B E I N S PI R ED • B E STRO N G • B E C U R I O U S • B E U PLI F TED

TEEN Breathe

Defeating doubt • Tree of life • It’s all an illusion • Polite society • Rise and shine
Crossing the miles • Go on, I dare you • Welcoming winter • Stories on the skin
CONTENTS
2 Crossing the miles
Maintaining the bond of a
special friendship over a long
distance can be tricky, but
there are ways to stay close
6 Frozen out
It feels horribly hurtful to
be deliberately excluded by
someone. Here’s what to do
if it’s happening to you
10 Polite society
Being told to ‘mind your
manners’ isn’t always welcome,
but remembering them might
just brighten your day
12 Defeating doubt
If you ever feel insecure about
some of your friendships, there
are ways to manage the worry
16 Rise and shine…
…Or is it more a case of hide and
groan? If you’re not a morning
person, try these ideas to make
getting out of bed a little easier
18 Go on, I dare you
Why it’s always a good idea
to keep pranks and challenges
on the right side of fun
22 Stories on the skin
Discover more about the history
and traditions of henna body art
26 Potential within
Boost your energy with the
backbend known as bow pose
Don’t miss the next issue of
Teen Breathe: on sale from 24 January
Find more inspiration at
teenbreathe.co.uk
28 It’s all Greek
Just what was inside Pandora’s
box? Find out more about the
myths and legends that are
used in everyday language
32 Tree of life
There’s more to the silver birch
tree than meets the eye
36 Cold comfort
Winter tales from around the
world for dark, chilly nights
40 The man in the moon
Pareidolia. You might not have
heard of it before, but you’ve
probably experienced it…
44 Magic eyes
Be amazed by the incredible
visual powers of some of the
planet’s creatures
48 Saturday night takeaways
Put the menus and delivery apps
away! These veggie recipes are
perfect for a weekend treat
52 Shadow play
The history of shadow puppetry
and a guide to putting on your
own mesmerising show
56 It’s all an illusion
When seeing isn’t always
believing…
60 Welcoming winter
How to embrace the coldest
season of the year
ON THE COVER: Illustration by Maggie Stephenson
 Welcome to
TEEN Breathe
Everyone sees the world in their own unique way.
Whatever your viewpoint, how you see yourself and your
place in the bigger picture has an impact on how you feel.
A positive image creates a sense of belonging and
boosts self-esteem, so it can be useful to think about the
different ways to look at situations and events in life.
If you’re worried about a friendship, for example,
whether because of physical distance between you and
a pal or a perceived awkwardness in the wider group
dynamic, it’s easy to assume that those bonds might
break. But is there another way to view the situation?
Maybe the miles will make the relationship stronger,
as you find creative new ways to keep in touch and
have fun doing it. Perhaps those fears of a rift, though
understandable, will prove unfounded after all.
It can be helpful to think of optical illusions as a
reminder that not everything is as it seems. Looking
at challenges from different angles can help change
the way you approach them.
For instance, in certain moods it can be easy to
think of cold weather and long nights as a hardship
that must be endured. But view dark evenings as the
perfect excuse to curl up on the sofa and read or listen
to music and they become a seasonal treat. Sometimes,
the secret to seeing the good in things is simply to look
at them through a different lens.
 CROSSING THE MILES
How to make a long-distance friendship last

Perhaps a bestie you’ve known for years has moved away. But staying connected across the miles is possible.
Maybe you’re new to the country you’re living in. Or you Even when you live far apart from someone, they can
might have made friends with someone from another part still be a big part of your life. Friendships are important
of the world. Many people have friends in far-flung places for wellbeing, so don’t let the distance stop you staying
and it can be hard living a long distance from someone close to someone who matters to you. Turn over for
you care about. You might miss their company, especially some ideas of how to keep your bond strong.
if you’re used to spending lots of time with them.
It’s normal to feel sad in this situation and frustrated
at not getting to see your pal in the way you’d
like to. Sometimes, the physical distance
can mean you don’t speak much and you
may fear you’ll lose touch completely.

2
3
 Keep the flame burning
While far-flung friendships can be a challenge
to maintain, there are many ways to make them work

Write lots of letters

1 Seeing a note or card from someone they care about in
their letterbox is a sure way to make your friend smile. While it’s
good to keep in touch via technology, putting your thoughts
down on paper and popping it in the post shows how much you
care and that you’ve set aside some time to think about them.
It doesn’t have to be an essay – postcards are a lovely way to stay in
touch. These could be from your holidays, but they can also be found in local
shops, museums and art galleries, and can be especially meaningful if they’re
from somewhere that’s important to you both. If you’re daunted by the blank
page, how about sharing a favourite poem or just a few lines telling them about
what you’ve been up to recently?

Send a care package

2 Once in a while, make a parcel filled with items that are meaningful to your
friend. You could put in a packet of their favourite sweets, photos of significant
people and places, a small, scented candle or light toiletries, craft items and
other objects you think they’d love. You could also include handmade gifts. It
doesn’t have to be expensive – it’s very much the thought that counts. Receiving
a parcel will make them feel cared about and act as a reminder that you’re there
for them, regardless of the distance between you.

Share a show
3 Is there a TV series that you both make sure you watch each week?
Or perhaps you both love catching the latest films. While you may not be
able to share a packet of popcorn and view it side by side, you could arrange
to watch it at the same time and then talk on the phone about it afterwards,
sharing your reactions and opinions. This works well as a way of regularly staying
in touch as it keeps a weekly ritual scheduled in your diary. And, of course, once
you’ve finished chatting about the show, you can make time to talk about other
things that are going on in your
lives that week.

4
 Learn about where they live
4 Chances are, there are lots of interesting things about
your friend’s home turf. If you get the chance to visit them,
try going to exciting places there together. Your friend may
love the opportunity to show you around and introduce you
to their favourite spots. This can help you understand them
better and learn about their life and what’s important to
them. Doing new fun things together will also strengthen
the connection between you and is a lovely way of making
shared memories.

Let them know you’re thinking of them

5 Has something you were doing lately brought your
friend to mind? Maybe you read something or saw a video
or meme that made you laugh and think of them. Or perhaps
you heard their favourite song on the radio. Use moments like
these as a reason to get in touch – a simple message like, ‘Hi, I just saw/heard/
thought of this, and it reminded me of you’ is a nice thing to send and lovely to
receive. This kind of casual interaction helps keep your connection strong and
reminds them that they’re on your mind, no matter where they live.

Make the effort to reconnect

6 Sometimes, when a friend is far away, people find themselves losing touch.
Weeks, months, even years can pass without much or any contact. It’s normal
to then feel awkward about getting back in touch, even if you really miss them
and would love to speak to them again. But it’s never too late to do it. Drop them
a message saying you’ve been thinking about them and wondering how they’re
doing. They’ll probably be thrilled to hear from you. Nurturing a long-distance
friendship can take some energy and thought, but it’s well worth it to keep in
touch with someone that matters to you.
WORDS: CAROLINE BUTTERWICK. ILLUSTRATIONS: ANIESZKA BANKS

5
 FROZEN OUT
Excluding someone on purpose is always a cruel thing to do. If you’ve been
feeling left out, here’s how to turn your back on this form of bullying for good
If only the childhood chant ‘Sticks and stones may break
my bones but words will never hurt me’ were true. Anyone
who’s been the target of unkind taunts will know that the
wounds can be deep, painful and long-lasting.
The saying highlights two forms of bullying – physical
and verbal – but there’s another type that makes people
feel just as bad. It’s often referred to as relational aggression,
which includes spreading rumours, gossiping and making
someone feel as though no one likes them. When this
also involves deliberately freezing out one person from a
friendship group, it’s known as social isolation or exclusion.
Silent treatment
It could mean being in a group and listening as, one by one,
everybody gets invited to the cinema on Saturday except
you. It might be discovering that your friends have a secret
online chat group that only you are not part of, or went on
a day out together while keeping you in the dark about it.
The sting is often made worse by realising that everyone
was aware of this exclusion but said nothing. It can be hard
6
to call out because it might be done quietly, with a shrug
and a smile, or it may just feel like being pointedly ignored.
Social exclusion strikes at the heart of two of the most
basic human needs – to belong and to be liked. This is
why purposely shutting someone out and encouraging
others to do the same is cruel.
Harmful effects
A recent study by the University of Hertfordshire showed
that relational bullying was more hurtful than physical
or verbal bullying, and had the most negative effect on
wellbeing. It can chip away at self-esteem and often leaves
people feeling rejected or lonely.
Pack mentality
Nancy Doyle, a psychologist who specialises in how people
behave in the workplace, is familiar with this. She’s the
founder of Genius Within, a non-profit organisation that
works to create equal opportunities for neurodivergent
people who report experiencing professional, educational
7
 and emotional exclusion. Nancy says that anyone can end
up excluded: ‘Humans have a pack mentality – a deep-
rooted tribal instinct that goes back to the beginning of our
species. People gravitate towards others who are like them,
and keep those they think are unlike them at a distance.’
Accepting that people won’t always want to be your
friend is an essential part of developing resilience, of
course. However, even though everyone is entitled to
their preferences, there’s no justification for prejudice.
Seeking help
‘If people are excluding you because of things you
can’t control – such as race, gender, poverty or
disability – then this is bullying, so please consider
telling an adult,’ says Nancy. ‘Bullying can be subtle,
but teachers know to look out for red flags.’
8
Whatever the root cause, there are ways to shut it down
if you’re being shut out (see panel, opposite). Also, it’s
WORDS: XENIA TALIOTIS. ILLUSTRATIONS: ALESSANDRA DE CRISTOFARO
worth remembering that it won’t last forever. As Nancy
points out, school is just one of many periods in your life
and doesn’t define you.
‘I left full-time education early because I couldn’t
manage the social demands or stay friends with anyone,’
she recalls. ‘But now I have a great career, and a loving
family and friendship group. Sometimes it takes a while
to find your tribe.’
Like Nancy, you’ll meet lots of people in life – and most
won’t leave you out, so make room to let the right ones in.
If you’re feeling bullied and can’t talk to anyone, visit
childline.org.uk to find out more about its 1-2-1 online chats
What to do when
you’re being excluded
Speak out
1 Standing up to bullying can be scary, especially in
public. So, if you feel able to – and think you can stay calm –
you could approach the person (or people) behind it privately.
Ask them if you’ve done anything to offend them and explain
how their behaviour makes you feel.

