Gyanodaya-2023

nd
2 International Conference
on
“Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy”
24th & 25th February 2023 (Friday & Saturday)

Organized by

IEC College of Engineering and Technology

Plot No. 4, Knowledge Park – 1,
Greater Noida (Delhi-NCR), U. P. - 201310
www.iec.edu.in

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

 Recent Innovations in
Engineering, Management & Pharmacy

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First Published, 2023

pISBN : 978-81-948907-7-5
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 Recent Innovations in
Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Editor
Prof. (Dr.) B. Sharan

Co-Editors
Prof. (Dr.) Manoj Kr. Garg
Prof. Vipin Kr. Kushwaha

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8
 Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy

Preface

I trust that this message finds you in good health and spirit. It is my great pleasure to present the proceedings
of the International Conference on “Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management &Pharmacy”,
ICREMP-2023. This is a unique opportunity for Researchers, Scientists and Professionals to learn about the
most recent research and application results, discuss the research trends and innovative applications, and
network with colleagues in the areas of Engineering, Management, Pharmacy and Emerging Technologies in
various Technological and Industrial sectors. I would like to express my deepest appreciation for the
extraordinary job done by all organizers of this conference and the opportunity that they kindly offered us to
grow together in knowledge, competencies and skills.

I thank my esteemed authors for having shown confidence in us and considering ICRIEMP-2023, as a platform
to showcase and share their original research work. I wish to express my gratitude to my focused and dedicated
team of Keynote speakers, Session Chairs, Co-chairs, members of the Advisory Committee, my team of
teaching and non-teaching staff members and finally my students for being a great source of strength to me in
making this event successful. I would like to thank the authors and the attendees: they are the ones who make
the conference possible and vibrant, ensuring that their enthusiasm will stimulate the whole community and
will continue to be the engine for research, application, and education as well as for the development of the
economy and the society. My warmest wishes to all of you for an enjoyable and productive conference!

This conference was intended to provide a common platform to bring together Researchers, Engineers,
Scientists and Scholars to exchange and share their experiences, new ideas, and research results about all
aspects of different emerging technologies in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy.

I am sure this conference will highlight and unleash the emerging trends in Engineering, Management and
Pharmacy and will be useful in setting a vision for the further development of the country vis a-vis global
development standards.

I consider myself fortunate to have such a dedicated and ever supporting team. A very special thanks to
Shri Abhijit Kumar (CFO), Prof. (Dr.) Bhanu PS Sagar, Prof. (Dr.) B. Sharan, Prof. (Dr.) Manoj Kr. Garg,
Prof. Vipin Kr. Kushwaha, Prof. (Dr.) Shakti Prakash, Prof. Manoj Kr. Prabhakar, Prof. Raj Kumar Mishra,
Prof. Bipin Kr. Singh, Prof. (Dr.) Vinay Gupta, Prof. (Dr.) Santosh Kumar, Prof. Sharad Maheshwari and Mr.
Lokesh Sharma (Admin) for having worked relentlessly to make this conference successful.

Prof. Sunil Kumar

Director-Academics, IEC-GI

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 Recent Innovations in
Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Editorial Board

Prof. (Dr.) V. K.Vaishnavi Prof. Sunil Kumar

Emeritus Professor Director-Academics
Department of Computer Information Systems
George Town University, USA Prof. (Dr.) Bhanu P. S. Sagar
Director
Prof. (Dr.) Hari Om
Assistant Professor, IIT (ISM), Dhanbad Prof. (Dr.) B. Sharan
Dean-Academics
Prof. (Dr.) Manish Roy
Professor, Dept. of ECE, Prof. (Dr.) Shakti Prakash
MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly HoD - MBA

Prof. (Dr.) S. S. Jamuar Prof. (Dr.) Santosh Kumar

Professor Professor, Dept. of Applied Science
School of Microelectronics, Malaysia University
Prof. (Dr.) Manoj Kumar Garg
Prof. (Dr.) Sunil Kr. Gupta HoD -ECE
HoD, CSE Dept., UPES, Dehradun
Prof. Vipin Kr. Kushwaha
Prof. (Dr.) Ravi Kant Prasad Associate Professor, Dept. of CSE/IT
Professor, Lloyd Institute of Engg. & Tech.,
Greater Noida Prof. Raj Kumar Mishra
Associate Professor, Pharmacy
Prof. (Dr.) Ankur Agarwal
Professor, Sharda University, Greater Noida

Prof. (Dr.) Jayendra Kumar

Professor, SRM University

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

 Gayanodaya - 2023

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Messages

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

 Messages

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Messages

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

 Messages

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Messages

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

 Messages

Chairman's Message

I t is quite gratifying to note that the IEC College of Engineering & Technology
(IEC-CET), IEC Group of Institutions (IEC-GI) is organizing an International
Conference on “Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management and Pharmacy
(ICRIEMP-Gyanodaya-2023)” on 24th and 25th February, 2023.

It is my pleasure to welcome all the invited speakers, delegates and distinguished

guests. Organizing such an event at this point of time reinforces our objective of
developing an environment for the exchange of ideas towards scientific and
technological developments. I wish the conference would be able to deliberate on
current issues of national and international relevance, particularly in the field of
cloud computing, data mining, networks, image processing, big data analytics,
nanotechnology, recombinant DNA technology, nano-formulations developments,
herbal technologies, phytopharmaceuticals and pharmacotherapeutics etc.

There have been unprecedented numbers of quality papers that are to be presented in
the conference. I am sure that this occasion will provide an affable environment for
the researchers and academicians to freely exchange the views and ideas with others.
I convey my warm greetings and felicitations to the organizing committee and the
participants and extend my best wishes for the grand success of this conference.

Dr. Navin Gupta

Chairman

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Messages

Director (Academics) Message

I t gives me the immense pleasure that IEC College of

Engineering & Technology is hosting the 2nd
international conference 'Gyanodaya 2023' on the theme
“Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management &
Pharmacy” during February 24-25, 2023.

I would like to take this opportunity to extend warm

greetings to distinguished keynote speakers and all the
conference attendees. I am quite hopeful that this
conference will bring together diverse researchers of country and abroad on various
aspects of Technology, Management and Pharmacy. I appreciate the interest shown
by all the speakers and presenters who will exchange their views in the conference,
which will stimulate the progress of Science & Technology. This conference may
seed research collaborations and extend the networks among several research
scholars, technocrats and scientists.

Organizing a conference of this size would not be possible without the committed
efforts of many. I would like to congratulate the conference organizers and express
my deep gratitude to the IEC management for making this conference possible.
I, once again extend a warm welcome to all of you to this conference at the IEC
Campus.

Prof. Sunil Kumar

Director (Academics)

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

 Messages

Director's Message

I am pleased to welcome you all for the International

Conference on “Recent Innovations in Engineering,
Management and Pharmacy (ICRIEMP-Gyanodaya-2023)”
which is going to be organized during February 24th to 25th,
2023 by IEC Group of Institutions (IEC-GI).

Right from the ancient time in India, in Greece and in several

other countries of the world, conferences and discussions have
been in the centre stage of Academics. The take-home values of
the Conferences are boundless. The primary aim is their capacity to make individual ask
questions. They are thought-provoking, research stimulating and enlightening. ICRIEMP-
Gyanodaya-2023 Conference organisation underlines these objectives. Intellectuals from
India and abroad will be conglomerating in this event bringing their expertise and
inventiveness before delegated and participants.

IEC-GI is a wealth of knowledge, innovation and technology that lies within its philosophy to
impart innovative industry oriented pragmatic education for excellence in the field of
Engineering, Management and Pharmaceutical Science Education and it always provides
opportunities to all aspiring Engineers, Technocrats and Pharma Researchers. The scientific
& technical events in the conference will be targeted towards researchers, practitioners,
professionals, educators and students to share their research knowledge, innovative ideas,
issues, recent trends and future directions in the field of Engineering, Management and
Pharmacy.

The conference is a unique forum for exchange of innovative ideas, technical expertise for
technological advancement etc. in this evergreen field. It includes keynote address from
Academician and paper presentation by Researchers. It is a matter of joy for us to welcome
the participants to this conference.

In a nutshell, the conference promises to transcend to a new and unprecedented level of

experience. It is thus the zenith where technology and skill meets opportunities and guidance.
Finally, it would certainly be an event that no one wishes to miss.
I wish ICRIEMP- Gyanodaya-2023 a grand success.

Dr. Bhanu P. S. Sagar

Director

Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Messages

Dean Academics Message

Dear Professors and Researchers,

It is my privilege and honor to welcome you all to the Gyanodaya-2023,

the 2nd International Conference on “Recent Innovations in
Engineering, Management & Pharmacy ICRIEMP-2023” at IEC
Group of Institutions, Greater Noida (UP), India.

Innovation has been the backbone for the growth of technology ever since
mankind started to live on this earth. Bill Gates observed, “Never before
in History has Innovation offered the promise of so much to so many in so
short a time”.

The main goal of organizing this conference is to provide a platform to

share and enhance the knowledge of the research scholars, academicians, industry experts and students to
spread knowledge on scientific research in Interdisciplinary areas in this fast-growing Era of
Information. We have given a good opportunity for those who have a thirst in knowing the present
technological developments and also share their ideas. Additionally, this conference will also facilitate the
participants to expose and share various novel ideas.

The Conference will strive to offer plenty of networking opportunities, providing you with the opportunity
to meet and interact. I am sure the conference will provide an adequate opportunity for all participants to
share their knowledge and deliberate on various current issues connected with the subject.

I would like to express my thanks to all authors for their outstanding contributions and in particular the
members of the program board for their competent evaluation of the large number of submissions.

I would also like to express my appreciation & sincere gratitude to the Chief Guest, Keynote Speakers &
Session Chairs of the invited sessions, and all eminent Speakers on the board.

I heartily thank the Management for their unconditional support, all the Conference Committee members
for extending their valuable time in organizing the program, and all the authors, reviewers, faculties, staffs
and students for their sparkling efforts and their belief in the excellence of ICRIEMP-2023.

I cordially invite all the participants to participate with full vigor in this celebrated event which can give
immense exposure and global opportunities to all.

Prof. (Dr.) B. Sharan

Dean Academics & Convenor

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 Recent Innovations in
Engineering, Management & Pharmacy

CONTENTS
1. Twist Estimation of a Rigid Body for Dynamic Correlation 1-7
Anil Kumar Sharma
2. Psychological Capital Research: Indian Perspectives 8-13
Ms. Richa Dhir, Prof. (Dr.) Shakti Prakash and Prof. (Dr.) D. B. Singh
3. Pharmacognostic Experimental Analysis of Tribulus Terrestris
and Withania Somnifera as a Testosterone Booster 14-19
Vinay Jaiswal, Rakesh Yadav, Mahesh Pal, Ravindra Kumar and Sudhanshu Jha
4. Modeling of Self-reconfigurable Staircase Cleaning Robot: sTetro 20-27
M. Devarassu, M. Kalimuthu, A. A. Hayat, P. Veerajagadheswar and M. R. Elara
5. Inventory Flow Management Process in FMCG (Beverages) Sector 28-33
Dr. Dharm Bir Singh and Dr. Shweta Rai
6. Dengue Severity in Diabetic Patients 34-41
Ashu Sharma, Prof. (Dr.) Pooja Arora and Dr. Amit Singh
7. Transformer’s-BERT vs GPT 42-43
Jyoti Raj Singh, Prof. (Dr.) B. Sharan and Lakhan Singh
8. A Study of Nature and Extend of Financial Inclusion on Individual
Growth at Noida and Greater Noida 44-52
Sonam Rani and Ajit Mittal
9. Physiochemical, Biological Parameters and Water Quality Index of Harvested
Rainwater of Mathura, U.P., India 53-58
Dr. Shailendra Badal, Anil Kumar Chaudhary and Swati Singh
10. Feasible Shapes of Centrifugal Force Generating Electrode in Thermal
Additive Centrifugal Abrasive Flow Machining Process 59-64
Anant Bhardwaj, Krovvidi Srinivas and Rajiv Chaudhary
11. Role of Government Policies in Accelerating Startups Culture in India 65-71
Dr. Garima Agarwal and Akshat Agarwal
12. Machine Learning for Forecast of Weather 72-75
Ishita Jain
13. The Impact of Digital Applications of Fintech on Banking Sector:
A Study on Millennials in North India 76-87
Pradeep Sharma and Dr. Monica Gupta
14. Representations of Positive Integers as Sum of Squares
and Triangular Numbers 88-91
Mohammad Nafees Siddiqui
15. An Empirical Investigation of Green Banking Usage Customers’ Behaviour 92-96
Dr. Apurva Shrivastava, Ms. Nida Sarfaraz and Dr. Shakti Prakash
Gayanodaya - 2023 pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8
 16. A Study to Analyze the Impact of Performance Appraisal System on
Employee Outcome in Shipping and Logistic Industry 97-103
Shweta Uttam and Narendra Singh
17. Study of Newspapers Reading Behavior Among Young and Old Readers 104-110
Dr. Meenu Kumar, Ms. Nida Sarfaraz and Dr. Shakti Prakash
18. A Review on Design Techniques of Two Stage CMOS OP-AMP 111-115
Shahid Khan, Utkarsh Srivastava and Prabhakar Sharma
19. Embracing Workplace Flexibility 116-120
Istadeva Mishra, Dr. Anshu Yadav and Dr. Shakti Prakash
20. Emergence of Nanocarriers in Pharmaceutical:
Recent Developments and Future Prospects 121-129
Dr. Ram Narayn Prajapati
21. Impact of Green Economy Practices in Promoting Sustainability 130-132
Himanshi Mittal, Ashish Diwakar and Vipin Kumar Tomer
22. Applications of Design of Experiments (DoE) for Optimization of
a Biodiesel Synthesis Process: A Case Study 133-135
Ritesh S. Malani and Hanif A. Choudhury
Abstracts
23. Industry Four Point Zero: Overview 136
Ms. Swati Kunwar and Mr. Brijesh Kumar
24. Analyzing the Performance of Smart Street Light via IoT to
Minimize Energy Consumption 137
Snigdha Sharma and Dr. Manoj Kumar Garg
25. Changing Trends of Supply Chain Management in Diverse Environment 137
Madhu Bala
26. Recent Trends in the Practice of White Collar Post Covid-19
with Reference to IT Sector 137
Kajal Sharma
27. Impact of Tourism Growth on Local Economy 138
Vinod Kumar
28. Pharmacognostic Experimental Analysis of Tribulus Terrestris
and Withania Somnifera as a Testosterone Booster 138
Ravindra Kumar, Sudhanshu Jha, Mohit Kumar, Rakesh Yadav,
Mahesh Pal and Vinay Jaiswal
29. Path Finding Visualizer 139
Abhigya Pritam, Aryan Raj, Rajeev Roy and Sanjay
30. Comparative Study of Manufacturer vs Retailer Brands 139
Mr. Brijesh Kumar
31. Human Perception, Virtual Reality and the Built Environment 140
Shivam Chauhan
32. A Survey on: Ride Sharing and Car Pooling System 140
Sandeep Kumar Sharma, Harsh Raj, Denjil and Gulame Khwaja

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 33. MHD Mixed Convection of Casson Fluid Overa Nonlinear Stretching Sheet
in a Porous Medium with Thermal Radiation and Chemical Reaction 141
Ritu and Anil Kumar
34. Application of Design of Experiments for Optimization of
a Biodiesel Synthesis Process: A Case Study 141
Ritesh S. Malani and Hanif A. Choudhury
35. A Survey on: Donate for Life Using Java 142
Abhishek Kumar Pandey, Altaf Ali, Mohd. Junaid and Muhammad Saif Khan
36. An Advanced Fractional Depiction Encryption Methods Based on Gauss Map 142
Shweta Chauhan, Ghanshyam Yadav and Shivani Sharma
37. The Influence of Music on Personality Development
and its Potential to Connect People 143
Aakash Dwivedy, Naman Rai, Harsh Kumar Jha and Ayush Gupta
38. Recent Innovations in Chalcone as Anti-Microbial Agent 143
Ashish Sikdar, Dr. Reema Sinha and Poonam Sharma
39. Potentiality of E-Commerce in the Rural Community of the Uttar Pradesh 144
Sumit Kumar Rohila
40. Antimalarial Drugs Development & Evaluation for
Nano Lipid Based Drug Delivery System 144
Priyanka Bhati
41. Sales Forecasting in Pharmacy Industry for Sales of Drug Product in Daily Bases 145
Geeta, Vipin Kushwaha and Dr. Bibhuti Sharan
42. Impact of Antioxidants in Combination with An-Anticancer Drug on Lung Cancer 145
Sonia Bhatt, Amrita Singh, Suman Lata Mehta and Snehil Singh
43. Design Factors Affecting Performance of Solar PV Module Performance 146
Prabhakar Sharma, Shilpa Sharma and Dr. Manoj Kumar Garg
44. Recent Innovation in Therapeutic Potential of Phthalimide Analogs
with Gaba Anticonvulsant Viainsilico Studies 146
Rajan Kumar Kurmi and Dr. Reema Sinha
45. Recent In-Silico Innovations of Carvone 147
Snigdha Srivastava, Dr. Reema Sinha and Dr. Pallavi M. Lavhale
46. Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Skin Disease: A Novel Approach 147
A. Khan, N. Parvez, M. George, S. K. Joshi and A. P. Singh
47. In-Silco Design of Novel Benzimidazole Analogues
as Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Activity 148
Chauhan Himanshu, Tripathi Ram Babu and Agrawal Anurag
48. Carissa Carandas Antioxident Potential: Methods and Experimental Evidences 148
Rajkumar Mishra, Snehil Singh, Sonia Bhatt and Kamal Singh Bani
49. A Review of Text Mining Methodologies in Different Areas 149
Shiv Gupta
50. Turmeric: Post-Production Management 149
Vishwesh Mishra

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 51. A Brief Study on Cloud Computing Implementation Issues 150
Mayank Saini and Bhawna Kaushik
52. A Brief Study on Recruitment and Retention of Human Resources 150
Mr. Rakesh Kumar Dixit, Ms. Divyanshu Chauhan and Ms. Sakshi Goel
53. Nutraceuticals and their Medicinal Importance 151
Faiz Ali Ansari
54. Phytomedicine used in Cardiovascular 151
Manvendra Pratap
55. Transdermal Drug Delivery System: A Tool For Novel Drug Delivery System 152
Arvind Pathak
56. Evaluation of Clarithromycin Effect on Hypoglycemia in the Experimental Rats 152
Dr. Rajesh Kumar Asija, Princy Malik and Rashmi Khanijau
57. Phytomedicine used in Diabetes 153
Pavitra Yadav
58. Home Based Mobile Application Through IoT for
the Management of Haemophilic Patients 153
Hina Chadha, Seema M. Jain, Mojahid ul Islam, Tanmay Chadha and Kuljeet Kaur
59. Bioanalytical Method Development of Venlafaxine in Solid Dosage Forms 154
Snehil Singh, Sagar Patni, Sonia Bhatt, Dr. Amrita Singh,
Raj Kumar Mishra and Kamal Singh Bani
60. Realtime and Autonomous Object-Detection Based Tracking using
DeepSORT and Transfer Learning Technique 154
Shashwat Pandey and Agha Asim Husain
61. Microfinance and Government Schemes for Developing
Women Entrepreneurship in India 155
Dinesh Kumar Rana
62. Formulation and Evaluation of Quercetin Loaded Banana Starch Nanoparticles 156
Dharmendra Kumar
63. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Chalcone Derivative 156
Manoj Kumar Prabhakar and Jaya Yadav
64. Bisection Method for Three-Parameter Eigenvalue Problems 157
Pushpendra Pal Singh
65. Research Article on Anti-Bacterial Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Thyme
and Cinnamon in Treatment of Acne Vulgaries 158
Jaya Bhati, Amarjeet Singh and Giriraj T. Kulkarni
66. Role of Customer Perception in Buying Behaviour of Luxury Brands Online 158
Monika Sharma

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Twist Estimation of a Rigid Body for
Dynamic Correlation
Anil Kumar Sharma
Living Appliance R&D Division, LG Soft India Private Limited
Wegmans Business Park, Greater Noida, U.P., INDIA
anilkumar.sharma@lge.com
Abstract: A mathematical formulation for the twist
estimation of a rigid bodyis presented in this paper.
Some vibrational motion was given to a rigid body
which was hung on a suspension system. Four triaxial
accelerometers were used to measure the linear
acceleration of the rigid body. This point accelerometer
data was further used to estimate the twist of the rigid
body in the body-fixed frame with the help of proposed
Keywords: angular velocity, acceleration, dynamic
correlation, pose and twist, Kalman filter, Estimation.
I. Introduction
Researchers have focused on the real time estimation of
the pose and twist of a rigid body for several decades.
Most of the time it is difficult to put an accelerometer at
the center-of-mass (CoM) of a real physical system, and
therefore, accelerometers are putted on the surface of the
body. One has to put several accelerometers on the
surface of the body and compare the test results for every
accelerometer location with the simulation data for the
same locations. For a complex multibody system, such
as, an automobile suspension, Rotor assembly, or a
washing machine dynamic assembly, the dynamic
behaviour of the system depends on many stiffness and
damping parameters. To correlate the simulation results
with the test data, one need to fine tune these stiffnesses
and damping parameters, which satisfy correlation
criteria for each and every location where the
accelerometers are mounted on the surface of the rigid
body.For the dynamic correlation of a multibody
system, it will be helpful to use the CoM position and
angular velocity of the body from the test data to
compare with the simulation results. In this case, one has
to compare the test results (pose and twist of the body)
with the simulation results for only one point location
i.e., CoM of the rigid body.The placement location and
Gayanodaya - 2023
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formulation. The proposed methodology provides
accuracy improvement over similar other formulation
whereby the angular velocity was estimated via
integrating the angular acceleration. The known motion
characteristic of the rigid body helps to find the sign of
angular velocity components. Numerical results for the
estimated angular acceleration and velocity are
presented.
the minimum number of accelerometers required to
estimate the angular velocity of a rigid body was
proposed in [1-2]. The effect of general relativity, along
with Kalman filtering of the GPS data and maximum
likelihood estimation of the accelerometer data was
proposed in [3]. Three tri-axial accelerometers at three
non-colinear points are sufficient to estimate the angular
velocity of a rigid body. But we need to transform the
kinematic equations to a computational plane as
outlined in [4]. For long term pose and twist estimation
of a moving body, a Gyro-free inertial navigation system
(INS) integrated with a GPS was proposed in [5]. The
Kalman filter equations were used to estimate the error
in the gyro-free INS data. An effective technique to
estimate the pose and twist of a rigid body from the point
accelerometers data was proposed in [6], where
numerical integration was employed to compute the
attitude of the body. An advanced attitude estimation
methodology was presented in [7] using Gyro-free INS,
and the technique was validated on experimental data of
the four tri-axial accelerometers. In [8-9], the
accelerometer installation error was discussed and
identified by off-line iterative processing of the
gravitational acceleration along the known direction.
Estimation of the angular velocity from the symmetric
part of the angular acceleration matrix was presented in
1
Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
[10]. Two methods were presented, one based on
coordinate transformation, and another one based on
null space analysis of the angular acceleration matrix.
The orientation estimation of a rigid body through gyro-
free inertial measurement unit (IMU) along with a
magneto sensor was proposed in [11]. The angular
velocity estimation from gyro-free IMU using
unscented Kalman filter was presented in [12]. The
results were compared with the extended Kalman filter
as well to show the effectiveness of the UKF. A wireless
accelerometer array, namely, EcoIMU for a moving
rigid body navigation was presented in [13]. The
experimental results showed the effectiveness of the
EcoIMU over the conventional one, which had less drift
error and lower power consumption.
There are two well-known methods, namely, Time
Integration (TI) and Polynomial Roots (PR), for the
angular velocity estimation from the kinematic
relations. The weighted linear combination of TI and PR
methods was used to estimate the angular velocity [14],
where weighing factors were chosen such that the
variance of the estimated angular velocity is minimised.
The mechanisation and state's error equations for the
gyro-free INS were presented in [15], where Kalman
filter was employed to optimally fusing the IMU data
with additional sensors such as ring laser gyro. The
statistical analysis of the angular velocity estimation
methods was outlined in [16], and the minimum
accelerometer noise level for a gyro-free IMU was
analysed. A comprehensive filter to reduce the drift in
the position and velocity estimation was developed in
[17]. The angular velocity estimation of a rotating plate
from the tangential and centripetal acceleration was
proposed in [18], where extended Kalman filter along
with random bias error model of the accelerometer to
minimise the initial velocity error and acceleration
orientation errors. The angular velocity and acceleration
of a rigid body were estimated from the position data of
various points on the body surface using Kalman filter,
as outlined in [19]. An angular velocity estimation
method based on the motion characteristics of a vehicle
was proposed in [20]. The extended Kalman filter was
employed to obtained reliable and accurate estimate of
the angular velocity. The linear and nonlinear least-
square methods for the estimation of the angular
velocity were derived in [21], where error-covariance
expressions were used to minimise the estimation errors.
The fusion of the visual and strapdown inertial
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navigation system to estimate the pose and twist of a
road-header body was outlined in [22]. The least square
method was used to align both the sensor data, and the
extended Kalman filter fusion methodology was
employed to get the final pose of the road-header.
In this paper, a new methodology is proposed to estimate
the pose and twist of a rigid body, when the sign of one of
the angular velocity components is known from the
motion characteristics of the body. Numerical results are
presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed
formulation. The method can be used to estimate the
pose and twist of a rigid body under oscillation in 3-D
space, where one rotation direction is known in the body
fixed frame.The paper is organised as follows. In section
II, the mathematical formulation to derive the
kinematics relations for an arbitrary rigid body motion
in 3-D space are presented. Section III, outlines the pose
and twist estimation algorithms from the derived
kinematic relations. The numerical results are presented
in Section IV, followed by conclusion in Section V.
II. Mathematical Formulation
The mathematical formulation for the pose and twist
estimation of a rigid body is outlined in this section. The
rigid body kinematics is frame independent however, it
is preferred to formulate the kinematic relation in the
body-fixed frame, as most of the position vectors are
constant or little varying in the body-fixed frame. Also,
the sensors data is also readily available in the body-
fixed frame and can be directly implemented in the
experimental analysis through the derived kinematic
relations. The kinematic relations are represented next.
A. Kinematic Relations for a Rigid Body Motion
A rigid body in the three-dimensional space is shown in
Fig. 1. The position vector of CoM with respect to the
origin of the inertial frame and an arbitrary point 'P' with
respect to the CoM of the rigid body are represented as
rc/o and rp/c respectively.
The dynamic acceleration of an arbitrary point ‘P’ on the
surface of rigid body can be written as,
Where r̈ c is the linear acceleration of the CoM ‘C’ with
respect to the inertial frame, ω and ω. are the angular
velocity and acceleration of the body with respect to the
inertial frame. In this paper, all vector quantities are
represented in the body-fixed frame at position level.
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The time derivative of the vector quantities is taken with
respect to some inertial frame and represented in the
body-frame of the body. The body-fixed frame is
convenient for the mathematical formulation as well for
the numerical computation, since the sensor data is
available in the sensor/ body-frame itself.
Fig. 1 A rigid body under motion for all six degree-of-freedom in 3-D
space
Here, our objective is to find the angular acceleration
and velocity of the rigid body and the linear acceleration,
velocity, and position of the CoM with respect to the
inertial frame and represented in body-fixed frame. To
measure the linear acceleration of point 'P' with respect
to the inertial frame and represented in the
accelerometer frame, we can put an accelerometer at this
location. To estimate the linear acceleration of the CoM
of a rigid body, we need at least 4 tri-axial
accelerometers stick to the surface of the body in a non-
coplanar manner. Equation (1) can be rewritten in
matrix-vector form as outlined below:
First, four tri-axial acceleration data is considered to
compute the angular velocity and acceleration of the
body. Then, the linear acceleration and velocity of CoM
will be computed using eq. (1). The four markers to
measure the acceleration of a rigid body for a given
linear and angular motion are shown in Fig. 2. Let M0 is
the reference marker at the origin of the body, and M1,
M2, and M3 are the makers whose position is measured
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with respect to the reference marker. For an array of
markers, eq. (1), can be written as
A = WR (2)
Where A = [a1 - a0 a2 - a0 a3 - a0], W as already been
defined in eq. (1), and R = [r1/0 r2/0 r3/0]. Here a0 is the
acceleration of reference marker M 0 , a i is the
acceleration and r1/0 is the position vector of the ith marker
with respect to the reference marker M0, (i = 1, 2, 3).
Fig. 2 General marker configuration for acceleration measurement
The solution to angular acceleration matrix W can be
expressed as
The expressions for angular acceleration components
using the elements of the angular acceleration matrix W
from eq. (3) are outlined below:
Equation (4) can be integrated with respect to time to
obtain the angular velocity, but uncompensated colored
noise and DC bias result in error accumulation over
time. Many researchers have proposed a various kind of
filters, mainly Kalman filter (KF), extended Kalman
filter (EKF), or unscented Kalman filter (UKF), etc. The
angular acceleration matrix of eq. (3) also contains the
quadratic terms of angular velocity such as
These nonlinear terms can also be expressed in terms of
the elements of the angular velocity matrix of eq. (3) as
outlined below,
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Equations (5) or (6) cannot be directly used for the
computation of angular velocity because of the
quadratic nature of the angular velocity components.
One can compute the magnitude of the angular velocity
component as outlined below,
But the above expression might have singularity
problem, as well as the imaginary solution issue. We can
also employ eq. (6) to compute the magnitude of the
angular velocity components, but these expressions may
also lead to the imaginary solution due to the second-
order nonlinearity of the expression. In the next section,
methodology to estimate the accurate estimation of
angular velocity magnitude, as well as, the sign of each
component is presented.
III. Estimation of Angular Velocity
Under the consideration of four or more noncoplanar
triaxial accelerometers, one can compute the angular
velocity without transforming the measurement and
geometric data to a computational plane, as the position
matrix R of eq. (2) is non-singular. There exist two valid
solutions for angular velocity components depending on
the algebraic sign, because of the quadratic terms in the
expression of eq. (5 or 6). Expressions for the angular
velocity components in terms of the elements of matrix
W of eq. (3) are outlined below. These expressions are
free from any singularity as well as complex number
issue.
If the acceleration data is free from measurement noise
and any other error such as accelerometer orientation,
etc., eq. (8) will provide the exact value for angular
velocity components, but without the exact information
about the algebraic sign of these components. In order to
estimate the correct algebraic sign of angular velocity
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components, additional auxiliary details must be
introduced. For this purpose, if one knows the algebraic
sign of one of the angular velocity components, the
algebraic sign of other components can be established
exactly. In real life applications, this is often the case
such as a washing machine drum spin either clockwise
or anti-clockwise about its rotating axis.
For instance, if the algebraic sign of roll rate (ωz) is
known to be positive from the motion characteristic of
the body at some time instant, and the term k3 is negative,
pitch rate (ωy) must be negative. Similar logic can also be
employed to obtain the algebraic sign of the yaw rate
(ωx). Other methodology based on numerical integration
of angular acceleration can also be employed to assist
the estimation of algebraic sign of angular velocity
components.
An outer-tub (OT) dynamic assembly of a front load
washing machine is considered for angular velocity
estimation of the OT from the array of four tri-axial
accelerometer data. The outer-tub dynamic assembly is
shown in Fig. 3.OT dynamic assembly is suspended with
the help of springs on the upper side and supported on
dampers on the bottom side, as shown in the Fig. 3.
There are balance weights attached to OT to balance the
laundry weight and shift the lateral mode natural
frequency to the higher rpm. Input rpm profile as shown
in Fig. 4, was given to the motor and an unbalance load
of 400 g putted inside the inner drum to generate the
outer-tub vibration.
Fig. 3 OT dynamic assembly of a front load washing machine
Fig. 4 Experimental RPM profile as input to the motor
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
The accelerometer location is shown in Fig. 3 as red
circles. The triaxial accelerometer data was used to
estimate the angular acceleration and velocity of OT.
Direction of inner drum rotation was used to consider
the algebraic sign of the roll rate. The results for angular
acceleration and velocity are shown in Figs. 5 and 6
respectively. The angular acceleration and velocity
profile is similar to the input rpm profile to the motor.
The angular acceleration along lateral direction is
minimal compared to the front-rear and vertical
direction of the outer-tub.
Fig. 5 Outer-tub angular acceleration along X, Y, and Z-axes
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The results for angular velocity are represented in body-
fixed frame of the OT. The results of angular velocity can
further be utilised to estimate the Euler angles through
rotation matrix. Once the angular acceleration and
velocity of the OT are known, one can compute the
linear acceleration, velocity of the center-of-mass of OT.
Thus, for the dynamic correlation of the test and
simulation data one needs to compare only six data set,
three for the linear motion of the CoM, and other three
for the angular velocity of the OT. This reduces the
number of data points, one needs to compare for the
dynamic correlation.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Fig. 6 Outer-tub angular velocity along X, Y, and Z-axes
IV. Conclusions
The mathematical formulation for the estimation of
angular acceleration and velocity of a rigid body is
presented to reduce the number of data set for the
dynamic correlation of OT dynamic assembly. The
results show that for the known motion characteristic of
the body one can accurately estimate the sign of the
angular velocity components. The estimated
acceleration and velocity profile is similar to the input
rpm profile given to motor. Further, when angular
acceleration and velocity of the body are known, the
linear acceleration and velocity of the CoM can also be
computed for the dynamic correlation.
Acknowledgment
The experimental facility provided at LG Vibration lab
is highly acknowledge for the accelerometer data
collection and post processing.
References
[1] Genin, J., Hong, J. and Xu, W., Accelerometer
placement for angular velocity determination,
1997.
[2] Zappa, B., Legnani, G., Van den Bogert, A.J. and
Adamini, R., On the number and placement of
accelerometers for angular velocity and
acceleration determination. J. Dyn. Sys., Meas.,
Control, vol. 123, no. 3, pp.552-554, 2001.
[3] Ash, M.E., Equipping GPS Satellites with
accelerometers and satellite-to-satellite
observables. In Proceedings of the 2002 National
Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation,
pp. 750-761, Jan. 2002.
[4] Costello, M. and Jitpraphai, T.,Determining angular
velocity and angular acceleration of projectiles
using triaxial acceleration measurements. Journal
of spacecraft and rockets, vol. 39, no. 1, pp.73-80,
2002.
[5] Park, S. and Tan, C.W., GPS-aided gyroscope-free
inertial navigation systems, 2002.
[6] Parsa, K., Angeles, J. and Misra, A.K., Rigid-body
pose and twist estimation using an accelerometer
array. Archive of Applied Mechanics, vol. 74, no.
3-4, pp.223-236, 2004.
[7] Peng, Y.K. and Golnaraghi, M.F.,A vector-based
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gyro-free inertial navigation system by integrating
existing accelerometer network in a passenger
vehicle. In PLANS 2004. Position Location and
Navigation Symposium (IEEE Cat. No.
04CH37556), pp. 234-242. April 2004.
[8] Parsa, K., Lasky, T.A. and Ravani, B.,Design and
mechatronic implementation of an accelerometer-
based, kinematically redundant inertial
measurement unit. In Proceedings, IEEE/ASME
International Conference on Advanced Intelligent
Mechatronics. pp. 644-651, July 2005.
[9] Parsa, K., Lasky, T.A. and Ravani, B., Design and
implementation of a mechatronic, all-
accelerometer inertial measurement unit.
IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, vol.
12, no. 6, pp.640-650, 2007.
[10] Kao, C.F. and Chen, T.L., Design and analysis of an
orientation estimation system using coplanar
gyro-free inertial measurement unit and magnetic
sensors. Sensors and actuators A: physical, vol.
144, no. 2, pp.251-262, 2008.
[11] Cardou, P. and Angeles, J., Angular velocity
estimation from the angular acceleration matrix.
Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. 75, no.2, 2008.
[12] Shi, Z., Yang, J., Yue, P. and Cheng, Z., Angular
velocity estimation in gyroscope-free inertial
measurement system based on unscented kalman
filter. In 8th World Congress on Intelligent Control
and Automation, pp. 2031-2034, July 2010.
[13] Tsai, Y.L., Tu, T.T., Bae, H. and Chou, P.H.,
EcoIMU: A dual triaxial-accelerometer inertial
measurement unit for wearable applications. In
International Conference on Body Sensor
Networks, pp. 207-212, June 2010.
[14] He, P. and Cardou, P., Estimating the angular
velocity from body-fixed accelerometers. Journal
of dynamic systems, measurement, and control,
vol. 134 no. 6, p.061015, 2012.
[15] Pachter, M., Welker, T.C. and Huffman Jr, R.E.,
Gyro-Free INS Theory. NAVIGATION: Journal
of the Institute of Navigation, vol. 60, no. 2, pp.85-
96, 2013.
[16] Cucci, D.A., Crespillo, O.G. and Khaghani, M., An
analysis of a gyro-free inertial system for
INS/GNSS navigation. In European Navigation
Conference (ENC), pp. 1-7,May 2016.
[17] Lajimi, S.A.M. and McPhee, J., A comprehensive
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filter to reduce drift from Euler angles, velocity,
and position using an IMU. In IEEE 30th
Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer
Engineering (CCECE), pp. 1-6, April 2016.
[18] Lee, J., Kim, H., Oh, S.H., Do, J.C., Nam, C.W.,
Hwang, D.H. and Lee, S.J.,Angular velocity
estimation of rotating plate using extended
Kalman filter with accelerometer bias model.
Microsystem Technologies, vol. 25, pp.2855-
2867, 2019
[19] Rodriguez-Maldonado, J.,Estimation of angular
velocity and acceleration with Kalman filter,
b a s e d o n p o s i t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t o n l y.
Measurement, vol. 145, pp.130-136, 2019.
[20] Xing, L., Tu, X., Qian, W., Jin, Y. and Qi, P.,
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Angular velocity fusion of the
microelectromechanical system inertial
measurement unit array based on extended
Kalman filter with correlated system noises.
Measurement and Control, vol. 54, no. 5-6,
pp.767-778, 2021.
[21] Hamley, C. and Crassidis, J.L., Angular Velocity
Estimation and Error-Covariance Analysis from
Accelerometers Using Least Squares. Journal of
Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 45, no. 11,
pp.1980-1995, 2022.
[22] Wang, L., Hu, C., Pan, G., Zhang, C., Liu, B., Wan,
J., Yang, H., Shi, S., Dong, Z., Du, Y. and Yang, W.,
Pose Measurement Technology of Roadheader
Body based on Fusion of Visual and SINS. In
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Psychological Capital Research: Indian Perspective

