t increases, that is, the current flows turning the
WANG et al.: UHF RFID CIRCULARLY POLARIZED TAG ANTENNA WITH LONG READ DISTANCE FOR METAL OBJECTS
Fig. 4. Current distributions on the top patch at 924 MHz. (a) ωt = 0°.
(b) ωt = 90°. (c) ωt = 180°. (d) ωt = 270°.
Fig. 5. Effects of the t1 on (a) input impedance and (b) AR.
Fig. 6. Effects of the p24 on (a) input impedance and (b) AR.
x-axis into y-axis like a right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP)
wave.
A parametric analysis is performed to study the effects of the line
width (t1 ), arm length of the U-shape line (p24 ), slot length (b1 ).
The effects of varying the width (t1 ) on the impedance and AR are
presented in Fig. 5. It is seen that the resistance increases but the
reactance is reduced as t1 is increased from 2 mm to 4 mm, thus it can
adjust the resonant frequency to the desired UHF band. Moreover,
similar trends to AR are observed in Fig. 5(b). The effects of the arm
length p24 are studied in Fig. 6. It is found that increasing p24 from
14 mm to 18 mm will lead to the enhancement of both the resistance
and reactance, and the AR becomes worse. Next, the effects of the
horizontal slot length b1 are presented in Fig 7. Increasing slot
length (b1 ) makes the resistance and reactance become smaller
and causes the resonant frequency to shift downward and the CP
performance gradually deteriorates. This is mainly attributed to the
fact that their corresponding phase difference (ϕx − ϕy ) is away
from −270° though the amplitude difference (|rEx | - |rEy |) is close
to zero as longer b1 is selected.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A prototype of the designed antenna is fabricated and tested,
as shown in Fig. 8. The measured input impedance Zant and the
219
Fig. 7. Effects of the b1 on (a) input impedance, (b) AR, (c) amplitude
difference, and (d) phase difference.
Fig. 8. (a) Photographs of the fabricated prototype and text fixture. (b) Test
environment for gain, AR, RD, and radiation pattern.
Fig. 9. (a) Peak realized gain with different placement environments and
radiation efficiency, and (b) AR and RD.
PRC are given in Fig. 3, which shows a good agreement with
the simulated results. The conjugate impedance of the chip is
derived from a parallel lumped resistor of 1.2 kΩ and capacitor of
1.44 pF in [16] and is added into Fig. 3. It is seen that the intersecting
resistance and reactance appearing in 924 MHz are 12.7 Ω and
119.9 Ω, respectively, showing that the conjugate match is nearly
achieved, and the measured PRC bandwidth of less than −10 dB is
8 MHz (from 918 to 926 MHz), which is slightly smaller than the
simulated bandwidth of 10 MHz.
To perform the read performances of the proposed CP tag
antenna in an outfield experimental environment, an RFID reader
module (impinj R420) with operating frequency of 902–928 MHz
is selected to feed the reader antenna. In the measurement, the tag
antenna is supported by a styrofoam with εr = 1, then is located
on the wooden stool with a distance of 1.5 m away from the earth
surface, whereas the reader antenna is placed at a distance (d =
2 m) away from the proposed tag antenna, as shown in Fig. 8(b).
Fig. 9(a) shows the peak realized gains in different placement
environments (in free space, and a metal plate with different sizes).
220 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 21, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2022
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PROPOSED CP TAG ANTENNA AND OTHERS REPORTED CP TAG ANTENNAS
∗λ0 is the free-space wavelength at the center frequency.
Fig. 10. Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the proposed CP tag
antenna at 922 MHz.
As is observed, a flat gain is produced from 910 to 920 MHz, and
a maximum gain of −3.3 dBi is achieved at 912 MHz for the free
space. When the tag antenna is attached on a metal plate with a
size of 200 mm × 200 mm, the gain is increased by 5.8 dBi and
is shifted upward, in which similar gain variations are also shown
when other dimension of the metal plate is used. More importantly,
the proposed antenna is less sensitive to the size of the metal plate.
The measured peak realized gain on a metal plate of 200 mm ×
200 mm is shown for comparison, which shows that the maximum
gain is found to be about 2 dBi at 922 MHz. It is also seen that the
radiation efficiency is about 33% within the operating bandwidth.
For the measurement of AR, the maximum power (Pth,max ) and
minimum power (Pth,min ) of the backscattered signal are received
from the tag antenna by an LP reader antenna as the tag antenna
keeps a rotation in the xoy plane with an interval of 10° [10], thus
the AR can be expressed as
 
ARtag = Pth,max Pth,min .
The simulated and measured AR curves are plotted in
Fig. 9(b). It can be observed that the CP mode is excited at
922 MHz, and 3-dB AR bandwidth is about 1.3 MHz (921.6–922.9
MHz), which has a little discrepancy with the simulated results
owing to the fabrication and experimental tolerances.
The RD at the boresight direction is measured by using an
8 dBi RHCP reader shown in Fig. 9(b). It is seen that the maximum
RD is about 22.4 m at 922 MHz. Fig. 10 depicts the radiation
power pattern of the proposed CP tag antenna. It is clearly seen
that the simulated and measured patterns are in good agreement,
and the proposed tag antenna has a symmetrical and directional
pattern with RHCP radiation. Furthermore, the left-handed circular
polarization is 33 dB less than RHCP in broadside direction at
922 MHz, which illustrates that a good RHCP radiation is produced.
The corresponding RD patterns are also plotted in Fig. 11. It is
TABLE I
Fig. 11. RD patterns at 922 MHz in xoz plane and yoz plane.
observed that the RD maintains above 10 m in the angular range of
−60° ≤ θ ≤ 60° approximately in the xoz and yoz planes.
Table I shows the comparison between the proposed CP tag
antenna and some of the CP UHF tag antennas. As can be seen
in Table I, the CP tags in [5], [6], and [8]–[10] are not suitable
for metal objects though the tags have wider 3-dB AR band-
width. The tag in [11] can achieve a large 3-dB AR bandwidth of
20 MHz, but it has a much larger footprint and smaller RD of 4.25 m.
Although the tag in [12] has a slightly larger AR bandwidth, its
achievable RD and maximum gain are 4 m and −8 dBi, respectively.
Similarly, in [13], shorter RD and lower maximum gain with slightly
larger tag’s footprints can be observed when compared with the
proposed design. The tag in [14] has a slightly larger AR bandwidth,
but the RD and maximum gain are still much smaller than the
proposed tag, and the profile of the tag is twice larger than that
of the proposed tag. Compared with the tag in [15], the proposed
tag has a larger gain and it can be read from 22.4 m though the
AR bandwidth is 1.3 MHz, which is suitable for applications that
require long-range communications in a metal environment.
(6) IV. CONCLUSION
A UHF CP tag antenna with long RD has been demonstrated
for metal objects in this letter. A cross slot is etched on the top
patch to provide two orthogonal fields, and a proximity coupled-fed
microstrip line in this design is used to produce 90° phase shift
between two adjacent feedings and improve the impedance match.
An ECM is also constructed to provide an insight on the impedance
characteristics. It is demonstrated that the proposed tag antenna has
a 3 dB AR bandwidth of 1.3 MHz and a maximum gain of 2 dBi
at 922 MHz. The measured RD is about 22.4 m when the tag is
attached to a metal plate with a dimension of 200 mm × 200 mm.
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