Seek support
2 If the thought of addressing the bullies yourself is too daunting, or
the same behaviour continues after you’ve spoken up, consider confiding
in a trusted adult. Social exclusion is common, sadly, so teachers will have
experience of dealing with it. Sharing a series of examples will help them
understand that this is a deliberate pattern of targeted behaviour, rather
than simply a case of friends falling out or drifting apart.

Draw a line
3 Put yourself first and know your worth. If friends repeatedly leave you
out, it might be time to turn the tables and walk away from them. There
will be other people at school who would like to spend some time with
you. Give them a chance to become your friends instead.

Stand together
4 The more people who join the battle against bullying, the more
difficult it becomes for the bullies to isolate or freeze anyone out. If you
notice someone being excluded, chat to them as normal and include them
in any plans. Speak up as welcomingly as you can by suggesting they come
along, too, or asking if they’d like to meet up another time.

9
 POLITE SOCIETY
How considerate behaviour makes the world go round
Manners can seem like nothing more than a set of dreary
rules to follow. They’re often something that parents and
other adults try to instil in children, but with age and
increased freedom, it’s tempting to let them slide. Does
it really matter if you remember your Ps and Qs, or if you
put your feet up on the train seat opposite you?
Opening doors
Looking around the world, it might seem that there are
many more important things to worry about than being
polite. According to writers Kay Plunkett-Hogge and
Debora Robertson, co-authors of Manners: A Modern Field
Guide, manners are a form of ‘codified kindness’. They
believe that knowing the best way to behave in common
scenarios ‘enhances the quality of everyday life and that
of people around you’.
Learning the code of manners is a way to communicate
goodwill to others, making it a great tool for starting
friendships. Manners are also useful for developing
constructive relationships with everyone, from teachers
and friends’ parents to people you might interact with only
10
briefly. Kay says: ‘I’ve always worked under the assumption
that manners are acts of kindness directed at strangers
so that they will be nice in return.’
Inexpensive option
Manners are important for making positive first impressions,
and, as the saying goes, they cost nothing. They’re also a
way of showing appreciation and consideration to our
nearest and dearest. Offering to help with the washing-up
or complimenting a family member for cooking a delicious
meal are simple courtesies that are always welcome.
WORDS: KATE ORSON. ILLUSTRATIONS: AGNESBIC
‘Good manners aren’t about being pretentious or
excluding others via some sort of old-fashioned salad-fork
mystery code,’ says Debora. ‘And they’re not about trying
to catch people out.’
Being polite can be as easy as remembering to say
‘please’ and ‘thank you’ when you ask for or are offered
something. These may seem like small, inconsequential
words, but they never go out of style. Equally, it’s also
completely natural to forget your manners from time to
time, so read on for tips on remembering them.
Cues for kind conduct
It’s easy to be so preoccupied with the distractions of day-to-day life that common courtesy gets forgotten. Here’s
how to show you care by remembering your manners in five different situations
On public transport
1 Travelling is the perfect chance to catch up with texts,
posts and what’s new via your phone, or to lose yourself in
your favourite music, but it can be worth glancing around
from time to time. Is there someone who needs your seat
more? Is there an older person who needs help getting
off the bus? Are your feet or your bag taking up a space
someone else could use? Modern manners can be as
simple as engaging with the world around you. It may not
seem that important when surrounded by strangers, but
you might make someone’s day, and the friendly smile of
gratitude you get in return could brighten up your day, too.
2 At a new friend’s house
Sharing a meal with a friend’s family is when table
manners come into their own. Every home does things
differently, so it’s useful to have some universal rules to
follow so you can feel confident that you’re not offending
anyone. You don’t have to be at a formal dinner to show
consideration, so you might make sure you leave enough
for others if you’re offered seconds, think about keeping
your mouth closed when you chew or waiting until you’ve
finished your mouthful before speaking. If your friend
usually lays the table before the meal, then help out or
offer to clear the plates afterwards.
When the phone calls
3 It might be tempting to reach for your phone during
a lull in conversation or because you’re itching to know if
someone’s replied to a post or message. And if whoever
you’re with is on their phone, why not pick up yours? But
nothing says ‘I’ve got better things to do’ like focusing on
your phone when you’re spending time with friends. Not
giving in to this temptation shows that you value the time
you have with the person in front of you, enriches the
quality of the conversation and might even prompt your
pals to put their phones away.
When you start a new school or Saturday job
4 Meeting a new adult is sometimes daunting,
especially in formal settings. Knowing how to be polite
eases nerves. Making eye contact and sitting upright
shows interest whereas slouching gives the impression
of boredom. Don’t be afraid to ask questions or speak up
if there’s something you don’t understand. Having good
manners doesn’t mean knowing everything, but rather
being friendly and showing willingness to listen and learn.
When you forget
5 Don’t worry if you forget the code occasionally. No
one is perfectly polite all the time. The main points to
remember are to express gratitude when someone does
something for you – even if you’re a bit late in doing
so – and treat others with kindness and respect. These
principles help to make a good impression in all kinds of life
situations so that, instead of feeling like boring restrictions,
manners become the key to new adventures.
11
 DEFEATING DOUBT
Recognising friendship insecurity for what it really is can help you
put nagging fears to rest and patch things up with pals
The way people feel about friendships can change with the
wind. One day it’s unimaginable that the bonds between you
will ever break, the next you might convince yourself that
your friends secretly hate you or will end up rejecting you.
The worry that your friendships aren’t quite what they
seem is sometimes referred to as friendship insecurity.
While it may seem extreme, this type of catastrophic
thinking isn’t unusual. It’s especially common if you
haven’t been seeing your buddies as much as usual or are
concerned you made a misstep in an interaction with them.
If it happens often, it can profoundly impact how people
view their relationships, but there are ways to interpret the
feeling and come to terms with it so you can move forward.
Why does it happen?
If a friend hasn’t been in touch for a while – or if you’ve
started to see less of one another – this can prompt
overthinking and worry. But, before anxiety takes hold, it’s
worth considering what’s causing these cycles of thought.
Emma Taylor, a specialist in child and adolescent mental
health services at UK mental health app Wysa, says
friendship insecurity is often caused by deeper doubts
about relationships: ‘Sometimes, our previous experiences
– even of family relationships – haven’t always been great.
‘This can create difficulties in forming attachments and
we can become more anxious about other relationships
– for example, assuming a friend is rejecting you if they
haven’t got back to you quickly.’
This outlook is often fuelled by low self-esteem. Until
you’re able to truly like yourself, it can seem hard to believe
that other people will like you, too. Luckily, there are ways
to work on bolstering how you see yourself (see page 15).
Another factor that drives this type of anxiety is the use
of social media. As British journalist Tanith Carey, a child-
behaviour specialist and author of The Friendship Maze,
12
points out: ‘Friendship is now conducted through a blend
of online and face-to-face contact and with a lot less
“in real life” interaction. Social media prompts people to
compare their relationships and social circles to others.’
Seeing a steady filter of social media posts can lead to a
sense that your friendships somehow aren’t good enough
in reality: ‘They feel their friendships aren’t as fun, fulfilling
or exciting as other people’s,’ adds Tanith. ‘Like all fears,
this can create anxiety and insecurity.’
Reasonable doubt
Although much of friendship insecurity is rooted in
overthinking, it’s also important to recognise that there are
times when relationships do indeed shift, drift and change.
Everyone deserves fulfilling friendships, and if there’s
one that frequently makes you feel uncertain, then it might
be time to rethink its real value. There are many signs
that a friendship has run its course (see issue 25), but if
it’s all beginning to feel a bit too one-sided, or there’s a
consistent lack of effort, then it may be time to part ways.
Unfounded fears
Often, though, as Emma says, the cause of a friend being
distant will turn out to be something unrelated to how they
feel about you. Usually, it’s not personal. Doubts about
whether someone likes you can often be magnified by
heightened emotions.
Humans are wired to seek out belonging – so, when
people feel their security is threatened, they panic.
It’s completely normal to have these doubts, however
unrealistic they might be. But learning how to manage
them can boost feelings of security in the present as well
as hope about friendship in the future.
Turn over for more top tips
13
14
 Working through the worry
Channel kindness and objectivity when coping with your concerns

Be your own ally

1 As mentioned earlier, some friendship insecurities arise from low self-esteem, so
be kind to yourself. Try to tune into your ‘inner cheerleader’. What do you love about
yourself? What makes you proud? By reminding yourself of all the wonderful qualities
you have, you’ll increasingly come to understand why other people value you. Then
it’ll seem easier to believe that they genuinely want to be friends.

Give your doubts a grilling

2 Emma suggests examining the situation objectively: ‘Try putting your thoughts
on trial like you would with a jury. What evidence do you have for your doubts? If
a friend hasn’t texted you back, consider all the reasons behind why that might be.
Is this a pattern or a one-off?’