Ms. Richa Dhir
Assistant Professor, GNIOT MBA Institute, Greater Noida
Prof. (Dr.) Shakti Prakash
HOD, MBA Department, IEC College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida
Prof. (Dr.) D. B. Singh
Director, GNIOT MBA Institute, Greater Noida

Abstract: Psychological Capital (psycap) research has
been documented across the globe for its outstanding
reach and outcomes. The aim of this chapter is to reflect
upon the psychological capital research in Indian
domain. Around 100 journal papers were examined to
understand the psycap research from databases like,
google scholar, PsycINFO and EBSCO host. The
articles considered were peer-reviewed articles. Around
89 articles were selected according to their relevance for
the present study. The keywords included were
psychological capital (or psy cap), Indian, India,
developing countries and cross-cultural research. The
findingsinclude personal and personal outcomes of
psycap for theIndian audience.Future research
directions are presented in the concluding section.

Keywords: Psychological Capital, Psycap, India

1.Introduction the core constructs of psychological Capital to measure

“The aim of positive psychology is to catalyse a change
in psychology from a preoccupation only with repairing
the worst things in life to also building the best qualities
in life.” -Martin Seligman ('Father' of the Positive
Psychology movement)
The present world scenario requires positive
psychologylike no other times! Call it a medical
emergency or onset of several natural calamities, wars
and political upheavals, the past few years have posted
tremendous mental, physical and spiritual pressures,
pan-world. As academicians, it therefore becomes our
prime responsibility to offer resources that can help
check the impact of negative circumstances. In this
regard, psychological capital or psycap, as usually
called, has an affluent history of generating positive
outcomes or checking the negative outcomes.
Psychological Capital (PsyCap) has emerged as an
important construct in human resource development
(Malinowski & Lim, 2015). Psy cap is essentially an
outcome of positive psychology (Peterson& Seligman,
2004; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000), positive
organizational scholarship (Cameron, Dutton and Quinn
(2003) and positive organizational behaviour (Wright,
2003) movement. Luthans and his colleagues developed
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an individual's psychological capacities which can be
measured, developed and harnessed for performance
augmentation (Luthans & Youssef, 2004).
Objective of the study
The objective of the study is to explore the psy cap
research by highlighting the personal and professional
outcomes in the Indian context.
Definition of PsyCap
PsyCap is defined as “…an individual's positive
psychological state of development that is characterized
by: (1) having confidence (efficacy) to take on and put in
the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks; (2)
making a positive attribution (optimism) about
succeeding now and in the future; (3) persevering
toward goals and when necessary, redirecting paths to
goals (hope) in order to succeed; and (4) when beset by
problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back
and even beyond (resilience) to attain success” (Luthans
& Youssef-Morgan, 2017, p. 340).
Measures of Psycap
The most widely used Psycap measure is the PCQ (24)
and a shorter version as PCQ(12) (Luthans & Youssef-
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Morgan, 2017). Another scale is the I-PCQ that has been
developed and validated by Harms and Luthans (2012).
PsyCap as a second-order construct
Psycap is a second order construct comprising four
dimensions: hope, efficacy, resilience and optimism.
These dimensions are valuable positive resources in
resource theory (Hobfoll, 2002) and act as “resource
caravans” (Carmona–Halty, Salanova, Llorens, &
Schaufeli, 2019). They are also contained within job
demand-resource (JD-R) model as personal resources
(Carmona–Halty et al., 2019). These dimensions have
been tried and tested in various contexts, cultures and
sectors and have demonstrated positive association with
desirable work attitudes and behaviours (Dhir&
Sharma, 2020).
Methodology
For the review drive, certain steps were followed. These
include identifying the inclusion and exclusion criteria,
relevance of work, data extraction and quality appraisal
and the findings (Siddaway, 2014). Around 100 journal
papers were examined to understand the psycap research
from databases like, google scholar, PsycINFO and
EBSCO host. The articles considered were peer-
reviewed articles. Their latent significance was
observed and around 89 articles were selected according
to the relevance for the present study. The keywords
included were psychological capital (or psy cap), Indian,
India, developing countries and cross-cultural research.
2. Psychological capital research in India
The present paper reports study undertaken in India
from 2009 till 2022.
A study was undertaken by Shahnawaz and Jafri (2009)
in two types of organizations (Public and Private) on
junior and middle-level managers reported that the two
organizations varied on all the components of psy cap.
They reported that organizational commitment and
organizational citizenship behavior was predicted by
psy cap. In a study on a private organization, Tripathi
(2011), found a positive relationship between
psychological capital and employee wellbeing. Khan
(2010) in a study on postgraduate students from a
Central University reported that Psy Cap was capable of
becoming an effective predictor of leadership. Raqshin
and Nirjar (2012) investigated case studies in three
biotechnology firms. Their study confirmed that psy cap
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could magnify an individual's potential for innovation. A
literature review of Psy Cap research in India was
undertaken by Sridevi and Srinivasan (2012);
Priyadarshini and Vijayalakshmi (2012); Ghosh and
Deb 2016 and James and Suresh (2016). Ho et al. 2012
in their study on 23 Indian BPO professionals found that
compensation was positively related to psychological
capital. In a study on employees from fashion houses by
Jafri (2012), a positive correlation was found between
Psy Cap and innovative behavior. It was reported by
Totavar and Nambudri (2013) that Psy Cap was capable
of performance improvement and organizational
development.Gupta (2013) has come up with a
conceptual paper where a multi-level causal framework
is linked with high-performance work practices,
positive psychological capital, employee creative
performance behaviours and creative performance. In a
study on managers from telecom sector by Shukla and
Singh (2013), Psychological Capital was a better
predictor of job satisfaction than organization
citizenship. Gupta and Singh (2014) in their study on
employees from eleven R&D laboratories reported that
Psy Cap completely mediated the relationship between
leadership and creative performance behaviors. They
also reported that R&D leaders who exhibited positive
behaviours were instrumental in building their
subordinates' creativity and positive psychological
capacities. In a study by Nathawat and Dadarwal (2014)
in extreme organizations, a significant correlation
existed between Psychological Capital and Job Stress. In
their study on R&D employees, Srivastava,
Ramachandran and Suresh et al. (2014) found
psychological capital, job characteristics and
transformational leadership as significant predictors of
employee engagement. Murthy (2014) reported that
psychological capital and work engagement had a
significant impact on the organizational citizenship
behavior of the employees. A study by Sihag and
Sarikwal (2014) revealed a positive relationship
between PsyCap and work engagement. Mishra (2015)
through grounded theory approach has reported that
family-to-work enrichment leads to psychological
capital. Sahoo and Sia (2015) validated the Psy Cap
scale according to the Indian Culture. They confirmed
that a three-factor structure of psy cap was better in an
Indian context. They found psy cap contributing to
organisational commitment. In a study undertaken by
Lather and Kaur (2015) on private and public schools, it
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was found that psy cap was capable of predicting
organizational commitment and organizational
citizenship behavior in both types of schools. In a study
on insurance companies by Chaudhary, Bidlan, and
Darolia (2015), a positive correlation was found
between Psy Cap and Job Satisfaction. Another study
conducted by Aboobaker et al. (2015) reported gender to
be a significant factor in the assessment of the student's
entrepreneurial capacities. Sen and Hooja (2015) in their
study of police officers found a positive relationship
between psychological capital and work-life balance.
They reported that only self- efficacy dimension had
significant relationships with work-life balance.
Chaudhary and Chaudhari (2015) in a study on public
sector banks found Psy Cap to be negatively correlated
with job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Singh
(2015) in her study on employees from public sector
banks found that optimism and resilience emerged as a
significant predictor of employee well-being. Kumar
and Shah (2015) found a three-factor structure be a
better fit for psy cap. They replaced hope and efficacy
construct as “hopeful confidence” construct.Kaur
(2016) in her study of public sector employees found
distributive justice to be the strongest predictor of
organizational justice perceptions, job satisfaction &Psy
Cap. Karmakar (2016) in her study found that almost all
dimensions of psychological capital were significantly
different with respect to the type of the organization and
work experience of employees. Malik and Dhar (2016)
in their study on nurses found a positive relationship
between authentic leadership and extra role behaviors of
followers. They reported that psy cap mediated the
relationship between authentic leadership and extra role
behavior. Autonomy acted as a moderator. Parthi and
Gupta (2016) on their investigation on psy cap and
gender perspectives in telecom sector reported that
female employees scored higher on optimism while the
male employees scored higher on resilience. They also
found that the males experienced higher satisfaction
with their jobs as compared to female employees.In
another research on employees from manufacturing and
service industries found that Psy Cap was positively
related to Organizational Citizenship Behaviour
(Pradhan, Jena, and Bhattacharya(2016). It was also
found that emotional intelligence moderated the
relationship between Psy Cap and Organizational
Citizenship. In a study on school teachers (from private
and public schools), it was found that work motivation
significantly related to psychological capital in both the
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school teachers, except for self-efficacy and optimism
dimension in public school and resilience dimension in
private schools (Hasnain, Hasan, Chorath(2017). It was
also found that OCB didn't contribute significant
variance in any of the dimension of psychological
capital in teachers from both the schools. Agarwal and
Farndale (2017) in their investigations on employees
from the IT sector found that intent to stay, value
commitment and creativity were positively correlated
with Psy Cap. Singhal and Rastogi (2018) found PsyCap
as an antecedent to subjective well-being.Gautam and
Pradhan (2018) conducted a study on 210 students.
Findings suggested a positive association of psy cap
with academic achievement and negative association
with stress. Psychological capital played a role of the
moderator in the said association. Agarwal (2019) on
1,193 personnel from different Indian organizations
found abusive supervision to be significantly associated
with intention to quit and perceive stress. She also
reported that the relationship to be partly mediated by
Psychological Capital. The moderated mediation
examination showed that the mediation of
Psychological Capital was moderated by Leader
Member Exchange in a way that at superior levels of
Leader Member Exchange, the mediation impact of
Psychological Capital was stronger. In an investigation
on 309 personnel working in different industries in
India, the authors reported a significant correlation
among intrapreneurship, psychological capital
(Psychological Capital) and work engagement (Pandey,
Gupta and Hassan(2020). They reported that
Psychological Capital as a partial mediator in the
association amongst intrapreneurship and job
engagement. Shrestha and Jena (2020) conducted a
study on 138 employees from different private and
public sector organizations in Nepal. They reported a
buffering role of psy on the association between
workplace spirituality and turnover intent. Alat and his
colleagues (Alat, P., Das, S. S., Arora, A., & Jha, A. K.
2021) found a negative association between psycap and
psychological distress. Goswami and Agrawal (2022)
reported a positive association between psycap and
knowledge sharing and knowledge creation. Rizvi and
Nabi (2022) found a positive correlation between
employees' perception of CSR practices and PsyCap.
3. Conceptual Model
On the basis of extensive literature review on psy cap, a
conceptual model explaining role of psy cap for Indian
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context is being developed in Fig. 1. The psy cap model
depicts the role of psy cap in generating positive
outcomes categorized at two levels- personal and
professional outcomes.
Figure 1: Personal and Professional Outcomes for the Indian
Context, Source: Authors
4. Future research
The current study throws light on the nature of psycap
research being conducted in the Indian domain.
Although several personal and professional outcomes
have been identified, very few investigations have been
conducted to identify the antecedents that make psycap
in the Indian context. Further scant studies have
identified the moderators and mediators for psycap
studies in India. Although several studies have been
done for the business organizations, very few studies
have been conducted for the academic sector.As evident
from the extant literature review, psycap as a positive
resource can be used for furthering positive psychology
in the organizations. Psycap building training intrusions
can also be explored that support the psycap movement
in India.
5. Conclusion
The present study has reviewed literature on psycap for
the Indian sector. It has identified the personal and
professional outcomes for the Indian context.
References
1. Aboobaker, N. (2015). Entrepreneurial Sociological
Capital among Postgraduate Management and
Non-Management students in Kerala, India.
International Journal, 3(7).
2. Agarwal, U. A. (2019). Impact of supervisors'
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perceived communication style on subordinate's
psychological capital and cyberloafing.
Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 23.
3 . A g a r w a l , P. , & F a r n d a l e , E . ( 2 0 1 7 ) .
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implementation: the role of psychological capital
and psychological safety. Human Resource
Management Journal, 27(3), 440-458.
4. Alat, P., Das, S. S., Arora, A., & Jha, A. K. (2021).
Mental health during COVID-19 lockdown in
India: Role of psychological capital and internal
locus of control. Current psychology, 1-13.
5. Cameron K, Dutton J, Quinn R, eds. 2003. Positive
Organizational Scholarship. San Francisco:
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7. Chaudhary, S., Bidlan, J. S., &Darolia, C. R. (2015). A
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30. Mishra, P. (2015). A grounded theory study on
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31. Murthy, R. K. (2014). Psychological capital, work
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35. Pandey, J., Gupta, M., & Hassan, Y. (2020).
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Pharmacognostic Experimental Analysis of Tribulus Terrestris

and Withania Somnifera as a Testosterone Booster
Vinay Jaiswal1, Rakesh Yadav2, Mahesh Pal3, Ravindra Kumar4 and Sudhanshu Jha5
Department of Pharmacy
Vishveshwaraya Group of Institutions, Dadri, G. B. Nagar, U.P., INDIA
1
vinayjaiswalmrj@gmail.com, 2rakeshce112@gmail.com, 3rv7711413@gmail.com
4
drsharmaravindra@gmail.com, 5sudhanshujh121997@gmail.com

Abstract: The pharmacognostic research on Tribulus
terrestris and Withania somnifera is the subject of this
publication. Physical-chemical characteristics
including ash and extractive values as well as
fluorescence analysis have been carried out. The various
extracts have also undergone preliminary
phytochemical investigation and thin layer
chromatographic behaviour. According to studies,
Withania somnifera and Tribulus terrestris have anti-
inflammatory, anticancer, antiparkinsonian, adaptogen,
memory-enhancing, antioxidant, and anxiolytic effects.
There have also been studies on a number of additional
effects, including immunomodulation, hypolipidemia,
antimicrobial, cardiovascular protection, sexual
behaviour, tolerance, and dependence. This plant should
be further researched in order to confirm these findings
and elucidate further possible therapeutic properties,
according to these very positive results. There should
also be clinical studies employing ashwagandha and
Tribulus terrestris to treat a range of ailments.

Keywords: Tribulus terrestris, Withania somnifera,

Testosterone, Adaptogen, Phytochemical screening,
Physicochemical analysis.

Introduction immunity to disease, stop the ageing process, revitalise

Tropical regions around the world are home to Tribulus
terrestris. It is primarily found in Australia, America, and
India. Withania somnifera is referred to as "Indian
Winter cherry" or "Indian Ginseng" in Ayurveda,
whereas Tribulus terrestris is known as ChhotaGokhru.
It has been used for millennia as a Rasayana for its
extensive range of health effects, making it one of the
most significant herbs in Ayurveda (India's traditional
medical system). [1]. The Tribulus terrestris plant, often
known as "Puncture Vine," has long been used around
the world to treat a variety of illnesses, and its fruits have
gained widespread popularity as having the ability to
treat human sexual dysfunction. It has long been used to
address issues with libido and infertility [2]. Withania
somnifera, commonly referred to as ashwagandha,
Indian ginseng, or winter cherry, has been a crucial herb
in the Ayurvedic and indigenous medical systems for
more than three thousand years. The plant's roots are
classified as rasayanas, which are believed to enhance
the body in weakened states, increase a person's ability
to withstand harmful environmental elements, and
foster mental wellbeing. It is in use for a very long time
for all age groups and both sexes and even during
pregnancy without any side effects [3]. Historically,
Tribulus terrestris and Ashwagandha [4,5] plant has
been used for various disease [6] like as an
anthelminthic [7, 8], antioxidant, adaptogen,
aphrodisiac, liver tonic, anti-inflammatory agent,
astringent and more recently to treat ulcers, bacterial
infection, venom toxins and senile dementia. The
decoction of the root boiled with milk and ghee is
recommended for curing sterility in women [9]. The
roots are also used in constipation, senile debility,
rheumatism, general debility, nervous exhaustion, loss
of memory, loss of muscular energy and spermatorrhoea
[10]. Withanolides that contribute to most of the
biological activity of Withania somnifera [11].
Numerous groups of chemical components found in the
leaves, including steroidal lactones, alkaloids, and

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
tannin, have been researched in depth with regard to this
plant's chemistry [12]. From aerial portions, more than
12 alkaloids, including 40 withanolids with a glucose
molecule at carbon, have been extracted and described.
The primary chemical components of these plants,
withanolids, are widely distributed in the leaves and
typically range in concentration from 0.001 to 0.5 % dry
weight [13]. The use of Withania somnifera for anxiety,
neurological diseases, inflammation, hyperlipidaemia,
and Parkinson's disease is supported by clinical trials
and animal research. Because of its ability to prevent
chemotherapy, Withania Somnifera may be a helpful
supplement for people receiving radiation and
chemotherapy. Withania somnifera has recently been
used to prevent continuous use of certain psychotropic
medicines from leading to the development of tolerance
and dependency. As a result, Tribulus terrestris and
Withania somnifera have been the subject of a thorough
pharmacognostic study.
Materials and Methods
A. Collection of the plant and Authentication
In the month of November 2022, fresh Tribulus terrestris
fruit was collected from the herbal garden of
Vishveswaraya College of Pharmacy Dadri in the G. B.
Nagar District and Withania somnifera root was
collected from the Gurukul Kangri UniversityHaridwar,
India. Professor Dr. R. K. Shukla of Gurukul Kangri
Vishwavidyalaya in Haridwar, India, recognised the
specimens.
B. Standardization of raw material
The Organoleptic evaluation and determination of
Foreign organic matter of raw materials were carried out
as per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India [14].
C. Physicochemical studies
The ash values, extractive values and loss on drying
were performed according to the official methods
prescribed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India [14].
D. Preliminary Phyto-chemical screening
Tribulus terrestris (Seed and leaves) and Withania
somnifera (Root) extracts, each weighing one gramme,
were dissolved in 100 ml of their respective mother
solvents to produce a stock containing 1% w/v of the
substance. This stock was then tested for the presence of
alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides,
Gayanodaya - 2023
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terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrate and phenolic
compounds, and saponin [15].
E. Fluorescence evaluation
Under natural and ultraviolet light, the crude medication
was examined for any fluorescence. In order to study
samples, they were treated with 50% HCl and 50% NaOH
before and after, and the findings were tabulated [16].
F. Studies on safety profiles
The safety profile parameters like heavy metal analysis,
pesticide residual analysis and microbial load analysis
were studied according to the official methods
prescribed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.
G. Quantitative estimation of heavy metals
Quantitative estimation of heavy metals was done for
the detection of arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury as
per the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia procedures [17].
H. Quantitative estimation of pesticide residues
Quantitative estimation of pesticide was done for the
detection of Organochlorine compound,
Organophosphorus compound and Carbamates as per
the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia procedures [18].
I. Microbial load analysis
Escherichia coli, Salmonellae, Pseudomonas
Staphylococcus, and Shigella were tested as well as the
total aerobic viable count, yeasts, and moulds to ensure
that the raw material for the Bi-herbal capsules was safe
to use [19].
Preparation of Extract
The materials from the chosen plants were sun-dried and
kept in an airtight container. Each substance was then
coarsely ground and extracted with hydro-alcoholic
(30:70) using the Soxhlet device. The produced hydro-
alcohol extracts were concentrated using a rotary
vacuum evaporator at a temperature of 40oC while
under vacuum (removal of alcohol). At -20oC, the
concentrated extracts were freeze dried. The powders
were kept in the desiccator until further use in an airtight
container.
Formula of Mixed Herbal Formulation
The herbal formulation contained the hydro-alcoholic
extracts of Tribulus terrestris (Seed and leaves) and
Withania somnifera (root) in the ratio of 1:1.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Preparation of Formulation by Wet
Granulation Method
Trials were conducted to prepare the formulation by
choosing the quantity of lubricants and preservatives and
adding different ratios of binders before the process was
finally optimised. Withania somnifera and Tribulus
terrestris extracts were powdered (sieve 40), blended in a
1:1 ratio, and used to make capsules using the wet
granulation method with 5% starch paste as a binder. To
obtain granules, the moist bulk was run through sieve
number 22. In a tray, the granules were dried at 45 °C [20].
Pre-Formulation Studies
The obtained herbal granules were subjected to pre-
formulation characteristics such as bulk density, tap
density, compressibility index, Hausner's ratio, and
angle of repose, and the best trial batch was chosen for
capsule filling and additional research [21,22].
A. Standardization of herbal formulation
1. Capsule evaluation: The herbal capsules were
assessed in accordance with Indian
pharmacopoeia standards for their description,
average weight, weight variation, moisture
content, disintegration time, pH, and
microbiological load [23]. Phyto-constituent
quantitative estimation and preliminary screening
of Phyto constituents were also conducted.
2. Average weight: Twenty capsules were
individually weighed and the average weight of
the capsule was calculated.
3. Weight variation: The individual weights of each
capsule should be within the limits of 90% and
110% of the average weight.
4. Moisture content: Moisture content was
determined by using automatic Karl Fischer
titration apparatus.
5. Disintegration time: Disintegration testing was
done utilising a digital microprocessor-based
disintegration test device. Individually tube
received a disc and a capsule, which were each
added. In a 1000 ml beaker, the assembly was
submerged in water. The volume of water at its
highest position was at least 25 mm below the
water's surface, and at its lowest point, it was at
Gayanodaya - 2023
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least 25 mm above the beaker's bottom. A
temperature of 37°C with an accuracy of 2°C was
used to run and maintain the device.
6. pH value: pH of 1% solution was determined by
using a digital pH meter.
B. Phytochemical screening: Standard methods of
phytochemical screening, such as the mayers,
dragendroffs, and borntragerstests, were used to conduct
the preliminary phytochemical investigation of the
ethanolic areal components extract. the alkaline test, the
lead acetate test, the foam test, and the lead acetate test
[24, 25, 26]. Therefore, in the current investigation,
preliminary phytochemical analysis, thin layer
chromatographic studies, extractive values, weight loss
on drying, moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble
ash, water soluble ash, residue on ignition, and
fluorescence analysis have all been performed on the
two medicinal plants. Fruit and root samples, as well as
their extracts in various solvents, were subjected to
fluorescence examination. The Pharmacopoeia of
India's procedures were used to determine the ash levels
and extractive values of the fruit and root samples [27].
The powdered air-dried fruit and root samples were
subjected to a series of extractions using Petroleum ether
(60-800C), benzene, chloroform, ethanol, and water.
The extracts were then utilised to conduct
phytochemical testing.
C. Fluorescence analysis
Under both conventional and UV light, the crude
medication was examined for any colour changes.
Samples were examined in the same manner after being
treated with a mixture of 50% HCl and 50% NaOH, and
the findings were tabulated. The samples were submitted
to fluorescence examination using 365 nm light (UV
region).
D. Quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents
The Bi-herbal formulation's total alkaloids, phenolic
compounds, flavonoids, and tannin content were
estimated. [28].
E. Microbial load analysis
The total aerobic viable count, yeasts, and moulds, as
well as the bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonellae,
Pseudomonas Staphylococcus, and Shigella, were
measured to ensure that the raw material for the Bi-
herbal capsules could be used safely.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Results and Discussion adulteration, if any, and utilised as a diagnostic tool for
accurately identifying the drug.
The standardisation process, which guarantees the
formulation's quality, safety, and reproducibility, is its A. Fluorescence Analysis of Raw Materials
most crucial component. It involves the entire bio- The fluorescence analysis of raw materials was carried
prospecting process, from the gathering of raw materials out and the results were recorded and detailed in Table 1.
through the creation of the finished product. To
substitute the conventional liquid dose form in the
current trial, a standardised bi-herbal mixture was
created in hard gelatine capsules. Two ingredients make
up this Bi-herbal mixture, and they come from two
different families, morphological plant sections, and
phytoconstituents.
The petroleum ether and benzene extract fluorescence
were seen in the long-UV region. Under UV light,
Tribulus terrestris aqueous and ethanol extracts exhibit
yellowish brown fluorescence. The crude medicines B. Physicochemical Parameters
exhibit brown fluorescence when exposed to UV light For the herbal medications included in the bi-herbal
(365 nm), and brown fluorescence when treated with 1N formulation, a number of physicochemical properties
NaOH and 1N HCl and in benzene and ethanol glow Red were computed. The report of several physicochemical
and yellow in the long-UV region, while extracts in characteristics is shown in Table 2.
petroleum ether fluoresce red orange. The sample,
weight loss during drying ranged from 03 to 07%.
Mixture has the highest physicochemical
characteristics, such as ash levels (16.57-6.03 percent).
These medications have acid-insoluble ash contents of
less than 1.61%, water-soluble ash contents of less than
15%, and residual on ignition contents of less than
7.43%. As the solvent's polarity rises, the extractive
values rise as well. The water extract value is higher than
the other extractive values.Commonly, the extracts from
both samples demonstrate the presence of saponins,
reducing sugars, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, and
alkaloids in the preliminary physiochemical study of
crude pharmaceuticals. Flavonoids are present in the
petroleum ether and chloroform extract of sample. The
thin layer chromatographic behaviour of the numerous
plant extracts used in the current experiment yields some
incredibly intriguing findings. The maximum spots in
the ethyl acetate: benzene (1:9) solvent system may be
seen in the benzene extracts of sample. All of the
pharmacognostic characteristics can be tested for

