LTE System Overview: HetNet, FusionNet, VoLTE, and IOT Applications

LTE System Overview
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LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 LTE is a milestone in the communications industry. The costs on deployment and

terminals can be significantly reduced, which is beneficial to operators and equipment
manufacturers.

LTE System Overview
 Heterogeneous Network, or HetNet for short, stands for the different types of base
stations (macro, micro, pico, relay) operating on different technologies (GSM,
WCDMA and LTE) are used together in the same network to build the good coverage
and high capacity, that end-users demand from their operator. This concept is
contrary to ‘homogeneous’ networks, HomoNet for short, that are mainly built with one
type of base station, often macro.
 FusionNet
 Huawei in Barcelona at the Mobile World Congress (MWC 2013)
demonstrated the next generation LTE-B (R12/R13) network architecture
FusionNet. It combines multi-system, multi-band, multi-layer heterogeneous
networks, improved 500% cell edge user throughput, which really create
borderless networks.
 The core of FusionNet is based on LTE-B techniques (such as multi-flow
aggregation, interference coordination, service adaptation, spectrum efficiency
optimization, etc.). With the existing LTE, LTE-A (such as multi-point
coordinate, carrier aggregation), FusionNet realizes multi-system, multi-band,
multi-layer network of deep integration, to help operators significantly reduce
CAPEX and OPEX, allowing users to enjoy ultra-broadband, zero-waiting and
ubiquitous connectivity.

LTE System Overview
 3GPP creates a new generation of wireless communication systems, with wireless

access capabilities beyond existing network, fully support high-performance data
services, and leading the next 10 years.
 Technical advantages to 3G: High data throughput,

PS transmission, lower latency, wider coverage and
downward compatibility

LTE System Overview
 The detail spectrum used by operators is listed as following:

LTE System Overview
 CPE & Dongle plays a very important role in the initial LTE business development.
 Currently, Smartphones are the largest LTE device category.

LTE System Overview
 SoLoMo, which is put forward by John Doerr in the KPCB company, suggests that the
future trend of mobile Internet is social network, LBS(location based search), and
mobility (in any time at any where).
 Nowadays, most applications of IOT(the Internet of things), such as monitoring,
charging, and payment, do not occupy a large amount of bandwidth, therefore,
actually, more than half of the IOT applications are supported by 2G networks. Even
for some applications supported by 3G networks, the rate of 384 kbit/s is enough.
However, some operators, such as Softbank in Japan, suggest that, during the
development of IOT in the future, video applications will occupy a large amount of
bandwidth, for instant, in intelligent medical application, remote medical treatment and
remote medical training have already become the essential components; and in an
intelligent electricity grid,the remote video monitoring system, remote repair videos
collectting system, and remote scheduling and directing are necessarily to be
equipped with; and in an intelligent city, almost all the cities hold the security
supervision video system. With sufficient frequencies and bandwidth, the LTE system
can supports both communication services among people that require large capacity
and IOT services that require high bandwidth and real-time performance. Besides, it
is the feature of LTE ,variable channel bandwidths, that make the planning and
configuration more flexible according to the available spectrum and required
networking, facilitating the IOT future development. Therefore, operators have high
expectations to the IOT development in the LTE age.

LTE System Overview
 LBS(location based service )

 LBS is a kind of service providing various services related with location, also
called mobile position services(MPS). It involves two meanings: determining
the location of the mobile device or user, and providing diversified information
services related with location. For example, locating the position of a mobile
phone user, and then searching and providing names and addresses of
nearby hotels, cinemas, libraries, gas stations within 1000 meters.In short,
LBS realizes position and service for mobile users and fixed things with the
help of the Internet and wireless network.
 With the advent of LTE, smart phone with IOS(iPhone operating systems) and
Android operating systems will make a full play and users can enjoy a faster data rate
with cheaper price. Nowadays, all various IOT applications can be easily moved to
mobile phones. With smart phones, tablets, and other kinds of portable mobile
devices, subscribers can enjoy rich services such as HD videos and interactive
games, etc that are only be provided via Internet before, Other applications are as
follows:
 Mobile remote medical treatment: 4G networks make remote medical
treatment possible by transmitting real-time data and live images. In a live
game or an ambulance, the 4G network transmits in real time the patient‘s
condition to medical experts, who can immediately evaluate the condition and
provide guidance. By doing so, patients in imminent danger can be cured in
time so as not to miss the “golden half hour”. At present, there is a pilot project
in Hangzhou in China, in which special devices which can detect patient’s
blood pressure or blood sugar all day long and transmit the data to the hospital
is equipped in certain people with high blood pressure and diabetes.
 Mobile HD video monitoring: Wired video monitoring mainly applies to fixed
scenarios and cannot satisfy the demands of mobile scenarios, such as
vehicles. 4G networks can provide wireless video monitoring for buses as long
as the bus lines are covered by wireless networks. LTE provides high
transmission rate for the uplink, making it possible for 4G networks to provide
wireless backhaul of video signals. By doing so, real-time video monitoring is
achieved. Compared with wired video monitoring that are restricted by high
costs and natural condition limitations, wireless video monitoring can not only
conveniently provide video backhaul for unreachable areas, but also easily
monitor some unattended regions, such as oil fields, dams, forests, and
coastlines.
 Wireless interview: in 4G age, wireless interviews will become more and more
popular. In a wireless interview, the interviewer can send the interview images
directly to the collection center,not via interview bus, for editing and publishing
by using a wireless video recorder that supports the 4G network. In the
recorder, a 4G module or 4G internet card is imbedded. By doing so, the
interview becomes much easier even in emergency.
 Real-time transmission of off-site games: 4G networks make it possible for
people to enjoy a exciting sports game via an outdoor large screen, while not
necessarily going to the sport at person. For example, in Asian Games, the
main venue in Guangzhou and the monitoring center can acquire the latest
news about the games held in sub-venues with the help of 4G networks.
Especially in aquatic games, the CPE(the LTE terminal) is installed on the
shore of the river where a game is held or on the bow of a sailboat to help
send the real-time data to audience.