Take a screen break

3 Although social media is great for interacting with friends, it can lead to negative
comparisons. If you’re not feeling secure in your friendships, it might be time to stop
scrolling for a while and find ways to reconnect with the real world. A walk outdoors
or a chat with a family member might help you see things from a new perspective.
WORDS: HOPE TALBOT. ILLUSTRATIONS: SOPHIE MINTO

Reach out
4 If the doubts don’t go away, think about how you could connect honestly with
friends about your worries. Often, the fear of being rejected is worse than the reality.
Talking through issues and resolving problems together can lay to rest any worries.

15
 RISE AND SHINE
If getting out of bed is a challenge, there are ways to
make mornings more manageable

16
 There are all kinds of reasons why people struggle to get
up and ready in the morning. It can be difficult to find the
motivation to leave the comfort of a warm bed, especially
if it’s cold and dark outside. Sometimes, the need to stay
under the duvet might come from feeling overwhelmed
by the thought of the tasks that lie ahead. And a broken
night’s sleep ups the temptation to keep pressing ‘snooze’.
Thankfully, you can ease the transition from night to day.

Three things to try

1
Get enough sleep. As obvious as it sounds,
sleep deprivation builds up gradually, so try to
notice how rested (or not) you feel upon waking.
The suggested amount for teens is between eight and
ORIGINAL WORDS: HELEN HILLMAN. ILLUSTRATIONS: SHUTTERSTOCK.COM

10 hours a night, but there’s no ‘right’ figure. Some people

function well on fewer hours, but others might need more.
Getting enough sleep can be a challenge in the teen
years because there’s a change in the brain’s production of
a hormone called melatonin, which brings about feelings
of sleepiness. Melatonin is thought to be produced later

at night in teenagers (it’s 10pm for adults), which makes
it more difficult to nod off early – and an early start to the
school day rules out catching up on sleep during the week.
It’s possible the production of melatonin is delayed by
looking at screens, so switch off from devices early in the
evening. Also, in the school holidays, try going to bed at
different times and waking naturally, without an alarm. See
if there’s an ideal amount of rest after which it’s noticeably
easier to get going in the morning.
2
Shine a light. Trying to get up while it’s still
dark is tricky. The sleep-producing chemicals
the body makes at night stay in the system on
waking and can take between 60 and 90 minutes to
fade away, causing that groggy feeling that makes it
hard to open your eyes.
Exposure to light is one way to speed up this process.
Try to replicate waking up naturally with the dawn,
allowing the body time to adjust to the new day. If you
have thick curtains, it can be a good idea to leave them
open a crack so that light comes in. Or consider getting
a sunrise alarm clock that mimics the break of day instead
of startling you with ear-piercing beeps.

3
Get moving. Jumping out of bed is probably the
last thing you can imagine doing if you struggle
to get up in the morning – it’s much easier to roll
over and pull up the covers, but a small amount of gentle
movement can really help to get you going. Setting two
alarms is one way to ensure you do this, even if you’re
desperate to stay put. The first could be next to your
bed and have a snooze option, but the second is best
placed on the other side of your bedroom, so you have
to physically get out of bed to switch it off. Even if those
first few steps are really just a stumble, they’ll help get the
oxygen circulating and ease the journey into alertness.
Just don’t be tempted to get back under the covers!

17
 GO ON, I DARE YOU
Pranks and challenges might seem like harmless fun,
but dares can have painful consequences
Daring people to do things can feel like an exciting
way to pass the time. The popularity of the game ‘Truth
or dare’ (where players choose between admitting to
something embarrassing or accepting a risky challenge)
is testament to that. But sometimes what starts out as
a harmless thrill can turn into something hurtful or even
unsafe. Understanding the difference means that things
stay fun for everyone.
What’s the appeal?
Some dares involve trying out a dangerous stunt, while
others mean playing a prank on someone you know. Both
seem like they’re designed to make people feel nervous or
uncomfortable. So why does anyone take part in them?
Humans are drawn to taking risks because of the
potential rewards. This is why so many people enjoy
high-stakes activities like skydiving or bungee jumping.
Those accepting a dare could also just be trying
to bond with friends, says Roma Patel, a therapist and
former teacher: ‘Individuals might want validation from
peers or to find a sense of belonging. Perhaps it might
cement their status within a group.’
18
If everyone you’re with has carried out a dare, you
may think that you need to as well, to feel part of the
group. Issuing the challenge has understandable
appeal, too – having others follow your instructions
can make you feel powerful.
Why it’s hard to say no
Refusing a dare can feel awkward, as peer pressure is so
often compelling. If you’ve ever accepted a dare, that’s
perfectly normal. It’s not always an easy situation to deal
with, but there are ways to say no (see panel, overleaf).
WORDS: KIM BANSI. ILLUSTRATIONS: SARA THIELKER
Roma believes that the younger the person, the trickier it
is to resist: ‘It’s difficult to recognise the possible outcomes,
such as feeling guilt or shame or getting into trouble,
without having experienced them. There’s also the chance
they may not truly understand what they’re agreeing to.’
Viral dares
Social media messages encouraging you to complete a
series of embarrassing challenges – and then pass the
message on to a friend – are known as ‘viral dares’. This
trend adds another uninvited layer of decision-making,
namely whether you pass the dare – and the pressure –
onto others. Before hitting ‘forward’, stop and think. You
didn’t want to have to deal with this problem, so why will
anyone else? Reflect on how the message might make
others feel.
Real people, real feelings
Online and phone dares, such as prank calls, add a layer of
separation between you and the person on the receiving
end. It’s worth remembering, though, that there’s a human
being there. Dares are designed to entertain onlookers but
can end up hurting people’s feelings.
A recent viral dare to ‘text the last person who called
and tell them you hate them’ might seem silly when you
know it’s not meant to be taken seriously, but could cause
confusion or even pain if someone suddenly gets a text
like this for no apparent reason.
about if you’ve been duped in the past by someone who
was carrying out a dare. Remember that plenty of adults
get caught out by scammers when they receive a message
that seems genuine – it’s natural and healthy to be trusting
of others, so it’s OK if you don’t realise immediately.
Whichever side of the game you’re on, staying true
to your values is often the wisest approach. Having
friends who respect what you’re comfortable with is more
important than trying to fit in, and being clear about your
limits could encourage others to consider and stick to
their boundaries, too.
Want to know how to respond to a dare? Turn the page

Think outside the box

If you receive a text that feels out of the blue or experience
any real-life behaviour that seems out of character, consider
whether it might be a dare. It’s nothing to feel embarrassed

19
 Dare to be different
How to handle stunts that make you feel uncomfortable

Trust your instincts Buy time

1 ‘If you feel uneasy, then that’s your
gut talking to you,’ says Roma. ‘Listen to it.
4 If you’re trying to figure out whether
someone’s playing a prank, ask questions
Would you rather not do [the dare]? Lean to get to the bottom of any uncharacteristic
into that feeling. Find a way to enforce your behaviour. If you receive a message that you
own boundaries.’ suspect is part of a dare, simply not replying
right away takes away the fun for those
Just say no waiting to see your reaction.
2 Roma suggests it’s helpful to practise
Tell an adult
saying no confidently. Something simple such
as ‘Oh no, I wouldn’t feel comfortable doing
that’ is often all it takes.
5 If you feel a dare has gone too far,
whichever end of the prank you’re on,
it makes sense to tell a trusted adult
Say how it feels so they can support you.
3 If someone’s carried out a dare that’s
hurt your feelings, letting them know
its impact helps them understand the
consequences of their actions.

20
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 STORIES ON THE SKIN
Henna designs have cultural as well as personal significance, while
the roots of this plant-based dye run deeper than you might think

If you’re connected to certain cultures, especially South
Asian and Arabic, you might be used to having intricate
floral and geometric patterns painted in fine red or black
lines onto your skin. If not, perhaps you’ve seen these
beautiful decorations being applied to people’s hands
and feet for celebrations or festivals.
Henna body art might seem like a modern trend, but
henna is arguably the oldest cosmetic on the planet,
popular for being natural, chemical-free and affordable.
Look of love
The green henna plant (which is also known as hina, the
mignonette tree and the Egyptian privet) is considered a
symbol of love, eternal youth and long life. It’s an important
feature of wedding ceremonies, especially in South Asia,
where it’s called mehndi, and in the Middle East, where it’s
known as hana.
In India and Pakistan, henna art has traditionally been an
important part of Hindu, Sikh and Muslim weddings, as well
as festivals including Diwali, Karva Chauth and Eid.
Mehndi parties are often held before a wedding. The
henna is applied with a cone, brush or stick, with intricate
patterns over both sides of the arms and feet that can last
anything from 10 days to two weeks. The application, which
can take as long as six hours, is considered a ritual. Designs
might symbolise certain desirable qualities, such as joy,

22
luck and success; and there’s a saying that the darker the
colour, the stronger the marriage will be.
Humaira Khan is a freelance henna artist based in West
Sussex. She describes how she got into the art: ‘I started in
2008, while I was applying henna on my hands for Eid,’ she
says. ‘My mum and friends complimented my designs, and
from then on, I decided to perfect my craft.’ Humaira has
since been commissioned to apply henna for weddings,
birthday parties and other occasions.

