CHE1010

Stoichiometry Lecture 1

It is the study of quantities of materials consumed and

produced in chemical reactions.

Measurement and Units

Mass, Volume, length

e.g 1 Kg mango (number and a scale involved)

common units: g, mg, μg….

We follow SI units

1 Kg =1000 g

1g = 1000 mg

1kg = 106 mg

Volume

1 litre = 1 dm3

= (10 cm)3 = 1000 cm3

Also 1 cm3 =1 ml

1 litre = 1000 cm3 = 1000 ml

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 Exponential notation

10o =1 101 =10 103 = 1000

10-1 = 0.1 10-2 = 0.01

Deci centi

103 - kilo 10-6 - micro 109 - giga 10-9 - nano

Problem:
Calculate the number of cm3 in 0.25 dm3.

Key:
1 dm = 10 cm
(1 dm)3 = 10 cm3) = 1000 cm3
0.25 dm3 = 0.25 x 1000 = 250 cm3

Problem: Convert 1 cm-1 to m-1

Key: 1 m =100 cm (inverse, 1/cm, reciprocal)

1cm =10-2 m
1 cm-1 = 102 m-1 or 100 m-1

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Uncertainty in measurement

Bathroom scale is not an accurate instrument : Uncertainty is

high
Electronic balance : Accuracy is high

Burette is accurately calibrated. When we deliver 20.15 ml, only

first 3 digits will be certain.

Uncertainty is with the last estimated figure.

The digits which are certain + 1st uncertain digit → S F
In the measurement 1.86 kg , digits 1 and 8 are certain and
6 is uncertain → [3 S F]
Uncertainty associated is 1.86 +/- 0.01 kg
Error can go up or down.
Precision & accuracy (reliability)
Precision: Degree of agreement between two or more
replicate measurements

Accuracy: Degree of agreement between your value and

true value
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Significant figures
No: of digits that are known with some degree of
confidence
Rules:
Non zero integers are significant
Leading zeroes not significant: 0.0035
Captive zeroes are significant: 1.003 (4 S F)
Trailing zeroes are significant if it contains a decimal
point e.g 100. (3 S F)

Multiplication and Division

The number of S F in the result is the same as the number
in the least precise measurement
4.56 x 1.4 ( 2 S F only) = 6.38 → 6.4 (show only 2 S F)
In addition or subtraction the result has the same number
of decimal places as the least precise measurement.
In a multistep calculation, only the final answer should be
rounded off.
Base quantities and units
Length: m
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Mass: Kg
Amount of substance: mol
Concentration: mol/litre, M, Molarity
Dimensional analysis
Conversion from one system of units to another
1 cm = ---------inches
2.56 cm =1 inch
Divide both sides by 2.56 cm
1 =1inch/2.56 cm (conversion factor)
Problem:
Convert 2.85 cm to inch
Key: 2.85 x 1 inch/2.56 cm = 1.12 inch
Problem:
Convert 10.0 km to miles
Data
1 km = 1000m
1m =1.094 yard
1760 yd =1 mile
Key:
10.0 km x 1000m/1km x 1.094 yd/1m x 1mi/1760 yd = 6.22 miles
Show 3 S F just as 10.0 km

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Lecture 2
Atoms and molecules
Matter is anything occupying space e.g soil, wood
Elements are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler
substances e.g C, H, N
A compound is a substance with constant composition that can be
broken down into elements by chemical process e.g H2O
Law of conservation of mass: Mass is neither created or destroyed
in a chemical reaction.
Each element like N, O is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
Chemical compound like NO2 is formed by reorganisation of
atoms in chemical reaction.
Atoms consist of 3 particles: proton +1 charge, 1.673x 10-27 kg
Electron -1 charge 9.109x 10-31 kg
Neutron neutral 1.675x10-27 kg
In an atom p & n are arranged in the central part called nucleus
and e are revolving round.

Proton number is also called atomic number

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p + n = mass number

Electron number is same as proton number, atoms are

electrically neutral.
Isotopes differ in number of neutrons.

Chemical bonds: In H2O, atoms are held together by sharing

electrons (covalent bonds).
H2O : Chemical formula of water

Structural formula (actual shape)

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Ions

Na → Na+ + 1 e-

is a positive ion, charged species, cation

A chlorine atom can accept the e

Chloride anion, negatively charged.

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Ions of opposite charges attract and ionic compound, NaCl is
formed.
Other examples of ionic compounds are

Periodic Table

Binary compounds
Na+ Cl- NaCl (2 elements involved)
K+I- KI
Mg2+ O2- MgO

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Na is from group 1, its charge is +1, Na+
Mg is from group 2, its charge is +2, Mg2+
Ca ???
Cl accepts 1 e and forms Cl-
O accepts 2 e and forms O2-.
So, Mg2+ combines with O2- forming MgO
The charge 2 signifies the combining capacity or valency.
Mg2+ + 2Cl-1 → MgCl2
Similarly,
Cu+1Cl-1 Copper(I)chloride Cu1Cl1
Hg2+O2- Mercury(II) oxide HgO
Fe → Fe3+ +3e-
Fe3+ + O2- →Fe2O3
CoBr2 cobalt(II)Bromide
K2MnO4 Potassium manganate(VI)
Acids
Certain molecules produce free H+ ions when dissolved in water.
e.g HCl
HCl →H+ + Cl-
H2S → H+ + HS- → H+ + S2-
H3PO4 → 3H+ + PO43-

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