LTE System Overview
 SRVCC: Single Radio Voice Call Continuity

 SVLTE: Simultaneous Voice and LTE
 Network strategies for delivering voice to LTE subscribers:
 Option 1: To start using CSFB voice solution as an intermediate step, migrate
to IMS/SRVCC as the target solution when it is available and mature.
 Option 2: To straight forward move to IMS/SRVCC. (SRVCC supports the
LTE+IMS VoIP handover to 2G/3G CS voice when out of LTE coverage)

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 The LTE network has a flat architecture, which has the following characteristics:
 The RNC is removed from the radio access network. The only NE in the radio
access network is the NodeB.
 The MSC server and MGW are removed from the core network. Voice
services are provided based on IP.
 The PS domain of the core network adopted an architecture similar to
softswitch. It separates the control plane from user plane.
 The mobility management entity (MME) stores UE contexts on the
control plane, including the ID, status, and tracking area of the UE. It
manages and allocates an ID to an UE. The MME also performs
functions such as mobility management, authentication, key
management, encryption, and integrity protection.
 A serving gateway (SGW) provides functions such as paging,
information management for a UE in idle state, mobility management,
encryption on the user plane, PDCP, SAE bearer control, and
encryption and integrity protection for NAS signaling.
 It is an all-IP network.
 The reasons for this design are as follows:
 Too many network layers make it impossible to meet the requirement for low
delay, which is less than 10 ms on the radio network side.
 The all-IP network has the lowest costs because the VoIP technology is
already mature.

LTE System Overview
 HSS (Home Subscriber Server) is considered to be a “master” database. Although

logically it is considered as one entity, the HSS in practice is made up of several
physical databases depending on the number of subscribers and redundancy
requirements. The HSS holds variables and identities for the support, establishment
and maintenance of calls and sessions made by subscribers.
 PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function) supports functionality for policy
control and charging control. As such, it provides bearer network control in terms of
QoS and the allocation of the associated charging vectors.

LTE System Overview
 NAS denotes the protocols between the UE and the MME, which implements the
mobility management and session management procedures. The NAS protocols,
EPS Mobility management (EMM) and EPS Session Management (ESM), are
designed for E-UTRAN access and defined in 3GPP TS 24.301
 In contrast to many of the other protocols in EPS, the S1-AP protocol is designed for
a single interface, namely the MME to eNodeB interface. The protocol is named after
the interface name (S1) and the addition of AP (Application Part) which is the 3GPP
term for signaling protocol between two nodes.
 S1-AP supports all mechanisms necessary for the procedures between MME
and eNodeB and it also supports transparent transport for procedures that are
executed between the MME and the UE.
 The reliability of transmission for S1-AP is provided by SCTP (Stream Control
Transmission

LTE System Overview
 The user plane essentially is an IP-connectivity access bearer between UE and a P-

GW. User data is transfered over the bearer. P-GW as a gateway, is responsible for
forwarding IP packets between UE and the PDN.

LTE System Overview
 The X2 interface interconnects two eNBs and in so doing supports both a Control
Plane and User Plane. The principle Control Plane protocol is X2AP (X2 Application
Protocol). This resides on SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) where as
the User Plane IP is transferred using the services of GTP-U (GPRS Tunneling
Protocol - User) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

LTE System Overview
 First step (dotted line): subscriber perform registration to MME, MME then select a
Serving GW and a PDN GW, allocate resource, and PDN GW gives the UE an IP
address, after everything is ready, MME send accept message to UE.
 Second step (solid line): UE use the IP address from core network, and access the
external network, like internet.