Traditional and modern

As a second-generation Pakistani woman, Humaira has a
personal insight into why the practice of applying henna
is still relevant to British-based, South Asian brides. ‘As
Asian women living in the west, we have an urge to stay
linked to our heritage,’ she says. ‘Our identities are always
so complex and there’s sometimes a feeling that we belong
neither here nor there – henna is one way in which we can
fill that hole of longingness [for traditional culture].’
24

of henna
Diverse dye
Henna is usually brown but it can also be white, red, gold
and black. Black henna tattoos are best avoided, though,
as there’s a risk of allergy or burns. The paste used for them
may contain a chemical called paraphenylenediamine,
which is added at high levels to make the henna darken
more quickly.
ORIGINAL WORDS: BEVERLEY D’SILVA AND SAMHITA FORIA. ILLUSTRATIONS: ANKITA MANUJA
Besides cosmetic use, henna can be used on fabrics,
including silk, wool and leather, as a deodorant, made
using the leaves and oils, and even to enhance animals’
hair. In the Middle East, for example, the manes of horses
are dyed with henna.
Plant power
Henna for hair has enjoyed a recent rise in popularity.
As we turn to plant-based solutions in general, this
increased uptake isn’t so surprising. Henna – on its
own, as a reddish tint or to make a darker hue when
mixed with indigo – is a healthier alternative to chemical
dyes and better for the environment.
If you are allergic to naphthalene (found in mothballs,
for example), avoid henna. If you have any other allergies,
are anaemic or undergoing chemotherapy, check
with your doctor before using henna.
The long history
The use of mehndi is described in the
earliest Hindu Vedic ritual books and henna
is thought to have been used for its cooling
properties for around 5,000 years.
Around 3000 years ago, the Assyrians (an
ancient civilisation in Mesopotamia in the
Middle East) dyed their hair with henna.
Women in ancient Greece used the dye
to colour their eyebrows.
In ancient Egypt, the pharaohs used henna,
which is seen in hieroglyphics, on items
found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, and
the hennaed fingernails of mummies.
Egyptian queen Cleopatra enhanced
her looks with henna – it was applied
to her fingernails and mixed with juniper
berries and other plants to colour her
famous locks (though historians think
that it was her wigs rather than her actual
hair that were hennaed).
The Islamic prophet Muhammad is said
to have dyed his beard with henna, igniting
a trend among his followers that’s still seen
to this day.
Germanic warriors used it to transform their
golden hair into a fiery red that would make
them appear fearsome in battle – a practice
that warring Gauls and Anglo-Saxons
continued, adding orange and blue dyes.
Modern mehndi has seen a demand for
novelty creations, with brides incorporating
personal memories or significant emblems
into their designs, such as a nod to their
favourite football team or the city where
they met their partner.
 POTENTIAL WITHIN
The moment you start pulling back on a bowstring, potential energy is stored in the flexing limb
of the bow, ready to send the arrow soaring. Similarly, in yoga, bow pose – Dharusana in Sanskrit
– activates the energy centres of the heart and core areas of the body.
This pose is a strong backbend, which stretches your hip flexors and hamstrings as well as the
muscles in the back, chest and neck. It stimulates the adrenal glands, which fights fatigue, stretches
the abdomen, aiding digestion, and eases tension in the lower back caused by sitting for long periods.

Here’s how to get into the pose:

As this is an intense pose, it’s important to warm up the body first (see note below). A series of
sun salutations (see issue 37) is a good activity to do before you start.

Begin by lying on your front, arms resting alongside your body with palms facing upwards. Your
legs are hip width apart, with the tops of the feet resting on the mat and the toes pointing away
from the body.

On an exhalation, bend the knees and bring the heels close to the buttocks, keeping the
toes pointed.

Lift your arms up and reach back to take hold of your ankles from the outside. If you can’t quite
make it, place a belt or a strap around your ankles to extend your reach.

Breathing in, press down through the pubic region, draw your lower belly in and up, lift and roll

WORDS: DAWATTIE BASDEO – MAGNIFICENTMEMAGNIFICENTYOU.COM. ILLUSTRATIONS: SARA THIELKER

your shoulder blades back towards each other, while lengthening the spine forwards and upwards,
opening the chest area. The neck extends upwards with the head facing forward.

As you do this, engage the muscles in your legs. Breathing in, press your ankles into your hands,
lifting your chest and thighs off the ground. Keep the knees hip distance apart.

Take a few comfortable breaths in this position, then gently release to lie flat on the ground.
Breathe, then come to a kneeling position and fold forwards into child’s pose by lowering your
torso towards your thighs and gently placing your forehead on the floor in front of you (if this is
uncomfortable, try using a blanket or bolster). Arms can be stretched out in front or parallel with
the thighs (palms down). Rest here for a few moments, observing how your body feels.

Bow pose is an intermediate posture, so it’s important to be gentle on yourself if you’re exploring this
position as a beginner. As with all physical activities, please do not attempt if you have any medical
or physical conditions that may be aggravated. If in doubt, talk to your doctor first. Younger children
should be supervised.

26
27
 IT’S ALL GREEK…
Pandora, Achilles, Cassandra – find
out more about the legends whose
names pepper everyday language

The Midas touch. Herculean task. Pandora’s box… Some of

our most well-known idioms have their origins in the myths
and fables of ancient Greece. But if you’re unsure of their
meanings or how to use them, read on to learn about the
legendary figures behind the famous sayings.

28
 Achilles heel
Meaning: When people, systems or organisations are said to
have an Achilles heel, it means they have a weak spot that
makes them vulnerable. Say, for example, you’re a gifted tennis
player but have problems with your backhand, or your otherwise
perfect French is let down by your pronunciation. You could
describe either of these as your Achilles heel because it’s your
one weak point that might let you down.

Origins: Achilles was one of the greatest and most courageous

Greek warriors. When he was a baby, his mother Thetis grasped
him by the ankle and plunged him head first into the magical
waters of the River Styx to protect him against fatal wounds.
The waters washed over his entire body, with the exception
of the patch of skin on his ankle covered by his mother’s hand.
During the Trojan War, Achilles was killed by Paris, who shot
an arrow into that tiny unprotected spot.

Pandora’s box
Meaning: When it’s best to leave something well alone because
delving into it might unleash a whole heap of trouble, that
situation is said to be a Pandora’s box. The expression ‘can of
worms’ conveys the same message.

Origins: Pandora was the first mortal woman. When she married
Epimetheus, Zeus – the god of gods – gave her a jar as a
wedding gift, which she was told never to open. Of course,
Pandora didn’t listen. One night, while Epimetheus slept, she
opened the box and released all manner of hardships on
humanity, including misery, sickness and evil.

29
 Herculean task
Meaning: A Herculean task is one that is extremely difficult
to complete, requiring extraordinary physical, intellectual
and even emotional vigour.

Origins: Hercules was the immensely strong son of Zeus and

the mortal princess Alcmene. His birth aroused the fury of Zeus’s
wife, Hera, who was enraged that her husband had fathered
a child with another woman. Hera arranged for 12 incredibly
difficult tasks or labours to be imposed on Hercules.
These ranged from killing or capturing various deadly
monsters to being given a single day to clean the stables of
King Augeas of Elis, which housed the largest number of cattle
in the country. Hera didn’t expect Hercules to survive the first
challenge, yet he succeeded in completing all 12.

Midas touch
Meaning: People who have the Midas touch are successful
in everything they do. Whatever they try their hand at seems
to turn to gold.

Origins: King Midas, the money-grabbing ruler of Phrygia,

always wanted more. When the god of wine Dionysus promised
to grant him one wish, Midas asked for everything he touched to
turn into gold. In reality, his wish proved to be a curse because
there were no exceptions and Midas ended up turning food,
drink and even his beloved daughter Zoe into lumps of gold.

30
 Sisyphean task
Meaning: When someone refers to something they
need to complete as Sisyphean, it means they consider
it laborious, never-ending and most likely pointless.

Origins: There are several versions of why Sisyphus, the first

king of Corinth, was subjected to a life of eternal toil. They
essentially come down to his daring to outwit Thanatos – the
personification of Death – not once, but twice. In tricking Death,
Sisyphus disrupted the natural order of ancient Greece because
no one died, and this earned him the wrath of Zeus.
His punishment was to push an enormous boulder to the top
of a mountain, only to see it roll down to the bottom a few feet
from the summit. He was condemned to keep repeating this
futile endeavour for eternity.
Odysseus, the hero of Homer’s epic poem Odyssey, describes
the scene: ‘I witnessed the torture of Sisyphus, as he wrestled
with a huge rock. Bracing himself and thrusting with hands and
feet, he pushed the boulder uphill to the top. But every time, as
he was about to send it toppling over the crest, its sheer weight
turned it back, and once again towards the plain the pitiless
rock rolled down.’

Cassandra’s dilemma
Meaning: If you ever hear anyone liken themselves to
Cassandra, it will be because they feel their well-founded
concerns or warnings about the future are never heeded.
WORDS: XENIA TALIOTIS. ILLUSTRATIONS: KIMBERLEY LAURA WALKER

Origins: Cassandra was the daughter of King Priam of

Troy and his wife Queen Hecuba. The god Apollo became
infatuated with her and tried to win her love by giving her
the gift of prophecy – the ability to predict the future. Sadly,
Cassandra continued to spurn his advances, and in an act
of vengeful rage, Apollo put a curse on Cassandra so that
no one would believe her warnings.