Gayanodaya - 2023 17
Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Table: 4 Thin layer chromatographic behaviour of the fruit of
Tribulus terrestris in Ethyl acetate: Benzene (1:9) Solvent System
Table 5 Thin layer chromatographic behaviour of the
fruit of Withania somnifera in Ethyl acetate: Benzene
(1:9) Solvent System
C. Phytochemical Analysis
The chemical tests for various Phyto constituents in the
raw materials were carried out and the results were
recorded and detailed in Table 6a.
D. Safety Profile Parameters Studies
Heavy metal analysis Quantitative estimation of heavy
metals Quantitative estimation of heavy metals in the
raw materials was carried out and the results were
recorded and detailed in Table 6.
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Conclusion
The diagnostic traits developed from this work will be
helpful in the accurate identification of the crude drug
derived from Tribulus terrestris (Seed) and Withania
somnifera (Root) and they will also aid in quality
assurance of it. A wide variety of therapeutically
significant phytochemical groups have been found in
medicinal herbs, supporting their traditional
applications for a number of medical problems, such as
spermatorrhoea and low libido power by increasing
testosterone levels. Additionally, aqueous and alcoholic
extracts demonstrated the highest extractive values for
both plant sections, indicating that hydro-alcoholic
extract can be exploited in the search for novel bioactive
chemicals and in the study of their biological
activity.Tribulus terrestris (Seed) and Withania
somnifera (Root) chosen extract fractions may be further
studied scientifically to generate novel drugs and
establish this important plant as a potential source of
phytomedicines. The Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
is used to standardise the job.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
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15. J.B. Harborne Phytochemical Methods:AGuide to
modern techniques of plant analysis.2nd ed.
London, chapman and hall 1973; p-434.
1 6 . C . K . K o k a t e , A . P. P u r o h i t , S . B . G o k a h l e
Pharmacognosy. 24th ed. Pune: Vallabh Prakashan;
2003; 108-9.
17. Lira, Sergio, Peter Brush, Laurence Senak, Chi San
Wu, Edward Malawer. Pharmacopeial Forum.
2008; (3) 4:6-10.
18. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoeia of India. 2008. Vol-IV, P-284.
19. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoeia of India. 2008. Vol-IV, P-275-280.
20. The Theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by
A.Leon Lachman Herbert Lieberman Joseph and
Keing 3rd ed, published by Varghese publishing
house,2009, p-171-184.
21. United States Pharmacopoeia. 30th ed. NF-25: The
Official Standard of Compendia; 2007. Powder
flow; p. 1174.
22. The Official Standard of Compendia; 2007. Bulk
Density and Tapped Density; 30th ed. NF-25: p.
1186. 15. Ministry of health and family welfare.
Indian pharmacopoeia, Ghaziabad: The Indian
Pharmacopoeia Commission; 2007 vol2; p 76, 78,
134,182,191.
23. M.M.Natanzi, P.Pasalar, M. Kamalinejad Effect of
aqueous extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia fruit on
experimental cutaneous wound healing in rats. Acta
Medica Iran.2012; 50:589-596.
24. G.Okmen, O.Turkcan. A study on antimicrobial,
antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of
Elaeagnus angustifolia L. leaves. Afr J Tradit
Complement Altern Med.2013;11:116-120.
25. F. A.Ayaz, E.Bertoft. Sugar and phenolic acid
composition of stored commercial oleaster fruits. J
Food Comp Anal.2001; 14:505-511.
26. Anonymous, Pharmacopoeia of India, Manager
Publications, New Delhi, 1996, 947.
27. R. Venkataraman et. Al, Int. J. Chem. Sci., 2006, 4,
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28. B.S.Shivakumar. Am. J. PharmTech Res. 2012;
2(5):417-422.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Modeling of Self-reconfigurable Staircase Cleaning Robot: sTetro

M. Devarassu, M. Kalimuthu, A. A. Hayat*, P. Veerajagadheswar and M. R. Elara
Engineering Product Development
Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
*abdullahaamir@sutd.edu.sg

Abstract: This paper details the development of a self-
reconfigurable modular cleaning robot - sTetro. It is
designed to traverse on both staircases and flat surfaces
for cleaning task. The robot platform developed
implements a combination of an individual steering
drive and an omniwheel mechanism to achieve
omnidirectional locomotion. The mechanical design
and system architecture are discussed. Kinematic
analysis of the sTetro is done considering the non-
holonomic constraints. Simulations and experiments
were conducted on both the stairs and flat terrain to
verify the maneuverability of sTetro. Supportive results
are illustrated to demonstrate the capabilities of the
robot design and its maneuverability.

Keywords: component, formatting, style, styling, insert

1.Introduction varieties of cleaning robots being developed as far back

With the advent of various commercialized robotic
architecture throughout the world, autonomous cleaning
robots have emerged as a popular solution to assist
cleaning personnel in both indoor and outdoor
environments. The advantage is higher productivity,
lower costs in the long run, and to supplement the
cleaning workforce to increase productivity and aid the
overworked cleaning staff. International Union-United
Service Workers West (SEIU-USWW) union reported
that 2015, a single janitor cleans as much as 50,000 to
60,000 square feet a night, and it is extremely taxing on
their body after [1].
A cleaning robot such as the Hefter Robot Cleaner can
cover up to 200,000 square feet in a day [2], and health
issues and fatigue will not be a concern. Thus, a cleaning
robot is the more logical choice. The great need for
cleaning units is further supported by a forecast reported
by the International Federation of Robotics, which
stated that the number of cleaning units being sold for
domestic use between 2016 to 2019 will rise to a
staggering 31 million [3]. In addition, the largest
supplier of cleaning units in America, iRobot,
announced a sales increase of 35% in 2016 from the
previous fiscal year of 2015 wherein they sold more than
2 million units [4]. E. Prassler, A. Ritter, C. Schaeffer,
and P. Fiorini have also documented in [5] the numerous
as 1991. As is evidenced, the need for cleaning robots
has been cemented almost 30 years ago and is constantly
rising till today.
However, many of the commercialized cleaning robots
tend to be limited in functionality, in terms of their fixed
morphology and the type of terrain they can traverse and
therefore clean. Most commercialized cleaning units
can only be used for flat, two-dimensional spaces, like
Roomba [6]. Given that most buildings in developed
countries today are high-rise, staircases are an area of
cleaning that must be accounted for when developing
c l e a n i n g u n i t s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y, t h e r e a r e n o
commercialized stair cleaning robots, and only a few
prototypes of stair cleaning robots are reported in [7],
[8].
Hence, we first look at the numerous stair-climbing
robots that have been developed to see if they can be
modified for cleaning. In the case of stair-climbing
robots, many prototypes and designs emerged, but many
of these stair-climbing robots have been proposed and
constructed for search and rescue operations [9] [10]
[11], assisting the elderly [12] or the handicapped [13],
or payload transportation [14] [15]. Essentially, these
units have been designed for the purpose of fast
locomotion up and down the flight of stairs, ruggedness
and stability, with nary a consideration for transverse

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
movement along the step of the stairs, except for slight
transverse movement in obstacle avoidance. For stair
cleaning robots, complete coverage of every step of the
stairs is necessary in order to clean it. Hence, adopting
and modifying these stair-climbing robots’ designs for
stair cleaning is not efficient and it is preferable to
innovate a new robot design.
Now, we look at current stair cleaning robot designs and
prototypes. There have been some ideas and prototypes
for stair cleaning robots documented in journal papers.
Unfortunately, in many of them, the robots usually face a
few issues.
The first problem occurs when the robot is moving along
the step to clean. Many of the stair cleaning robots are
designed to rotate on the step in order to cover the entire
length of the step [16] [17]. Difficulty in rotation due to
slight obstruction experienced by wheels from treads of
step or a narrow run of step, risk of falling off the step
and risk of collision are a few of the problems
encountered when designing these types of robots. This
results in a host of additional features being added to the
robot, making it more complex. Hence, as suggested by
Lei Zhang et al., if the cleaning unit can cover the entire
step area solely by lateral movement, along the stair
width, it is preferable [18] and simplifies the robot
design.
Another problem these stair cleaning robots have is poor
stability. For instance, Lei Zhang et al. has outlined the
problem of stability due to a displaced centre of gravity
in [18]. Hence, in this paper, we propose a stair cleaning
robot, sTetro, to fill in this gap. sTetro does not face the
above-mentioned issue of stability as analysed in [19].
sTetro consists of a three-part body for modularity and
utilises a unique combination of omnidirectional wheels
in the center component to move in all directions, a
steered standard wheel in the first and third components
of the robot, and two additional spherical wheels in the
first component to enhance stability whilst climbing.
This is an updated mechanism from the first prototype in
[19] wherein there are wholly omniwheels instead of
dual locomotion mechanism of omniwheels and steered
wheels. A vertical conveyor belt system between the
modules of the robot will allow the robot to climb
staircases. By incorporating these mechanisms into the
cleaning unit, it can easily manoeuvre and clean both flat
flooring and staircases.
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II. Design Requirements and Robot
Architecture
sTetro (Fig. 1) comprises of 3 modules that are attached
via vertical conveyor belt systems. The conveyor belt
system comprises of 2 linear sliders and a belt of LEGO
link treads. One half of either sliders is attached to
Module 1 as shown in Fig. 1c, while the other half of the
sliders and the belt of link treads is incorporated into
Module 2 as shown in Fig. 1c. The belt is connected via
screws to a small section of Module 1 as shown in the red
box in Fig. 1c. A similar system is incorporated between
Modules 2 and 3. The conveyor belt system gives sTetro
the ability to move in a 3-dimensional space, which is
necessary as the robot has to move vertically upwards in
order to mount the steps on a staircase. This is
accomplished by first lifting the front module up onto the
oncoming step using the conveyor belt system, which is
controlled by servo motors. Then, following this pattern
for the other two segments, this system will eventually
lift the entire robot unit up the step.
sTetro is also uniquely designed with 4 omnidirectional
wheels in the second (center) module, an individually
driven, steered wheel in the first and third modules each
and 2 spherical wheels in the first module as shown in
Fig. 1b. The steered wheel in the first module is spring-
loaded. The 4 omnidirectional wheels-powered by DC
motors-are implemented due to the constraint of narrow
run of the step of a traditional flight of stairs, which does
not allow for much rotation to side of the robot body. The
wheels allow the robot to instantaneously change its
direction of motion without changing its orientation.
This allows the robot to navigate transversely to the
flight of stairs and clean along the width of a step, before
travelling up the flight of stairs. The individually driven
wheels in the first and third module are connected to
servo motors and are thus able to rotate from 0 degrees to
90 degrees, enabling the robot to move forward and back
(in the 0 degrees position) and side to side (in the 90
degrees position). These wheels are used instead of
omnidirectional wheels in order to reduce friction.
Omnidirectional wheels will generate friction because
the wheels that are not being utilised during a particular
motion-for instance when the robot is just moving in the
Y axis and will not need the wheels used for X axis
movement-will be dragged on the floor, inhibiting the
mobility and speed of the robot.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Fig. 1: Modules of sTetro and its locomotion unit
The electrical system of sTetro is shown in Fig. 2, which
outlines the main modules involved in the wheel
mechanism i.e. the motors. Some modules are labelled
with a number and alphabet in this format: 1a. The
number indicates the module number, while the
alphabet indicates the height at which the module is
placed in sTetro, a being the highest and c being the
closest to the floor.
Fig. 2: Circuit diagram for sTetro with the sensory units as time of
flight and bump sensors
III. Structural Analysis of Locomotion
Modules
The structural analysis of the platform plays an
important role in the process of designing the
components and subsystems. For sTetro platform, the
steering wheel module, the belt and pulley systems, and
the central wheel with the motor hubs are the critical
components to analyze. This section outlines the
structural analysis simulation results of these
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subsystems. During analysis, the 3-D model of the
platform was imported to the ANSYS workbench
environment and then material properties, boundary
details and loading condition were applied.
A. Steering wheel mechanism
The steering and locomotion module is shown in Fig. ??
with its deformed state. The parts were assigned with the
material properties of aluminium for the motor casing
and hub, steel for the shaft, High-Density Polyethylene
(HDPE) for the curved neck holder and hardened rubber
for the wheel. The maximum deformation is calculated
by numerical finite element analysis in Ansys due to the
weight of 15 Kgs applied on the upper region of the neck
and the top of the motor holder. The deformation is less
than a millimetre. The stress observed on the shaft is
maximum of about 50 MPa , which is well within the
limit of the yield strength of the steel alloy is 250 Mpa.
B. Belt system
The belt is made by connecting the Lego tread links
made up of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE). These
belts are connected to module #1 and #3 to lift them.
Assuming the maximum weight of the modules to be
lifted is 15 Kg , the load is applied in the middle region of
the belt and the pulley s at the top and bottom are fixed
supports, the deformation of the belt is shown in Fig. 3a.
Note that the stress distribution of the connecting shaft
between the two belt modules has the maximum stress of
18.2 MPa. The belt is subjected to break in case of jerk or
acceleration of the platform as the HDPE has the
maximum yield strength of approximately 30 Mpa. This
was also observed during the experiment and in the next
design it will be replaced with industry grade timing
belts and pulleys.
C. Central module motors and wheels
The central module is the heaviest which is designed for
the maximum payload of 15 kg. The deformation in the
wheel unit which bears the load is shown in Fig. 4a. The
body rests on each of the four motor holders. The load of
15 kgs is applied on the flat mounting surface of the
wheel. The material properties of the passive rollers of
the omniwheel is taken as hard rubber, while the casing
and holders are taken as aluminium, and the shaft is of
taken as mild steel. All the deformation were observed
less than a millimetre and hence it is safe for the given
load.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Fig. 3: Deformation of the belt which lifts module #1 and #3
Fig. 4: Deformation of the wheel unit in the central module #2
IV. Kinematics of the Robot
In this section, the kinematic model of sTetro robot is
presented in detail. Though the second unit individually
is a holonomic unit, as sTetro contains nonholonomic
units, the overall system of sTetro is nonholonomic.
Thus, a bicycle model is used to derive the kinematic
modeling of the robot using instantaneous center of
rotation (ICR) method. The assumptions of the
modeling are: 1) The robot remains rigid during the
locomotion and 2) The wheels do not slip or slide on the
ground.
Fig. 5: Geometric model of wheel system
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A. Maneuverability of sTetro
Considering the constraints of the steered standard
wheels only-since Swedish and spherical wheels impose
no constraints as mentioned above-we can obtain the
constraint matrix of sTetro:
Since we consider the sTetro as a rigid body during
locomotion, the above constraint matrix can be
simplified using the following relationships. 1) α1 = π/2
and α2 = −π/2 are due to the assumption that sTetro
remains rigid during locomotion, 2) β1 = −( π/2 − γ1) and
β2 = π/2 + γ2 are angles from the geometry of the steered
standard wheels as shown in Fig. 5.
By substituting these constant into (1), the constraint
matrix of sTetro can be written as
Thus, the maneuverability of sTetro in the two
dimensional space is given by the number of
independent columns of the constraint matrix [?] in 2.
Since it has only two independent columns:
Rank[C(β)] = 2
The maneuverability is defined in terms of mobility and
steerablity as discussed in [?]. Hence the overall degrees
of freedom the sTetro is derived as:
Where δM is the degree of maneuverability, δm is the
degree of mobility and δs is the degree of steerability.
Therefore, sTetro has 3 degrees of freedom and has full
maneuverability.
B. Kinematic Modeling
By using the bicycle model, the sTetro system can be
viewed as arranging three individual steering wheels in a
column. We defined the origin of the robot frame at the
center of gravity, y-axis and x-axis along length and
width of the robot respectively, and z-axis defined based
on right hand thumb rule as shown in Fig.6. The ICR
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.
location (xR, yR) is described under the robot frame. ρ and In order to derive the full kinematics, the second module
γ are used to describe the position of the ICR by polar is then separately evaluated. In this case, α2 and ˙ϕ2rw are
coordinates. The velocities of each module are then achieved by actuating the omniwheels with wheel radius
denoted as vxi, vyi and θi where i ∈ {1, 2, 3}. Therefore, ro. Fig. 7 shows the notation used for the second module.
the velocities of the robot with respect to the robot frame Based on the rolling constraints of omniwheels, the
can be derived as kinematic model for the second module is derived as
and respectively along y-axis, x-axis and
around z-axis. Since the robot is treated as a bicycle
model, the second module, which is equipped with four
omniwheels, is assumed to have a equivalent steering-
drive unit. In this case, the steering angles (or equivalent
steering angle) of the three modules are defined as α1, α2
and α3 while the rotation speed of the driving wheels (or By substituting the relationship derived in (6) into (3)
equivalent driving wheels) are ˙ϕ1, ˙ϕ2 and ˙ϕ3. The and (4), the forward kinematics of the robot under the
radius of the equivalent driving wheel is defined to be global frame is
the same as the real driving wheel in module 1 and
module 3 for the sake of simplicity, denoted as rw.

where R(θ) is the transformation matrix between the

robot frame and the world frame, and J is defined as

Fig. 6: Notations of kinematic model based on Instantaneous Centre

of Rotation (ICR)
Therefore, the angular velocity of each module θi can be
represented as In order to find the inverse kinematics, the same
approach of deriving the forward kinematics is adopted.
By treating the second module as an identical steering
wheel system, the Jacobian matrix of the forward
kinematics could be simplified to an invertable matrix.
Defining
Similarly, the linear velocities are
and the simplified
Jacobian matrix is

The forward kinematics can be written as

Fig. 7: Kinematic diagram of omniwheels in the central module where ˙ϕ2 is defined in (6). By taking the inverse of the

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
simplified Jacobian matrix, the inverse Jacobian matrix
can be expressed as
After acquiring the required equivalent velocity and the
steering angle of the second module ˙ϕ2 and α2, the
accordant ˙ϕ 2,1, ˙ϕ2,2, ˙ϕ2,3, ˙ϕ2,4 can be obtained.
C. Gaits for staircase climbing
The stair climbing is a step-by-step process during the
cleaning operation. After approaching the stair (using
vision based detection and localization approach which
is out of the scope of this paper) module #1 is first lifted
up onto the step as seen in Fig. 8a. On the next step, only
the steered wheel in module #1 will be in contact with
the ground. After, sTetro’s steered wheels in the first and
third module will rotate such that their wheel axes are
perpendicular to the width of the step. Then, it travels
along the stair width to clean it as shown in Fig. 8b.
Bumper sensors on both sides of the first module are
used to detect the side wall which signals to sTetro to
change its direction on the staircase. In addition, four
more bumper sensors located on the sides of the second
and third modules are used to align with the staircase
when the first or the second module is one stair up
accordingly like in Fig. 8a and Fig. 8d respectively.
Afterwards, when it returns to the center of the step
width, the steered wheels return to its original
orientation, wherein the wheel axis is perpendicular to
the run of the stair. While the second module is lifted via
the conveyor belt system (Fig. 8c), the additional weight
put on the first module would compress the springs such
that the ball casters touch the ground and perform their
intended function of added stability.
Fig. 8: Gait of the sTetro traversing on the stairs
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Once the second module joins the first module on the
higher step, the first module will be pushed further in,
away from the edge of the step where there are no anti-
slip grooves (Fig. 8d). Then, contact between the ball
casters and the ground will not pose any mobility issue
as the anti-slip grooves are no longer an obstacle and the
robot’s locomotion will be smooth. As the third module
is being lifted via the conveyor belt system (Fig. 8e), the
robot will not move. After Module 3 has been lifted, the
first module is then lifted and the robot moves forward
for the first module to make contact with the above step
(Fig. 8f). Note that at any point of time the minimum
number of point of contact with the ground is 6 which
gives stability to the climbing. Also , while traversing
sideways on the stairs 14 points of contact with the
ground are maintained, i.e., four from brushes, four from
caster ball wheels, two from steered wheels and four
from omniwheels. This is shown in Fig. 8 with the
transition state drawn in -between every two sub -
figures.
V. Experiments
The path following framework for sTetro is carried out
both in real world environment to show its design
capabilities.
The experiments are done on a flight of stairs to show the
maneuverability of the robot as it climbs up the stairs.
The experimental is performed on a staircase with 30cm
tread length, 15cm riser height and 130cm stair width. A
software called Tracker is used to track sTetro and
outline the path it takes as it travels up the stairs by using
stickers on the robot. By extracting the height of the
robot as well, the path of all three blocks is presented in
Fig. 9a, 9b and 9c. The robot’s trajectory follows a zig-
zag pattern on the staircase which shows its ability of
climbing up staircases. The plots demonstrate the
climbing up procedure of the robot. The oscillation of
the trajectory is mainly due to two factors: a) the camera
movements as the data is extracted from video, and b)
irregularities on the granular surface results in slight
deviation. The second experiment was done on flat
ground to show the robot moving in rotational motion.
Tracker software is used to plot the coordinates of the
center of sTetro as it rotates 180 degrees which is shown
in Fig. 9.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Fig. 9: sTetro modules traversing over the stairs and the sharp
turning radius
As documented below, there is a deviation of about
5.78cm in the x-coordinate (Fig. 9d) and a deviation of
about 14.5cm in the y-coordinate (Fig. 9d) from their
original starting coordinates. As sTetro is programmed
to purely rotate in this experiment, there should be as
little deviation as possible from the original position of
the center of sTetro as theoretically, it is capable of
performing pivot turn. This deviation could be attributed
to the desynchronization of the motors, or sliding of
wheels. In order to improve the performance of the
robot, a feedback control loop should be integrated to
rectify these errors.
Fig. 10: Current value of motor controller over time
The third experiment was conducted on flat surface. The
current of the motor of the steered wheel in module #1
was measured while sTetro moved in the x and y
transnational directions, and the rotational direction (θ ).
The current values are plotted over time as shown in Fig.
10. The periods of time during which sTetro is not idle is
highlighted in green boxes. Region 1 and 2 are the
periods of time when sTetro is moving front and back
respectively. Also region 3 and 4 are the periods of time
when sTetro is moving left and right respectively.
Region 5 and 6 are the periods of time when sTetro is
moving in the clockwise and anticlockwise directions
respectively. As can be observed from the red moving
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average trend line, the difference between these six
movements are less than 0.2 Amperes. Thus, the motors
are not drawing a significantly greater current to
compensate for higher loads i.e. motor is not being
stalled. In conclusion, there is little to no additional
impedance (friction drag) on the wheels that cause a
significantly larger current draw during the movement,
showing that sTetro’s wheels are in coordination when
moving the given trajectory, and sTetro is maneuverable
with its wheel mechanism. However, there are still slight
differences in current draw that can be eradicated by
modifying the control system.
VI. Conclusions and Future Works
The mechanical design of sTetro allows it to move along
the sideways and vertical climbing on the stairs. The
locomotion design makes it capable of bearing the load
of the respective modules is shown suing the structural
analysis of three units, i.e., steering unit in module #1,
belt system in module #2, and wheel system in module
#2. With this analysis and experimental outcomes, the
belt is critical and subjected to failure. It will be removed
by replacing it with the grooved rubber belt and pulley
system in the next version of the sTetro. The kinematics
of the robot enables it to move and clean the stairs. The
experimental results of the locomotion established the
stable maneuverability. The sharp turning with the
locomotion module is carried out in experiment. It helps
the robot in transition from one stairs to other crossing
the landing region. Future works on sTetro will include
the modification in the belt system, placement of the
motors, control with feedback loop and autonomy of the
robot.
References
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Robotics, Oct 2008, pp. 35–40.
[12] Ming-Shyan Wang and Yi-Ming Tu, “Design and
implementation of a stair-climbing robot,” in 2008
IEEE Workshop on Advanced robotics and Its
Social Impacts, Aug 2008, pp. 1–6.
[13] Jianjun Yuan and S. Hirose, “Research on leg-wheel
hybrid stairclimbing robot, zero carrier,” in 2004
IEEE International Conference on Robotics and
Biomimetics, Aug 2004, pp. 654–659.
[14] K. Khandelwal, R. Patel, A. Shenoy, S. Farooquee,
and G. George, “Application of stair climbing
robot,” in 2015 International Conference on
Technologies for Sustainable Development
(ICTSD), Feb 2015, pp. 1–5.
[15] S. S. U. A. T. Ramachandran N., Sivakumar M., vol.
8, no. 4, February 2019.
[16] L. Zhang, Y. Yang, L. Li, Y. Gu, H. Chen, and L.
Shuai, “Avoidance of falling and collision for a
stair-cleaning robot,” in 2016 35th Chinese
Control Conference (CCC), July 2016, pp.
6250–6255.
[17] T. Kakudou, K. Watanabe, and I. Nagai, “Study on
mobile mechanism for a stair cleaning robot -
design of translational locomotion mechanism,” in
2011 11th International Conference on Control,
Automation and Systems, Oct 2011, pp.
1213–1216.
[18] L. Zhang, Y. Yang, Y. Gu, X. Sun, X. Yao, and L.
Shuai, “A New Compact Stair-Cleaning Robot,”
Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics, vol. 8, no. 4,
0 3 2 0 1 6 , 0 4 5 0 0 1 . [ O n l i n e ] . Av a i l a b l e :
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032700
[19] S. Yuyao, M. R. Elara, M. Kalimuthu, and M.
Devarassu, “stetro: A modular reconfigurable
cleaning robot,” in 2018 International Conference
on Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots
(ReMAR), June 2018, pp. 1–8.
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Inventory Flow Management Process

in FMCG (Beverages) Sector
Dr. Dharm Bir Singh
Director, GNIOT MBA Institute, Greater Noida
Dr. Shweta Rai
Associate Professor, GNIOT MBA Institute, Greater Noida

Abstract: Inventory flow management system
provides framework for achieving goals of top-line
management. India is going through FMCG revolution,
all the big business houses are entering this sector like
Field fresh (Air Tel), TATA with PepsiCo India etc. Our
country also poses a big challenge to organized large
FMCG companies particularly in beverages sector. A
well managed inventory ensures that customers receive
the products when they need them, in the quantities they
need, and with the uniform high quality they expect. In
this research paper, we have discussed the ways to
manage the flow of inventory through the manufacturing
and distribution system. Globalization, integration of
the world economy and the concept of extended
enterprise has led to an increasingly important role
played by the entire inventory management system. The
most important thing to an owner of business is to
provide a quality product and service to the customers
with effective utilization of Inventory flow management
system. Inventory flow management allows the
organizations to match the inventory levels to the
customer demand, while meeting the other objectives
such as capacity, productivity, and profitability. In a
competitive business environment, inventory flow is
therefore a critical part of business.

