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Paradigms of Smart Education with IoT Approach

Chapter · January 2022

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77528-5_11

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Paradigms of Smart Education with IoT
Approach

Dhirendra Pandey, Neha Singh, Virendra Singh, and Mohd Waris Khan

1  Introduction

The imparting and acquiring of knowledge through a holistic interaction between

the teachers and the learners is perhaps the best way to define education, especially
at the elementary level of education which begins in the school. There have been
numerous changes in teaching-learning processes through generations. While the
COVID-19 epidemic has ushered in a new era of online teaching and learning, the
traditional method of learning was based on “Gurukul” pedagogy. The main ideol-
ogy of Gurukuls was to transact subject knowledge along with instilling humane
values for the overall development of the learner. The concept of Gurukul was fol-
lowed where a teacher gives knowledge by reciting Vedas, culture, and behavior.
Traditional education is the foundation of conveying knowledge using rudimentary
tools. In schools and classrooms, teaching is done using preliminary equipment and
tools like blackboard, chalk duster, textbooks, and assignments. In traditional edu-
cation, the presence of the teacher in the classroom is compulsory, and students
must enroll themselves. Taking physical attendance of the students daily was
another key aspect for continuing the classes. No other source was available to gain
knowledge. If students had not been able to attend the class, they would be deprived
of basic education. This is the main reason many students do not get enough educa-
tion. The classes in traditional education systems were instructed by a teacher who

D. Pandey · N. Singh · V. Singh ()

Department of Information Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University,
Lucknow, India
M. W. Khan
Department of Computer Application, Integral University Lucknow,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
e-mail: mwariskhan@iul.ac.in

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 223

Switzerland AG 2022
S. Nandan Mohanty et al. (eds.), Internet of Things and Its Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77528-5_11
224 D. Pandey et al.

must also be present in a classroom to guide the students. The elementary goal of
traditional education is to make capable the child so that they can fulfill their basic
needs and survive in a society. In the conventional education system, students learn
about culture, customs, and traditions of and how to live in a society. The pedagogi-
cal approach in traditional modes of teaching and learning was based on oral recita-
tion with minimum written work and sessions mostly driven by teachers’ lectures.
Then the education system transformed from traditional to modern. And the era
of modern school has come with the introduction of smart technologies [1]. India
has 130 Crores population, and with such a huge figure, lots of institutions are
established regularly. However, despite the increasing number of institutions, liter-
acy rate is still not that much achieved in many states. And this is all because of
inefficient and less usage of technology. Hence, the effective use of technology is
very important to convert schools into smart schools, and the exponential increase
in population opens a prodigious room for smart education [6].
Before adding the concept of smart education, first it is important to understand
the IoT in layman’s term. IoT is an interconnected ecosystem with several intercon-
nected computers equipped with sensors that sense the data of its environment of
which it is stored, analyze, and then process in a device or a cloud. IoT gives the
leverage to remotely controlled devices and monitor appliances. Today, the educa-
tion that is provided schools is smart education, which is scientific and factual [3].
Modern education gives knowledge while also developing a student’s skills in sci-
ence, technology and medical. Digital and smart education uses a variety of tools
like smartphones, smart boards, tablets, laptops, projectors, digital textbooks, etc.
The presence of teacher is also not compulsory in a smart education system. Here,
the focus is on smart audio and video tools. In a smart education system, the teacher
is only a mentor who guides the students on digital tools, rears them to be indepen-
dent for self-learning, and customizes the learning style according to students’ pref-
erence [7]. Fig. 1 shows the difference between traditional and smart education.
Digital education learning system does not require the physical presence of the
students in a classroom regularly. They can easily get equal knowledge from sitting
anywhere in the world. Smart education gives flexibility to students, enabling them
to learn from their own place. Besides the advantage of remote learning, students
have the flexibility of repeating the lectures, learning at ease, and giving feedback
as well as digitally connecting with the teacher-trainer at their convenient time. By
this, they can easily create a suitable learning environment for them. Smart educa-
tion is also less costly as compared to the hefty fee charged in schools. There is a
large variety of courses available digitally that breaks the boundaries of the set syl-
labus that expands the learning range. Smart education gives multiple channels to
communicate with the teacher instead of waiting for the teacher with their restricted
schedule.
Smart education systems have numerous advantages over the traditional educa-
tion system. And all the advantages can be implemented easily by using IoT tech-
nology. Technology has the power to transform the educational system as a whole.
One such technology is IoT, i.e., Internet of things. The ecosystem of IoT consists
of smart devices interconnected with sensors and communicated devices to share
Paradigms of Smart Education with IoT Approach 225