31
 TREE OF LIFE
In celebration of the beautiful silver birch
Samuel Taylor Coleridge once described the silver birch
as the ‘most beautiful of forest trees’. With bark of smooth,
shining white mixed with rough black-brown, this striking,
elegant tree boasts flowing, willowy branches that wave
and sway in the breeze. Get to know this graceful tree and
it’s easy to agree with the famed English poet.
How and where to find them
Birches are deciduous, which means they shed their leaves
annually. Daniel Yabsley, co-founder of Sussex nature-
connection initiative Cultivating Curiosity, believes these
are key to identifying the tree: ‘The leaves are small and
have an arrowhead shape with zig-zagged edges. With its
light bark, silver birch stands out from other trees.’
Preferring cooler climates, silver birches grow throughout
Europe and North America but are often planted in urban
areas, so look out for them in cities, too. Notice the papery
bark, once used as writing material. The word ‘birch’ is
thought to originate from the Sanskrit word ‘bhurga’,
meaning ‘a tree with bark that’s used for writing on’.
Branches of medicine
Historically, silver birch was also a vital medicinal resource,
and is still used in some medicine today. The leaves, twigs
and inner bark have pain-relieving properties, containing
a compound similar to aspirin. ‘Birch may only live for a
short time but it gives us a whole host of gifts,’ says Ed Ord
Clarke, a tree surgeon and mentor at Cultivating Curiosity.
Birch bark’s cool colour is a useful reminder that it can
help the body reduce fever, as it’s anti-inflammatory. It’s
also astringent, which means it causes skin cells and
other tissues to contract. This makes birch bark a natural
treatment for skin conditions like eczema, and it also
produces a wonderfully soothing massage oil to ease
tension and relieve tight muscles*.
There are a few everyday ways to reap the benefits of
silver birch, including seeking out teas that list it among
their ingredients – silver birch makes a refreshing, minty
brew rich in vitamin C (see ‘Get a brew on’, overleaf). Daniel
32
highlights the cleansing powers the birch can bring to the
bathroom: ‘The leaves can be used to make a very light
soap by whisking a branch with leaves through water.’
Birch polypore – a fungus that only grows on birches
– has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Consumed by ancient peoples across the world as a tonic
to boost the immune system, it was used also as a plaster –
its rubbery texture stems blood flow and is also antiseptic.
According to Siberian legend, birch sap is the elixir of
life – it’s rich in health-boosting antioxidants and minerals –
and the tree is significant in other countries (see overleaf).
Land of the silver birch
Ancient cultures, especially Native American tribes, didn’t
just favour the silver birch for its medicinal purposes. Its
bark was used to weave baskets, waterproof canoes and
tan leather. The wood was used to build teepees and its
leaves to make yellow, pink and tan dyes.
Today, Ed says that birch timber ‘is renowned for its
ability to hold resonance and is sought after for drums
and studio speakers’.
Hardy survivor
Perhaps even more significantly, it’s known as a pioneer
tree – one that can grow on land damaged by wildfire and
even nuclear disasters. ‘It was also one of the first trees to
cover our landscape after the last ice age,’ says Ed.
The birch is generous to animals too, providing food and
habitat for more than 300 insects. One way of repaying
its natural generosity is by taking care of this shining tree
wherever it can be seen. Remembering to celebrate and
appreciate all the gifts the silver birch has to offer is the
first step to ensuring its survival.
Discover more about how to connect with the silver
birch and other trees at cultivating-curiosity.co.uk
* If you have any medical conditions, always check with
a doctor before using birch-based products
33
 Fairytale tree
Silver birch held a central role in ancient seasonal
celebrations and appears in the folklore of many cultures

In Scotland, birch is the traditional yule log, and its merry

blaze is believed to drive out the old and welcome in the new.

Traditionally used for maypoles in various European

folk festivals, birch symbolises fertility and rebirth.

‘Beith’, meaning ‘birch’, is the name of the first letter in the

ogham alphabet, used by the ancient Celts, and represents
regeneration or renewal.

In Celtic lore, the slender, supple tree also symbolises young

love. Sweethearts made birch wreaths as a token of affection.

Scandinavian mythology reveres birch for its protective

qualities – a branch tied outside a house would protect
the family from infertility and evil, while a birch-twig broom
swept away mischievous spirits.

In The Wonderful Birch, a Russian version of Cinderella,

the ‘fairy godmother’ is a magical birch tree that grows
over the grave of the Cinderella character’s mother.

Siberian folklore values the silver birch as the tree of

life and features the belief that drinking from a well
at the base of a birch grants eternal life.

34
 Get a brew on
Follow these five steps to enjoy the health
benefits of silver birch by making a warming
tea (see information point on page 32)

1. Find a silver birch (identify the tree using

a tree guide) and respectfully harvest a small
handful of fresh, young leaves. Don’t take more
than the tree can spare, and no more than
about five per person.

2. Rinse the leaves and place them in your

favourite mug.

3. Boil water and pour it onto the leaves.

4. Wait until the infusion turns yellow-green

– the darker the tea, the stronger the brew.

5. Drink your tea hot and give thanks for the

silver birch.
WORDS: HEATHER CASEY LEIGH. ILLUSTRATIONS: DORIEN BROUWERS. PHOTOS: SHUTTERSTOCK.COM

35
 COLD COMFORT
Curl up with stories of strange creatures
that sneak out in the snow
From the yeti to the White Witch in Narnia, there are many fantastical creatures
who come out to play in wintertime. All over the world, across different traditions
and cultures, people tell stories of snow queens, mountain monsters and
gruesome goblins associated with cold weather and Christmas traditions. Many
of these creatures originated in folklore, but people still claim to catch glimpses
of them on cold, dark nights. Here are some wintry wonders that you may – or
may not – have heard of.

36
The Abominable Snowman
Said to leave huge footprints in the mountain snow,
explorers have claimed to see this giant while scaling
Mount Everest. The Abominable Snowman – otherwise
known as the yeti – is a mythical ape-like figure,
standing taller than a grown man. It is fabled to live
in the Himalayan mountains in southern Asia.
Over the years, there have been many sightings
of the creature itself as well as its footprints. Those
hoping to prove its existence have even taken plaster
casts of large footprints in the snow, though most
reports turn out to be hoaxes.
The legend of the yeti is thought to come from
Tibetan Sherpa tradition, where stories tell of a
creature up to 5m tall, covered in thick fur and with
sharp teeth. The name the ‘Abominable Snowman’ was
first given in 1921 in the diaries of Lieutenant Colonel
Charles Howard-Bury, who led a British expedition
to climb Everest and found huge footprints, which
his Sherpa guides are said to have told him were from
‘the wild man of the snows’.

Grýla and the Yule Cat

Traditional Icelandic festive stories tell of mountain-
dwelling trolls who visit towns in the run-up to
Christmas and scare disobedient children. For most
of the year, the troll family live in the lava fortress of
Dimmuborgir, in northern Iceland, but on 12 December,
they emerge from their caves for 13 days of mischief-
making, ending on Christmas Eve.
Grýla is said to be the mother of the family – a bad-
tempered giantess with a taste for naughty children.
Legend says she spends the whole year collecting
whispers about who’s been misbehaving, and when
winter arrives sets out to turn them into a giant stew.
The Yule Lads are her troll sons, who like to play pranks
on people. Meanwhile, the family’s huge black cat –
known as the Yule Cat – preys on children who haven’t
been given any new clothes to wear for Christmas.

37
 Oshiroi Babā
The oshiroi babā are gruesome hags of Japanese folklore,
said to live in the country’s mountains until winter draws in,
when they shuffle down into the streets of nearby towns and
villages. Their kimonos are ragged and the deep furrows in
their faces are caked with the traditional white face powder
famously used as make-up by geishas. Their lives of hard
graft are said to have taken their toll, leaving them bent
almost double, leaning heavily on a cane and swigging
from a bottle of sake – a Japanese fermented rice wine.
Local legends tell of oshiroi babā appearing from the
dark corners of snowy streets, accosting unsuspecting
passers-by. But although they’re scary, they’re not
dangerous, and the most you will get if you see one is a
fright. Some say they drag broken mirrors down the streets
behind them – a sign of beauty that has long faded. One
story even has an oshiroi babā as a helpful old woman,
bringing warm sake to those in need.

Krampus
Krampus is another monster whose story is told to frighten
small children into good behaviour. Believed to originate
from Austria and Germany, Krampus is half-goat, half-demon
and is thought to have been part of pagan rituals to mark
the winter solstice (see page 60).
As Christianity spread through Europe, it became
associated with Christmas instead. Stories have it that
Krampus arrives on 5 December, alongside St Nicholas,
and while the saint rewards good children by giving them
presents, Krampus beats the naughty ones with a stick.
Some places in Germany and Austria still celebrate
Kramouslauf – the ‘Krampus run’ – with performers dressed
as Krampus roaming the streets, chasing spectators.