Introduction knowledge of mathematical and probability theories.

Today inventory flow management is one of the most
challenging and expensive aspect of supply chain
management. Companies are constantly balancing
inventory carrying costs and obsolescence with
customer fulfillment requirements. Retaining too much
stock increases unnecessary warehousing costs, ties up
valuable capital, and can expose vendors to significant
financial losses if demand drops. With little or no insight
to available upstream inventory, downstream
manufacturers, distributors, and retailers cannot commit
to large or rush orders with confidence and may even be
not able to deliver on forecast.
Inventory management is a high dynamic system which
is sensitive to cost parameters and has been evolving
over the years. Inventory management, also known in
the management parlance as supply chainmanagement,
refers to the control of material flow from the suppliers
of raw materials on one hand, and delivery of the
finished product to customers on the other hand.
Most of the inventory flow management techniques are
based on scientific principles and assume prior
Gayanodaya - 2023
Inventory management takes into account other
functions such as purchasing, production and marketing
and its techniques aim at balancing out conflicting goals.
The inventory flow management system provides
information to efficient manage the flow of materials,
effectively utilize people and equipment, coordinate
internal activities. A well managed inventory flow
management that customers receive the products when
they need them, in the quantities they need, and with the
uniform high quality they expect. Inventory flow
management allows the management team to match the
inventory to customer demand, while meeting the
systems objectives for capacity, productivity and
profitability.
Inventory and sku's
Before discussing how to achieve a strong inventory
flow, let us first define several inventory terms.
Inventory consists of four types of stock.
1. Cycle stock: cycle stock is the amount of stock
required to meet basic customer demand.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
2. In transit stock: In transit stock that is reroute
between locations that carry inventory.
3. Speculative stock: speculative stock is the
additional required to meet a higher than normal
short term demand for the product.
4. Safety stock: safety stock is the quantity of stock
in excess of cycle stock that is maintained to
compensate for uncertainties in demand and
replenishment. It may be expressed in fixed
quantity or in days of coverage.
80:20 Rules
A basic guideline for inventory management is the 80:20
rules, sometimes called the Pareto analysis, after the
man who first observed it. The rule states that 80 percent
of items in stock account for only 20 percent of demand.
Conversely, 20 percent of items account for 80 percent
of demand. The 80:20 rules are useful to determine
inventory storage areas. Level A items the 20 percent of
inventory items in greatest demand belong in the most
convenient locations.
The need for inventory flow management
The ideal inventory flow management system would
perfectly match supply with demand and eliminating the
need for inventory. Operating construction on
manufacturing, transporting, and warehousing all create
imbalances in the systems that result in the need for
inventory. There are two points, generally to stress the
need for inventory flow management in FMCG sector.
1. Errors in forecasting customer demand cause
too much or too litter product to be produced at
the plant.
2. Seasonal or promotional changes affect
customer demand for product.
Inventory shortage also creates imbalances in the
system. For instance, labor shortage, transportation
shortage, shortage of raw supplies and manufacturing
capacity constraints all contribute to inventory shortage
and unfulfilled customer demand.
Fmcg sector size and trends
Ÿ The Indian FMCG sector is an important contributor
to the country's GDP
Ÿ It is the fourth largest sector in the economy and is
Gayanodaya - 2023
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responsible for 5%of the total factory employment
in India.
Ÿ This has been due to liberalization, urbanization,
increase in the disposable incomes and altered
lifestyle.
Ÿ The overall middle income group accounts for over
60% of the sectors sales. Rural markets account for
56% of the total domestic FMCG demand.
Ÿ Total market size in excess of US $ 13.1 billion
Ÿ The FMCG sector has been registering double. Digit
growth in sales since the last couple of years:
currently, with annual revenues of US $ 14.74
billion, it is the one of the most promising sectors.
Ÿ The FMCG market is set to treble from US$ 11.6
billion in 2003 to US$ 33.4 billion in 2015
Ÿ The FMCG sector is witnessing rapid growth in rural
areas and is estimated to grow by 40% compared to
the growth of 25% in urban areas.
Ÿ PepsiCo has announced a US$ 500 million
investment in India over the next three year's
Ÿ FMCG companies have acquired about 15
companies and have spread their presence in more
than a dozen countries.
Indian fmcg market size (in us $ billions)
Scheduling problems
One of the most frequent contributors to inventory
shortages is scheduling. There are three types of
scheduling problem of FMCG sector.
a) First, the schedule may be inadequate
b) Second. The schedule may not be properly carried
out.
c)Third, the schedule may be disrupted by
unpredictable events, such as bad weather or
equipment breakdowns.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Effective inventory flow management will trade off
conflicting operating and inventory constraints to
achieve an effective compromise that maintains enough
inventories to meet customer demand yet covers
variation in the forecast.
The costs of inventory
Inventory is clearly needed, but there are costs
associated with it, and these costs increase as inventory
levels increase, especially when both direct and indirect
costs are considered. The larger the inventory, the
greater the possibility of loss through damage, aging,
obsolescence or theft and finally, the larger the
inventory, the less efficient it is to handle. More time
must be spent re-warehousing, double handling and
rotating stock, using man-hours that might well have
been used more effectively for some other task.
It is not uncommon in the beverage manufacturing
industry for carrying costs to be as much as 25% of the
total funds invested in inventories. This money tied up in
inventory could be used elsewhere. So, an operation
must carry sufficient inventory to keep out of stock or
shortage situations to a minimum while costs associated
with excess inventory.
Balancing inventory and production
requirements
The inventory flow management principle just
presented assumes that the plant has ample production
capacity and flexibility, and well as sufficient storage
area. The amount of needed for planning and scheduling
the receipt of raw materials, ingredients, and packaging
supplies must be taken in to account when projecting
finished goods requirement.
Certain demand patterns, seasonal swings and
promotional activities may require pre production
specific SKU's to avoid production capacity
bottlenecks. However, when goods are pre-produced,
there may not be enough storage capacity at the
production facility. In these situations, the inventory
may have to be shipped to the distribution centers based
on forecasted demand. If the facility has too many
capacity constraints or an unbalanced infrastructure, the
management team may need to modify the basic
inventory flow management principles to accommodate
their situation.
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Materialcontrol in the food and beverage
industry
Organizations today are required to be more proactive in
the manner of product recall. The business model of
yesteryears demanded traceability from the distribution
centers to the individual stores. In a recent survey of 48
companies in the food and beverage industry, the top
reason for installing an automated material tracking and
control system is to gain real time inventory visibility
and accuracy and to effectively track and trace inventory
the survey reported that 52% of the companies currently
use bar code labels to track raw materials, work in
process and finished goods.
Controlling raw materials and finished goods inventory
in real time is necessary in order to avoid the accidental
movement of material. Working in a real time
environment allows a company to place inventories
instantaneously on hold at either the SKU real time
inventory expiration or control can prevent the
allocation of expired inventory from entering the
processes or further down the distribution chain. In
addition, transactional records such as employee, time
,line , location along, with many other attributes are
automatically captured and logged providing the who,
what, when, where and how of material flow.
Effectively managing the movements of materials
throughout one is processing and distribution centers,
and having the ability to react to rapidly changing
business demands, require the right policies,
procedures, and system. The marriage of technology and
processes that are based on industry best practices is the
key to an organizations success in meeting today's
growing challenges.
Push and pull: two systems of inventory
flow management
The goal of inventory flow management is to match
supply with demand on a timely basis. There are two
basic approaches to managing inventory flow, most
often referred to as production push and warehouse pull.
Production push is the more traditional system.
Warehouse pull is a newer method.
Most of the time, the pull system is better to the needs of
the total beverage industry product and distribution
system because it makes the actual customer demand the
basis for replenishing inventory. However, in order to
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
satisfy customer demand without interruption, a certain
amount of inventory at the production facility must be
ready to go out the door. This is where the productions
push system works well. Both production push and
distribution warehouse pull system are useful.
Both systems share five general characteristics.
1. Periodic demand forecast: one, in both systems
a periodic demand forecast is drawn up based on
inputs from sales and distribution sources.
2. Generate production plan and production
schedule: Two, in both system the periodic
demand forecast is used to generate a
production plan and a production schedule.
3. Inventory visibility: Three, in both systems,
information on inventory quantities and activity
at each outlying location must be readily
available to the central coordinating location.
This is frequently referred to as inventory
visibility.
4. Inventory policies at the sku level for each
location: Four, both systems require inventory
policies at the SKU level for each location. The
policy guidelines are important to use for
planning minimum and maximum quantities, as
well as shipment sizes. These guidelines should
be consistent with inventory flow principles and
recognize infrastructure constraints.
5. Rationalized production lots: Five, in both
systems, production quantities are determined
based on rationalized production lots and
inventory quantities. A rationalized production
lot is a realistic economic order quantity that
takes into consideration such practical
operating factors as syrup preparation and
capacities, flexibility and capacity of
production lines, flexibility of labor, and
availability of materials.
The push system
In the production push system of inventory flow
management, the periodic demand forecast is converted
to a production plan and a production schedule. The
push production schedule is then converted to a
transportation schedule that allocates quantities for
shipment to each distribution point based on each
forecast. Quantities are shipped to each distribution
point based on inventory recorder points production
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allocation and predefined shipping quantities.
Distribution locations must accept these shipments.
In the production push system, the production facility or
some other points of centralized planning and control
manage and controls the movement of inventory
between its location and distribution centers. The push
system is useful in situations where it is difficult to
establish or maintain a timely flow of information
between producing and distributing locations. The push
system is also useful during promotion periods, when
products must be pushed out of the producing location
on an allocation basis. In the warehouse pull system of
inventory flow management, the demand forecast also
serves as the basis for the production plan and
production schedule modification are based on
inventory replenishment considering distribution point.
The transportation schedule is based on distribution
point. The transportation schedule is based on
distribution point replenishment requests. Then, each
distribution centre monitors and adjusts the
replenishment of inventory for its own location
movement if inventory may be controlled by centralized
or decentralized management.
The pull system
The pull method for inventory flow management
focuses on responding to customer demand. The
customer is seen as on important sources for
determining which SKU's are needed, where and in what
quantities. While the push system sends out items based
on forecasted demand or a blanket allocation, the pull
system sends out items based on what a distribution
center requests, which in turn is based on customer
demand. The pull system operates on the just-in-time
principle to generate a quick flow of information and
materials. Doing this cuts costs by eliminating waste,
such as inventory that sits too long or a large safety
stocks.
In general, the pull system does a better job than the push
system of balancing the various operating factors in
today's complex beverage system and making optimal
use of today's technology. When the pull system of
inventory management is integrated with production
scheduling and resource planning, it facilitated
matching supply with actual demand within the supply
chain and a reverse flow of planning information from
customer to suppliers. In other words, it begins to look a
lot like the seamless tube of customer satisfaction the
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
straight, wide, unobstructed pipeline in which all
function work together to deliver a quality production.
Advantage and disadvantage of the pull
system
The pull has a number of advantages like
1. It is flexible
2. It allows inventory flow management to react to
change more quickly and accurately than the pull
system.
3. It promotes visibility. It is easy to see everything
that goes through the system.
4. It lowers inventory costs.
5. It results in production that is better targeted to
actual demand, which in turn results in better
product availability and improved production
quality.
The pull systems also have some disadvantages like
1. Its flexibility can be constrained by plant
production capacity. If the plant operates close to
production capacity, it will have difficulty
responding to change in the pull system.
2. To work with maximum effectiveness, the pull
system requires accurate, timely and good quality
information.
3. Yields may be lower under the pull system than
with the push system.
4. Since the pull system may reduce production line
efficiencies, its implementation will require a
responsive manufacturing organization.
5. If production is interrupted unexpectedly, the pull
system's lower inventory may result in shortages
and a greater change of stocking out.
Preparing for inventory flow managemnt
system implementation
If the FMCG changes from the push system of inventory
management to the pull system, several factors need to
be implemented to ensure the pull system's success.
First, the organization must be educated about the pull
system, how it operates, and what to expect.
Second, the crossover must have the commitment of the
management team and the support of senior
management.
Third, performance measures must be established that
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are in line with supply chain objectives.
Fourth, timely and accurate information on inventory
quantities and demand must be available for all location.
Fifth, an accurate forecasting system must be
established, and there must be ownership in the system
among sales and operations management.
Sixth, operation parameters, such as lead times,
capacities, and cycle times, needed to be understood for
productions, transport, and warehousing.
Seventh, good communication and information are
essential, the complexity of today's business requires a
responsive, integrated software system. And finally, a
transportation scheduling system is needed.
Conclusion
The first priority of all employees in FMCG
manufacturing and distribution system is to satisfy the
customers demand for production. Controlling the flow
of inventory to match customer's demand, while
scheduling productions and transportation in a manner
which can maximizes the use of resources is a constant,
complex balance. Effectively managing the
transportation of materials throughout yourprocessing
and distribution centers, and having the ability to reach
to changing business demand, requires the right policies,
produces, and systems.
The marriage of technology and processes that are based
on industry best practices and achieving this balance
effectively is the key objective of inventory flow
management and an organizations success in today's
growing challenges. Proper inventory management is a
vital part of the “Seamless Tube” within the FMCG
company system, where the common focus of every
function is customer satisfaction. The goal is to produce
the highest quality product at the best cost, packaged and
delivered according to customer demand.
Properly managed inventory ensures that customer and
consumers have an uninterrupted supply of delicious,
refreshing products of the FMCG companies. This is the
highest form of customer service. Today most of the
industries/ companies implemented SAP and also
implementing SAP, because SAP is giving the full
fledged solution for their business requirement and it is
meeting customer/ client requirements without huge
customization.
For example, if one takes FMCG industries, one wants to
know the status of their inventory on daily/ weekly/
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
monthly/ yearly basis. Because at the end of the day,
management wants to know the movements of the
goods/ products for their, further planning and also to
maintain the balance between demand and supply. For
optimal inventory management processes, we need
robust functionally for managing our logistics facilities.
Support for inventory management helps us records and
track of each material on the basis of the both quantity
and value. We can reduce the cost for warehousing,
transportation, order fulfillment, and material handling
while improving customer service. We can significantly
improve inventory turns, optimize the flow of goods and
shorten routers within our warehouse or Hub/
distribution center. Additional benefits of inventory
management include improved cash flow, visibility and
fast and good decision making.
Inventory management offers one of the largest
opportunities in supply chain management. End to end
inventory visibility increase buyer purchasing power,
minimizes inventory levels, ensures product balance,
and ultimately reduces warehousing costs.
References
1. Public health security and bioterrorism preparedness
and response ACT of 2002—U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, center for Food safety and Applied
nutrition July 17,2002
2. Bio-security in the Meat Industry July, 2002 Edition
Meat processing, North American Watt publishing
Company 2002
3. Heads Up for HACCP Michael Cramer edited by
Jeremy Russell National meat Association October
15, 2001
4. Harris F.W (1913); How many parts to make at once
factory: the magazine of management 10, 135-136,
152
5. Silver , E.A & meal, H.C (1973): A Heuristic for
selection Lot Size requirements for the case of a
Deterministic time: Varying demand rate and
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Discrete opportunities for Replenishment,
production and inventory management, 14, 64-74
6. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik/
file:FEMA_25982_george_armstrong_takrn_on_0
8-28- 2006_in_Georgia
7. Inventory management (OIC_CO3) article on
inventory data from ECC to BI/BW system by
surrender Kumar Reddy Koduru on 14 November,
2009
8. http://www.capgemini.com
9 . h t t p : / / w w w. u k . c a p g e m i n i . c o m / n e w s / p r / p r
2144/inventory
10. supply chain council (2000a), homepage
http://www.supply-chain.org
11. Towill, D.R., 1997, 'the seamless supply chain-
predator's strategic advantahe', international journal
of technology management, 13(1), 37-55
1 2 . C O Y L E , J . ; B a R D I , E . ; N O VA C K , R .
transportation. USA: South-western College
publicating, 1999. 512p.
13. Efficient consumer response, http://www.ecr.org
14. American production & inventory control society,
http://www.apics.org
15. Beamon, B.M., 1999, “measuring supply chain
performance, ”International journal of Operations
and production management, 19(3), 275-292
16. Hartmut, s., and kilger, k., 2000, supply chain
management and Advanced planning, hiedelberg.
17. Stevens, G., 1989, ' Integrating the supply chain,'
International Journal of physical distribution and
materials management, 19(1), 3-8
18. Kumar, D. 2002, “integrated lean supply chain
design for inbound supplies,” IIE's lead
management solutions conference, September 10-
11, 2003, Atlanta, USA, “Vision: the journal of
business perspective, MDI, Gorgaon, India.
19. Davis, T., 1993, “effective supply chain
management, “ Sloan management review, 34(4),
35-73.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Dengue Severity in Diabetic Patients

Ashu Sharma
Research Scholar, HR Institute of Pharmacy, Meerut Road Morta, Ghaziabad, U.P., INDIA
Prof. (Dr.) Pooja Arora
Professor, HR Institute of Pharmacy, Meerut Road Morta, Ghaziabad, U.P., INDIA
Dr. Amit Singh
Medical Consultant (M.B.B.S., M.D.), Sahaj Hospital, Mayur Vihar, Bhopal, M.P., INDIA
Corresponding Author: Sharma19ashu10@gmail.com

Abstract: Diabetes causes a weakened immune
system and brittle blood vessels, which increase the risk
of bleeding. Utilizing steroids for dengue might raise
blood sugar levels, which can cause additional
difficulties. Dengue symptoms frequently get worse in
diabetics because they have weakened immune systems,
fragile blood vessels, and a higher risk of hemorrhaging.
Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-borne disease that is
spread around the world in tropical and subtropical
regions. Flu-like symptoms and a high temperature are
signs of mild dengue fever. The severe variety of dengue
fever, also known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF),
can result in fatalities as well as significant bleeding, a
sharp drop in blood pressure, and shock.Deficient
insulin production is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes,
sometimes referred to as insulin-dependent, juvenile, or
childhood-onset, which necessitates daily insulin
therapy. In type 1diabetes, the body's inefficient use of
insulin causes type 2 diabetes, also known as non-
insulin-dependent or adult-onset. Type 2 diabetes affects
more than 95% of those who have the disease. This
particular type of diabetes is primarily brought on by
increased body weight and inactivity. In patients with
dengue infection, diabetes makes thrombocytopenia, or
a low platelet count, more severe. Greater platelet
responsiveness is a result of both direct effects of
hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and the promotion of
glycation of platelet proteins. A person's platelets are
destroyed by dengue, which causes blood to clot.
Together, diabetes and dengue injure the body severely
and make a diabetic's recovery challenging. Diabetes is
quickly becoming a critical element in dengue, not only
as a predictor of increased mortality risk, but also a
contributor to the development of diabetic
complications.
Hence a research study was undertaken to assess the
relationship between dengue and diabetes. The aim of
the study was to determine the dengue severity in
diabetic patients forone year and to evaluate the effect of
dengue fever on diabetic patients. The prime objective
of this study was to evaluate the sugar level in diabetic
patients suffering from dengue fever. This study was
conducted at OPD of the Sahaj Hospital, Bhopal.

Keywords: Dengue, Diabetes, Hemorrhage

Introduction blood pressure, and shock. The best approaches to

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease that is spread
around the world in tropical and subtropical regions.
Flu-like symptoms and a high temperature are signs of
mild dengue fever. The severe variety of dengue fever,
also known as dengue hemorrhagic fever, can result in
fatalities as well as significant bleeding, a sharp drop in
prevent infection in regions where dengue fever is
prevalent are to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes and to
take measures to lessen the mosquito population. Many
persons may not exhibit any symptoms or indicators of
dengue illness. When symptoms do show up, they
typically start four to ten days after being bitten by an
infected mosquito and may be confused with other

Gayanodaya - 2023 34
Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
illnesses like the flu. Any of the following signs and
symptoms, as well as a high fever of 104 F (40 C), are
brought on by dengue fever: headache, joint, muscle, or
muscle pain sickness, vomiting, rash, swollen glands,
and eye pain. Diabetes affected 422 million people in
2014, up from 108 million in 1980. Compared to high-
income countries, prevalence has been increasing more
quickly in low- and middle-income nations. Age-
specific diabetes mortality rates increased by 3%
between 2000 and 2019. An estimated 2 million people
died in 2019 from diabetes-related renal damage. 8.5%
of persons who were 18 years of age and older had
diabetes in 2014. A total of 1.5 million deaths were
directly related to diabetes in 2019, and 48% of these
deaths occurred in those under the age of 70. Deficient
insulin production is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes,
sometimes referred to as insulin-dependent, juvenile, or
childhood-onset, which necessitates daily insulin
therapy. Type 1 diabetes affected 9 million people in
2017, the majority of whom reside in high-income
nations. Its methods of prevention are unknown. The
body's inefficient use of insulin causes type 2 diabetes,
also known as non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset.
Type 2 diabetes affects more than 95% of those who
have the disease. This particular type of diabetes is
primarily brought on by increased body weight and
inactivity. Hyperglycemia during pregnancy occurs
when blood glucose levels are above normal but below
those that are indicative of diabetes. During pregnancy,
gestational diabetes can develop. Adults with diabetes
are two to three times more likely to experience a heart
attack or stroke. One of the main reasons of kidney
failure is diabetes.
In patients with dengue infection, diabetes makes
thrombocytopenia, or a low platelet count, more severe.
Greater platelet responsiveness is a result of both direct
effects of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and the
promotion of glycation of platelet proteins. Diabetes
causes a weakened immune system and brittle blood
vessels, which increase the risk of bleeding. Utilizing
steroids for dengue might raise blood sugar levels,
which can cause additional difficulties. Dengue
symptoms frequently get worse in diabetics because
they have weakened immune systems, fragile blood
vessels, and a higher risk of hemorrhaging. A person's
platelets are destroyed by dengue, which causes blood to
clot. Together, diabetes and dengue injure the body
severely and make a diabetic's recovery challenging.
Gayanodaya - 2023
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Diabetes is quickly becoming a critical element in
dengue, not only as a predictor of increased mortality
risk, but also a contributor to the development of
diabetic complications.The aim of the study is to
determine the dengue severity in diabetic patients forone
year and to evaluate the effect of dengue fever on
diabetic patients. The prime objective of this study was
to evaluate the sugar level in diabetic patients suffering
from dengue fever.
Methodology
It was the retrospective study of blood glucose levels in
the patients with diabetes only and diabetic patients
suffering from dengue for one year. The diabetic patients
only and diabetic patients suffering from dengue were
called for sample collection and a trained laboratory
technician collected their fasting venous blood sample
and the collected samples were sent to the pathology lab
and reports were collected which were then interpreted
by the clinicians. All the data were recorded in patient
study Performa. The study was carried out in the Sahaj
Hospital, Mayur Vihar, Bhopal. About 200 patients with
suffering from diabetes were included in the study and
were screened for blood glucose levels. Dose and
duration depend on the nature and severity of patient. All
patients with Diabetes only and diabetic patients from
dengue visiting OPD in Sahaj Hospital, irrespective of
age and sex were included in the study. Patients who
were mentally challenged and unconscious, drug addicts
and patients unable to comply were excluded from the
study. The study was carried out during the period of six
months from October 2021 to March 2022. Data was
collected from physician prescribing records and
patients' medication profile. Patient's study Performa
showing patient's demographics, drug history and
estimation of glucose levels has been used. Data was
collected in the form of demographics of the patients
(age, gender, weight, blood pressure, drug history,
glucose levels etc.). Patients were also interviewed after
obtaining informed consent. The flow pattern of the
work is described below.The various parameters studied
were Age, sex distribution among patients using
antihypertensive therapy, drug history of the patient
taking antihypertensive therapy for more than one year
and blood glucose level estimation.
Results
During the study period of six months, a total of 417
patients suffering from various ailments visited OPD in
35
Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Sahaj Hospital, out of which 200 (47.9%) patients were

of Diabetes. Among the 200 patients 106 (53%) were
males and 94 (47%) were females. The data is compiled
in Table-1 & Graph1 & 2. Socio-demographic
characters of the study population studied are presented
in Table-2 and Graph3.

Study of the various characters like exercise habits, diet,

sleep pattern and sleep duration reflected that 79.5% of
the patients don't perform any exercise. 41% of the
patients were having imbalance sleep pattern. Data is
presented in Table-3 and Graph 4.

Out of total 200 patients 60% Diabetic and 40% of the

patients were diabetic and suffering from dengue fever
for which the data is compiled in Table 4, 5 & 6 and
Graph 5 & 6.

Gayanodaya - 2023 36
Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
However, patients who were diabetic and suffering from
dengue fever showed a significant difference in their
mean values as compared to the patients who were
diabetic only.
The patients who were diabetic and suffering from
dengue fever, their fasting and after 2-3 hours of eating
glucose level was increased significantly due to
reduction in insulin sensitivity as the patients were
previously diabetic and had weak immunity.
Discussion
This is the “retrospective study on dengue severity in
diabetic patients by using patient's Prescription” with
special emphasis on dengue and diabetic management.
This study is the first study conducted at Sahaj Hospital,
Bhopal, to compare the sugar levels in patients who were
diabetic as well as diabetic and suffering from
dengue.During the study period from October 2021 to
March 2022, it was observed that approximately 417
Gayanodaya - 2023
pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8
patients attended the Sahaj Hospital, Bhopal and 200
patients were diabetic out of which 106 (53%) were male
patients and 94 (47%) were female patients. The age of
the patients included in the study was found to be in
between 40 to 95 years. It was observed that in both
males and females, occurrence of diabetes was lowest
among those less than 51 years old, and it was highest
amongst those who were aged between 51 to 70 years.
Subsequently, occurrence increased in the elderly
population who were more than 70 years. Overall, it was
lower in women. The above trend is in conformity to
various studies conducted previously. The demographic
characteristics showed that in both the sexes, the
majority of patients were clustered around age groups of
51- to 70-year-old. The patients were divided into 2
groups, group 1 including diabetic patients and group 2
including diabetic patients who were suffering from
dengue. Group 1 contains 120 patients. Group 2 contains
80 patients. After that glucose levels were reviewed for
patients of both the groups. From the glucose levels of
the patients, it was found that were was a significant
difference in mean values of their fasting and
postprandial glucose levels. Although in both the
categories the patients were diabetic, but group 2 was
suffering from dengue along with diabetes had showed
an increase in the glucose levels than group 1.The
glucose levels of group 1 showed an insignificant
difference while there was a significant difference in
their fasting and postprandial glucose levels in group 2
patients which indicated impaired glucose levels.
Therefore, high glucose levels in group 2 showed
dengue fever was most likely to be the risk factor for
worsening the condition of diabetic patients due to their
weak immunity, fragile blood vessels, and a higher risk
of haemorrhaging. Since a person with diabetes has
weak immunity, fragile blood vessels and a higher risk of
haemorrhage, symptoms of dengue tend to worsen in
diabetics. Because the prevalence of both diseases is
increasing, it is critical to understand the relationship
between severe dengue and diabetes mellitus. Patients
with dengue and with diabetes have an elevated risk of
developing severe organ involvement outcomes
compared with patients with dengue without diabetes.
The result of this study is supported by previous studies
which showed that individuals who reported having
allergies (and for which they used steroids), or those who
reported diabetes, were two and a half times as likely to
have DHF. DHF is known to be more common in repeat
dengue infections.
37
Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Conclusion
In the conclusion the increasing global prevalence of
both dengue and diabetes may warrant closer
observation for glycemic control and adapted fluid
management to diminish the risk for a severe clinical
presentation of dengue. Dengue illness is rarely known
to precipitate diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetic
patients. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes increase the
release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by various
mechanisms and increase the risk of plasma leak in
dengue fever. Co-morbidities like diabetes with dengue
infection were seen in 60% deceased cases indicating
the reasons for high dengue related complications and
death. Long term studies are required to assess the
relationship between diabetes and dengue.
I found that the fasting and postprandial plasma glucose
levels increased with dengue fever in previously
diabetic patients. However, recent studies had shown
that dengue in the patients who are already suffering
from diabetes has a sound effect on different organs due
to increased complications and weak immunity.
Findings of the study
Our findings have two major implications: First, the link
between diabetes and the development of dengue. We
suggest the researchers and doctors to look into common
risk factors and be aware of a group of people who are at
high risk for dengue.
Second, concerns regarding an increased risk of dengue
in the diabetic patients and we suggest doctors to have a
close look on their patients suffering from diabetes for
many years. So, that the risk for the onset of dengue
could be minimized.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Transformer’s-BERT vs GPT
Jyoti Raj Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Llyod Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, U.P., INDIA
Prof. (Dr.) B. Sharan
Dean Academics & Head of Department, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
IEC College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, U.P., INDIA
Lakhan Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
IEC College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, U.P., INDIA

Abstract: In the last few year the working style of
google search engine became fast, expressive and auto
completed and so on. How machine can understand the
next typing word during the search query. In Gmail we
also used a smart compose feature will offer suggestions
as you type. These all are done by launching the BERT
algorithm by google in 2017. In starting BERT are used
only in English language for 10% search queries but
now it is used in many other language like Spanish,
Portuguese, Hindi, Arabic and German and Hindi is
most preferable language for searching means you're
Websites or Blogs are in Hindi or English your website
will be effect by the online traffic. Machine can also
write the text, ML code and reply you like a human. It
was tough task for machine to understand the emotions,
reference and culture knowledge. So in this Paper we
will discuss about transformer, its model BERT (-Bi-
directional Encoder Representation from Transformer)
and GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) and
comparison between Bert and GPT. How they are
different to each other in term of size, architecture and
learning approach.

Keywords: BERT, Transformers, GPT, NLP.