LTE System Overview
An VoIMS call flow has two general steps:

1. UE initiate a request to MME.
2. MME try to create a bearer for voice session, MME request EPC-GW for bearer
establish. PDN GW goes for PCRF for QoS determination. PDN GW communicate
with IMS, SIP is used to inform the called party information.
3. IMS try to find the called party
4. A dedicated bearer is created for voice traffic, now the UE can talk with the called
party.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 OFDM has a history of 40 years in application, and it is initially used in radio

communications in military.
 In 1950s, American military established the first multi-carrier modulation system.
 In 1970s, the OFDM system with massive subcarriers appeared. However, mass
commercial application did not appear due to the system complexity and high costs.
 In 1990s, with the development of digital communication technologies, IFFT on the
OFDM transmitter side and FFT on the OFDM receiver side reduces system
complexity, enabling OFDM to be widely used.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 The multiple-access technology is used to distinguish users in a system, including

FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.
 FDMA: The first-generation mobile telecommunications uses FDMA, which divides a
frequency into multiple channels and is easy to deploy. However, the system capacity
is limited due to limited frequency resources.
 TDMA: Based on FDMA, TDMA divides each frequency in both the frequency domain
and time domain, increasing the system capacity and improving the spectral
efficiency.
 CDMA: CDMA distinguishes users based on the frequency, time, and code. In this
way, the system capacity is further improved. However, CDMA has a high
requirement in interference resistance technology.
 In terms of capacity, the capacity of a TDMA system is four to six times as large as
that of an FDMA system while the capacity of a CDMA system is ten to twenty times
as large as that of an FDMA system.
 The system capacity is closely related to the carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR), which
refers to a ratio of the strength of a carrier signal to the strength of an interfering
signal in a radio channel. If a large CIR is required, the interference resistance of the
system is weak, and the system capacity is small.
 In terms of deployment, FDMA is the easiest one while CDMA is the most
complicated one.
 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of
the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme. As
shown in the figure, a bandwidth is divided into smaller units, that is, subcarrier.
These subcarriers are grouped and allocated to UE. The UE can be allocated with
different resources in both the time domain and frequency domain.

LTE System Overview
 DM:
 Emphasize how to reuse multiple data, but no matter whether these data are
used by one or several users
 DMA:
 Emphasize how to reuse data from multiple users

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 Compared with CDMA, OFDMA has the following advantages:

 Effectively eliminating multipath interference in radio communications by using
cyclic prefixes
 Achieving orthogonal frequency multiplexing between users with an ensured
spectral efficiency
 Combining OFDM and MIMO Technology
 Supporting frequency link adaptation and multi-user scheduling
 OFDMA is a multiple-access modulation scheme based on resources in the time and
frequency domains. The smallest resource in the frequency domain is subcarriers and
the smallest unit in the time domain is slot. For scheduling, the smallest unit is RB,
which occupies 12 subcarriers in frequency domain, and 1ms in time domain.

LTE System Overview
 Compared with OFDMA, SC_FDMA has the following advantages:

 Lower PAPR, facilitating the design of UE PAs
 Achieving orthogonal frequency multiplexing between users with an ensured
spectral efficiency
 Achieving multiplexing by using DFT and orthogonal subcarrier mapping
 Supporting frequency link adaptation and multi-user scheduling

LTE System Overview
 A graphical comparison of OFDMA and SC-FDMA as shown in the slide is helpful in

understanding the differences between these two modulation schemes. For clarity
this example uses only four (M) subcarriers over two symbol periods with the payload
data represented by quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation. As described
earlier, real LTE signals are allocated in units of 12 adjacent subcarriers.
 Visually, the OFDMA signal is clearly multi-carrier with one data symbol per
subcarrier, but the SC-FDMA signal appears to be more like a single-carrier (hence
the “SC” in the SC-FDMA name) with each data symbol being represented by one
wide signal. Note that OFDMA and SC-FDMA symbol lengths are the same at 66.7
μs; however, the SC-FDMA symbol contains M “sub-symbols” that represent the
modulating data. It is the parallel transmission of multiple symbols that creates the
undesirable high PAR of OFDMA. By transmitting the M data symbols in series at M
times the rate, the SC-FDMA occupied bandwidth is the same as multi-carrier
OFDMA. But, crucially, the PAR is the same as that used for the original data
symbols. Adding together many narrow-band QPSK waveforms in OFDMA will
always create higher peaks than would be seen in the wider-bandwidth, single-carrier
QPSK waveform of SC-FDMA. As the number of subcarriers M increases, the PAR of
OFDMA with random modulating data approaches Gaussian noise statistics but,
regardless of the value of M, the SC-FDMA PAR remains the same as that used for
the original data symbols.

LTE System Overview
 TDD:
 Advantages: TDD is used for scenarios where traffic is unbalanced. It
allocates different amount of time slots to the uplink and downlink, improving
the flexibility and spectral efficiency.
 Disadvantages: TDD is complicated and requires GPS synchronization and
phase synchronization. The interference between the DL and UL is difficult to
control.
 FDD:
 Advantages: FDD is easy to accomplish.
 Disadvantages: Spectral efficiency is low, when the uplink and downlink traffic
(primarily data services) is unbalanced.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 Each 10 ms radio frame consists of two half-frames of 5 ms each. Each half-frame

consists of eight slots of length 0.5 ms and three special fields: DwPTS, GP and
UpPTS (DwPTS+GP+UpPTS=1ms).
 GP is reserved for downlink to uplink transition. Other Subframes are assigned for
either downlink or uplink transmission.
 Uplink and downlink transmissions are separated in the time domain.