38
 Barbegazi
The barbegazi are daredevil winter monsters who like
surfing avalanches. They’re a type of gnome from Swiss
and French folklore, said to live in the high Alps between
Switzerland and France, in a network of hidden caves
and tunnels – and in temperatures so cold that they have
permanently frozen beards with icicles hanging from them.
Barbegazi hate warm weather and hibernate during
the summer, coming out to play during the winter
blizzard season.
No sightings have ever been reported of the barbegazi in
temperatures above freezing. Mountaineers who claim to
have caught a glimpse of these creatures say they act as
a warning. If there’s a barbegazi about, then an avalanche
might be pending. Despite their intimidating appearance,
the barbegazi are said to act as friends to humans, digging
out people – and even sheep – trapped in the snow.
WORDS: JADE BEECROFT. ILLUSTRATIONS: MICHELLE URRA

39
 THE MAN IN
THE MOON
From animals in clouds to wise old
faces in tree trunks, it’s common for
the mind to see things that aren’t
really there. It’s called pareidolia – and
it’s a great way to get everyone talking
Pareidolia originates from the Greek words pará, meaning
‘alongside’ or ‘beyond’, and eídōlon, which means ‘image’,
‘form’ or ‘apparition’. It describes an intriguing process where
the brain finds a way to make sense of a random pattern.
In other words, the brain recognises something familiar,
even though that something isn’t really there. It might be
a face in the washing-up bubbles, a herd of white horses
galloping on the crest of a wave, a bird in the creases of
a bedsheet or a cartoon character on a piece of toast.
Why does it happen?
Some experts believe people are able to spot faces (the
most common form) in random objects because the brain
is naturally wired to seek out and notice familiar features.
It’s thought that this might be a primal survival instinct.
Being able to recognise faces and moods is crucial to
forming relationships and offers clues as to whether there’s
a potential threat.
But it’s possible to see all kinds of things in random
patterns, and it’s also thought that what someone sees
40
might be influenced by their beliefs, interests or concerns.
This could explain why a Harry Potter fan might see fantasy
figures such as wizards and unicorns, while someone who
knits might identify scarves, socks or jumpers.
The natural world offers many opportunities to recognise
things that aren’t really there – in clouds, water, fire, trees,
flora, rocks and the wider landscape (see panel, overleaf).
Some people notice these forms instantly, while others
see them only once the image has been pointed out. Being
able to see this way is quite common and considered to be
a sign of creativity and an active imagination.
Source of inspiration
Famous artists, including Salvador Dali and MC Escher,
drew upon pareidolia to inform their art and create surreal
imagery and clever optical illusions (see page 56). For
inspiration, look up Dali’s Old Couple or Musician and
Escher’s Relativity. Or seek out Keith Larsen online –
a contemporary artist who creates cartoonish illustrations
of the faces he sees within everyday objects.
Perhaps the most famous example of this mind-bending WORDS: CAROL ANNE STRANGE. PHOTOS: SHUTTERSTOCK.COM
experience is the face of a man in the moon, although some
people say they see a rabbit in the shadows cast by the
craters. Look up during the next full moon. What do you see?
Pareidolia might inspire your creativity or provide
insights that hold personal meaning. At the very least, the
spontaneity of this wonderful phenomenon is something
to be enjoyed. Take pictures of things you notice and share
them. Be ready for a lively discussion as friends point out
what their imaginations conjure up, which can often be
something completely different from your own vision.
Once you start noticing instances of pareidolia, you may
find that your awareness of the shapes and patterns around
you expands, offering a whole new perspective on the world.
41
 Natural sights
There are well-known examples of pareidolia
in the natural world and outer space. Here
are a few that can be viewed online

Elephant Rock on the island of Heimaey,

Iceland

The Sphinx in the Bucegi Mountains,

Romania

Old Man of the Mountain in Franconia, New

Hampshire, US – though, sadly, these granite
cliff ledges collapsed into the sea in 2003

The Sleeping Giant on a mountain formation

in Ontario, Canada

The Horsehead Nebula in the constellation

Orion

The face on Mars in the Cydonia region of

the red planet

Elephant Rock, Iceland

The Sphinx, Romania

The Horsehead Nebula, Orion

42
Pareidolia at play
Four activities to spark the imagination

Finding faces or creatures. Take

1 a look at some everyday objects in
your home. Can you see any faces, animals or wizened faces that appear naturally on
or recognisable objects in the grain of a their bark. See how many you can find.
wooden table or a door? Perhaps you can
see something in the folds of a bedsheet or Make spontaneous art. Scribble
the pattern of a curtain? If the sun is casting
4 randomly on a piece of paper or
shadows on a wall or the floor, can you see create ink blots by mixing acrylic paint with
anything recognisable in them? water, then lightly dabbing it on paper. Out
of the random markings, look for a familiar
Cloud spotting. On a breezy, cloudy image or notice the beginnings of a scene
2 day, look up and watch the clouds that you feel inspired to create and let your
change shape as they sail by. Are there any imagination run wild.
that look like a dragon or a tiger? Maybe you
can see a version of Yoda from the Star Wars
stories, or Disney’s Mickey Mouse or Dumbo?
Take photos and ask your friends if they
notice anything familiar.

Tree creatures. This is one to share

3 with family and friends. Visit a
woodland or forest and search for trees
that look like strange beasts or have eyes

43
 MAGIC EYES
Discover more about the creatures with the
most incredible visual powers
Have you ever stopped to think about how have eyes at all, instead relying on a light-
amazing your eyes are? Compared with some sensing organ on its back.
members of the animal kingdom, humans But there are many other creatures that
can see quite well. They’re able to spot the make human eyesight look a little less
glow of stars many light years away and impressive – including those that have
distinguish between around a million shades excellent night vision or the ability to see
of colour. Dogs, on the other hand, can only extreme distances. There’s even a squid
see a spectrum of blues and yellows. And the with eyes the size of a football. Here are
eyeless shrimp (as its name suggests) doesn’t just five of nature’s super-sighted species.

44
 Cheetah
1 This big cat, which is native to Africa and
central Iran, is known for its speed – it can sprint at up
to 70mph. It also has the best sight of any big cat and
eye adaptations that give it incredible vision on the run.
The cheetah’s eyes are positioned high on its skull for
maximum binocular vision. A high concentration of nerve
cells leads to the optic nerve, which helps the animal spot
prey moving against the horizon in the wide open spaces
of the plains. It can see a target from up to 5km away.
Unlike other cat species, the cheetah has poor night
vision because it tends to hunt during the day, but its eyes
have amazing features to help it do this. The black ‘tear’
lines that run from the corners of its eyes down the sides
of its face help deflect the dazzling sunlight. And a special
membrane shields and protects its eyes during fast
sprints – meaning it can stay focused on its prey.

Reindeer
2 Rudolf is known for his red nose, but reindeer
wouldn’t really need a bright nose to guide them – they
have special UV vision. These mammals live in the Arctic
tundra and forests of Greenland, Scandinavia, Alaska
and Canada, where the snowy landscapes reflect about
90% of the UV light from the sun.
Think about how bright the world can seem after
a fresh snowfall. To enable them to survive in this
glaring world, to find food and spot hungry wolves,
reindeer vision has adapted to see a deeper spectrum
of ultraviolet light. This means that predators and food
sources such as lichen appear black against the white
landscape. Scientists think they also have a special
mechanism to protect their retinas from sun damage.

45
 Eagle
3 Perhaps you’ve heard the term ‘eagle-eyed’
to describe someone who spots the tiniest detail. Most
birds of prey, such as falcons and hawks, have excellent
vision, and owls can see in the dark, but the eyesight of the
eagle is among the sharpest in the animal kingdom – up to
eight times stronger than that of the average human.
A hovering eagle can spot a small prey animal, such as a
rabbit, running across the ground up to 3km away. Then, as
the bird descends, muscles in its eyes continuously adjust
the curvature of the eyeballs so that it can maintain a sharp
focus on its target.
Sight is so important to the eagle’s survival that its large
eyes take up about half of its skull and are positioned on
the sides of its head to give it a 340-degree field of vision
(humans have a 180-degree field).

Octopus
4 Cephalopoda, such as octopuses and squid, are
thought to have some of the best vision in the sea – in
fact, they have much better eyesight than humans, with
more than double the number of optic nerves.
Octopuses spend much of their time in dark dens, but
move into bright shallow waters to feed, so their eyes are
adapted for this drastic change of light. Their pupils can
close in less than a second. They can also change the size
of their eyes for self-defence, contracting their pupils to
blend in with their skin and environment, or dilating them
and making their eyes bulge so that predators think those
massive peepers might be attached to a huge body.
The colossal squid has the largest eyes in the world –
about the size of a football, with a lens the size of an orange.

46
 Domestic cat
5 Finally, you don’t have to go to the depths of the
ocean or the plains of the African savannah to find an
animal with excellent vision. Instead, look no further than
a nearby street corner or maybe even your own windowsill.
Although domestic cats see fewer colours than humans,
they have a wider field of view and are better equipped
to detect motion than their custodians.
They can also see more clearly in dimmer light, requiring
only about 17% of the light that people need, which is why
they like to hunt at dusk and dawn. Scientists have also
found that cats might be able to recognise the faces of
their owners, although not as well as dogs can apparently!
WORDS: JADE BEECROFT. ILLUSTRATIONS: MAGGIE STEPHENSON

47
 SATURDAY NIGHT
TAKEAWAY
Four delicious veggie dishes to rival
any weekend home delivery

Falafel
Ingredients
1 x 400g can chickpeas,
drained and rinsed
1 garlic clove, crushed
Handful flat-leaf parsley
1 tsp ground cumin
Pinch mild chilli powder
2 tbsp plain flour, plus
extra for dusting
Pinch salt
2 tbsp vegetable oil

MAKES 6-8

1. Tip the chickpeas, garlic, parsley,
cumin, chilli powder, flour and salt
into a food processor. Blend until
the mixture is almost smooth.
2. Dust your hands and the work 4. Transfer to a plate lined
surface with a little flour. Shape the with kitchen paper.
mixture into 6-8 evenly sized balls.
5. Serve with pitta bread, salad,
3. Heat the oil in a large frying pan hummus and a squeeze of lemon.
over a medium heat. Fry until golden
brown on each side.

48
 Mixed bean chilli
Ingredients
2 tbsp olive oil
1 red onion, finely chopped
2 garlic cloves, crushed
1/2 tbsp ground paprika
1/2 tbsp ground cumin
2 tsp mild chilli powder
2 x 400g cans chopped tomatoes
Pinch sugar
1 x 400g can kidney beans,
drained and rinsed
1 x 400g can black
beans, drained
and rinsed

To serve
1 x quantity cooked rice
Vegetarian cheddar (grated)

SERVES 4

1. Heat the oil in a large pan over
a low heat. Fry the onion for 5-10
minutes, until soft.
2. Stir in the garlic, paprika, cumin
and chilli powder. Cook for 1 minute.
4. Stir the beans into the chilli. Cook
without a lid for 5 minutes.
5. Divide the rice between 4 plates
or bowls. Spoon over the chilli and
sprinkle with a little grated cheese.