Fig. 1  Traditional education vs smart education

the stored conciliation data. IoT has the advantage of making work efficient and
time-saving, enabling people to have full control over their lives [5].
Smart education when glancing from the lenses of IoT gives similar solution that
increases learning and adds effectiveness. Classrooms can be remotely monitored
and security of colleges and schools also increases. IoT helps track attendance and
manage the strength of students in real time. Smart education is a set of technology-­
based resolution combined with several technologies such as artificial intelligence,
cloud computing, machine learning, and other smart technologies with the excel-
lence of engineering, making education affordable for all the students [4].

2  Meaning of “Smart” in Smart Education

Smart education is an expeditiously growing concept all over the world because of
modern, smart, and unique technologies exponentially touching new standards.
Technology makes education smart with interconnected and permeating intelligent
designs. In recent years, with the advancement of technology, smart education has
gained more attention. In education, the term “Smart” refers to intelligent, scalable,
and engaging. The smart education system provides an intelligent learning environ-
ment and customized learning services which help students learn effectively and
efficiently. There are many concepts behind the smart education that makes learning
smart. Some of them are discussed below.
226 D. Pandey et al.

Fig. 2  Layout of a smart campus

2.1  Smart Campus

The smart campus is the result of two integrated technologies, i.e., Internet of things
and cloud computing. Intelligent buildings are one of the major criteria that must be
fulfilled to make a campus smart. Buildings that incorporate the best material, tech-
nology, Wi-Fi, health and fitness, safety, and security are called smart buildings. The
incorporation of technology is the main backend network needed for both smart
education and smart building systems. Massive sensors need to be installed all over
the buildings to make it digitally enabled [2]. Pollution levels can also be controlled
with sensors by measuring the correct amount of CO2 present in buildings. The
layout of smart campus is depicted in Fig. 2.
A complete monitoring of sensors will reduce human maintenance which auto-
matically gives financial support to the entire organization. Interdependent collabo-
ration is also needed in the campus for smooth flow of work [17]. For the building
to be smart enough in communication and Internet connectivity, IoT provides many
wireless devices that monitor and control the buildings automatically. IoT integrates
artificial intelligence and big data. Big data handles the massive amount of data
generated by the sensors. IoT provides digitization of assets to the whole building,
and asset digitization influences the platform for real-time visualization in the cloud.
Smart buildings are energy-efficient and use campus smart grids for solar and elec-
trical power system. Water management and waste management are also featured in
a smart campus [8].
Paradigms of Smart Education with IoT Approach 227

2.2  Smart Learner

When the teacher uses smart and online devices to give knowledge to students and
make learning smart by implementing IoT technology, it is called as smart learning.
Smart learning is the process by which students learn with the help of online devices.
In the traditional educational system, learning is defined as acquiring knowledge
and understanding a topic. But as education moves toward smart education, the
learning process has also changed into smart learning. Today, learning is not only
confined to the understanding of the topic, but it is doing something skillfully in less
time and by using less resources. The layout for IoT environment of smart learning
process is shown in Fig. 3.
There are many organizations which separately run the skilled programs that
meet the specific need of work. In-depth knowledge of the subject is a fundamental
goal of smart learning. To do masters in any skill, first, the learning of core area is
very important. Listening, reading, writing, art, etc. are the building blocks of smart
learning. Smart learning includes the reasoning and comprehensive ability to think
and solve critical problems that exist in the real world. The thinking pattern is
changed in smart learning as it is more focused toward finding solution in minimum
time [9]. Creative thinking and innovative ideas are given impetus and encourage
students to build their world. Group studies done through digital learning become a
means for fostering collective intelligence and collaboration with a diverse team.