LTE System Overview
 LTE FDD only has one kind subframe allocation for DL/UL, which is 1:1, and can’t
make full use of frequency spectrum as much as possible based on service
requirement.
 TD-LTE has 7 kinds of subframe allocation ranging from 0 to 6, which can be
adjusted based on different service types, to satisfy the unbalanced service
requirement from DL and UL, and improve frequency efficiency as much as possible.
 To save network consumption, DwPTS can be used to transmit such downlink
channels as PCFICH, PDCCH, PHICH, PDSCH and P-SCH; UpPTS can be used to
transmit Sounding RS and PRACH Preamble.
 UpPTS mainly carries short RACH and Sounding RS
 Short RACH can be configured，occupied 1 OFDM symbol
 SRS definitely exists，occrupied 1 OFDM symbol
 DL/UL Subframe Allocation Item
 Subframe 1 in all configurations and subframe 6 in configuration with 5ms
switch-point periodicity consist of DwPTS, GP and UpPTS.
 Subframes 0 and 5 and DwPTS are always reserved for DL transmission

LTE System Overview
 Note:
 1. RTDmax = GP * (Tsymbol) – 17 – 20
 2. largest coverage distance by theory = 3 * 10e8* RTDmax/2

LTE System Overview
 Because of propagation delay of wireless signals, the received data in UE side will be
△t delayed compared with the data sent in eNodeB side, so to compensate such
delay, UE need to send signals in advance by △t. On the other hand, there is transfer
time of Tdu for UE to transfer from receiving DL signals to sending UL signals.
Therefore, the biggest transmission propagation distance is restricted by the following
formula:
 GP≥2△t +Tdu
 3GPP TS 36.104 requires the transfer time Tdu of device shouldn’t be larger than
17us.
 The length of GP determines the cell radius supported, and the maximum cell radius
for LTE TDD can be up to 100km.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 The OFDM signal provides some protection in the frequency domain due to the
orthogonality of the subcarriers. The main issue is with delay spread, i.e. multipath
interference.
 The figure illustrates two of the main multipath effects, namely delay and attenuation.

LTE System Overview
 The delayed signal can manifest itself as ISI (Inter Symbol Interference), whereby one
symbol impacts the next.
 ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) is typically reduced with “equalizers”. However, for the
equalizer to be effective a known bit pattern or “training sequence” is required.
However, this reduces the system capacity, as well as impacts processing on a
device. Instead, OFDM systems employ a CP (Cyclic Prefix).

LTE System Overview
 A CP (Cyclic Prefix) is utilized in most OFDM systems to combat multipath delays. It

effectively provides a guard period for each OFDM symbol. The figure illustrates the
Cyclic Prefix and its location in the OFDM Symbol. Notice that the Cyclic Prefix is
effectively a copy taken from the back of the original symbol which is then placed in
front of the symbol to make the OFDM symbol (Ts).
 The size of the Cyclic Prefix relates to the maximum delay spread the system can
tolerate. As such, systems designed for macro coverage, i.e. large cells, should have
a large CP. This does however impact the system capacity since the number of
symbols per second is reduced.

LTE System Overview
 A PRB (Physical Resource Block) consists of 12 consecutive subcarriers and lasts for
one slot, i.e. 0.5ms. The figure illustrates the size of a PRB.
 The NRBDL parameter is used to define the number of RB (Resource Blocks) used in
the DL (Downlink). This is dependent on the channel bandwidth. In contrast, N RBUL is
used to identify the number of resource blocks in the uplink. Each RB (Resource
Block) consists of NSCRB subcarriers, which for standard operation is set to 12. In
addition, another configuration is available when using MBSFN and a 7.5kHz
subcarrier spacing.
 The PRB is used to identify an allocation. It typically includes 6 or 7 symbols,
depending on whether an extended or normal cyclic prefix is configured.
 The term RE (Resource Element) is used to describe one subcarrier lasting one
symbol. This can then be assigned to carry modulated information, reference
information or nothing.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 The concept of “channels” is not new. Both GSM and UMTS defined various channel
categories, and the terminology of channels for LTE is closer to UMTS. Broadly there
are four categories of channels, which are logical channels, transport channels,
physical channels and radio channels.
 RLC layer passes data to MAC layers as logical channels. Logical channels define
the type of information to be transferred.
 MAC layer formats and sends the logical channel data to PHY layer as transport
channel. Transport channels define how and in which format the information is
transferred.
 Physical layer encodes the transport channel data to physical channels. Physical
channels define the physical resource for information to be transferred between air
interface.
 The term “radio channel” is typically used to describe the overall channel, i.e. the
downlink and uplink carriers for FDD or TDD operation.