1. Introduction as simultaneously, so for now let's see the transformer in

Transformer- This is Transformer neural network
architecture that was initially created to solve the
problem of language translation this was very well
received until this point , the LSTM network had been
used to solve this problem but they had few problems
themselves LSTM network are slow to train words are
passed in sequentially and are generated sequentially it
take a significant number of time steps for the neural n/w
to learn and it's not really the best of capturing the true
meaning of the words yes even bi-directional LSTMs
because even here they are technically learning left to
right and right to left context separately and then
concatenating them so the true context slightly lost but
the transformer architecture address some of these
concerns first they are faster as word can be processed
simultaneously second the context of the word better
learned as they can learnedcontext from both directions
action.
We want to train this architecture to convert English to
French. The transformer consist two key component an
encoder and a decoder the encoder takes the English
words simultaneously and it generates embedding for
every word simultaneously these embedding are vectors
that encap sulate the meaning of the word, similar words
have closer number in their vectors the decoder takes
these embedding from the encoder and the previous
generated words of the translated French sentences and
then it use them to generate the next French word and we
keep generating the French translation one word at a
rime until the end of the sentence is reached what makes
this conceptually so much more appealing that we can
physically see a separation in task, the encoder learn'
what is English?. What is the grammar and more
important what is the context? The decoder learn how
English words related to French words both of these

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

even separately have some underlying understanding of tasks.

the language and it's because of these understanding we
can pick a part of these architecture and built a system
that understand language. Several new NLP models
such a Bert, GPT and T5 are based on transformer
architecture. Bert uses the encoder stack of the
transformer model and GPT uses the decoder stack of
transformer.

The figure show comparison between GPT-3 and BERT

based on three dimensions size, learning approach and
architecture.

BERT- Bi-directional Encoder Representation from

Transformer is a neural network model which are used
to convert the meaning of any sentence in a natural way.
BERT is a machine learning framework for natural
language processing. BERT is designed to use
computers to understand the meaning of ambiguous
language in text by using the surrounding text to
establish context. It is an extension of the encoder part of
a Transformer.
GPT- Generative Pre-trained Transformer is an
autoregressive language model that uses deep learning
to produce human like text. GPT-3 is the third generation
language prediction model in the GPT-N series created
by OpenAI, It can easily understand your problem and
generate human like text in a matter of seconds. GPT-3 is
a latest example of pre-trained models. GPT-3 has 175
billion parameters. It has been trained with 45TB text
data which included sources from Wikipedia and books.
2. BERT VS GPT
GPT and BERT both became the most popular deep
learning model achieving state- of-the-art across in
many NLP task. GPT (Generative pre-trained
Transformer) are language models known to produce
text like humans while BERT (Bidirectional Encoder
Representations from Transformers) is credited as one
of the earliest pre-trained algorithms to perform NLP
3. Conclusion
Natural language processing is a hotspot in the field of
artificial intelligence and for this we use the transformer.
In this paper, we briefly discuss about Transformation,
how Transformer is different from LSTM. What is Bert
and GPT and how they are related to Transformer The
paper has also discussed that how Bert and GPT are
different to each other.
References
[1] S. Yu, J. Su, and D. Luo, “Improving BERT-based
text classification with auxiliary sentence and
domain knowledge,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp.
176600–176612, 2019
[2] Introduction to Transformer Models for NLP: Using
BERT, GPT, and More to Solve Modern Natural
Language Processing Task
[3] Transformer for Natural Language processing: Built,
rain, Fine tune-Denis Rothman
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B ERT_ (language
model)

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A Study of Nature and Extended of Financial Inclusion on

Individual Growth at Noida and Greater Noida
Sonam Rani
Research Scholar, Amity University, Noida, U.P., INDIA
Prof. (Dr.) Ajit Mittal
Professor, Amity University, Noida, U.P., INDIA

Abstract: The study is conducted to investigate the
impact of financial inclusion on individual growth at
Noida and Greater Noida. In order to achieve the broader
objective of study, it included Electronic Payment
Method (EPM) as a one of the major indicator of
financial inclusion. Further to study the impact of
electronic payment method on individual, this study
specifically investigates the effect of automated Teller
Machine (ATM), Point of Sale (POS) and Mobile
Payment (MPAY) on individual at Noida and Greater
Noida. In this study Financial Inclusion is the
independent variable and Individual growth is the
dependent variable. Here, study conducted to
investigate the impact of each indicator of financial
inclusion on individual growth in terms of individual's
confidence, ease of use (Comfortability) and cost of
transaction. Financial Inclusion is a method to connect
the unbanked population to banked population
irrespective to social classor status. In this study the
main focus is devoted on how financial inclusion brings
changes in an individual lives. It can be in form of
financial literacy, use of different electronic medium for
financial transaction and awareness about the different
financial transaction tools and services. There are many
studies have been conducted in this field but not on how
the nature and extend of financial inclusion influence the
individual growth. In this study first we created a
conceptual model and on the basis of model developed a
questionnaire of 37 questions. By the help of
questionnaire collected the data from 308 respondents.
For data analysis uses chi-square test and regression
analysis.

Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Individual Growth,

Mobile Payment, Point of Sale, Electronic Payment
Method.

Introduction of our society can access the various financial services at

Financial Inclusion is playing a significant role and
became necessary for developing countries across the
world. Financial inclusion is the step that connects the
unbanked population to the bank. It helps to connect
each and every person of the society that does not have
any account because of any reason to bank. Every
country specially developing countries it became one of
the most important concerns now days. Financial
inclusion makes availability of financial inclusion
services to customer such as bank account, internet
banking, debit card and mobile banking etc. There are
many countries around the world those are working day
and night strategically to connect the maximum
population to the financial serviceslike Nigeria, Kenya
etc. By the help of financial inclusion a deprived section
low cost via Mobile banking, internet banking, ATMs,
etc. Financial inclusion boost up the availability of
prescribed financial services like loans, savings,
pensions, insurance, payment systems, deposits and
withdrawal through Internet banking, Point of Sale,
Automatic Teller Machine, Mobile Banking etc. also
benefits the banking industry by cost reduction,
increasing profits, better quality of services, expansion
of banking area. This improved profitability of banks
depends upon the maximum utilization of Internet
banking, mobile banking, ATM, POS etc.
As we all know that our country focus increases day by
day on financial inclusion and program that encourage
financial inclusion. Government launches many
programmes to promote financial inclusion and to

Gayanodaya - 2023 44
Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
achieve better result. Financial inclusion is emerging as
a new paradigm of banking and industrial growth that
plays major role in driving away the poverty from the
country. It refers to delivery of banking services to
masses including privileged and disadvantaged people
at an affordable terms and conditions. Financial
inclusion is important priority of the country in terms of
development of society. It enables to reduce the gap
between rich and poor population.
The main objective of financial inclusion is to provide
financial service to everyone in the most secure,
covinent and safest way. Financial Inclusion helps to
increase the lifestyle of vulnerable section of the society
and also it helps to enhance the financial knowledge.
Through the financial literacy an individual is capable to
understand the basics of the financial services and can
take the better decision and use of financial services.
Financial inclusion helps to do a fair distribution of
financial services and products at affordable cost.
Financial literacy is the individual's capability to
understand and make effective use of financial
conceptions. Every individual needs financial resources
to run the life.
Types of e-banking
As we all know that electronic banking has many
medium to provide the services to individual such as
ATM, POS and Mobile banking.
Automated Teller Machine (ATM): It is an electronic
machine that disburses the cash by inserting a card into
and entering a pin. This helps to individual to withdraw
the cash from machine without visiting the bank branch.
It have many features apart from the cash withdrawal
like transfer the fund to another account and check the
balance of account and deposit the cash into account. It
provides 24*7 hrs facility to individual.
Point of sale (POS): It is a set of hardware and software
as a small machine that is generally used at the checkout
and billing desk. It is also called point of purchase It
register the transaction electronically and through the
gateways made the balance deduct form the bank of
customer for a specific transaction and also issue a
receipt of transaction to customer. It is used by the sales
persons at malls, shopping complex, shops, stalls now a
days to make the transaction process faster and promote
the cashless transactions.
Mobile banking: Mobile banking (also known as M-
Gayanodaya - 2023
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banking, mbanking) is a term used for performing
balance checks, account transactions, payments, credit
applications and other banking transactions through a
mobile device such as a mobile phone or
Problem statement
This study is conducted to study the impact of financial
inclusion on the individual life and to measure the extent
and nature of financial inclusion on the individual life.
For this purpose researcher took three indicators of the
financial inclusion such as ATM, POS, and Mobile
Banking. Researcher measured the impact of these three
variables on the individual life as individual confidence,
access of financial services and financial awareness.
Financial Inclusion main focus on providing the
affordable financial services to the vulnerable section of
the society and maximize the usage and access of
financial services. To ensure maximum accessibility of
financial services a individual financial literacy also
required. Hence, the main objective to conduct this
study is to analyse the impact of the financial inclusion
on the individual lives in terms of access and usage of
financial services, conformability, confidence, security
and financial literacy etc.
Gap identification
There are many researchers have been done on the
impact of financial inclusion on the economy of a
country, role of banks in financial inclusion etc. A lot of
good work has been done in the all these areas. Here,
research purpose to analyse the impact of financial
inclusion on the individual lives, how financial inclusion
brings change in the individual lives, to study the
relationship between the financial inclusion and
individual lives.
Literature review
(Worku G1, 2016) is conducted a research to study the
impact of e-banking on customer's satisfaction.
Researcher has chosen two banks that was Dashen and
Wogagen Bank. This study analyse the usage of banking
services is related to age, education and occupation.
Also analyse the how customer perceive the e-banking
and what are the hurdles and benefits of the e-banking
for the customer. The study conclusion of the study the
popularity of e-banking was more among the youngster
and the ATM usage is higher as compared to the POS.
there is significant relationship between the e-banking
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
usage and customer as customer feels more confident in
e-banking transaction.
(Lukman O. Oyelami1*, 2020) is conducted a research
to study the what are the various determinants of
electronic payment adoption and also what is the role of
electronic payment on consumers purchase decisions in
Nigeria. The study used primary data for data collection
and for this purpose a questionnaire used. The study
concluded that education, financial inclusion, income,
internet, point of sale and mobile banking are the key
determinants of electronic payment adoption and also
consumer purchase decision significantly influenced by
electronic payment.
Vijayalakshmi B, J. M. (2021) is conducted to analyse
the impact of banking digital transactions on financial
performance of the banks. This study conducted to
analyse the role of digital transactions on the banks
performance by comparative study between the two
banks for the time period 2016-17 and 2017- 2018. This
study based on secondary data and used correlation and
regression technique to analyse the relationship between
the digital tranaction and business per employee and
operational profitability of the banks. The study
concluded that there is a significant relationship between
the digital tranaction and business per employee and
there is negative relationship between the digital
transaction and operational profitability of banks.
(Mayanja, 2020) is conducted a research to examine the
effect of e-bill payment on the customer satisfaction in
Uganda as the case study. This study used primary data.
This study based on cross sectional approach also
included the qualitative and quantitative data analysis
techniques to study the effect. This study shows the
positive effect of e-bill payment on the customer
satisfaction. The data analysis done by the descriptive
statistics like effect of e-bills payment on customer
satisfaction by frequencies and pearson's coffiencient
used to express the relationship between th e-bill
payment method and customer satisfaction.
(Banerjee, 2018) is conducted a research to know the
importance of cashless transactions and what are the
future requirements of the cashless transactions. The
research gather the data from the secondary sources and
research findings shows that the India has a great future
scope for digital companies as many people in India
likes the digital payment. Usage of credit card and pay
tm also increases after demonetization. Henceforth,
Gayanodaya - 2023
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there is a good scope of e-wallet system in India.
(Hartini Azmana, 2020) is conducted to analyse the
what are the factors that affect the consumer intention to
utilize the electronic payment method. The researcher
on the basis of literature review find out the such factors
attitude, norms, ease of use, security. These are the
factors that affect the consumer intentions on utilization
of e-payment methods. The findings of research shown
there is a security has a significant relationship with
customer intention to utilize the e-payment method
whereas the ease of use has no significant relationship
with customer intention to utilize the e-payment
method. This study uses primary data and data collected
through the questionnaire and analyse the data by the
SPSS andtechnique use to analyse the data was multi
regression analysis. The study conclude at last that the
usefulness of e-payment method has a strong influence
on customer intention to utilize the e-payment method.
(changsu kim, 2010), this study conducted to find out
the issues related to the e-payment security and to
conduct this reassert find out the determinants of
consumer perceptions towards the e-payment security
and trust and also the effect of security and trust on use of
e-payment method. This study is based on the primary
data and questionnaire used as a tool of data collection
and analyse the data through structural equation
modeling. The research concluded that the there is
significant relationship between the technical and
security statements to customer perceived security. Also
there is a significant relationship between the consumer
trust and use of electronic payment method.
(Sanghita Roy, 2014), conducted a study to investigate
the factors that are responsible for adoption of electronic
banking for customers. Researcher construct a model of
five determinants to measure the role of each on
adoption of electronic banking. This study used primary
data by the help of interview and questionnaire method.
Also researcher conduct a pilot study. All five elements
shows a positive response to adoption of electronic
banking. Only customer attitude has least significant
relationship towards the adoption of electronic payment
method. This study concluded that customer liked to use
more and more electronic banking hence there will be a
greater scope for electronic banking.
(ADDAE-KORANKYE, 2014), conducted a research
to examine the effect of e-banking on the customer and
the bank's profitability in Ghana. The research collected
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
the data from primary source through the questionnaire
and Random sampling technique was used to select the
sample. The researcher selected 10 banks and 250
customers. The study used survey research design and
also collect the data from interview method too as many
of the customer were illiterate. The finding of research
shows that there is significant relationship between the
e-banking and customer adoption of e-banking. It
enhance the customer confidence and also boost the
profitability of banks.
(Maryam Barkhordari1, 2016), conducted a study to
examine the various factor that influence the trust of
customer on e-banking adoption. The main purpose to
conduct the research is to identify factors that have a
direct effect on customer perceived trust and also
examine the indirect effect of perceived security. This is
an empirical study and data has been collected from
various Iranian customers. Structural equation
Modeling is used to analyse the data. Finding of research
shows that there is a significant relationship between the
consumer perceived trust and adoption of electronic
payment system.
(Junadiª, 2015), conducted a study to investigate the
intention of consumer to use e-payment methods in
Indonesia. For this purpose researcher constructed a
model on the basis of theoretical background and the
elements of model are technology, social influence,
efforts expectancy, and culture and investigate the
whether there is any significant impact of all these on
customer intention to use e- payment method. The
findings of research concluded that there is a significant
impact of all these factor on customer intention to use
the e-payment methods.
(Dr. S. Sangeetha, 2020), conducted this study to
identify the factor influencing on customer to adopt the
e-banking system also to analyse the customer
satisfaction level in banking system in combiotre city.
The study used primary and secondary data both and
also analyse the impact of e-banking system on banks
profitability. The sampling technique used here is
covinent sampling and the data has been analyzed with
the help of ANOVA and percentage analysis. The
findings of research shows that there is no significant
relationship between the demographic factors and
satisfaction level of customers.
(Chibba, 2009), conducted a study to analyse the
financial inclusion, poverty reduction and millennium
Gayanodaya - 2023
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goals. For accomplishment of the study the researcher
study the three objectives are nexus among the financial
inclusion, poverty reduction and millennium
development goal secondly, key pillars are find out to
strengthen these and thirdly discuss the various country
learning in the same. The research based on explanatory
model and findings of research shows that there is a four
determinants such as financial literacy, micro finance,
private sector development and public sector support to
strengthen the Financial Inclusion and Financial
Inclusion, poverty reduction and millennium
development goal nexus.
(POSSO, 2017), conducted a study to examine the
effect of financial inclusion on the household income in
china. This study conducted to seek the answer of this
question is there any role of financial inclusion on
people's live specially focusing on household income.
This study helps to highlight the how at micro level
household characteristics combine with financial
inclusion and affect the income ofhousehold. Ordinary
least square and quartile regression used as a analysis
technique to analyse the data. Findings of study reveals
that there is a strong impact of financial inclusion on
household income and also the low income group get
more benefits from the financial inclusion as compared
to higher income group.
(Sefa Awaworyi Churchill, 2020), conducted a study in
India to examine the impact of financialinclusion on
poverty using the financial inclusion insights. First
researcher construct the multidemtional indicator of
financial inclusion and then measure it on poverty
measures. This study based on multidimensional
financial inclusion and measure the direct impact of all
these on MPI and PPI and poverty line. The ordinary
least square technique used for PPI and logit estimate
technique for poverty line. The finding of study said that
financial inclusion has a strong impact on poverty
alleviation and has a practical relevance too.
(Isaac Koomson, 2020), conducted a study to
investigate the effect of financial inclusion on poverty
and vulnerability of G Ghanaian households. This study
used multiple regression analysis to design a financial
inclusion index and the financial inclusion index is
included 15 indicators. This study used cross-sectional
secondary data and used probability sampling technique
to select the sample. Multiple correspondence analysis
used here as the variables are categorical. Finding
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reveals that the financial inclusion helps to reduce the (Sinha, 2016), conducted a study to examine the
poverty and use and access of financial services is higher customer's expectations from banks towards mobile
where the banks are nearer. banking system. Also examine the after effects of
customer perception on mobile banking after using
(anthony Yaw Nsiah, 2021),conducted a study to
mobile banking. This study deals with the impact of how
examine the effect of financial inclusion in sub Saharan
mobile banking brings change in customers banking
Africa. This study also examine the threshold limit of
experience. The data collected form questionnaire from
financial inclusion to reduce the poverty among the sub
155 respondent and apply ANOVA technique to analyse
Saharan Africa countries. Researcher used econometric
the results and the results showing a significant
model for analysis. Generalized method model is used to
relationship between the customer age and use of mobile
analyse the factor that influences financial inclusion in
banking services.
Sub Saharan Africa. This study obtain data from World
bank's world development indicator. The study reveals (Nandhi, 2012), conducted a study to examine the
that beyond the threshold limit financial inclusion EKO's company mobile service on the individual saving
positively effect the poverty reduction and financial habits. The data collected through the primary tool as
inclusion is positively affected when domestic credit questionnaire from 160 respondents and the findings
leads to private sector. shown as the there is change in saving habits of the
individual after using the mobile money services. The
(Shihadeh, 2018), conducted a study to examine the
customer feels more confident using the mobile banking
effect of financial inclusion on individual in the Middle
services. The perception of customer specially low
east, north Africa, afagnistan and Pakistan. This study
income group is strong towards the mobile banking.
also examine that how individual characteristics
influence the financial inclusion. The data related to (Khot, 2019), conducted a study to high list the
study collected through the world bank global findex for theoretical background of mobile banking in India also
16 countries. The study include the major indicator of the advantage and disadvantages of mobile banking in
financial inclusion are formal account, formal saving India. This study is based on secondary data. The
and formal borrowings whereas individual findings of study reveals that there is a good impact of
characteristics used demographic indicators. The study mobile banking on individual lives and people like to use
used probity regression technique to examine the the mobile banking as it is easy to transfer the money and
relationship between the financial inclusion and use the funds.
individual characteristics. Study findings says the
female has less chances to have formal account and Objective of research:
savings whereas poor people have less chances to a. To investigate the effect of ATM payment method
include in financial system. Financial inclusion matters on individual confidence.
for poors as they are more likely to borrow the money for
b. To investigate the effect of POS payment method
medical needs and all. So government should take some
on individual comfort ability.
more steps to connect the poor people to financial
services. c. To determine the effect of Mobile payment system
on individual mode of transaction.
(Inaba2, 2020), conducted a study to examine the effect
of financial inclusion on reduction the poverty and
income inequalities. For this purpose researcher use a
data from 2004 to 2016 and used panel data analysis to
analyse the data. After analysis the data the study reveals
that there is a strong evidence that represents that
financial inclusion plays a significant role in reduction of
poverty and minimize the income inequality among the
developing countries. The research on the basis of
Figure 1: Conceptual Link between the Financial Inclusion and
findings promote the access and availability of financial Individual Growth
services to the maximum individual at affordable price.
Source: Author's Construct

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Research Methodology Technological Illiteracy still seems to top the chart for
less involvement in Mobile Banking Services as
Primary data has been used for the study and the data is almost half of the candidates seem to find the process
collected by the help of questionnaire. The sample size difficult. As opposed to the advertisements put
is 350. The questionnaire filled by 340 respondents. forward by the likes of private banks/enterprises,
Sample technique is random sampling technique. The people still find that although the process saves a lot
questionnaire included 37 questions in different of time (~60%+) & but it is a complex process to
sections. There are total five sections in questionnaire. learn & do every time for transacting money from
Section A is about demographic information of one source to another.
individual, section B has questions related to basic
banking information, section C has questions about the
mobile banking, section D has questions about the ATM
and last section D has questions about POS. In this way
researcher collected theinformation from respondent
about the different indicators of financial inclusion.
Apart from this some government reports, and financial
website also use as source of secondary data.
The research design of study is descriptive research
design. The method to analyse the data is Chi-Square
and Regression analysis used.
Sample Size: 350
Sampling Technique: Random Sampling
Mode of data Collection: Questionnaire Something that comes with a new & improved
Source of Data: Primary Data and secondary data mechanism, Mobile/Internet banking & using the app
for the same, does come out as a pleasurable activity for
Data Analysis Tool: Chi- Square and Regression half of the candidates, while the other half either are
Analysis neutral about it or simply refrain from calling it as a
Dependent Variable: Individual Growth “quite pleasurable” activity.

Independent Variable: Financial Indicators like ATM,

POS and Mobile Banking
Measurement Scale: Liker's Five Point Scale.
Data Analysis
Findings
Duplicate values removed – 324 distinct records remain
Ÿ Mobile Banking
Almost ~82% of candidates say that their bank
provides Internet/Mobile Banking Services, and
~72% out of all these candidates say they use the
service of Internet/Mobile Banking. Below are the
observations basis the different questions on the
feasibility, usefulness & efficiency asked in the
questionnaire around Internet/Mobile Banking.
Reasons to use Mobile Banking by general
Population:
Most of the candidates agreed that the top 3 reasons that
they used Mobile banking is for Recharging their
mobiles, to check the available balance in their mobiles
& or transfer funds to another account. While most of
them don't use it for dealing in stock transactions (most
rural candidates do not deal in stock market
transactions) or to pay rent(In rural areas, paying rent to

Gayanodaya - 2023 49
Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
the landlord via cash is still one of the most-used
methods). While there was a majorly neutral answer
when asked about the Physical Security that Internet
Banking/Mobile Banking provides or whether the
candidates have been using it for paying their bills.
Reasons to not use Internet Banking:
Ÿ Using an ATM Card
Most of the candidates are comfortable using the
ATM Card & have been using it for a long time.
Frequency for usage of ATM card is in general once-
a-month for candidates as the salary crediting
system in India is still monthly.
Even though most of the candidates say that the bank
is charging them a minimal fee for keeping the ATM
card operational, but the results were mostly neutral
when asked about whether they mind that charge
(~40% agree that they mind the charge, ~30% don't
& ~30% chose to stay neutral about it).
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Reasons to use/not use ATM Cards:
Most candidates use because according to them ATMs
are secure, easily & readily available and are time & cost
saving. While they do think that the Bank staff could be
more helpful with solving the problems, they understand
that it is user-friendly to use.
Ÿ POS & Service Quality
Almost 50% of users are agreeing with the quality of
different services entailed as part of POS – of being
reliable, easy & risk-free. While most disagreement
was seen towards staff members being helpful, the
ease-of-access & the resolution of a problem of
carrying cash everywhere definitely made most of
the candidates happy.
Most of the candidates believed (87% rated their
experience as 3 & above out of 5) that using POS
Services has been in-line with their expectations
while it has been noticed from the responses that if
an incentive is provided for using POS services, the
candidates are 67% more likely to use the POS
Services, while 49% believe that giving a discount
on every/cumulative purchase will make them lean
towards the POS Services.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Conclusion
Ÿ 82% candidates say that their bank provides
Internet/Mobile Banking Services, and ~72%
out of all these candidates say they use the
service of Internet/Mobile Banking.
Ÿ Technological Illiteracy still seems to top the
chart for less involvement in Mobile Banking
Services as almost half of the candidates seem
to find the process difficult.
Ÿ The advertisements put forward by the likes of
private banks/enterprises, people still find that
although the process saves a lot of time
(~60%+) & but it is a complex process to learn
& do every time for transacting money from
one source to another.
Ÿ Most of the candidates agreed that the top 3
reasons that they used Mobile banking is for
Recharging their mobiles, to check the
available balance in their mobiles & or transfer
funds to another account.
Ÿ Most of the candidates are comfortable using
the ATM Card & have been using it for a long
time. Frequency for usage of ATM card is in
general once-a-month for candidates as the
salary crediting system in India is still monthly.
Ÿ Most candidates use because according to
them ATMs are secure, easily & readily
available and are time & cost saving. While
they do think that the Bank staff could be more
helpful with solving the problems, they
understand that it is user-friendly to use.
Suggestions and future recommendations
This study conducted only in Noida/Greater Noida only.
To make better understanding we can increase the span
of study. In this study the technique is used is regression
and Chi-square. For better result there are many other
techniques that we can use.
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2. Anthony Yaw Nsiah, H. Y. (2021). the effect of
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8. Inaba2, M. A. (2020). Does financial inclusion
reduce poverty and income inequality in
developing countries? A panel data analysis.
Journal of Economic Structures , 1-25.
9. Isaac Koomson, R. A. (2020, January). Effect of
financial inclusion on poverty and vulnerability to
poverty: Evidence using a multi-dimensional
measure of financial inclusion. Social Indicators
Research , 1-25.
10. Junadiª, S. (2015). A Model of Factors Influencing
Consumer's Intention To Use E-Payment System in
Indonesia. (I. C. 2015), Ed.) Procedia Computer
Science , 214 – 220.
11. Khot, A. S. (2019). he Impact of Mobile Banking on
Customer Satisfaction. International Journal of
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Trend in Scientific Research and Development , 21-
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12. Lukman O. Oyelami1*, S. O. (2020, march 18).
Electronic payment adoption and consumers'
spending growth: empirical evidence from Nigeria.
Future Business Journal , 1-14.
13. Maryam Barkhordari1, Z. N. (2016, Feburay).
Factors influencing adoption of e-payment
systems:an empirical study on Iranian customers.
Inf Syst E-Bus Manage .
14. Mayanja, S. N. (2020). Impact of E-bills Payment on
Customer Satisfaction in Uganda: Stanbic Bank
Uganda Limited as the Case Study. Science Journal
of Business and Management , 8 (3), 112-118.
15. Nandhi, M. A. (2012). Effects of Mobile Banking on
the Savings Practices of Low Income Users - The
Indian Experience. Institute for money, technology
and financial inclusion , 1-18.Obiekwe Chinelo
Jenevive1, *. M. (2017). Electronic Payment
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Nigeria: A Panel Data Analysis. International
Journal of Finance and Accounting , 6(3), 67-74.
16. POSSO, Q. Z. (2017, September). Thinking inside
the Box: A Closer Look at Financial Inclusion and
Household Income. The Journal of Development
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17. Sanghita Roy, D. I. (2014). Determinants of
Customers' Acceptance of Electronic Payment
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System in Indian Banking Sector – A Study.
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Research , 5 (1), 177-187.
18. Sefa Awaworyi Churchill, V. B. (2020). Financial
Inclusion and Poverty: A Tale of Forty-Five
Thousand Households. Applied Economics , 1-22.
19. Shihadeh, F. H. (2018, April 3). "How individual's
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20. Sinha, N. S. (2016). A Study on Mobile Banking and
its Impact on Customer's Banking Transactions: A
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22. Worku G1, T. A. (2016). The Impact of Electronic
Banking on Customers ' Satisfaction in Ethiopian
Banking Industry (The Case of Customers of
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Journal of Business & Financial Affairs , 5 (2), 1-
18.
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Physiochemical, Biological Parameters and Water Quality

Index of Harvested Rainwater of Mathura, U.P., India
Dr. Shailendra Badal
Assistant Professor & Head, Rajkiya Engineering College, Atarra, Banda (U.P.), India
badal70@rediffmail.com
Anil Kumar Chaudhary
Research Scholor, Rajkiya Engineering College, Atarra, Banda (U.P.), India
akc054@gmail.com
Swati Singh
Subsea Robotics Senior Engineer, Oceaneering International, Mumbai, Maharastra
swatijaisingh@gmail.com

Abstract: The Rainwater samples were collected from
rain water harvesting (RWH) systems at five sites from
nearby area of Mathura city, U.P., India, at the peak of
rainy session during August 2021. The water samples
were analyzed periodically like chlorination, solar
disinfections, use of silver nitrate and also determined
Physiochemical & Biological parameters. All the above
treatment are highly effective in reducing the colonies
for an initial (around 280) to zero. The Water Quality
Index obtained by the determination of various physico-
chemical parameters of different water samples were
found 83.44, 83.44, 78.42, 79.36 & 79.41respectively
and average water quality index is 80.8129, which
indicates the very poor quality of water.

Keywords: Physiochemical and Biological

parameters, Water Quality Index.