2.3  Handheld Devices

Mobile and handheld devices are proven as a boon to students. By using these
devices, IoT successfully senses data and provides topic-wise interests for students
[10]. These handheld devices are used in numerous ways under the umbrella of IoT
for smart education such as interactive smart boards, temperature sensors,

Fig. 3  IoT environment of smart learning

228 D. Pandey et al.

attendance tracking systems, security alarms for buildings, etc. These handheld
devices relax the workload of teachers in different ways and increase efficiency.

2.4  Smart Tracking and Monitoring System

With the use of IoT, schools have implemented smart systems to track attendance of
students and monitor their performance that offers the main benefit of reduction in
redundancy [11]. The location of students can also be tracked with correct data.
Biometric devices are very helpful in maintaining full attendance and strengthening
security also. Final assessment also becomes very easy with digital records of stu-
dents, thus saving time and physical workload of teachers and staff.

2.5  Smart Learning Environment

The traditional education system has been criticized for its rigid learning process
and boring rules and regulations. But with the emergence of modern education and
integration of technology, many fascinating phenomena come that enhance the envi-
ronment of learning. IoT devices make the learning environment interactive and
intelligent. The devices coordinate and communicate with each other without the
need for people and give decisions based on their intelligence. Intelligent learning
methods support institutions and students by making learning more personalized.
An intelligent learning environment aims to monitor the progress of students and
find their actual potential in individual fields. In a smart learning environment, many
combinations of technologies are needed to build the whole system. In these sys-
tems, hardware and software are both integrated in a specified way. Hardware tools
such as smart boards, mobile phones, smart devices, sensors, interactive boards,
smart tables, etc. are used. Software tools such as online learning apps, video lec-
tures, games, networking, visualization, etc. are used to build this model, i.e., IoT,
machine learning, cloud computing, etc. With the combination of these technolo-
gies, the smart learning atmosphere creates a rich, soothing, customized, and best
learning experience for students.

2.6  Smart Pedagogies

As the technology grows, strategies or pedagogies of using that technology also var-
ies. In the education system, IoT implementation needs smart learning pedagogies
to teach students with factual knowledge and in the particular domain. In traditional
education, every student treats with the same content and learning atmosphere. But
today, in the smart learning system, every student must consider with their
Paradigms of Smart Education with IoT Approach 229

background and their behavior and have different needs. Every student must give
specific attention and specific strategies to make learning fast and effective.
Classroom atmosphere is designed on the basis of the student’s interest, learning
level, and learning profile. Smart education focuses on smart learning and develop-
ing innovative thinking in students. So whether the education is given in a class-
room or online, the learning atmosphere and pedagogy should be customized. The
process of learning is modeled to cater to the needs of the individual students, their
interests and background, etc. Hence, focusing on smart strategies is very important
in the smart education system. Smart strategies must follow some of the basic learn-
ing stages. These include, first, class-based learning, where the teacher must define
each student’s task and lesson according to the student’s interests; second, group-­
based learning, where two or more people, with similar interests, learn together;
third, personalized learning, where each student must get content with their flexibil-
ity and motivation level; and last, mass-based learning, where students must handle
real-world problems through their skills and problem-solving approach.

2.7  Increased Security

IoT and AI devices help the management and staff to maintain security of data and
content of curriculum. Security is needed in all types of digital access such as atten-
dance maintenance, exam paper, report cards, test series, content writing, teachers
data, door locks, etc. In the smart education system, wireless network and Internet-­
connected devices are widely used [13]. So, security is the major concern for any
institution. IoT provides security measures and protects wireless and Internet-­
connected data. With the automation and security protection IoT is no longer con-
sidered a futuristic technology. Today, automatic door lock systems and self-car
parking facilities are becoming a common feasibility for any organization [18]. IoT
critically examines the data and provides security, privacy, and safety all over the
education system.

2.8  Smart Learning for Disable Students

Smart education and technology proved as a boon for disable students. Several
devices are available, and research is ongoing to also expedite their learning.
Hearing-impaired students can learn by converting audios and videos into written
texts. The learning of sign language is also very easy with the help of IoT devices.
IoT devices with the integration of artificial intelligence create a good atmosphere
of learning for blind people. Smartphones with sensors and sensing apps can help
the disabled know about their surroundings. There are many apps and devices that
can be used to read facial expressions. In fact, the visually impaired can also be
facilitated in their learning processes through such aids. Connected speakers and
230 D. Pandey et al.

smartphone interfaces help the disabled in being self-dependent learners. Wearable

IOT devices such as smart watches and smart bands translate signals into Braille.
This allows students to learn fast and frequently. IOT devices have empowered the
differently abled learners, to get educated in a smart atmosphere and smart environ-
ment in a speedy and effective way [19].