3. Add the tomatoes and sugar.

Turn up the heat, bring to the
boil, then turn the heat to low. EXTRA TOPPING IDEAS
Put a lid on the pan and bubble Sliced avocado,
gently for 20 minutes. While the guacamole, tortilla chips,
chilli is cooking, boil the rice. salsa, vegetarian sour
cream, lime wedges

49
 Bean burgers
Ingredients
1 x 400g can mixed beans,
drained and rinsed
2 tbsp vegetable oil
Pinch mild chilli powder,
ground cumin or paprika
1 large carrot, grated
1 red onion, finely chopped
2 garlic cloves, crushed
Small handful coriander
leaves, roughly chopped
2 tsp plain flour, plus extra
for dusting

To serve
6 burger buns, split in half
Lettuce
Tomato ketchup

SERVES 6

1. Tip the beans into a saucepan.
Cover with cold water. Bring to the
boil, then turn down the heat. Simmer
for 10 minutes, then drain.
2. Put the beans into a large bowl.
Mash with a potato masher or fork,
until almost smooth. Set aside.
3. Heat 1 tbsp of the oil in a large
frying pan over a low heat. Stir in
your chosen spice. Fry for 1 minute,
stirring continuously.
4. Add the carrot, onion and
garlic to the pan. Cook gently
for 10 minutes, until soft.
5. Add the carrot and onion mixture 8. Add the balls to the pan (you might
to the mashed beans. Put the frying need to cook them in two batches).
pan to one side (you’ll use it again Flatten with a spatula or fish slice
later). Stir in the coriander and flour to make them burger shaped. Fry
with a wooden spoon. Leave to cool. for 5-7 minutes on each side,
until golden brown.
6. Once the mixture is cool enough
to handle, dust your hands and the 9. Put each burger in a bun. Top
work surface with flour. Shape the with lettuce and tomato ketchup.
mixture into 6 evenly sized balls.
7. Wipe the inside of the frying
pan with a piece of kitchen paper.
Add 1 tbsp of oil and place over
a medium heat.

50
 Frittata
Ingredients SERVES 4-6
400g new potatoes, cut
into 1/2cm-thick slices
1 tbsp olive oil
Bunch spring onions,
trimmed and finely sliced
1 courgette, sliced
7 large eggs
Salt and pepper
100g frozen peas, thawed
50g vegetarian cheddar
(grated)

1. Bring a large saucepan of salted
water to the boil. Drop in the potato
slices and cook for 3-4 minutes, until
just tender. Drain.
2. Heat the oil in a large ovenproof
frying pan over a medium heat. Fry
the spring onions for 2-3 minutes
until soft.
3. Add the courgette and potato
to the pan. Fry for 3-4 minutes on
each side until starting to brown
at the edges.
4. Crack the eggs into a jug. Beat
lightly with a fork, then season with
salt and pepper.
5. Pour the beaten egg into the pan.
Scatter over the peas and top with
the grated cheese. Turn the heat
down to low. Cook gently until the
egg is almost set (it should still be
a little runny on top). Heat the grill.
6. Place the pan under the preheated
grill for 4-5 minutes, or until the egg
is set and the cheese has melted.
7. Cut into slices and serve.
Edited extract from Kids Can Cook
Vegetarian, illustrated by Esther
Coombs, recipes by Laura Paton.
Published by Button Books,
RRP £14.99, available online
and in bookshops.

51
 SHADOW PLAY
With a long and rich cultural history, shadow puppetry still has
the power to mesmerise and pull on the heartstrings
How would you tell a story? Through drawings, the written
word, photos, moving images? It could be a combination
of some or all of so many options, including poetry and
the spoken word.
One of the oldest – and most magical – forms of
storytelling, however, is shadow puppetry. And it’s
something that requires no words at all.
What is shadow puppetry?
When performed most simply, a puppeteer places one
or more figures between a light and a screen, while the
audience watches from the other side. The puppeteer
then uses sticks and strings to manipulate the figures,
which in turn controls the movement of their shadows.
This ancient art form can also include music or dance.
Where does it come from?
Shadow puppetry is at least 2,000 years old and is thought
52
by some to have originated in China and Indonesia, but
there are also many early examples in India (see panel,
overleaf), Japan and Turkey.
There are several myths surrounding its origin. One
describes how a Chinese magician, Shao Weng, staged
a shadow play to console Emperor Wu of Han who was
grieving for a woman. In the flickering of the shadows, the
Emperor could believe she’d been brought back to life.
Since these earliest days, shadow puppetry has been
picked up and practised in many other countries, including
Greece, France and the UK.
What do the puppets look like?
This depends largely on who’s making them, where they’re
going to be used and the story that’s being told. The
figures sometimes represent mythological or historical
characters, but they can also tell contemporary tales.
They tend to be two-dimensional and can be as simple or
elaborate as the artist chooses. Many have moveable
joints and intricate decorations. Some figures are made
of leather, card or wire, whereas others are made of
sheet metal or the film used for X-rays.
How does it endure in the digital era?
Shadow puppetry is an important part of the cultural
fabric of many communities, with performances
staged at weddings, funerals, religious events and
other special occasions. Shows can also take place in
community halls and commercial theatres.
In many countries, the craft has been passed down
by skilled puppeteers, some of whom form groups
and share their knowledge with younger people.
This way, children hear about their country’s history,
myths, lore and wisdom while also picking up theatrical
and practical skills.
In his book Shadow Puppets and Shadow Play, puppet
expert David Currell explains that they also help connect
people with the past in a more direct way than modern
forms of entertainment can offer.
‘Shadows have often been regarded as having magical
qualities and have strong cultural, religious and scientific
dimensions,’ he says. ‘Our distant ancestors had shadows
from the sun during the day and from their fires at night.’
Will the story continue?
Yes! All stories – especially those that defy logic – get the
imagination whirring. Shadow puppeteers knew this a
long, long time ago and their art is still going strong,
making for a magical ending.
Ready to try putting on a shadow play for friends or family?
It’s not too tricky. Turn the page to see our guide to making
your own puppets and theatre
53
 Out of the shadows
Shadow plays are important – and remain popular
– in many cultures. Here’s a taste of their history in
just three parts of the world
Indonesia
The word ‘wayang’ is the Javanese word for ‘shadow’ or
‘imagination’. It lends its name to a form of shadow puppetry
that’s existed in Indonesia since at least the 10th century.
Wayang kulit (below) is performed with traditional puppets
made from animal hide (‘kulit’ means ‘skin’).
Indonesians sometimes see a wayang play on their
birthdays or a special anniversary.
Puppeteers (dalang) might tell stories from the Hindu
epics Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata. The traditional
gamelan players (nayaga) and female singer (sindhèn)
help out, too.
The characters on the left (as seen from backstage)
most often behave badly. Those on the right represent
the forces of good, who struggle against evil.
54
China
Chinese shadow puppetry often features small figures
made from leather or paper, embellished with beautiful
decoration. Puppeteers use rods to move their puppets,
accompanied by music and song.
Puppets have up to 24 moveable joints. This makes
carving them pretty tricky. Skilled puppeteers are able
to control two or three figures at the same time.
As in Indonesia, Chinese shadow puppetry features
famous heroes from mythology and history. Performers
still tell the legend of the Four Great Beauties of China
– Xi Shi, Wang Zhaojun, Diao Chan and Yang Guifei.
You might see a show at traditional Chinese weddings,
funerals, housewarmings and birthday gatherings.
WORDS: LIZZIE BESTOW. ILLUSTRATIONS (P52-53): KIMBERLEY LAURA WALKER. PHOTOS (THIS PAGE): SHUTTERSTOCK.COM
India
In India, shadow puppet theatres often tell of the
struggle between good and evil. Some puppets
are ornately decorated and jointed whereas others
are set in expressive poses.
Puppet styles and figures vary distinctly across regions.
Tolu Bommalata puppets from Andhra Pradesh are
colourful and large – up to 150cm high. Rabana Chhaya
puppets from Odisha are smaller, and performers are
descendants of musicians and officials from the local
court. In Kerala, tholpavakoothu puppet masters are
often poets who recite prose and verse.
Music is played at all of the different
types of shadow play. Performers often
wear ankle bells and sing, stamping
their feet in time with the music.
Shadow plays may be part of religious
festivals and are sometimes performed
on temple grounds.
Bring your own shadow
puppets to life
A collection of shadow puppets and a shoebox theatre are
really easy to make and great fun to use. The puppets move
behind a tissue-paper screen and are lit by a torch, which
projects the scene onto the paper

You will need

White paper
Printer
Scissors
Card
Eco-friendly glue
Wooden skewers
Eco-friendly or
compostable tape
Shoebox
White tissue paper
Eco-friendly silver paint
Colouring pens
Torch

1. Look on the internet for silhouette images of characters –

fairy tales work well. Print them out, scaled to about 10cm high.

2. Roughly cut out the silhouettes, glue them onto the card
then cut them out again, neatly this time.

3. Stick each puppet to a skewer with small pieces of tape,

hiding the sharp end of the skewer behind the top of the puppet.
You’ll be holding the blunt end during the perfomance.