I. Introduction The fresh water demand increases in urban areas due to

Rainwater is produced by a kind of natural distillation
process and it is the purest form of naturally occurring
water; however, it contains dissolved gases such as CO2,
SO2, NO2, NH3 and fine material particulates etc. from
the atmosphere [1]. In India the mostly rain fall occurs
during rainy season which varies from east to west &
north to south. Rain Water Harvesting is a technique [2-5, 12,
14, 18-22]
of collection and storage of naturally available
pure water through rainfall that runs off from
catchments areas like building roofs, artificially covered
surface, parks, roads, open grounds etc.
The rain water can be stored as surface storage in tanks
and/or recharged the ground water if the sufficient space
is not available for surface water storages, is guided into
sub-soil water through various techniques like recharge
pits, trenches, shafts, bore well, dug well, abandoned
tube well & hand pumps, etc. Rainwater can provide
potable water so proper construction & maintenance of
water collecting system is required and analyzed
appropriately for its intended use.
growth of population. Hence, the harvest rainwater is the
most effective way to obtain fresh drinking water.
Rainwater harvesting system [14] is naturally simple in
form and can frequently be assembled through readily
obtainable materials. Ground water recharged through
rain water is a simple, lengthy and continuous course of
action. It is an investment for sustainable development
for next generation. In addition, recharge of ground
water, rain water harvesting benefits us in several ways
like; reducing soil erosion, improving the quality of
ground water, choking of storm water drains and
flooding of roads for the duration of monsoon.
Thirteen important physicochemical parameters like
pH, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids,
alkalinity, hardness, electrical conductivity, dissolved
oxygen, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate
and biological oxygen demand were analyzed for the
calculation of water quality index by the following
established procedures of APHA (1995)[14] and by using
the standards of potable water quality suggested by the
World Health Organization (WHO) [13], Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS) [15-16] and Indian Council for Medical

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Research (ICMR).
The calculation of WQI of the water body we used the
weighted arithmetic index method (Brown et. al.). and
quality rating or sub index (qn) were calculated by using
following expression.
The Average Water Quality Index was calculated by he
following expression.
The vision of present investigations was to overcome the
shortage of drinking water during the summer seasons
so that it gives trouble-free and reasonable solution that
can be suitable in urban as well as in rural areas.
II. Methods and materials
A. Sample Site and Collection:
Mathura, Uttar Pradesh (India) is an important
pilgrimage centre of Hindus, situated along the banks of
the Yamuna River. Mathura district has an average
elevation of 174 meters (570 feet) and located at 27.280N
77.410E. Its climate is tropical extreme with very hot
summers with temperatures rising beyond 46 °C, and
cold and foggy in winters with temperature dropping to
5-6 °C. The average rainfall is 793 mm, mostly rain fall
occur during Rainy session (July to September).
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Harvested rainwater samples were collected from the
five different places of Mathura U.P. India, during
August 2021. The collected water samples were stored
in good quality plastic bottles. Each sample from each
site were collected for assessment of physical, chemical,
Water Quality Index and biological analysis and
compare with the standards of drinking water specified
by IS 10500:2012 and WHO (1984).
B. Physiochemical Analysis:
In this study, the collected rain water samples were
assessed by the analysis of various physical [42,43],
chemical [8-12] and microbiological parameters calculated
by using various slandered methods [23- 27].as per the
described method in APHA [14], The rain water quality
status of some important parameters is shown in Table 1.
C. Water Quality Index
We followed thirteen important physicochemical
parameters shown in table-3 for the determination of
water quality index [36-41]. The WQI was calculated by
using the standards of potable water quality suggested
by the WHO, BIS and ICMR. The weighted arithmetic
index method (Brown et. al.,) was used for the
estimation of water quality index of the water body.
WQI of different sites is depicted in table-4.
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water disinfection is already used in several developing

countries. [32-33]

In this process, solar thermal water disinfection uses

heat energy from the Sun to warm up water from 70 to
100 °C for a short time period and also UV radiation
(through the Sun) can kill pathogens, microbes present
in water. Water sample is filled in clear transparent and
Black bottle oxygenated by means of shaking, followed
by topping up. These bottles were placed in the
horizontal position and exposed to direct sunlight for
about eight hours. Such type of sun light exposure and a
dose of solar radiation are helpful to increase the
temperature of rain water samples and kill the microbes
of rain water samples.

Chlorination:
Chlorine is highly toxic in nature and in this method, it is
used to kill certain bacteria and other microbes in tap
water.

In this method the calculated amount of chlorine is

added to one liter of water sample for a specified tune for
disinfecting of water and thereafter tested for the
coliform counts In many countries including India,
chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne
diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid etc..

Silver Nitrate:
D. Biological Analysis
Small dose about 0.05 to 0.1 ppm of silver nitrate is
These samples of rain water were analyzed by required for disinfecting of water and it does not impart
Combination of the following methods - solar any taste, flavor and odour in the water and also it does
disinfection, Chlorination [31] & with silver nitrate not produce any harmful effects on biotic communities.
solution [6, 7].
Solar Disinfection (SoDis): Combination Treatment of the above methods:
This analysis examines the efficiency of the
In this method uses solar energy to make biologically-
combination's treatment methods. In this method
contaminated (e.g. bacteria, viruses, protozoa and
following combination were analyzed. Solar
worms) water safe to drink. It is like a portable water
disinfection and small dose of Chlorine.
purification. Water contaminated with toxic chemicals
or heavy metals (non-biological agents) required extra Solar disinfection and small dose of silver nitrate. Detail
ladder to make the water safe for drink. The Solar water results of coliform counts at room temperature, solar
disinfection method is a effective method for disinfection using transparent bottle and Solar
decentralized water treatmentuses a combination of UV Disinfection using black painted bottle are depicted in
light and solar thermal (increased temperature) for table-5, 6 &7 respectively.
disinfecting water using simply sunlight and plastic
bottles(PET). Solar water disinfection usually applied at
the household level and is recommended by the World
Health Organization as a viable method for domestic
water treatment and also safe for storage.[32] Solar

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III. Result & discussion
The physiochemical properties of rainwater were
mostly affected by the environment of the catchment
areas and storage materials. Physiochemical parameters
such as TDS, turbidity, pH, DO, BOD, COD, hardness,
alkalinity, acidity and chloride have been considered
through several parameters.
A detailed study of Table 1 reveals that the
physiochemical parameters [29, 30, and 34] are very close
within the limits of standards of potable water these
standards were specified by IS 10500:2012 and World
Health Organization (1984).and the colony counts were
fairly significant in the collected samples (in all the five
sample) so it is determined to give emphasis to more on
the microbial contaminations and select appropriate
analysis methods [28, 35] for making the rainwater well for
the drinking purpose.
Water quality Index of the rain water sample is examined
via taking thirteen physicochemical parameters in
various sites of Mathura.
The rain water quality status of some important
parameters for calculation of water quality index is
shown in Table-1. Table-4 depicted the area wise
calculated values of Water Quality Index. The Water
Quality Index obtained after calculation in various water
samples are 83.44, 83.44, 78.42, 79.36, 79.41
respectively and average water quality index is 80.8129,
the above results show the quality of water sample
(Chatterji and Raziuddin 2002) [17] (Table-2) is very poor
and also indicating that the water body is eutrophic. This
Gayanodaya - 2023
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study clearly indicated that this water is not fit for the
human uses.
Detailed study of Table 5 clearly indicated that
chlorination and small dosages of silver nitrate are very
effective even at room temperature and mitigating their
selection.
Careful study of Table 6 depicts that solar disinfection
via using a transparent bottle is not very efficient in
dropping the coliform counts but additions of calculated
amount of chlorine and silver nitrate have proved the
effectiveness and selection of the methods as
disinfectants.
Finally study of Table 7 indicated that solar disinfection
using a black painted bottle has proved to highly
effective from disinfection in water, the results shows
that coliform counts have very considerably reduced.
The reason is behind this, absorption of more heat in
case of using black bottle, which enables it in destroying
the microbial organism. After discussion we observed
that chlorination method is more effective for
disinfection.
IV. Conclusion
The results of this research indicated that their variations
in the water quality are depend on the location and the
environment of the area. Rain water harvesting is an
effective decision for increasing water level in the dry
and water deficient reason. Rainwater collection method
and its analysis are very simple and inexpensive in urban
and rural areas. Clean environment produces clean
water free from microbs so few environmental
conditions like cleanness of area, proper design,
function, protection and maintenance of collection
systems should be taken for improving the quality of
water. Public attitude, awareness and education has an
important role in the management of collected rain
water. Financial support and educational training, and
are required from the governments / NGO's to promote
people to consider significance and value of collected
rain water.
Physiochemical properties (DO, COD, BOD TDS etc.)
of collected rainwater samples were very much similar
to the limit of drinking water but higher chlorides &
sulphates concentration indicate that water is not
suitability for drinking & domestic purpose. Water
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Quality Index (in terms of index number) representing
the water quality, this is useful indication of overall
quality of water for any sustainable use. WQI is a useful
tool for assessment of the quality of water but this
adopted methods like chlorination, solar disinfection
etc. were highly efficient in reducing all type of
microbiological contamination and also workable both
in urban and areas. At last, we concluded that harvested
rainwater and its analysis are reasonable, affordable by
persons and it will be highly useful in drought prone
rural as well as urban areas. WQI clearly shows that rain
water have poor quality of water which is improved by
various adopted methods like chlorination, solar
disinfectant etc.
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International J. of Latest Tech. in Engg., Management
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22. Mostafa, M.G. and Shafiuzzaman, S.M. (2008).
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33. Meierhofer R, Wegelin M (October 2002). Solar
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Feasible Shapes of Centrifugal Force Generating Electrode in Thermal

Additive Centrifugal Abrasive Flow Machining Process

Anant Bhardwaj, Krovvidi Srinivas and Rajiv Chaudhary

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi-110042 INDIA
anant5892@gmail.com

Abstract: Thermal Additive Centrifugal Abrasive
Flow Machining (TACAFM) has emerged as a novel
process which has overcome the drawback of low MR
and large machining time of traditional Abrasive Flow
Machining(AFM) process. Since the process involves a
rotating electrode for centrifugal action,the shape of the
centrifugal force generating (CFG) electrode is a
prominent factor. The present work discuss the
technicality of the TACAFM process and also propose
the different shape of the electrode that can be used in the
process for improving the machining efficiency
highlighting the application, advantage and the
limitations of the proposed process. The different
shaped electrode are solid modeled and there
technicality are discussed.

Keywords: Abrasive Flow Machining, Thermal Table 1: Abbrevations

Additive Centrifugal Abrasive Flow Machining,
Centrifugal Force Generating Electrode, Material
Removal, Surface roughness.
Introduction
The era of industry 4.0 has raised the expectation for the
product with better surface finish with the desired
quality of Material Removal (MR). This quest for the
combination of MR and finish has led to the
development of new hybrid process pertaining to AFM
process. AFM abbreviated as Abrasive Flow Machine
uses an abrasive laden media containing gel, abrasive
and polymer, reciprocated through the workpiece due to
the pressure difference. [1]. The process find its
application in micro and nano finishing of various
metallic and non metallic surfaces, manufacturing
industries, aerospace and automobile industries [2].
However the limitation of lowMR is a major concern in
front of the researchers. Various hybrids of AFM were
develop against the limitations of AFM process [3]. The
major hybrids based on applications are CFAAFM [4],
DBG-AFM [5], HLX-AFM [6,7], rotational AFM [8],
MFAM [9], UAAFM [10], ECMAFM [11,12,13],
hybrid of ECMAFM and CFAAFM process [14], hybrid
of MAFM and CFAAFM [15] and the TACAFM
process [16, 17,18 19]. Many researchers improved the
AFM Abrasive Flow Machine
TACAFM Thermal Additive Centrifugal Abrasive
Flow Machining
CFAAFM Centrifugal Force Assisted Abrasive Flow
Machining
DBG-AFM Drill Bit Guided Abrasive Flow Machining
HLX-AFM Helical Abrasive Flow Machining
MAFM Magnetic Force Assisted Abrasive Flow
Machining
UAAFM Ultrasonic Assisted Abrasive Flow
Machining
ECMAFM Electrochemical Abrasive Flow Machining
property of media by adding different abrasives,
polymers and gels for improving the media policy and
observed the significant improvement in the machining
process [20-25].
Many scholars study the AFM process through the
mathematical and flow simulation process for
improving the efficiency of abrasive flow machining
process. The researchers simulated the media flow and
analyzed the flow parameters and their effect on the
machining parameters [26-29]. The AFM process is in
modern trends and is used in multiple applications. For
instance Fu et al. [30] developed the new method for

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machining process in AFM .Goyal et al. [31] and singh et centrifugal forces which forces the media particles
al. [32] accounted the recent application of AFM for the towards the wall of the workpiece [41]. Much research
machining process. Manjunath et al. [33] used AFM for has revealed that the shape of the centrifugal generating
finishing aluminium alloy and Rajender et al. [34] electrode is a major parameter for the machining process
developed a novel fixture for machining process. [42-46]. The researchers used various shapes to study
the various CFG electrodes. The various electrodes
The application of AFM has also touched the modern
studied so far are spline shape electrode, rectangular
machining process like finishing of SLM (selective laser
shape electrode, circular shape electrode and the
melting) parts [35,36]. Kuma et al. [37] used the concept
triangular shaped electrode. Figure 2 shows the different
of AFM on additively manufactured products while the
shape of the electrode used in the CFAAFM process
Krishna et al. [38] used grey analysis and tagauchi
which may be used as the CFG electrode for TACAFM
method to optimize the Stainless Steel part. Hasmi et al.
process. The figures are made on CREO Parametric and
[39] used AFM on FDM parts. Mohseniet al. [40]
there feasibility is proposed.
studied AFM with through modeling and simulations.
The literature review highlights the importance of AFM
and justifies the development of AFM process for which
the TACAFM process is the recent hybrids. The present
work proposed various shape of the CFG electrode used
for the TACAFM process.
1.1. TACAFM Process
TACAFM process is a combination of CFAAFM, spark
EDM and the conventional AFM process. The
machining takes place due to the resultant of centrifugal,
spark EDM and the axial extrusion of the media. The Figure TACAFM Setup
resultant of coriolis force with spark results in melting
and erosion with the abrasion and rolling effect. Figure 1
shows the experimental setup of TACAFM process. The
setup consists of three phase induction motor with
power drive arrangement for the rotation of the CFG
electrode. The EDM power supply and the EDM
microcontroller is used for the supply of pulsed DC and
it maintains the gap between the CFG electrode and the
workpiece. When the current is supplied between the
terminals connected to the electrode and the workpiece,
the electrons from the CFG electrode surface tend to
move from the electrons and strikes the media particles
and ionize it. The increase in the supply current
increases the ionization. The increase in ionization
concentration generates a plasma channel which gets Figure 2 CFG Electrode shapes (i) Spline electrode with straight
intensify to form a spark. The heat and energy produces flange (ii) Triangular shape electrode (iii) Rectangular shape
by the spark results in melting of material from the electrode (iv) Spline shape electrode with curve blade.
workpiece surface which is carried away by the media Figure 2 (i) shows the spline shape CFG electrode used
particle during the extrusion of media [16, 17, 18, 19]. in the initial investigation of the TACAFM process.
2. Materials and Methods Figure 2 (ii) shows the triangular shape electrode used in
the CFAAFM process. Figure 2 (iii) shows the
The initial CFG electrode used in the investigations rectangular shape electrode used in the CFAAFM
were the spline shape electrode with the straight flange. process and the figure 2 (iv) shows the proposed
The straight flange present on the electrode produces the electrode for the TACAFM process.

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
3. Result and discussion
The purpose of the research article is to show the
feasibility of the triangular, rectangular and the
proposed shape electrode for the TACAFM process.
The rectangular and the triangular shape electrode may
be used in the investigation by fitting the rectangular
electrode inside the workpiece in such a way that the
minimum area of flow of media may be obtained so that
the dynamic number of abrasive particle increases for
the machining of the workpiece [47].The CFG electrode
present inside the workpiece is placed co-axially with
the workpiece which makes the constrictive path for the
flow of media which increases the machining process as
the pressure increases which results in the increase in
the cutting force resulting in the enhancement of
machining forces [48]. The similar criterion is applied
for the triangular and the proposed spline shaped
electrode with the curve blades. The curved blade used
in the proposed electrode is based on the curved blade of
the centrifugal fan. It is evident that the curved blade
produces more centrifugal force compared to the
straight fins also the quantity of centrifugal force may
also be vary depending upon the direction of rotation of
the CFG electrode. [49, 50].
4. Conclusion
After going through the TACAFM process, the
following conclusions may be made.
1. The literature review highlights the importance of the
AFM process in micro and nano machining process
and there is a subtle need for the development of the
TACAFM process which is a latest hybrid of AFM
process.
2. The spline shape electrode used in the initial
investigation consists of a spline shape with the
straight fins. The straight fin spline shape electrode is
in compliance with the TACAFM process but the
fabrication is a typical task. Thus there is a need for
the novel CFG electrode.
3. The Fabrication of square and triangular electrode is
easy and has shows the better performance in case of
CFAAFM process, making the CFG rod as the
potential CFG electrode for the TACAFM process.
4. The proposed electrode is difficult to manufacture but
the curved blade present on the spline shaft enhances
the centrifugal force, enhancing the chance of
material removal through abrasion.
5. The use of proposed CFG electrode in the TACAFM
Gayanodaya - 2023
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process would result in the enhancement of MR by
melting and erosion process due to the spark
generation process and the extrusion process results
in the abrasion process due to the interaction of
abrasive with the workpiece surface
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Role of Government Policies in

Accelerating Startups Culture in India

Dr. Garima Agarwal

University E Cell Coordinator & AP, Amity University, Noida, U.P., INDIA
Akshat Agarwal
Student, Christ University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to assess the
Indian start up ecosystem and roles of various
Government initiatives & Policies in accelerating the
startup culture in India.
Descriptive studies, Website and Government reports
were used to gather information on the Initiatives, policy
implementation taken by Government to foster the
Startup ecosystem in the country.
Introduced on August 15, 2015 by Government of India,
Startup India is a flagship initiative of the Government of
India, intended to catalyze startup culture and build a
strong and inclusive ecosystem for innovation and
entrepreneurship in India. It aims to build a strong eco-
system for nurturing innovation and Startups in the
country that will drive sustainable economic growth and
generate large scale employment opportunities.
All Stages of Startup Journey and Growth are looking
for Incentives and financial supports besides innovation
and other resources, which are generally been met either
by Private Funding Agencies and/or Government
Initiatives, policies and schemes in Generally or
specialized for sectors.
This study paper contributes to literature available on
Startup Growth, Government initiatives and their roles
in fostering. It also highlights substantial sectoral
investment concentration and partial utilization of
available incentives and Government programs.

Keywords: Startups-India, Investments, Policies and

Incentives, Funding.

Introduction
Globalisation and Open Market scenario has
emphasizes the need and, thus led the evaluation of
startup ecosystem in India, which was earlier confined to
certain business houses and Small scale business
management only.
India has emerged as the 3rd largest ecosystem for
startups globally with over 77,000 Department for
Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)
recognized startups across 656 districts of the country as
of August 2022. The innovation and creation of New
Startups in India is not just limited to certain sectors. It is
recognized that startups are providing solutions in 56
diverse industrial sectors with 13% from IT services, 9%
healthcare and life sciences, 7% education, 5%
professional and commercial services, 5% agriculture Indian Startup Ecosystem has seen exponential growth
and 5% food & beverages. in past few years (2015-2022 till date):

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Ÿ 15X increase in the total funding of startups
Ÿ 9X increase in the number of investors
Ÿ 7X increase in the number of incubators
The Indian Unicorns are flourishing in the fast-paced
and dynamic economy of today. These startups are not
only developing innovative solutions and technologies
but are generating large-scale employment. Till FY
2016-17, approximately one unicorn was being added
every year. Over the past four years (since FY 2017-18),
this number has been increasing exponentially, with a
whopping 66% Year-on-Year growth in the number of
additional unicorns being added every year. As of 07th
September 2022, India is home to 107 unicorns with a
total valuation of $ 340.79 Bn. Out of the total number of
unicorns, 44 unicorns with a total valuation of $ 93.00
Bn were born in 2021 and 21 unicorns with a total
valuation of $ 26.99 Bn were born in 2022 till August
2022.
Indian Ecosystem at a glance
Startup Growth Scenario in India
India is a hotspot for startups. In 2021 alone, Indian
startups have raised more than $23 billion, spread over
1,000+ deals, with 33 startups entering the coveted
unicorn club. So far, the year 2022 has added 13 more
startups to the unicorn club. After the United States (US)
and China, India has emerged as the world's third-largest
startup ecosystem. Currently, India is witnessing rapid
growth in the number of startups. According to the India
Venture Capital Report 2021 published by Bain and
Company, the number of cumulative start-ups has
grown at a CAGR of 17% since 2012 and crossed
1,12,000. It is estimated that close to USD 131bn has
Gayanodaya - 2023
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been raised since influential support of Start up by
Government of India initiatives has been given till mid-
2022.
A startup defined as an entity that is headquartered in
India, which was opened less than 10 years ago, and has
an annual turnover less than ₹100 crore (US$13
million). Under this initiative, the government has
already launched the I-MADE program, to help Indian
entrepreneurs build 10 lakh (1 million) mobile app start-
ups, and the MUDRA Bank's scheme (Pradhan Mantri
Mudra Yojana), an initiative which aims to provide
micro-finance, low-interest rate loans to entrepreneurs
from low socioeconomic backgrounds.
The major contribution of Government of India is
focusing on:
1. Simplification and Handholding.
2. Funding Support and Incentives.
3. Industry-Academia Partnership and Incubation.
The Indian Startups are backed and supported by
Government of India initiatives namely start up India,
Atmanirbhar Bharat, Make in India, Vocal for local,
besides receiving support from accelerators and
incubators.
I. Atmanirbhar Bharat: Digital India Atmanirbhar
Bharat App Innovation Challenge.
II. Make in India: Promotion to indigenously made
goods and services under the initiative.
III. Start-Up India Programme: A flagship initiative,
intended to build a strong eco-system for nurturing
innovation and start-ups in the country to drive
sustainable economic growth and generate large
scale employment opportunities.
IV. Start-up India Digital Platform: It is the world's
66
Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
largest virtual incubator with over 300,000
registered start-ups and aspiring entrepreneurs.
V. Start-up Grand Challenge: It channelizes the
entrepreneurial capacity between Indian and
Korean start-ups to work together and build
solutions for the challenges facing the world.
VI. Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): Launched by
NITI Aayog as a flagship programme, it aims to
promote a culture of innovation and
entrepreneurship in India. Some initiatives of AIM
are AIM iCREST and Mentors of Change.
VII. Project Chunauti: It is a start-up challenge under
the Next Generation Incubation Scheme (NGIS)
initiative. Selected startups are provided human
resources, legal, intellectual property rights (IPR)
and Patent matters guidance as well as other
incubation and mentorship facilities.
VIII. National Initiative for Developing and
Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI): It is an
umbrella programme for nurturing ideas and
innovations (knowledge-based and technology-
driven) into successful startups.
Factors Contributing to the Startup growth in India
I. Recognition of Significance of Startups: India has
recognized the need to develop innovation and
incubation centers for its large student community
to foster innovation and entrepreneurial mindset
through academic institutions. A rising number of
incubators and a steady inclination of young
executives towards starting their own ventures is
also propelling the entrepreneurship and early-
stage startup ecosystem in India.
II. Availability of Potential: As has been reported in
various studies, a sizable number of edtech
founders are young graduates from IITs and
premier engineering colleges or those who worked
for global consulting firms. This availability of
young talent with the right blend of passion,
expertise, and mindset of Indian entrepreneurs puts
India's early-stage startup ecosystem at an
advantage in cashing on the opportunities of a
booming market.
III. Startup Specific Initiatives: The Government of
India has been playing a crucial role in facilitating
the growth of early-stage startups through the
implementation of progressive policies and
creating of relevant infrastructure. Reforms such as
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opening up sectors like space-tech for private
participation, tax holidays for startups fulfilling
certain eligibility criteria and creation of state-run
incubators are lowering the odds of establishing
successful startups and helping them grow.
IV. Startup Corporate Collaborations: Established
corporates who lack innovation capacity and agility,
and nimble early-stage startups that lack cash for
growth and networks for market access, provide a
unique and scalable platform for such
collaborations and multiplied wealth creation.
Microsoft India has accelerated more than 4,000
startups, while Tata Motors is engaged with half a
dozen startups and exploring partnerships with
more.
V. Risk Taking Capabilities: The strength of the Indian
start-up ecosystem reflects the most in the
increasing risk-taking ability and ambitions of
young Indians. The fact that Indian startups
arebecoming global entities by creating products
and solutions for world markets is a testament to this
approach.
Impact of Initiatives, on Fostering Startup Growth
I. The pace of growth in the startup ecosystem has
increased to 15% year-on-year in 2018, while the
growth of the number of incubators and accelerators
has grown to 11%
II. Significantly, the number of women entrepreneurs
stood at 14%, up from 10% and 11% in the previous
two years.
III. Startups in the country have been able to create an
estimated 40,000 new jobs over the year, taking the
total jobs in the start-up ecosystem to 1.6-1.7 lakh
IV. Bangalore has been listed within the world's 20
leading startup cities in the 2019 Startup Genome
Project ranking. It is also ranked as one of the world's
five fastest growing startup cities
V. The Indian startups have gone on to raise sizeable
ticket sizes from various global and domestic funds.
The top 15 deals constituted about 40% of total deal
value, demonstrating that most funds are valuing
deal quality more than quantity.
VI. Private equity deal volume in India rose for the
second straight year, and while the average deal size
declined slightly from the prior year, the total value
of $26.3 billion in 2018 was the second- highest of
the last decade. The number of deals greater than $50
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
million increased substantially.
Policy Initiative taken by Government of
India for startup
Single Point Registration Scheme
NSIC registers Micro & small Enterprises (MSEs)
under Single Point Registration scheme (SPRS) for
participation in Government Purchases. The
Government is the single largest buyer of a variety of
goods. With a view to increase the share of purchases
from the small-scale sector, the Government Stores
Purchase Programme was launched in 1955-56.
Benefits of Single Point Registration Scheme
Ÿ Free of Cost Tender Info
Ÿ Exemption from EMD (Earnest Money Deposit)
Ÿ Advantage in tender participation
Ÿ Procurement from MSEs
Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional
Industries (SFURTI)
SFURTI is a Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of
Traditional Industries. Ministry of MSME has launched
this scheme in the year 2005 with the view to promote
Cluster development. KVIC is the nodal Agency for
promotion of Cluster development for Khadi products.
As on date, a no. of 76 Clusters have come up as per the
scheme and many of these clusters have been
completed. The Revamped SFURTI Cluster will
intensify the sustainability of the programme beyond the
project period through creation of SpecialPurpose
Vehicle (SPV) or deemed SPV. Further, the revamped
guideline has added many new features for all round
development of SFURTI clusters. It is aimed :
Ÿ To organize the traditional industries and artisans
into clusters to make them, competitive and provide
support for their long term sustainability.
Ÿ To provide sustained employment for traditional
Industry artisans and rural entrepreneurs
Ÿ To enhance marketability of products of such
clusters by providing support for new products,
design intervention and improved packaging and
also the improvement of marketing infrastructure
Ÿ To equip traditional artisans of the associated
clusters with the improved skills and capabilities
through training and exposure visits.
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Ÿ To make provision for common facilities and
improved tools and equipment for artisans
Ÿ To strengthen the cluster governance systems with
the active participation of the stakeholders, so that
they are able to gauge the emerging challenges and
opportunities and respond to them in a coherent
manner.
Ÿ Intelligence and new models of public-private
partnerships, so as to gradually replicate similar
models of cluster- based regenerated traditional
Industries.
Aspire - A Scheme for Promotion of Innovation,
Rural Industries and Entrepreneurship
ASPIRE was launched to set up a network of technology
centers and to set up incubation centers to accelerate
entrepreneurship and also to promote startups for
innovation in agro industry. The main objectives of the
scheme are to
Ÿ Create new jobs and reduce unemployment
Ÿ Promote entrepreneurship culture in India
Ÿ Grassroots economic development at district level
Ÿ Facilitate innovative business solution for un-met
social needs
Ÿ Promote innovation to further strengthen the
competitiveness of MSME sector.
Sustainable Finance Scheme by Small Industries
Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
SIDBI has introduced a scheme called the Sustainable
Finance Scheme for funding sustainable development
projects that contribute energy efficiency and cleaner
production but not covered under the international or
bilateral lines of credit. All sustainable development
projects such as renewable energy projects, Bureau of
E n e rg y E ffi c i e n c y ( B E E ) s t a r r a t i n g , g r e e n
microfinance, green buildings and eco- friendly
labelling, etc. are applicable for the scope of this
scheme.
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (MUDRA)
Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Ltd.
[MUDRA] is an NBFC supporting development of
micro enterprise sector in the country. MUDRA
provides refinance support to Banks / MFIs for lending
to micro units having loan requirement upto 10 lakh.
Mudra provides refinance to micro business under the
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Scheme of Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana. The offerings
are being targeted across the spectrum of beneficiary
segments.To signify the stage of growth / development
and funding needs of the beneficiary micro unit /
entrepreneur and also provide a reference point for the
next phase of graduation / growth to look forward to,
Mudra offers incentives through these interventions:
Ÿ Shishu: covering loans up to 50,000/-
Ÿ Kishore: covering loans above 50,000/- and up to 5
lakh
Ÿ Tarun: covering loans above 5 lakh and up to 10
lakh
Generally, loans up to 10 lakh issued by banks under
Micro Small Enterprises is given without collaterals.
Mudra loan is extended for a variety of purposes which
provide income generation and employment creation.
The loans are extended mainly for Business loan for
Vendors, Traders, Shopkeepers and other Service Sector
activities, Working capital loan through Mudra Cards,
Equipment Finance for Micro Units and Transport
Vehicle loans etc.
Micro Financing Scheme - The National Minorities
Development & Finance Corporation (NMDFC)
Under the Micro Financing Scheme, micro-credit is
extended to the members of the Self Help Groups
(SHGs), specially the minority women scattered in
remote villages and urban slums, who are not able to
take advantage of the formal banking credit as well as
the NMDFC programmes, through its SCAs. NMDFC is
implementing the scheme on the pattern of Grameen
Bank of Bangladesh and Rashtriya Mahila Kosh
(RMK). The scheme 'requires that the beneficiaries are
organized into Self Help Groups (SHGs) and get into
habit of thrift & credit, however small. The scheme
envisages micro-credit to the poorest among the poor
through NGOs of proven track-record and their network
of Self Help Groups (SHGs). It is an informal loan
scheme which ensures quick delivery of loan at the door
steps of the beneficiaries. Under this scheme, small
loans up to a maximum of INR 1 lacs per member of
SHG are provided through the NGOs / SHGs.
Ÿ The scheme is implemented through the SCAs as
well as the NGOs.
Ÿ Rate of Interest for Beneficiaries/SHGs 7% pa.
Ÿ Means of Financing NMDFC: SCA: Beneficiary
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Contribution- 90: 5: 5
The Venture Capital Assistance Scheme
Venture Capital Assistance is financial support in the
form of an interest free loan provided to qualifying
projects to meet shortfall in the capital requirement for
implementation of the project. Main Benefits are :
Ÿ Help in assisting agripreneurs to make investments
in setting up agribusiness projects through financial
participation.
Ÿ Provides financial support for preparation of
bankable Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) through
Project Development Facility (PDF).
Raw Material Assistance Scheme
Raw Material Assistance Scheme aims at helping
MSMEs by way of financing the purchase of Raw
Material (both indigenous & imported). This gives an
opportunity to MSMEs to focus better on manufacturing
quality products. Benefits provided herein includes
Ÿ Financial assistance (Credit) for procurement of raw
material up to 90 days.
Ÿ Materials facilitated under Bulk supplies
arrangements are provided at bulk supplier's rate by
eliminating the middlemen and thus goods are
procured at a lower price.
Ÿ Discounts received under bulk supplies
arrangements are shared with MSMEs, enabling
them to reduce cost of purchase of materials
(Economies of Scale).
Ÿ Availability of raw material on credit and enabling
MSMEs to execute the orders in hand.
Stand-Up India for Financing SC/ST and/or Women
Entrepreneurs
Stand Up India Scheme facilitate bank loans between 10
lakh and 1 crore to at least one scheduled caste (SC) or
Scheduled Tribe, borrower and at least one women per
bank branch for setting up a greenfield enterprise. This
enterprise may be in manufacturing, services or the
trading sector. In case of non- individual enterprises at
least 51% of the shareholding and controlling stake
should be held by either an SC/ST or Woman
entrepreneur.
NewGen Innovation and Entrepreneurship
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Development Centre
The NewGen Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Development Centre (NewGen IEDC) is being
promoted in educational institutions to develop
institutional mechanism to create entrepreneurial
culture in academic institutions and to foster techno-
entrepreneurship for generation of wealth and
employment. The NewGen IEDCs are established in
academic institutions (science colleges, engineering
colleges, universities, management institutes) having
requisite expertise and infrastructure.
Technology Development Programme
The primary objective of the Programme is to facilitate
and support development of products or
techniques/technology aimed at specific end use. The
Programme emphasizes on clearly identifying the needs
for development of the technology so that the
developmental effort could be useful to the target
beneficiary. It envisages active user involvement and
association in the development effort. The intention is
that the products/technologies developed under the
Programme become useful for the benefit of the people
at large.
Support for International Patent Protection in
Electronics and & Information Technology (SIP-
EIT)
SIP-EIT is a scheme to provide financial support to
MSMEs and Technology Startup units for international
patent filing to encourage innovation and recognize the
value and capabilities of global IP along with capturing
growth opportunities in ICTE sector.
Extra Mural Research or Core Research Grant
Extra Mural Research (EMR) funding scheme of
Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) to
academic institution, research laboratories and other
R&D organizations to carry out basic research in all
frontier areas of Science and Engineering is in limelight
for more than four decades since from the inception of
SERC. This scheme encourages emerging and eminent
scientist in field of science and engineering for
individual centric competitive mode of research
funding. Since the scheme provides core research
support to the active researchers, the existing name
Extramural Research (EMR) has been renamed as Core
Research Grant (CRG).
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The scheme provides core research support to active
researchers to undertake research and development in
frontier areas of Science and Engineering.
Way Forward
Future of startups in India
I. Role of Investors: The accelerated development of
the start-up ecosystem needs significant funding and
therefore the role of venture capital and angel investors
are critical. Investors also need to understand that start-
ups inherently have a comparatively lower success rate,
and should build their investment strategies upon this
premise. The venture capital investors need to have
adequate risk management frameworks at the portfolio
level, as it is a critical part of all successful venture
capital operations.
II. Role of Corporate Sector: Apart from policy-level
decisions that promote entrepreneurship, the onus is also
on India's corporate sector to foster entrepreneurialism,
and create synergies to build impactful technology
solutions, and sustainable and resource-efficient growth.
India stands at the cusp of unprecedented economic
growth, and the opportunity to be a global game-changer
- speed, inclusion, and sustainability are key elements in
this mission along with the youth of the country.
III. Physical and Digital Connectivity: Coupled with
the nation's focus on strengthening digital infrastructure
in healthcare & education, and boosting employment in
manufacturing, India will be a powerhouse of the global
economy. The collective future efforts of the public and
private sectors to improve physical and digital
connectivity will help unlock the untapped potential of
rural and semi-urban India to truly lead Industry and
beyond. The Indian startup ecosystem must focus on
developing solutions that allow businesses in key sectors
to meet goals of national importance.
IV. Opportunities amid Changing World Order:
With the recent events creating capital distrust in China,
the world's attention is sharpening on the lucrative tech
opportunities in India and thevalue that could be created.
For this, India requires decisive policy measures in
addition to the Digital India initiative. India needs
stronger regulations for both global and domestic
investments in start-ups. Global investors must be
ensured that they can invest freely in India and get
their returns when they sell as well. We need to create
a repository of investor-KYC, ensuring traceability and
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seamless governance. VII. The State of Indian Startup Ecosystem Report.