LTE System Overview
 There are various options for multiplexing multiple bearers together, such that Logical
Channels may be mapped to one or more Transport Channels. These in turn are
mapped into Physical Channels.
 PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel): the coded BCH transport block is mapped to 4
sub-frames within a 40ms interval. 40ms timing is blindly detected, i.e. there is no
explicit signaling indicating 40ms timing. Each sub-frame is assumed to be self-
decodable, i.e. the BCH can be decoded from a single reception, assuming
sufficiently good channel conditions. PBCH uses QPSK modulation.
 PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel): used to indicate the number of
OFDM symbols used for PDCCH. PCFICH uses QPSK modulation.
 PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel): informs the UE about the resource
allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and HARQ information related to DL-SCH, carries the
uplink scheduling grant. PDCCH uses QPSK modulation.
 PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel): carriers HARQ ACK/NACKs in
response to uplink transmission. PHICH uses QPSK modulation.
 PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel): carries the DL-SCH and PCH. PDSCH
can use QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM modulation.
 PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel): carries the random access preamble,
which are generated from ZC sequences with zero correlation zone, generated from
one or several root ZC sequences. The location of PRACH is defined by higher layer
signalling.
 PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel): carries HARQ ACK/NACKs in response
to downlink transmission, scheduling request, CQI reports. PUCCH uses BPSK and
QPSK modulation.
 PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel): carries the UL-SCH, carries both

LTE System Overview
signalling and user data, in addition to UL control information. UE is not allowed to

transmit the PUCCH and PUSCH at the same time. PUSCH can use QPSK, 16QAM,
and 64QAM modulation.

LTE System Overview
 Reference signal is a special data sequence which is located at specific location

(resource elements) in DL/UL frame which is supposed to be decoded by UE/eNodeB
and taken as a signal for RSRP, RSRQ.

LTE System Overview
 The downlink reference signals consist of known reference symbols inserted in the
first and third last OFDM symbol of each slot. There is one reference signal
transmitted per downlink antenna port. The number of downlink antenna ports equals
1, 2, or 4.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 UE reports CSI(CQI+PMI+RI) based on C-RS measurement.

 eNodeB schedules UE DL data by PDCCH.
 The CCE aggregation level and MCS, MIMO are determined based on reported CSI.

LTE System Overview
 UE sends sounding RS periodically.

 eNodeB schedules UE UL data by PDCCH based on SR and BSR&PHR.
 The UL MCS is determined based on the received SRS.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 PCI is decoded from Synchronization Channel.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 PLMN Selection in Automatic Mode

 When a UE fails to register on its last registered PLMN, the UE attempts to select another PLMN.
In automatic network selection mode, the UE selects a PLMN in the following order:
 The EHPLMN with the highest priority if the EHPLMN list is available and contains at least
one EHPLMN, or the HPLMN if the EHPLMN list is blank or unavailable.
 Each combination of PLMN with radio access technology (RAT) in the "User Controlled
PLMN Selector with Access Technology" data file in the USIM, in order of priority.
 Each combination of PLMN with RAT in the "Operator Controlled PLMN Selector with
Access Technology" data file in the USIM, in order of priority.
 Other combinations of PLMNs with RATs providing high-quality signals, in a random order.
A high-quality signal is defined as the Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) value of
a cell in the combination of PLMN with RAT being greater than or equal to -110 dBm.
 Other combinations of PLMNs with RATs in order of descending RX signal quality.
 When the UE finds a suitable cell in a PLMN during the preceding procedure, the UE attempts to
register on the PLMN. If the registration is successful, the UE camps on the suitable cell;
otherwise, the UE tries the next PLMN.
 If the registration on none of the PLMNs is successful, the UE enters the limited service state. If
no PLMN is available, the UE cannot obtain any service.
 Roaming
 When in roaming state, a UE obtains service from a VPLMN that is different from its HPLMN. For
example, the UE obtains service from a PLMN in another country (that is, from an international
roaming area). When the UE with the roaming service moves out of the coverage area of its
HPLMN, the UE can obtain service from another PLMN according to the PLMN information stored
in the USIM. The operator determines whether roaming is allowed for a UE.
 After the UE registers on a VPLMN by roaming, it periodically searches for its HPLMN and

LTE System Overview
attempts to return to the HPLMN. The time interval between consecutive searches for the
HPLMN is defined by the operator and stored in the USIM.

LTE System Overview
 A UE considers an E-UTRAN cell as a suitable cell only when the measured RSRP
and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) values of the cell are greater than the
receive (RX) level threshold (Qrxlevmin) and the RX signal quality threshold
(QqualMin) for the cell, respectively.
 An E-UTRAN cell becomes a suitable cell when both the following conditions are met:
 Srxlev > 0 Squal > 0
 Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) – Pcompensation
 Squal = Qqualmeas - (QQualMin + QQualMinOffset)
Parameter Description
Qrxlevmeas Measured RSRP value
Qrxlevmin Minimal Required Rx level (dBm) in SIB1
Qrxlevminoffset Offset to Qrxlevmin, relative with PLMN priority. QrxlevminOffset is only applied
when a cell is evaluated for cell selection as a result of a periodic search for a higher
priority PLMN while camped normally in a VPLMN in SIB1
Pcompensation max (PMaximum allowed power – PUE MAX Output Power, 0), where PMaximum allowed power is sent in
SIB1
Qqualmeas measured RX signal quality (RSRQ value) of the cell, expressed in units of dB.
Qqualmin Minimal required signal quality
QqualMinOffset Offset to Qqualmin, relative with PLMN priority. QqualMinOffset is only applied when
a cell is evaluated for cell reselection as a result of a periodic search for a higher
priority PLMN while camped normally in a VPLMN in SIB1