4. To make the theatre, upend the shoebox and draw

a rectangle around the base, about 4cm in from the edge.
Cut out the rectangle to leave a frame.

5. Paint the box silver, being careful of surfaces and clothes,

then tape or glue the tissue paper onto the back of the frame.
Decorate your theatre using the colouring pens.

6. To put on your puppet show, place the theatre on

a low table. Position the lit torch about 30cm behind the
box. Move the puppets around in the light beam between
the torch and the theatre – and let the show commence!
Moving them nearer the light will make the puppets look
as though they’re moving towards the audience.

Edited extract from The Big Book

of 100 Little Activities by Laura Minter
and Tia Williams, published by
GMC Publications.

55
 IT’S ALL AN
The brain’s reality-bending mistakes can be truly mind-expanding
Can you recall seeing a curved line that turned out
to be straight or objects that seemed to move when
they obviously couldn’t? Maybe you closed your eyes,
blinked a couple of times, then looked again, but still
saw something that wasn’t possible.
The truth is, seeing isn’t always believing. Sometimes,
the eyes perceive one thing and the brain interprets the
information it receives as something completely different,
which is known as an optical illusion. So why would the
brain distort reality in this way?
Looking but not seeing
Your eyes might seem to do a good job of taking in
everything around you, but there’s plenty you don’t see.
The world is full of visual stimuli – too much to take in at
once. Thankfully, the brain filters out what isn’t needed
so it can focus on what is. Important things such as
56
keeping safe from danger come first, yet there’s room for
appreciating beauty, too.
The brain does this by taking shortcuts, constructing
a vague picture of reality based on prior knowledge
and past experiences. This is useful for filtering out
unnecessary information but has its drawbacks. It means
that the senses are rarely fully engaged, which can lead to
hasty assumptions and guesswork. As a result, the world
can never really be seen accurately.
Topsy-turvy
Optical illusions are proof that we don’t always see what
we think we do. German vision scientist Michael Bach
describes them as ‘a mismatch’ between what is seen and
what the properties of the object truly are. And they can
be wondrously mind-expanding. Many artists, such as
Spanish surrealist painter Salvador Dali or Dutch graphic
artist MC Escher (see page 40), created some of modern
art’s most iconic images using the power of illusion.

Smoke and mirrors

Magicians, too, make creative use of the brain’s ability to
deceive itself. For centuries they’ve been employing visual
trickery to entertain audiences. Don’t be fooled by the
props and costumes – the real magic happens in the minds
of those watching. Magicians are masters of manipulation,
utilising people’s blind spots and misdirecting their focus.
Most of the time, it’s about subtly guiding the watcher’s
eye away from the action. When a magician throws a
ball in the air and it disappears, the audience follows the
magician’s gaze rather than their hand. This leaves the
magician free to dispose of the ball while the attention
of the audience is diverted.
It’s not all deliberate dupery, though, as optical illusions
can occur anywhere and for many reasons (see panel,
overleaf). Atmospheric phenomena create seemingly
unbelievable sights – just picture cloud shadows, rainbows
and mirages. Spiderwebs glistening with dew show how
nature often produces magical visions in everyday places,
and there are many other examples (see page 40). You just
need to keep your eyes peeled…

57
 Mind over matter
Several types of optical illusion can baffle
the brain into seeing things differently

PHYSICAL

Environmental factors can alter your perception

of what is physically in front of you. Perhaps
most famous is the way the top half of a spoon or
paintbrush in a glass of water appears separate from
the bottom half, as though it were bigger or bent. This
is because water is denser than air, so light moves
through it differently and creates a visual distortion.

PHYSIOLOGICAL
If contrast, brightness, tilt or pattern overstimulate
the brain, you might see an ‘afterimage’ when your
eyes move away. Think of when you continue to see
a bright spot if you look at a light source for too long.
Or you might see something that isn’t there. This
Hermann grid is a good example – can you see grey
blobs in the white grid at the corner of each black
square? When you try to focus on them, they vanish!

58
 COGNITIVE

When the eyes see something that penrose triangle

can’t be explained, the brain does its
best to make sense of it based on what you
already know about the world and conjures
up something that isn’t really there. The
Penrose triangle works in this brilliantly
bewildering way, along with several other
shapes. These two-dimensional pictures
look like three-dimensional objects,
but it would be impossible to create
them in physical form. They can
only exist two-dimensionally.

Impossible
trident
ORIGINAL WORDS: ANNE GUILLOT. ILLUSTRATIONS: SHUTTERSTOCK.COM

Impossible
cube

Impossible
triangle Impossible bars
59
 WELCOMING WINTER
There are many winning ways to mark the shortest day
and make midwinter feel far from bleak
Winter might not seem like the best season for getting
close to nature – colder weather, short days and long,
dark evenings can lead to a general retreat indoors.
A feast of religious and cultural celebrations can also
mean that nature’s sleepiest season passes many people
by in a frenzy of present-buying, parties and other social
events. But connecting with the Earth’s natural cycles at
this time of year is a great opportunity to appreciate the
rest and stillness that is the forgotten gift of midwinter.
What is the winter solstice?
Winter solstice is the day with the fewest hours of daylight.
It usually takes place on 21 December 2022 (or in June in
the southern hemisphere). From this point on, the days
gradually lengthen. There are some simple ways you can
make the most of this hopeful shift both at home and
outdoors (see overleaf).
Traditional celebrations
Throughout history, people have honoured pivotal points
in the Earth’s seasonal cycle, even in the depths of winter.
Many cultures marked midwinter with fire and light to
60
brighten up the darkest day of the year and to hasten
the return of the sun’s energy – ─something that continues
across the globe to this day (see overleaf).
In Celtic traditions, it was believed that the wheel of the
year briefly stopped turning at this point. In fact, turning
wheels of any sort – even those on carts and butter churns
– was forbidden at winter solstice. Homes were decorated
with evergreens such as holly, ivy and mistletoe. These
were considered special as they were the only plants still
growing in the otherwise bare winter landscape.
WORDS: VICKY H BOURNE. ILLUSTRATIONS: LA JEANETTE
During the winter, life on Earth withdraws into itself and
nature slows down. Nowadays, of course, artificial lighting
and other technology mean business generally continues
as normal, whatever the season. But in the centuries before
electricity and central heating, winter forced people to
slow down and turn inwards, mirroring nature around them.
It was a time for people to retire from the outer world, let
their inner world expand, connect with their intuition and
listen to their innate wisdom.
Turn over for ideas of how to celebrate midwinter and
examples from around the world
61
 Eight ways to celebrate the solstice
1 Watch the sunrise (see issue 35).
Being out early on a cold winter’s
morning can be a truly magical
experience and provides a refreshing
start to the day.
2 Connect with the Earth. At
first glance, it might seem that
everything is sleeping in winter, but
a walk outside can turn into a mini
treasure hunt. Can you spot any
impatient bulbs poking through the
soil, animal tracks in the mud or even
the first new buds forming on trees.
3 Traditionally, winter evenings
were spent keeping warm
around a fire, telling stories. Consider
getting together with friends and
family to tell your own tales or
research winter folk legends from
your culture or country.
62
4 Clear the way for a new year.
Tidying up any bedroom clutter
and finishing any outstanding
school projects can bring a sense
of completion, ready for a clean start
in the early weeks of the year.
5 Enjoy the dark nights in. The
longer evenings are a good
opportunity to take up a new craft,
read, play board games or do puzzles.
You could sketch a winter’s scene or
design greetings cards for friends.
6 Make a winter wreath. Wheels
of evergreens celebrate the
continuous cycle of life and are
a symbolic reminder that warmth
and sunlight will return. Use whatever
materials are available – a circle
of willow twigs, floristry wire or
cardboard work well. Take care with
holly, ivy or mistletoe and avoid if
you have younger siblings or pets
– several parts of these plants are
poisonous, particularly the berries.
7 Take time to journal, draw or
reflect. What’s going well for
you as the year draws to a close?
What do you appreciate in life? What
are your hopes or intentions for the
next 12 months?
8 Decorate a yule log. Yule is
another name for festivities.
Historically, it was a celebration of
the return of the sun and it was once
a custom for yule logs to be placed
on the fire with much ceremony.
A decorated log can be a beautiful
winter feature in the centre of a table.
Embellish it with ribbons, beads or
natural materials, such as pine leaves.
Worldwide view
Scandinavia is known for its long, dark winters. On 13 December, a few days
before the winter solstice, St Lucia’s Day, also known as the Festival of Lights,
celebrates light conquering darkness.

In China, Dong Zhi (meaning ‘winter arrives’) is celebrated with family

gatherings and traditional food. People welcome the return of longer days
and the increase in positive energy to come.

In Japan, a winter solstice (toji) tradition is to take a soak in a bath full of yuzu
fruit (similar to a lemon). The warming effects of the vitamin C-rich citrus are
thought to ward off illnesses that threaten to strike during the cold months.

In Brighton, England, a lantern parade known as Burning the Clocks takes

place on 21 December. The community event has been running for more than 20
years and was established as a way for people of any – or no – faith to celebrate
the festive season.

Did you know?

Saturnalia was an ancient Roman solstice celebration dedicated to Saturn, the
god of agriculture and time. A week-long gift-giving festival would take place
from 17 to 24 December, during which all social norms fell away and everyone
indulged in gambling, drinking and feasting.

63
 ‘I really think a
champion is defined
not by their wins
but by how they
can recover when
they fall’
SERENA WILLIAMS
 Rewrite the rules
Manners don’t have to be stuffy, they can be a way of showing
consideration and appreciation (see page 10). Use this space to note
down courteous acts of kindness that have meant the world to you

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