India: Inc42.
References
VIII. Jayanthi, D (2019). A Study About
I. h t t p s : / / w w w. s t a r t u p i n d i a . g o v. i n / c o n t e n t / Entrepreneurship in India and Its Promotion
sih/en/government-schemes.html Under 'Startup India'
II. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small- IX. Kshetri, N (2016). Fostering Startup Ecosystems in
biz/startups/as-valuations-plunge-startups- India. Asian Research Policy, 7 (1): 94-103.
askedto- shell-out-more-in- X. Mittal, B and S Garg (2018). A Conceptual Study of
tax/articleshow/56174345.cms [Accessed 20 Startup India-A Rejuvenation. Journal of
November 2018] Commerce and Trade, 13 (1): 1-14.
III. David, D, S Gopalan and S Ramachandran (2020). XI. Narayan et al (2019). Growth Pattern and Trends in
The Startup Environment and Funding Activity in Startup Funding in India. International Journal of
India. XII. Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering
IV. Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal (IJITEE), 8 (12): 3721-24.
Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry XIII. Nasscom (2021). India Start-up Ecosystem
(2022). XIV. Singh, V K (2020). Policy and Regulatory Changes
V. Startup India Action Plan Status Report. India: for a Successful Startup Revolution: Experiences
Ministry of Commerce. from the Startup Action Plan in India. Working
VI. Dutta, A (2016). Start-up Initiative. IOSR Journal Paper 1146, Asian Development Bank Institute
of Business and Management, 15010: 93-97.

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Machine Learning for Forecast of Weather

Ishita Jain
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology
KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad-Meerut Road, U.P., INDIA
jainishita2512@gmail.com

Abstract: Weather Forecasting refers to the prediction
of weather through different laws and principles of
physics in combination with a variety of empirical and
statistical techniques. Meteorological forecasting is
made possible by utilizing advanced scientific and
technological methods. While making a weather
forecast, three basic steps are involved: Observation and
analysis, conclusion for finding the future state of the
atmosphere, and prediction of particular variables.
Temperature, pressure, humidity, cloud cover,
precipitation, and wind speed and direction are all major
factors in the weather. Different Machine Learning
Algorithms were used to predict the weather like
Support Vector Machine, K-means Clustering, Linear
Regression, etc. This paper shows the comparison of
different algorithms for predicting the weather for a
given data set.

Keywords: Weather Forecasting, Machine Learning,

SVM, Linear Regression.

Introduction
Machine Learning is a kind of computer science
technology that is used to train the model so that it can
make decisions based on given set of values. It first takes
the input from the user and starts analysing it. Then it
classifies the data using some algorithms and predict the
Fig. 2 Five day forecast in degree Celsius
output. Then it finally stores the result as shown in
Figure 1. Weather is affected by different factors like temperature,
humidity, precipitation, cloudiness etc. These factors are
used to test the algorithms for weather prediction.
Different algorithms like Linear Regression, C5.0
algorithm with K-means Clustering, Naïve Bayesian are
Fig. 1 How does Machine Learning works applied to different data sets based on the factors as
Weather is a state of atmosphere which describes the shown in figure 3.
amount of heat or coolness in the air. Weather
Forecasting plays a crucial role in our life. It is used to
protect the life and property. Weather forecasts based on
precipitation and humidity are important in agriculture Fig. 3 Factors Affecting Weather
sector. Also many people use this to know what to wear
outside.
Literature Review
Weather Forecast of a region for 5 days in degree Celsius Naïve Bayes Algorithm
is shown in Figure 2. (Bayesian Algorithm)
A machine learning model called naive Bayes is used for

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
large datasets. Even if the data contains millions of
records, we can still use this algorithm. When applied to
any data set for sentiment analysis, it yields impressive
results.
Fig. 4 Naïve Bayes Model
Support Vector Machine (SVM)
If the labelled data set is provided to the algorithm as a
training set, a support vector machine can deduce or
infer between two different classes. Checking for
hyperplanes capable of distinguishing between the two
classes is the primary function of this machine learning
model.
Fig. 5 SVM Chart
Linear Regression
It is a machine learning algorithm that is used for
training. It's always going up. Predicted outputs in this
case are continuous. Rather than categorising data, it is
used to predict values that fall within a range of values.
Fig. 6 Data Analysis using Linear Regression
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K-Means Clustering
It is a kind of unsupervised learning, which is used when
we have data which is unlabelled and is not categorized
into groups. This algorithm creates groups of data and
represent it with a variable K. Data points are clustered
on the basis of similar features.
Fig. 7 K-means Clustering Model
Functional Regression
It is a version of regression analysis. This is used when
covariates and responses include functional data.
C5.0 Algorithm
C4.5 is a decision tree algorithm that generates decision
tree which are used for classification of data and due to
this it is also known as statistical classifier. This was
further updated to C5.0 which is better than C4.5 in
terms of speed, memory usage, and efficiency. An
example is shown beside :
Fig. 8 Flowchart for C5.0 algorithm
Random Forest Classification Algorithm
In classification and regression, Random Forest is a
Supervised Machine Learning algorithm. It generates
decision tree on data. Data with continuous variables can
be handled. Classification problems are well-suited to
this algorithm.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Fig. 9 Rainforest Classification Model
Result
Table 1 Comparison of Algorithms used during the analysis
Table 1 shows the prediction accuracy of various
algorithms used during the analysis of weather data. It
was found that C5.0 with K-means Clustering has the
highest accuracy among all the algorithms used for
predicting the weather.
Conclusion
C4.5 has an accuracy of 85.36 % while C5.0 with K-
means Clustering has an accuracy of 90.18 %. So, C5.0
with K-means algorithm has proved to be highly
accurate as compared with different algorithms such as
Bayesian Algorithm, Support Vector Machine (SVM),
Random Forest Classification, etc.
References
[1] Nitin Singh, Saurabh Chaturvedi, Shamim Akhter
(2019), “Weather Forecasting Using Machine
Learning Algorithm”, Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering Jaypee Institute
of Information Technology, NOIDA, India
[2] S u d h a n M u r u g a n B h a g a v a t h i , A n i t h a
Thavasimuthu, Aruna Murugesan, Charlyn Pushpa
Latha George Rajendran, Vijay A, Laxmi Raja,
Rajendran Thavasimuthu (2021), “Weather
forecasting and prediction using hybrid C5.0
machine learning algorithm”, India
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[3] Mark Holmstrom, Dylan Liu, Christopher Vo
(2016), “Machine Learning Applied to Weather
Forecasting”, Stanford University
[4] ShuFang Wu, Jie Zhu, Yan Wang (2012), “Weather
Forecasting Using Naïve Bayesian”, China
[5] Sillmann J, Thorarinsdottir T, Keenlyside N, et al.
Understanding, modeling and predicting weather
and climate extremes: challenges and
opportunities. Weather Clim Extremes. 2017
[6] Naveen L, Mohan HS. Atmospheric weather
prediction using various machine learning
techniques: a survey, In: Proceedings of the Third
International Conference on Computing
Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC),
IEEE; 2019
[7] Singh S, Kaushik M, Gupta A, Malviya AK.
Weather forecasting using machine learning
techniques, In: International Conference on Signal
Processing and Communication (ICSC), IEEE;
2019
[8] Pandey AK, Agrawal CP, Meena A. A Hadoop
based weather prediction model for classification
of weather data, In: Second International
Conference on Electrical, Computer and
Communication Technologies
[9] Oana L, Spataru A. Use of genetic algorithms in
numerical weather prediction, In: International
Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms
for Scientific Computing, IEEE, 2016
[10] Anitha T, Latha GCP, Surendra PM. A proficient
adaptive K-means based brain tumor segmentation
and detection using deep learning scheme with
PSO. J Comput Sci Intell Technol. 2020
[11] Saima HJ, Jaafar SB, Jillani TA. Intelligent
methods for weather forecasting: a review, In:
National Postgraduate Conference, IEEE; 2011
[12] Rajinikanth TV, Balaram VV, Rajasekhar N.
Analysis of Indian weather data sets using data
mining techniques, In: Computer Science &
Information Technology (CS & IT)-Computer
Science Conference Proceedings (CSCP), 2014
[13] Thomas J, Mio M. Verification of global numerical
weather forecasting systems in polar regions using
TIGGE data. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc. 2016
[14] Wiegand B Introduction to numerical weather
prediction, Technical Report—STL-TR-2015-03,
2015.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
[15] Hewage P, Trovati M, Pereira E, Behera A. Deep
learning-based effective fine-grained weather
forecasting model. Pattern Anal Applic. 2020
[16] Liu JNK, Hu Y, He Y, Chan PW, Lai L. Deep neural
network modeling for big data weather forecasting.
In: Pedrycz W, Chen SM, eds. Information
Granularity, Big Data, and Computational
Intelligence, Studies in Big Data; 2014
[17] Sasirekha SP, Priya A, Anitha T, Sherubha P. Data
processing and management in IoT and wireless. J
Phys Conf Ser. 1712;2020(2020
[18] Latha GCP, Sridhar S, Prithi S, Anitha T. Cardio-
vascular disease classification using stacked
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segmentation model and convolutional neural
networks. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2020
[19] A n i t h a T, S a n t h i N , S a t h i y a s h e e l a n R ,
Emayavaramban G, Rajendran T. Brain–computer
interface for persons with motor disabilities— a r.
Open Biomed Eng. 2019
[20] Mehrotra M, Joshi N. Anomaly detection in
temporal data using K-means clustering with C5.0.
Int J Eng Sci. 2017
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The Impact of Digital Applications of Fintech on

Banking Sector: A Study on Millennials in North India
Pradeep Sharma
Research Scholar
Dr. Monica Gupta
Assistant Professor
Chitkara Business School, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala,
National Highway Rajpur (Patiala), Punjab, INDIA

Abstract: The Impact of Digital Applications of
Fintech on Banking Sector refers to the ways in which
financial technology (fintech) companies are affecting
the traditional banking industry. Fintech companies
typically use digital technologies, such as mobile apps
and online platforms, to offer financial services that are
more convenient and efficient than those provided by
traditional banks. These services include mobile
payments, peer-to-peer lending, and digital investment
management. As a result of the emergence of fintech,
traditional banks are facing increased competition,
which is leading them to adopt similar digital
technologies in order to remain competitive. However,
the incorporation of fintech has also led to new
opportunities for banks, by increasing the speed and
accuracy of transactions, improving risk management,
and extending financial services to previously under-
served populations

Keywords: digital application, FinTech, mobile

banking, Digital banking. customer satisfaction.

1. Introduction existing products and services. Fintech is not just for

Financial technology (Fintech) is used to describe new
tech that seeks to improve and automate the delivery and
use of financial services. At its core, Fintech is utilized to
help companies, business owners and consumers better
manage their financial operations, processes, and lives
by utilizing specialized software and algorithms that are
used on computers and, increasingly, smartphones.
Fintech, the word, is a combination of "financial
technology". When Fintech emerged in the 21st
Century, the term was initially applied to the technology
employed at the back-end systems of established
financial institutions. Since then, however, there has
been a shift to more consumer-oriented services and
therefore a more consumer-oriented definition. Fintech
now includes different sectors and industries such as
education, retail banking, fundraising and non-profit,
and investment management to name a few.
Fintech mostly refers to start-up businesses with a focus
on technology and finance that offer specialized
versions of established financial institutions like banks,
asset management firms, and insurance companies'
growing firms. A fintech is a form of financial
technology that can be wished for as an upcoming
market for financial services in the twenty-first century.
The phrase was first used to describe technology
associated with the bank division of well-established
consumer and trade financial organizations. Since the
fintech companies are still in the early stages of
becoming well-known, they have not yet entirely
replaced the traditional banks. By building on their
current goodwill and by employing good tactics for their
improvement, banks should quickly accommodate this
transformation of the growing acceptance of technology
in banking. Fintech competitors are expanding on the
traditional activities of banks even as banks are
changing to the digital world.
1.1 background of the study
The phrase financial technology may also refer to the
process of providing services over the Internet. As a
result, fintech is continually looking for new methods to
innovate and involves a variety of aspects such as

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
blockchain, cryptocurrencies, and stock trading.
Because fintech focuses on services, it has already
automated work and procedures. It has been discovered
that many organisations can benefit from the digital
application known as Fintech. After converting all
technology to automation, the banking industry would
be able to give the greatest services and digital solutions
to its customers.
Fintech, on the other hand, is a word that is likewise
based on long-term services, and no one can dispute its
relevance. In recent years, there has been a significant
shift in the whole business process, which has an impact
on the personal financial system. In that instance, special
thanks should be extended to the financial technology
business, and Fintech trends may be found in Google.
As more and more consumers choose to purchase online
rather than in person, digital applications projects grew
in popularity and success. Banks and Fintech have
recently made IT a primary emphasis to improve
customer service, and digital banking has grown in
popularity in recent years. Digitalization provides a
chance to cut operating costs while increasing financial
service productivity. There are several hurdles in
adopting such a system in India, hence the government,
Fintech, and other actors are playing an important role in
promoting the adaptation and adoption of digitalization
platforms. Because of the digital platform, the job
situation in the baking industry has transformed. New
job skills are now required, such as cyber security
specialist, credit analyst, process modeller expert,
blockchain architect, and so on. Digitalization has two
key advantages: it reduces the possibility of human error
while also enhancing consumer loyalty. In order to
compete, the banking sector has recently been forced to
invest heavily in digital technology. Digitalization not
only broadens the firm's possible consumer base, but it
also helps the company serve its present clients better.
1.2 Online and Mobile Payment Systems
There have been many modifications in the business
operations of Fintech firms, therefore dealing with
purchase and sell techniques of Fintech are unique from
those of other organizations. Transactions via computers
and smart gadgets were previously a fiction for folks;
nevertheless, technological advancements have made it
a reality.
Nowadays, practically every individual, from a 35-year-
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old working guy to a college-going student or a 60-year-
old man, likes to pay for goods and services online. In
such instance, several well-known or secure payment
options are WhatsApp payments, Google Pay
applications, and other payment types. The decline of
cash-based transaction systems may be seen in the
twentieth century;however this should not be regarded a
worry for the next generation. The chance of being
tricked or experiencing fraud has been greatly decreased
because of transacting money online, and the online
payment procedure has brought the entire system into a
safe and secure hand. As a result, several undeveloped
banks were able to use such technology for the benefit of
their customers.
1.3 Trading
In recent years, investment and trends have become
important aspects of the business, so everyone is aware
of this system. Trading is one of the safest methods to do
business, and the entire process may easily quadruple
the money of investors in a short period of time. The
growing use of technology such as machine learning,
artificial intelligence, DLT, Big data, and natural
language has made double money in the trading system
a simple process.
Individuals may also notice the rise of various crucial
stock trading applications, which are primarily
responsible for seamless transactions and are also
renowned for their efficacy in business.
1.4 Blockchain and Cryptocurrency
Money transactions and Fintech use are also closely tied
to block chain and crypto currency. In this context,
acquiring Bitcoins is prevalent among those involved in
the industry. Bit coins can reduce the likelihood of being
a fraud or using an improper transaction mechanism in
business. On that topic, it should be noted that the use of
Bitcoins can protect transaction information in
Blockchain technology.
1.4.1 Crowdfunding Platforms
The study also enables users to learn more about
transaction systems, therefore an evaluation of the
Crowdfunding system is required. The Crowdfunding
system is a method of sending or receiving funds from
various sources at the same time. Individuals may
control the entire system via applications or internet-
based solutions. One of the primary advantages of a
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crowdfunding system is that individuals do not have to 1.5 Fintech Applications Functional Aspects:
beg for loans in front of banks workers. Investors play a
Personalization
crucial part in crowdfunding platforms, and they are
constantly willing to lend money to individuals. Financial apps may now better understand their
customers' needs and aspirations via the use of artificial
For example, Kickstarter and GoFundMe might be
intelligence and machine learning. Finding a method to
regarded as essential crowdfunding portals for those in
customize a user's desire for financial services makes
need. Crowd financing systems have an impact on many
transactions more pleasant.
facets of life, including travel, healthcare bill payment,
charitable activities, and money raising. Integration
1.4.2 Mobile Payments When referring to Fintech apps, it is possible to integrate
or synchronize with several systems or across multiple
Mobile payment applications and gateways are a
platforms. Crowd sourcing, mobile payment processing,
popular use of fintech. Using these applications,
and financial resource management are important for
consumers may do financial transactions without
everyone, no matter their industry. Sharing a same setup
physically visiting a bank. For instance, Indian
across several platforms provides a more consistent user
businesses such as Paytm, Google Pay, and PhonePe
experience.
enable consumers to send and receive money through
mobile devices with cheap transaction costs. Authentication
1.4.3 Insurtech Because money is such a sensitive subject, we need apps
that are both trustworthy and secure. When consumers
Finally, another process is Insurtech, and the insurance
see something new that has strong security features,
business is linked to the banking sector. The Fintech
they'll hesitate to utilize it. The most secure way of
system is capable of resolving financial concerns, and
securing digital accounts is via two-factor
the banking industry currently heavily relies on it. In that
authentication. Two-factor authentication is frequently
scenario, one term, Insurtech, has always been
used for these types of applications. To offer verifiable
associated with persons several times. Insurtech can
identity verification, third-party services such as Google
result in significant savings for people; so, Grandview
Authenticator, Digi Pass, and others may send an SMS
study has noticed the usefulness of Insurtech in the US
message to the user's cell phone or install a unique
insurance industry.
application on the user's smartphone. They are in total
1.4.4 Operational Definition of Predominant control of the account's access using this method.
constructs
Monitoring and analysis of data
Fintech apps and technologies have the capability of
While they may use several Fintech apps, users want to
providing various financial service options to
be able to keep an eye on and analyze their financial
individuals; hence, technology integration may be
activity and transaction history, regardless of which one
witnessed. Organizations may enhance their services
they use. No longer do people have to track every
and delivery to their customers with the aid of the
transaction they do, since there are software solutions
Fintech system. Start-up enterprises, on the other hand,
that do that for them. Information gathered on one
gain from the Fintech system since it helps to reduce
dashboard with graphics allows users to understand
operating expenses. Depending on the Fintech
changes in their financial habits, as trustworthy insights
application system, providing unbundling may be
are provided.
feasible, and organisations may be able to create new
business marketplaces. However, flaws in the Fintech 1.6 Need for the study
finance system might be detected due to a lack of The Fintech application system cannot be regarded a
effective regulation. Payment apps, robo-advisors, concern for the banking business in the present day.
investing apps, and cryptocurrency apps are some Fintech is another prevalent term for users in technology
examples of Fintech applications. advancement, and by the year 2022, investors will have
invested in the Fintech system. It can be seen that money

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has doubled in value, reaching $112 billion in contrast to
prior years. This type of proof demonstrated the
effectiveness of improved technology, and it can be
claimed that the digital revolution is on its way to the
service industry. The revolutionary trend known as
digitalization has already had an influence on the
banking sector and financial institutions all around the
world. Individuals may find the system more user-
friendly because of the mix of consumer expectations
and cutting-edge technologies.
1.7. Problem Statement
It is necessary to investigate the influence of digital
fintech apps on the modernization of the banking
industry in order to determine their impact on bank
service quality. There is also a need to research the
millennials' degree of awareness in connection to digital
applications, as well as their adaptability and
contentment.
2. Literature review
2.1 Introduction
In the literature, survey research on Impact of Digital
Applications of Fintech on Banking Sector was added. A
survey was conducted within the last 10 years. This
survey includes a study of literature from worldwide
journals, papers, articles, and so on. The objective of the
study, methodology, findings, and conclusion are all
included in the literature review.
Fig 2.1: Framework of Literature Review
Marta Barroso, (2022), “A Research on Digital
transformation and the emergence of the Fintech sector:
Systematic literature review” This paper provides an
analysis on the emergence of new technologies in the
financial industry and their application to financial and
investment activities, where organizations are highly
equipped with the technology needed to overshadow
traditional financial institutions. In addition, three of the
most important and controversial areas of this sector -
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challenges, regulation, and collaboration- are reviewed
and analysed in depth through a systematic literature
review. VOS Viewer software has been used to classify
the different keywords, according to their co-citation,
following clustering techniques. Thanks to the studies
carried out by other researchers, it has been possible to
clearly structure the distribution and trends in the
financial sector, mentioning also possible future trends
and gaps to be researched in the sector. the aim of the
new digital banking system is to make the customer the
main driver of its operations. The development of new
applications capable of improving the user's experience
is the key tool they use to gain the trust of these new
digital customers.
Dr. K. Samuvel, “A Study on the Impact of Fintech on
Banking Industry”Financial technology (Fintech) is
used to describe new tech that seeks to improve and
automate the delivery and use of financial services. At its
core, Fintech is utilized to help companies, business
owners and consumers better manage their financial
operations, processes, and lives by utilizing specialized
software and algorithms that are used on computers and,
increasingly, smartphones. The objective of the study is
to analyze the impact of fintech on banking industry. The
sample of the study is 150. Descriptive research design
and random sampling method is used. Questionnaire is
used as a primary data. Percentage analysis, chi-square
analysis and correlation statistical tools have been
applied. The findings show that the respondents are
highly dissatisfied towards the app has minimum data
storage and they are satisfied towards the gives useful
and clear reports. It must be revised often based on the
present scenario and it must provide clear reports and
status of the transactions to the users. It concluded that
the development of Fintech sector has also given a boost
to overall economy of India. But still there are some
hindrances related to e security and the usage rate among
unbanked population. So, the initiatives taken must not
be faded away because of these little but not the least
factors. So the regulators should formulate the effective
policies to remove it as such the fintech sector can
upgrade the banking system of India completely.
Ms. Sneha Lakshmi Subramanian, (2022), “A
S T U D Y O N F I N T E C H S E RV I C E S
REVOLUTIONIZING TRADITIONAL BANKING
SYSTEM IN AN INCLUSIVE GROWTH
PERSPECTIVE.”This paper aims at addressing (i)
drivers leading to inclusive adoptions of Fintech
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services in India, (ii) how are we going to progress from services. FinTech businesses, such as Paytm, Razor pay,
cash to cashless economy and (iii) what can be done to PhonePe, MobiKwik, and others, have gradually gained
help Banks and Fintech companies to partner. Having popularity and are now widely used. There is a greater
taken up this study in post pandemic period of Covid19, reliance on these digital solutions, whether you use them
it attempts to project the significant penetration and a to pay for hotels, recharge your mobile phones, or buy
shift on the individual's perception on banking that is groceries.
availed at a fingertip of a gadget. Most of the people
Barbara Jeanne Slazus,(2022), “Factors that Influence
using Fintech services are Gen Z or zoomers, born
FinTech Adoption in South Africa: A Study of Consumer
during the Technology era and are able to adapt and take
Behaviour towards Branchless Mobile Banking” In this
up with least risk. The Generation X and Generation Y
study widespread use of mobile phones and growth in
are not very tech savvy and hence need assurance from
internet penetration has created a unique opportunity to
social media, finance experts and friends, family to trust
increase access to financial services. Financial
the digital payment transactions. The rise of digital
Technology (FinTech) companies and mobile banking
payments adoption is witnessed during pandemic time
(m-banking) empower customers to use digital
due to stringent lockdown measures and scare of the
platforms to utilise financial services without the
virus, the demand for contactless payments rose. The
physical access requirements of traditional banking.
socio- economic hindrances other than age were
This has led to the rise of FinTech firms that are
minimal for the fintech services to penetrate the lives of
disrupting traditional industry standards by servicing
every citizen, there by achieving financial inclusion.
consumers through a range of digital channels and
Karthika M, (2022), “Impact of Fintech on the Banking mobile devices. A new completely branchless bank,
Sector”In this studyDigital transformation development Bank Zero, is set to launch in South Africa in 2020 to
triggers the boom of Fintech (financial technology) exploit these opportunities. Finally, the Enhancement
initiatives, which are recognized as some of the most Criteria Model based on insights gained from the
important innovations in the financial industry. Fintech research findings, is proposed. This model provides
refers to the novel processes and products that become recommendation criteria for existing and new FinTech
available for financial services thanks to digital providers who are looking to improve their business
technological advancements. Fintech is very rapidly models.
growing in financial markets and effective impact on
Zenith Shah, (2022), “Study on The Impact and Social
banks and financial institutions. This digital
Implications of Fintech” The purpose of this study is to
transformation allows the users to access their financial
determine the societal implications and impacts of
requirements wherever they are rather than physically
fintech, how the fintech industry has changed traditional
going to the bank. The functions of banking sectors are
norms and outlook of the finance industry in today's
reduced from complicated to more simplified manner
technologically advanced environment. In conclusion,
through the innovative products in fintech. This
the goal of this paper is to serve as a catalyst for a new
development empowers the customers to take their
approach to building a shared knowledge of the fintech,
financial decisions and allows them to get higher
its social ramifications, the impact of the fintech industry
financial literacy than ever before. After covid, the
and challenges faced by the fintech industry. Thus, it
impact is far more visible in the rural areas also. Most of
concluded Fintech's inventive ideas are helping to move
the paper works digitalized and data regarding the
us closer to a cashless society. In just a few decades, the
customers are secured in a very protective manner.it
whole financial services, financial goods, and financial
concluded that India has become more accepting of
operations business has evolved and improved
FinTech businesses over the past two years and has
dramatically as a result of technological advancements.
encouraged the widespread adoption of digital financial
The financial institutions' techniques and manner of
models. Every aspect of the conventional banking
operation have undergone significant changes.
system has been transformed by fintech, including
Collaboration between technology and financial
paperless lending, mobile banking, digital payments,
services has resulted in a shift in traditional banking,
mobile wallets, insurance, lending, and more. In India,
investment, and trading processes. Fintech has changed
banks have typically been the entry point for payment
the way individuals handle their money and perform

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their daily transactions. Fintech is one of the most data can be use in understanding Impact of Digital
popular businesses right now, with a lot of long-term Applications of Fintech on Banking Sector. Primary data
promise. can be collected through methods such as surveys,
interviews, and focus groups & we have selected 300
Michael Siek, (2019), “Impact Analysis of Fintech on
respondents randomly & Secondary data, on the other
Banking Industry” In this research Disruptive
hand, can be obtained from sources such as reports,
innovation related modern information systems has
articles, and statistics.
recently altered the ways the companies do their
businesses, and it has positive impacts to those that are
willing to adapt to it. The fast development of fintech
start-ups on creating payment gateway and peer-to-peer
(P2P) lending applications is one of examples for the
modern disruptive innovations affecting to traditional
financial business. This research result can be as a
reference for the fintech and the banks in making a
crucial strategic decision whether they want to
collaborate or to compete. Our next step for this research
are to extend this research equipped with more number
of samples or respondents to provide better convergence
towards more realistic statistical parameters of
population; and to employ more reliable statistical
method, like Partial Least Square Linear Regression.
Parminder Varma, (2022), “Thematic Analysis of Fig:3.1. Methodology Process
Financial Technology (Fintech) Influence on the 3.1 Conceptual Framework
Banking Industry” This article aims to investigate how
Fintech has influenced recent changes in the banking The UTAUT2 technology mainly stands for “The
industry and upcoming challenges, with a particular unified theory of acceptance and use of technology”.
emphasis on blockchain technology. We perform a The particular model has gained lots of importance due
comprehensive thematic analysis of recent studies on to its accuracy on detecting the behavioural intention of
Fintech in the banking industry. We found that Fintech consumers while using Fintech for transaction purposes.
has enormous potential to grow and impact the banking
industry and the entire world. The banking industry
could benefit from combining emerging technologies
such as blockchain, AI, machine learning, or other
decision-making layers. However, with the benefits
come drawbacks, such as increased reliance on
technology, high costs, increased job losses, security
risks related to data and fraud, and so on. The use of
emerging technology and collaboration between
Fintech firms and banks can improve system-wide
financial stability while minimising the negative
externalities of disruption and competition. These
findings can help regulators, policymakers, academics,
and practitioners understand the opportunities and
challenges of emerging technologies in the banking
industry.
3. Methodology
In terms of methodology, both primary and secondary

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3.2 Research Questions & Objectives 4. Analysis & interpretation

Research questions of the study is as follows

Ÿ What are the factors responsible for adaptability of

Online Bank transfer through digital applications
developed by fintech in banking sector?
Ÿ What is the level of recognition, acceptability,and
satisfaction level exhibit among the millennialsin
relation of the payment platforms developed by
fintech?
3.3Objectives:
Objectives of the study is as follows

Ÿ To evaluate the factors that enhance the online bank

transfer probability of individuals.
Ÿ To evaluate the influential factors, by which people
may show interest in using Go pay money
transferring apps for financial purposes.
Ÿ To focus on the age group of individuals who have
been showing interest in using technologies.
Ÿ To measure the strength of the UTAUT2 model in
consumers' payment process.
3.4 Hypothesis:
H10: There are fewer factors that enhance the online
bank transfer probability of individuals.
H11: There are more factors that enhance the online bank
transfer probability of individuals.
H20: There is evaluate the influential factors, by which
people may show interest in using Go pay money
transferring apps for financial purposes.
H21: There is no evaluate the influential factors, by
which people may show interest in using Go pay money
transferring apps for financial purposes.
H30: There is need to focus on the age group of
individuals who have been showing interest in using
technologies.
H31: There is no need to focus on the age group of
individuals who have been showing interest in using
technologies.
H40 :There is need to measure the strength of the
UTAUT2 model in consumers' payment process.
H41: There is no need to measure the strength of the
UTAUT2 model in consumers' payment process.