3  IoT in Smart Education

As the period changes, society moved from less data management to monitoring of
big data. Technology day by day produces huge amount of data that is difficult to
store and manage. So, before applying IOT in any application, first, it is important
to develop a model for decision-making which handles big data generated by IOT
[12]. IOT technology uses a large number of sensors that gather huge amounts of
data. Thereafter, the data is segregated into two categories of good and bad data. The
digitally connected world at present thrives on the utilities that are becoming smart.
Information and communication technologies have changed the previous objects
into smart objects. The education sector is also one of the booming sectors that
utilize these technologies to enable fast communication between students and teach-
ers. The IOT enhances education by introducing smart devices and personalized
learning [14]. There are countless advantages of adding IOT in schools that encour-
age many institutions to add smart plans in their organizations; the concept of smart
school by using IoT is shown in Fig. 4. IoT enhances the education system by using
the following strips:
• Smart and digital boards.
• Handheld devices such as mobile phones, tablets, apps, etc.
• e-book,
• Sensors for analyzing temperature.

Fig. 4  Concept of smart school by using IoT

Paradigms of Smart Education with IoT Approach 231

• Learning apps.
• Attendance tracking system.
• Communication between staff.
• Automatic door locks.
• Foster security system.
When applying IoT in schools, there are some important regions that should be
considered:
• The design should be human-centered that helps students and teachers learn and
teach in a smart environment. The requirements of students should be fulfilled
by design.
• The methods used for learning should be personalized breaking down boundar-
ies of specific learning, and students can choose course and subject by their own.
• Every school, university, and institution have a particular culture and working
environment to follow. So implementation of IoT devices must consider
about that.
• The foundation of smart education is its digital assistant and smart information
technology. So exchange of data among students and teachers should be
smart enough.
• Smart tools and devices should be modishly installed in the buildings.
• Security measures should be considered in a planned way because digital data
has high risk about security.
• Reliable connection of Internet and wireless networks in the buildings.
The IoT will undoubtedly enhance the future of education. Students can learn
effectively and efficiently. Similarly, teachers can also perform their work efficiently
[15]. IoT devices are enjoyable for students creating an interest in subjects that pre-
viously look boring. Several IoT devices upgraded the process of learning by adding
automatic tools and fantastic video lectures. An automatic attendance tracker can
save time in class. The cleanliness and temperature of the classroom can be easily
maintained [16]. The neuro-sensors can be used to sense the brain and IQ level of
individual students that help teachers make the curriculum more personalized.
Many wearable sensors are used for class and exam reminders and provide many
health benefits also. Online tests and exams amplify the features of smart schools.
The introduction of IOT in education has been beneficial for students as well as
teachers in many ways. The advantages include the following:
• All over the world, students can connect under one umbrella.
• With education anytime and anywhere, it cuts down the rate of transport and
saves energy.
• A safe and secure environment will be provided to students.
• The process of learning will change from learners to creators.
 232 D. Pandey et al.

4  Conclusion

Education systems are radically changed with the advent of the Internet and anima-
tions. The interactions of people on a virtual ground affect behavior and the learning
process. The IOT has proven to be the best available technology for accomplishing
the objective of skilled and effective remote learning, i.e., from anywhere to anyone.
IOT aids can help in assessing and gauging the students’ propensity, learning behav-
ior, as well as abilities and needs. With a well-defined objective of catering to each
student’s requirements, learning modules can be planned, customized, and imple-
mented in easy-to-use capsules in smart classrooms. Challenges such as cost-­
effectiveness, security measures, management control, physical presence of teachers
and students, learning in physical classrooms only, etc. have also been contained
effectively and gainfully by using IOT applications. IOT has a wide range of future
applications in the education field. This chapter helps in understanding the basic
concept of smart education and leads the way for more research to make a better
environment for smart education system.

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