LTE System Overview
 Random access purpose:

 A user accesses the network and acquires a UE ID used by the eNodeB to
identify the UE.
 The UE is time-synchronized in the uplink.
 Random access scenarios:
 Initial access.
 Handover between cells.
 The UE is out of synchronization in the uplink.
 An error has occurred in the downlink and the UE re-establishes the link.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 SISO（Single input single output）

 SISO is the basic radio channel access mode, it is the default method in radio
communication system at the beginning.
 MISO(Diversity transmitting mode)
 MISO, multiple input single output, in other words, it means two or multi-transmitter
but one receiver. Because the same information transmitted by different antenna,
which can enhance the robustness against fading and improve the transmission
performance in low SNR scenarios. It can be used at the same rate with lower
transmission power but cannot improves the transmission rate.
 SIMO(Diversity receiving mode)
 SIMO is opposition with MISO. SIMO means single input multiple output, namely two
or more receivers but one transmitters, usually refers to the receive diversity. SIMO
is similar to transmit diversity which is particularly suitable for low SNR scenarios. In
this scenario, if you use dual receiver, in theory, the gain will be 3dB. Compared with
transmit diversity, the cell edge coverage has improved because the SNR has
improved when using receive diversity.
 MIMO（Multiple input multiple output）
 MIMO, two or more receivers and two or more transmitters. This model is not only
the simple sum of SIMO and MISO, because multiple data streams are
simultaneously transmitted in frequency domain and time domain to fully utilize the
radio channel in different paths. For MIMO system, the number of multiple receivers
must be at least equal to transmit data stream. (Notes: Number of transmit data
stream may be unequal to number of transmit antenna).

LTE System Overview
 In wireless communications system, use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and
receiver improves communication performance. It is generally called MIMO technology.
 Definitions:
 In wide sense, LTE-oriented multi-antenna technologies are called MIMO, which
is specialized in spatial multiplexing of radio channels. Multi-antenna technologies
can be divided into three main categories, diversity, MIMO, and beamforming,
which improve the robustness of signals, system capacity, and single-user rate.
These technologies vary in performance and costs.
 In narrow sense, there are three multi-antenna technologies in the downlink LTE
system: MISO, SIMO, and MIMO. The core of the MIMO technology is signal
processing in time and space. Spatial multiplexing greatly improves the channel
capacity, while space diversity improves the channel reliability and reduces the
BER. After deploying MIMO in OFDM systems, time, frequency, and space
diversities are enabled, greatly increasing the resistance ability to noise,
interference, and multipath in wireless systems. For the UL, receive diversity must
be enabled on an eNodeB with two or four RX antennas. Due to UE costs and
battery lifespan, a UE can be configured with only one transmitter. Therefore, two
UEs working at the same frequency and time supports MU-MIMO.
 As specified in MIMO, the terms input and output refer to the input and output of radio
channels.
 Multiple antennas or array antennas are adopted at both the transmitter and receiver.
Multiple antennas at the transmitter receive multiple signals from the radio channel, and
multiple antennas at the receiver send multiple signals to the radio channel. By precoding
and decoding these data streams, the multi-antenna receiver improves the
communication performance.

LTE System Overview
 Spatial multiplexing
 Different antennas transmit different data.
 The division mode directly increases capacity.
 The number of receive antennas cannot be less than that of transmit
antennas.
 Transmit diversity
 Different antennas transmit the same data.
 The division mode indirectly increases capacity.
 The number of receive antennas can be less than that of transmit antennas.
 Beamforming
 The transmitter weights data before transmission to form a narrow beam
towards the target UE. This allows the target UE to have centralized energy,
increases the SNR for demodulation, and improves user experience at the cell
edge.
 Based on the correlation between signals transmitted by antennas with a short
distance (generally half of the wavelength) and the interference between
transmitted waves, a narrow beam is formed for each subscriber so that the
energy of each narrow beam is intensive. Therefore, the interference is
reduced and the coverage is increased.

LTE System Overview
 The purpose of the pre-coding is based on the optimal transmission characteristics of the
channel, so that when the signal is received, it can more easily be separated and then
restored to the original data stream.
 The intention of SU-MIMO is to increase the rate of a single user, which would also
enhance the capacity of the cell. The figure shows that two different data streams are
assigned to the same UE. SU-MIMO can be used for uplink or downlink.
 The second scenario is multi-user MIMO(MU-MIMO), which is just implemented in uplink
nowadays. MU-MIMO can’t increase the rate of a single user, but can enhance cell capacity
gain, it is similar to SU-MIMO or better. The figure shows that two data streams come from
different UEs, and there is not physical connection between two transmitters, which means
no chance to mix two data flows to optimize channel coding. However, the spatial
separation method improves the opportunity for eNodeB to collect irrelevance channel of
UE. Thus, compared to the pre-encoded SU-MIMO, it maximizes the possible capacity gain.
Another advantage of MU-MIMO is the UE doesn’t raise the power of the transmitter, but the
cell capacity stills can improve.
 The third scenarios is Co-MIMO, the essence of this mode is the end point of two
transmitters have been associated. The figure shows that in DL scenario, through sharing
data stream and pre-coding spatial separate antenna cooperation, two eNodeBs can better
communicate with at least one UE. This is the best methods in the cell edge, where the
SINR will suffer but the radio channel is non-related, so it will potential enhance the system
coverage. Co-MIMO can also be used in the uplink by theory, but it is difficult to be applied
because there is no physical connection between UE. That’s why Co-MIMO pre-coding is
not used in MU-MIMO uplink. Uplink Co-MIMO also names virtual MIMO. There is no Co-
MIMO defined in 3GPP R8 protocol, it will be studied and achieved in 3GPP R9/R10, to
satisfy the requirement of IMT-Advance 4G.

LTE System Overview
 The core of the MIMO technology is signal processing in time and space.
 Spatial multiplexing greatly improves the channel capacity.
 Spatial multiplexing improves the channel reliability, decreases the BER, and
optimizes the system coverage.
 MIMO technologies change the passive factors in traditional communications,
such as multipath fading, to positive factors for user communications, and
greatly improve the transmission rate by using random fading and possible
multipath propagation. In this way, the peak rate is increased.

LTE System Overview
DL SU-MIMO DL MU-MIMO UL SU-MIMO UL MU-MIMO

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 Deployment stage
 Self-planning: generates network parameters automatically
 Self-deployment: configures parameters and upgrades software automatically
 Network maintenance stage
 Self-optimization: Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR), Mobility Robust
Optimization(MRO), and Mobility Load Balancing (MLB)
 Easy to maintain: such as UE tracing and alarm management
 Disadvantages of traditional network plan and optimization
 High labor costs
 Neighbor relationship configuration requires a lot of network planning
and labor.
 Base station activation requires manual software loading and data
configuration.
 Mistakes are frequently made, affecting handover success and network
performance.
 Mistakes are often made when configuring neighbor relationship
manually because network neighbor relationship is not the same as
geographic neighbor relationship. Therefore, handover failures and
interference occur.

LTE System Overview
 Advantages of SON
 Reduces labor costs.
 Self-configuration, self-optimization, and self-healing reduce labor
costs to the minimum, making the network cost-effective.
 The ANR function configures neighbor relationship, ensuring the best neighbor
relationship configuration.
 Based on the UE measurement, the ANR function automatically
configures, adds, and removes neighbor relationship that is the same
as the actual neighbor relationship. In this way, mistakes are avoided
and handover success rate improves.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 Intra-band CA (2.6G, 1.8G)

 Inter-band CA (2.6G+1.8G, 2.6G+800M, 1.8G+800M, AWS+700M)

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 Multiple geographically separated transmission points are coordinated to improve

transmission to one UE

LTE System Overview
 Eran3.0/6.0 or later version support this function.

LTE System Overview
 Eran7.0 or later version support this function.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 Heterogeneous Network, or HetNet for short, stands for the different types of base
stations (macro, micro, pico, relay) operating on different technologies (GSM,
WCDMA and LTE) are used together in the same network to build the good coverage
and high capacity, that end-users demand from their operator. This concept is
contrary to ‘homogeneous’ networks, HomoNet for short, that are mainly built with one
type of base station, often macro.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 The MBMS is a point to multipoint service in which data is transmitted from a single
source to multiple recipients known as a multicast group. This provides a more
efficient mechanism for the delivery of services such as Mobile TV multiplayer gaming
and other group based services.
 eMBMS is evolved MBMS, specially refer to MBMS application in LTE, which is the
name for Huawei LTE MBMS feature.
 Introduction to additional NEs for eMBMS
 MCE (Multi-cell/ multicast Coordination Entity) is responsible for admission
control and the allocation of the radio resource used in the eNBs in the
MBSFN area. Although the specification don’t preclude the positioning of the
MCE in any NE, it is envisaged that it will form part of the eNB.
 BM-SC (Broadcast Multicast – Service Centre) provides functions for the
MBMS user service, providing provisioning and delivery. It may be used as an
entry point for external content providers in addition to authorizing and
initiating MBMS bearer services, etc.
 MBMS-GW (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service-GateWay) supports
the transfer of control plane and user plane information from the BM-SC to the
MME and eNB respectively. It also allocates an IP multicast address to the
eNB which should be used to receive the MBMS data.

LTE System Overview
 In addition to the NEs and associated functions already discussed, MBMS also utilize
a number of “areas“. These include the MBSFN Synchronization Area, MBSFN Area
and MBSFN Area Reserved Cell.
 MBSFN Synchronization Area is an area within the network where all eNBs can be
synchronized and perform MBSFN transmissions. These transmissions can further be
defined as a simulcast transmission of identical waveforms at the same time from
multiple cells. As such, these are seen as a single transmission with respect to the
UE. MBSFN synchronization area are capable of supporting one or more MBSFN
area.
 MBSFN Area (MA), the smallest area unit for wireless resource allocation, consists of
a group of cells within an MBSFN synchronization area which are coordinated to
achieve an MBSFN transmission. All cells within one MA will be allocated to the same
MBSFN subframe resource to transmit the same service data, so CEUs (Cell Edge
UEs) can get gain from MBSFN receiving diversity combination.
 MBSFN Area Reserved Cell is a cell within the MBSFN area which doesn’t
contribute to the MBSFN transmission. It is used for isolate different MAs or isolate
interference from unicast cell to MA. It may be able to transmit for other services but
this will be at a reduced power and the resource allocated for the MBSFN
transmission.

LTE System Overview
 Based on the protocol, a single cell can belong to maximumly 8 MA. Huawei eRAN7.0
only supports one cell belonging to one MA.

LTE System Overview
• The logical channels of MTCH (Multicast Traffic Channel) and MCCH (Multicast
Control Channel) are specially designed for LTE MBMS, carrying data of user plane
and control plane of eMBMS separately. They both are mapped to the transport
channel of MCH (Multicast Channel). In physical layer, PMCH (Physical Multicast
Channel) is mapped.
• Special design in LTE protocol L2 for eMBMS:
 PDCP: non-ROHC and non-Security for MTCH and MCCH
 The security function of eMBMS is implemented by application layer
between UE and BM-SC
 RLC: MTCH and MCCH use UM transmission mode
 MAC: no HARQ feedback
Radio Bearers
ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC

PDCP
Security Security Security Security
Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm.

RLC ... ... Segm. Segm.
ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc CCCH BCCH PCCH
MTCH MCCH
Logical Channels
Unicast Scheduling / Priority Handling MBMS Scheduling
MAC Multiplexing UE1 Multiplexing UEn Multiplexing
HARQ HARQ
Transport Channels

LTE System Overview
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LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 Huawei SingleBTS Base Stations meet diversified MBB Site Scenarios.

 Three standardized modules shared by all eNodeB portfolio

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 Operators need to dramatically improve network coverage with the installation of

more base stations. Yet. city planners are becoming increasingly strict on new
applications and asking some cellular must to be removed, the small size of blade site
enable operators to sidestep these issues.
 Blade Family
 Blade BBU  Blade Battery
 Outdoor  Outdoor
 Multi –RAT  30 minutes backup
 Co-control  Pole-mounted
 Co-transmission  Wall-mounted
 Blade RRU  Blade Microwave
 Outdoor  Outdoor access unit
 2T4R, 4T4R  4096QAM, 112MHz
 Multi-mode  SyncEth, IEEE1588v2
 Wideband  Double IF interfaces

LTE System Overview
 The BTS3203E can be used to eliminate coverage holes and expand capacity for
network hotspots in both indoor and outdoor application scenarios.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview
 The eNodeB LMT is mainly used to help Commissioning the eNodeB, locally locate
faults, and clear faults.
 You can operate and maintain the eNodeB through the LMT in the following scenarios:
 When the transmission between the eNodeB and the M2000 is unavailable,
you can Commissioning the eNodeB through the LMT.
 When the communication between the eNodeB and the M2000 fails, you can
locate and clear faults through the LMT.
 When alarms are generated on the eNodeB and related boards need to be
replaced locally, you can locate and clear faults through the LMT.

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview

Course Name

LTE System Overview
 Abbreviation
 UE: User Equipment
 E-UTRAN: Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
 MME: Mobility Management Entity
 SGW: Serving Gateway
 PDN-GW: Packet Data Network Gateway
 HSS: Home Subscriber Server
 PCRF: Policy Control and charging Rule Function
 IFFT: Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
 FFT: Fast Fourier Transform

LTE System Overview
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LTE System Overview

LTE System Overview: HetNet, FusionNet, VoLTE, and IOT Applications

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LTE System Overview

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 LTE is a milestone in the communications industry. The costs on deployment and

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 3GPP creates a new generation of wireless communication systems, with wireless

 Technical advantages to 3G: High data throughput,

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 The detail spectrum used by operators is listed as following:

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 LBS(location based service )

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 SRVCC: Single Radio Voice Call Continuity

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 HSS (Home Subscriber Server) is considered to be a “master” database. Although

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 The user plane essentially is an IP-connectivity access bearer between UE and a P-

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An VoIMS call flow has two general steps:

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 OFDM has a history of 40 years in application, and it is initially used in radio

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 The multiple-access technology is used to distinguish users in a system, including

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 Compared with CDMA, OFDMA has the following advantages:

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 Compared with OFDMA, SC_FDMA has the following advantages:

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 A graphical comparison of OFDMA and SC-FDMA as shown in the slide is helpful in

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 Each 10 ms radio frame consists of two half-frames of 5 ms each. Each half-frame

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 A CP (Cyclic Prefix) is utilized in most OFDM systems to combat multipath delays. It

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