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Graph 4.17: Do you believe there is a satisfaction level
among the elderly group of people towards digital fintech
applications?
As per the above graph represents about there is a
satisfaction level among the elderly group of people
towards digital fintech applications. It is found that
majority of the respondents i.e.60% of the respondents
are satisfied, 27% of the respondents are very satisfied,
6% of the respondents are not satisfied, 7% of the
respondents are dissatisfied.
Conclusion
In recent years, digital fintech applications have had a
considerable influence on the banking industry. Fintech
firms have challenged conventional banking models by
providing digital alternatives to traditional banking
services such as loans, payments, and money transfer.
This has boosted competition in the banking industry,
forcing conventional institutions to incorporate digital
technology in order to compete. Because of the
increasing competition, conventional banks have been
obliged to enhance their digital products and lower
client prices. Fintech has also contributed to greater
financial inclusion by making financial services
available to people and small enterprises who were
previously underserved by conventional banks. On the
negative, there are fears that fintech firms may not be
subject to the same regulatory monitoring as
conventional banks, thus putting clients at danger. This
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is a subject that regulators must address in order to
maintain the financial system's safety and stability. This
study outcome may be used as a reference for fintech and
banks when deciding whether to cooperate or compete
in a critical strategic decision.
References
1. Barroso, Marta, and Juan Laborda. 2022. “Digital
Transformation and the Emergence of the Fintech
Sector: Systematic Literature Review.” Digital
Business 2(2): 100028. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.digbus.2022.100028.
2. Slazus, Barbara Jeanne, and Geoffrey Bick. 2022.
“Factors That Influence FinTech Adoption in South
Africa: A Study of Consumer Behaviour towards
Branchless Mobile Banking.” Athens Journal of
Business & Economics 8(1): 429–50.
3. Sairam, Jayashree. 2022. “A STUDY ON FINTECH
SERVICES REVOLUTIONIZING TRADITIONAL
BANKING.” (December).
4. Siek, Michael, and Andrew Sutanto. 2019. “Impact
Analysis of Fintech on Banking Industry.”
Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on
Information Management and Technology,
ICIMTech 2019 1(August): 356–61.
5. Karthika M., Neethu K., and Lakshmi P. 2022.
“Impact of Fintech on the Banking Sector.”
Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and
Humanities 2(4): 109–12.
6. Shah, Zenith et al. 2008. “Study on The Impact And
Social Implications of Fintech.” International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology:
1 3 2 4 .
https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2018.1440766.
7. Samuvel, K, and Arya Pradeep. 2022. “A Study on the
Impact of Fintech on Banking Industry.” 2(1): 78–83.
8. Varma, Parminder, ShivinderNijjer, Kiran Sood, and
Simon Grima. 2022. “Thematic Analysis of Financial
Technology ( Fintech ) Influence on the Banking
Industry.” : 1–17.
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Representations of Positive Integers as Sum of Squares

and Triangular Numbers
Mohammad Nafees Siddiqui
Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics
Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, U.P.

siddiqui.nafees80@gmail.com, nafees.siddiqui@niet.co.in

Abstract evaluated in number theory is the representations of

positive integers as sums of squares of integers. Fermat
In this present work our main aim is to obtain proved that all positive integers can be represented by
“Representations of positive integers as sum of squares sums of four squares and that this number 5 minimal.
and triangular numbers”, in this paper we have

Key Words and Phrases: Let rk(n) stands for the

number of ways, Ramanujan’s general theta function

Introduction, Notation and Definitions

One of the most interesting problems in number theory
is the representations of positive integers as sums of
squares of integers. Fermat proved that all primes of the
form 4n+1 can be uniquely expressed as the sum of two
squares. Lagrange showed that all positive integers can
be represented by sums of four squares and that this
number 5 minimal. Let rk(n) stands for the number of
ways the positive integer n can be represented as a sum
of k squares, with representations arising from different
signs and form different orders being regarded as
distinct. Since

the well-known two-and four-square theorems due to

Jacobi are

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Where di(n) denotes the number of positive divisors of n

that are congruent to i modulo 4.

A triangular number is a number of the form n(n+1)/2 for

some non-negative integer n. Let tk(n) denotes the
number of representations of n as the sum of k triangular
numbers, then generating function for tk(n) is given by

The first few triangular numbers are 0,1,3,6,10,15...

Since,

Differentiating both sides of (2.8) with respect to z and

then setting z=q -½ Bhargava and Somashekara [2]
established the following identity,
The main of this chapter is to establish generally
functions for the number of representations of a positive
integer as the sum of the squares of the integer and also
as the sum of triangular numbers.

Main Result
In this section we shall establish certain identities from
some known summations and then using these identities
we shall derive formulae for vk(n) and tk(n).

Replacing q by qk and then setting a=qj, b=qk+j and z=qi in

(3.2.1) we have

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(2.11) has the arithmetic consequence

Which is a known result due to Legendre.

Ramanujan in chapter 17 of the second notebook on
page 139 has mentioned an identity:

Equating the coefficient of qn of both sides in (2.23) we

got Jacob’s two-sewers theorem.

Where di(n) is the number of positive divisors of that are

congruent to i modulo 4.

Which in (2.16) Now, proceeding as above we can again

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find the identities (2.18) and (2.21) from which r4(n) and
r2(n) can be formulated.

In entry 25 of chapter 16 of second notebook,

Ramanujan has given following beautiful relations.

References:

Denis, R.Y., Singh, S. N. and Singh, S. P.

[1] On certain transformation and S u m m a t i o n
formulae for bi-basic hypergeometric series.
Accepted for publication in Indian Journal of
pure and applied Mathematics.
Denis, R.Y.
[1] “On basic hypergeometric functions and
continued fractions”, J. The Math's Student,
Vol. 52, No. 14 (1984), p. 129-136.
[2] “On certain q-series and continued fractions”,
J. The math's student, vol. 44, No. 1-4 (1983),
p. 70-76.
[3] “On certain expansions of basic
hypergeometric functions with application in
number theory” Ganita 34(1983), 53-56.
[4] “On generalization of continued fraction of
Gauss”, Internet J. Math. Sci., Vol. 13, No. 4
(1990), p. 741-746.
Agarwal R.P.
[1] “A Family of basic hypergeometric and
Combinatorial identities and Certain
summation formulae”, Indian J. pure. Appl.
Math., 12 (1981), 728-737.
[2] “Lambert series and Ramanujan”, Proc. Indian
Acad. Sci. (Math Sci.) Vol. 103 (1993), 269-
293.
[3] Resonance of Ramanujan's Mathematics Vol. 2
(1996), New Age International (P) Limited
Publishers, New Delhi.

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An Empirical Investigation of Green Banking Usage

Customers’ Behaviour
Dr. Apurva Shrivastava
Visiting Faculty
School of Commerce, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, INDIA
Ms. Nida Sarfaraz
Assistant Professor (MBA Department)
IEC College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, INDIA
Dr. Shakti Prakash
Professor & Head (MBA Department)
IEC College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, INDIA

Abstract: Green banking is an emerging banking
system towards sustainability and protecting
environment. The Green banking functioning has
smoothened and enhanced quality of banking in every
aspect. People are more concerned with security issue. A
humble effort has been made by the researchers to
investigate the factors which determine the customers'
behaviour regarding usage of green banking products
and services. The study has been conducted in Indore
city. The analysis of primary information has been made
with the help of Principal Component Analysis. 400
banking customers were selected by the convenient
sampling method.
The intention to use green banking products and services
is majorly determined by the bank policies and strategies
to implement green banking products and services and
make customer look over the risk factor associated with
it by its easy procedures to use green banking products
and services. This can be achieved by improving the
performance of green banking products and services and
the duress will become approval for using green banking
products and services by the customers. Further, result
shows that people are more concerned with the
accessibility and utility of using the green banking
products and services.

Keywords: Green Banking, Customer, Utility, Help

Desk, Intention.

1. Introduction calamities that resulted in lowering the economic

growth that was earned before. The money earned was
Banks are one of the most important parts of economic siphoned from development work towards the disaster
wing of any country. It deals with mass as it provides management.
services for people like saving their money and keeping
Thus, in 2015, Paris Summit was held where 196
it safe, taking loans, withdrawing their own money as
countries came together to work together for saving the
and when needed, allows them to make investment.
environment and signed the Climate change Agreement.
These loans and investment have a multiplier effect on
The UN also supported it and changed the Millennium
economy as it boosts economic growth of the country. In
Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals
this era of competition every country is trying become
for a sustainable future and growth of the world. For
the part of rat race and come first. In order to come first
involving every citizen of world in to this banks had
countries have ruined the mother earth ruthlessly by
played the important role as it introduced a new concept
destroying its flora and fauna. Along with this mother
of Green Banking with a motto of 'Go Green' concept.
earth's anger came in front of us in the form of natural

Gayanodaya - 2023 92
Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Green Banking is a king of banking that functions like
banking system but without harming the environment.
In other words, it may be called as ethical banking
because it takes care of both economic and ecological
growth.
Considering our country India, the concept of Green
Banking is new but it is emerging with time. Green
Banking is nothing but the e-banking services, point of
sale service, use of plastic money, ATMs, etc. It has
helped the customers as well as the bank employees in
resolving their bank related issues. After announcement
of demonetization in 2016, the government of India has
compelled the people to practice green banking and
brought India on a global platform in competition with
other developed countries, developing countries.
II. Literature review
Vijai (2018) has found in his that green banking is an
emerging trend in the banking sector, and it will gain its
momentum with time. For this purpose, Indian banks are
very committed as green banking not only helps
reducing carbon economy but also brings more
monetary benefit, reputation of bank, increase in number
of customers, retention of customers, environmental
sustainability, ease in procedure of banking. Hence, the
banks are adopting more effective strategies for
implementing green banking in their banks.
Nath et al (2017) tried to study on adoption of green
banking within Indian banking sector and found that
people are adopting the green banking and banks are
able to successfully curtail all the problems of them due
to which customers perception regarding green banking
has changed as proved by the developed model of
technology acceptance model that leads towards
environment sustainability.
Shanaya et al (2017) made effort to understand the
problems and prospects of green banking and observed
that there are numerous opportunities available for
banks for implementing green banking for which they
only need to do is to formulate sound policies for their
short term and long-term goals.
Malliga and Revathy (2016) have tried to know about
the awareness on green banking practices provided by
the private sector banks in Theni district amongst their
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customers. The study concludes with this note that green
banking practices can act as a catalyst to the banks and
financial institutions for reducing energy usage and
increasing their contribution towards the ongoing global
effort.
Gupta (2015) has tried to understand the role of green
banking in environmental sustainability used in
commercial banks of Himachal Pradesh. The inference
drawn by the study was that banks are taking new
initiatives and promoting various green banking
products but still banks have a long way to go.
Ritu (2014) has made a study to know about the
challenges and opportunities for green banking. The
study reflects that there is an urgent need to create
awareness and follow green banking to make our
environment human friendly. With the help of green
banking new markets as well as avenues for product
differentiation has opened. India needs to take more
initiatives for popularizing green banking in the country.
Shankar (2016) made effort to assess the factors that
affects the adoption of mobile banking and found that
usefulness is the major impacting factor following the
compatibility, awareness, security and privacy risk, self-
efficacy, ease of use, financial cost and social influence.
These variables drive the mind set of customers that
affects their usage of green banking positively or
negatively.
Kishore and Sequeria (2016) have studied on adoption
of mobile banking in the rural area of Karnataka and
found that mobile banking is considered as the future
way of transaction and people of that area have positive
attitude for its adoption.
Bahl (2012)tried to understand the green banking as a
new strategy an important step in sustainable
development and found that Indian banks are fully
aware about the need of the hour that demands them to
focus on the green banking as an important strategy for
making our nation stand amongst other developed,
developing nations in the global market.
Objective of the study
The main objective of the study is to investigate the
factors affecting green banking usage customers'
behaviour.
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The paper is organised as follows- Section 1 deals with For Principal component extraction the correlation is
introduction, Section 2 contains literature review, always equals to 1.
Section 3- discusses about research methodology,
Section 4- data analysis followed conclusion and policy IV. Empirics
implications in Section 5.
KMO and Bartlett's test of sphericity
III. Research methodology
The study was conducted in Indore city and total 400
respondents were chosen via convenient sampling
method 100 respondents from each corner of the city.
They were given a self-structured questionnaire that The test tests the reliability and validity of the obtained
contained a set of 23 questions. These respondents were dimension reduction. The value of KMO statistics is
asked to answer based on Likert scale where 5 means greater than 0.5 i.e. 0.901 that proves that factor analysis
strongly agree, 4 means agree, 3 means neutral, 2 means can be used for given set of data.
disagree and 1 means strongly disagree.
The Bartlett's test of sphericity shows the significance of
Statistical tool used for the study p-value that should be less than 0.05 and the value
obtained in the test is 0.000 that indicates that there is
Exploratory Factor Analysis has been applied to
correlation among the variables and factor analysis can
investigate the factors which determine the customers'
be used for analysing the data.
behaviour regarding usage of green banking products
and services. The factor extraction method used for the There are total six factors that have their Eigen values
study is Principal component analysis as it explains the greater than one. The whole model explains 63.987 of
total variance and the minimum number of determining the variation for the data set under study.
factor. Principal component analysis is a set of tests used
for analysing the data and search out the fewer number Construction of Green banking usage factor (GBUF)
of variables than many numbers of variables. scale by factor analysis.
KMO test- is used to measure the sample adequacy that
infers the data collected is appropriate to carry out the
factor analysis. If value of the test is high, then 0.5 then it
indicates that data is adequate for carrying out the factor
analysis tool is appropriate on the data set.

Bartlett's test of Sphericity- test is done on data to

prove that there is correlation among the variables. If p-
value is lower than 0.05 then it shows that there is a
correlation among the variables and factor analysis may
be conducted on the data set provided.

Rotation method used for the study is Varimax rotation

as it minimizes the number of variables with high
loading on a factor that helps in the interpretation of
factors.

Communalities- It unveils the amount of variance a

variable share with other variables or in other words it
tells the amount of variance in each variable that is
accounted for.

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Naming of the factors
The last step of factor analysis is naming of the factors.
The labelling is intuitively developed by the factor's
analysis depending on the appropriateness for
representing the underlying dimensions of a factor. The
process of naming factors is not systematic and scientific
in nature. It reflects only the factor loading and the
correlations among the variables. The signs are
interpreted similarly like any other correlation
coefficient where positive sign means that variables are
positively correlated to each other and opposite sign
means they are negatively correlated to each other. The
Varimax rotation method provides orthogonal solution
that are independent of each other which means that
signs for factor loading relates only to that factor that
does not appear with other factors in the solution. All six
factors extracted have been given appropriate names.
The naming of the factors, the statement label and factor
loading has been summarized in the following table. The
six factors shown in table have been discussed below.
Table 3- Factor Name of Dimension Label Statement (Factor
Loading)
Factor 1-Accessibility and Utility of Green Banking Products and Services
Q.7 Usage of green products and services has brought more transparency
between the bank and its customers
Q.19 Using green products and services has cut down the cost of travelling to
bank
Q.20 Using green products and services has reduced paperwork
Q.21 Using green products and services has saved my time for other works
Q.22 Using green products and services means promotion low carbon footprint
(less use of ink, fuel, print) in the environment
Q.23 Organizing my bank account and its activities has become easy with the
help of green products and services
Factor 2- Availability of Bank’s Help Desk
Q.12 With the help of green products and services my bank is available to me 24
by 7
Q.13 My bank provides information regarding the green products and services
Q.14 My bank's employees are well equipped with information regarding their
green products and services
Q.15 My bank's website is interactive to introduce green products and services to
its customers
Factor 3-Intention to Use
Q.1 I am a tech friendly person therefore I readily accept new Green products
and services introduced by my bank
Q.2 Green products and services introduced by banks are easy to use.
Q.3 My bank assists me in using its Green products and services at every step.
Factor 4-Procedure of Using
Q.16 System failure during a transaction is very rare
Q.17 My bank keeps its website up to date
Q.18 Procedure for using green products and services is easy
Factor 5- Security of Account
Q.9 Transactions done through green products and services are more secure than
manual procedures
Q.10 Green products and services take the responsibility of not sharing the bank
account details to any other person
Q.11 Bank's green products and services are efficient in handling the problem of
phishing and hacking
Factor 6- Performance of GBPS and duress to use them
Q.4 I use green products and services only when it is compulsory for me
Q.5 I will use the green products and services when I have taken feedback on its
performance from other customers
Q.8 Safety of my hard earn money is my priority, Thus I am reluctant to use
green banking products and services
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Factor 1- Accessibility and Utility of Green Banking
products and services
The above table reflects that accessibility and utility of
green banking products and services is the important
factor as it explains 9.597 % of total variance. Six
variables were loaded on this factor and they are highly
correlated. The factor is named like Accessibility and
Utility of GBPS because it includes the benefit of green
banking products and services usage and its accessibility
to people like transparency between banks and
customers, cutting down of travel cost, reduction in
carbon footprint, organisation of bank accounts in
proper manner, time savvy due to usage of Green
Banking products and services.
Factor 2- Availability of bank's help desk
The total variance explained by this factor is 8.826
percent. This factor plays significant role to attract
customers i.e. availability of Banks' Help Desk. As the
variable includes availability of bank to the customer for
24 by 7, information regarding Green Banking products
and services, interactive website for using Green
Banking products and services, bank employees can
.464
resolve the customers issue regarding the usage of Green
.725 Banking products and services.
.693
.779 Factor 3- Intention to use
.744
.773
The third factor is Intention to Use. This factor explains
18.29 percent of total variance. It includes tech
.599
friendliness of the customers, bank's assistance to use
.760
.647
GBPS and ease of using the Green Banking products and
.654
services.
.625
Factor 4- Procedure of using Green banking
.660
products and services
.593
.686
The procedure of using banking products and services
.811 actually attract customers and play vital role in
.504
developing loyalty to bank. This factor explains the
.660 variance 5.118 percent of the whole model and it is
.617 named as Procedure of Using Green Banking products
.665 and services. It includes updating of website, number of
system failure during transaction and easy procedures
.721
for using Green Banking products and services.
.696
.633
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Factor 5- Security of Account
Three statements are loaded into this factor explaining
8.966 percent of variance. This factor is coined as
Security of Account. This includes secure transaction
from green banking products and services,
confidentiality of the customer's accounts and efficiently
handling the problem of phishing and hacking by the
banks.
Factor 6- Performance of Green Banking products
and services and duress to use them
The factor is named as Performance of green banking
products and services and duress to use them. It
includes three statements which are significantly loaded
in the context of compulsion to use green banking
products and services, feedback for the performance of
green banking products and services and safety of hard
earn money. This factor explains 13.19 percent of
variance.
V. Conclusion and policy implication
The outcomes of the study reflect that the intention to use
green banking products and services is majorly
determined by the bank policy and strategies to
implement green banking products and services and
make customer look over the risk factor associated with
it by its easy procedures to use green banking products
and services. This can be achieved by improving the
performance of green banking products and services and
the duress will become approval for using green banking
products and services by the customers. Further, result
shows that people are more concerned with the
accessibility and utility of using the green banking
products and services. The customers may use the green
banking products and services if banks' help is available
to them either via print or electronic media or by
employees. In other words help desk of the bank plays
important role. Now it is demand of time that the banks
must understand the urge of creating more and more
awareness programme amongst customers for using
green banking products and services. If the risk
associated is tackled smartly and strategically then
people would like to adopt green banking products and
services instead to use traditional and conventional
manner of banking but banks have to won the confidence
level of people. In simple words, banks have a long way
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to ride which is only possible if they have good
strategies and policies to implement from their end.
References
1. Bahl Sarita (2012): “Green Banking- The New
Strategic Imperative”, Asian Journal of Research in
Business Economics and Management, Vol. 2 Issue 2.
2. Gupta, J (2015): “Role of Green Banking in
Environment Sustainability- A Study of Selected
Commercial Banks in Himachal Pradesh.”
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
and Development, Vol.2, Issue 8 pp. 249-353.
3. Kishore Krishna S.V., Sequeira H Aloysius (2016):
“An Empirical Investigation M- Banking Services
Adoption in Rural Karnataka”, Sage Publication, pp-
1-21.
4. Malliga, A and Revathy, K. (2016): “ Customers
Awareness on Green Banking- An Initiative by
Private Sector in Thehri District” International
Journal of Economic and Business Review, Vol. 4
Issue 5 pp.58-66.
5. Nath, Vikas, Goel Ankit and Singhal Nancy (2017):
“Development of Model on Adoption of Green
Banking in Indian Banking Sector,” IMPACT:
International Journal of Research in Business
Management. Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp.11-20
6. Ritu (2014): 'Green Banking: Opportunities and
Challenges” International journal of Information and
Futuristic Research” Vol.2 Issue 1 pp.34-37
7. Shankar Amit (2016): “Factors Affecting Mobile
Banking Adoption Behavior in India,” Journal of
Internet Banking and Commerce,
8. Shanaya Anantha, Raj N. Ashrith, K. Rai Shivprasad
(2017): A Study on Problems and Prospects of Green
Banking with reference to Coastal Region,
Karnataka, India.” International Journal of Research
in Finance and Marketing, Vol-7, Issue-1, pp 141-
151.
9. Vijai C (2018): “A Study on Customers' Awareness on
Green Banking Initiatives in Selected Public and
Private Sectors Banks with Special Reference to
Cuddalore District”, International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology Vol.7 Issue-11.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
A Study to Analyze the Impact of Performance Appraisal System
on Employee Outcome in Shipping and Logistic Industry
Shweta Uttam
Ph. D. Scholar, AKTU, Lucknow
Narendra Singh
G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management, Greater Noida, INDIA
Abstract: Now- a- days every organization faces a lot
of competition that its working environment requires a
tremendous effort and commitment from employees so
that they can compete in the market place efficiently.
This objective can be achieved effectively through
Performance Appraisal System which analyzes the
performance of the employees and make them aware of
the areas where they lack their performance and need
improvement. This is a crucial method to track
Keywords: Performance Appraisal System, Employee
Outcome, Employee Motivation, Employee
Productivity, Employee Satisfaction, Reward System,
Performance based pay, Employee Promotion,
Employee Feedback.
1. Introduction
The prominence of the organization depends on the
excellence, knowledge and skills of the employee.
Performance Appraisal System is important for any
organizations it analyses the performance of the
employee and train them to enhance their skills &
knowledge. It links the organizational goals with the
p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e e m p l o y e e s . To a c h i e v e
organizational performance assessment of the
employees performance plays an important role.
Performance Appraisal System is considered as an
efficient technique to identify the potential & capacity of
the employee and also improves the job performance
quality of the employee. It is a periodic rating process
which measures the performance of employee against
their Key Performing Areas. Wendell French (1992)
describes Performance Appraisal System as a
systemwhich evaluates the performance of employee
against their pre-defined standards and also giving
feedback of their performance.
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contribution and performance of employees against the
goals of the organization. The employees are appraised
and encouraged to improve their efficiency and
effectiveness, utilize their strength, overcome their
weakness and become competitive to match up the
market competencies. This research paper examines the
influence of Performance Appraisal System on
employees' productivity, motivation and satisfaction
level in shipping and logistic industry.
Performance Appraisal System is a system which
motivates the employees to perform their job in a modest
way by utilizing their potentials and capabilities to the
maximum. The productivity of the organization
increases with the increase in the efficiency &
effectiveness of employee's performance. Performance
Appraisal System plays a crucial role in determining the
enhancement in the salary, delegation of the authority &
responsibility among the potential employees and
inducing an environment which fills the training need
gaps of the employees and motivate them to perform
better.
Performance Appraisal System is a mechanism in which
each employee teams from the other employee and
develops himself into the organizational framework.
Performance Appraisal System is important for every
organization because it improves the productivity of the
employee and enhances their performance. It enables the
employees to recognize their work capabilities and
motivates them to improve their working skills leading
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
to their higher level of satisfaction& commitment
towards job. This creates a sense of responsibility
towards the success of the organization.
Performance Appraisal System is a continuous process
which observes & manages performance of the
employees systematically and thus increases their
morale.
This research paper measures the impact of
Performance Appraisal System on the performance of
the employees especially in Shipping & Logistics
industry in Delhi as well as NCR Region. Performance
Appraisal System is important as it effectively &
efficiently sets a goal oriented process to enhance the
productivity of the employees.
2. Literature Review
Lotich (2018) in order to retain and motivate potential
employees, the organization should implement an
effective performance appraisal system.
Imran. M (2014) Performance Appraisal system should
provide honest feedback in order to improve
communication between the management and the
teachers, to enhance the performance of teachers as well
as the institution.
Nadeem.M.et.al (2014) performance shows its
behavioural and achieving nature through systematic
planning and attainment of pre-established goals and
also emphasizes on the procedures to attain them.
Nyongesa. P.et.al (2014) explains performance
appraisal system as a technique to improve the
performance of employees by integrating their objective
with those of the organization. It involves setting of the
objectives, evaluation and feedback on individual's
performance.
Sindhi. S (2013) The present education system focuses
on learning and development therefore uses 360°
performance appraisal system to evaluate the
performance of teachers. This system makes the
teachers more competent and intellectual and thus
increasing the performance of institutes.
Aggarwal. A, Thakur. G (2013) Performance Appraisal
System plays an important role in strengthening the
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work performance, communication skills of the
employees and make them realize their potentials and
capabilities to perform. Performance Appraisal System
evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of the
employees.
Joshi. M (2013) Performance Appraisal system prevents
grievance among employees and promotes equity and
justice. It also helps in making decisions related to
promotion in organizations.
Boachie-Mensah. F, Seidu. P (2012) Performance
Appraisal System is supported by employee only when
it becomes a means of their self-development to enhance
their knowledge & skills and be competent with others.
Toppo.L, Prusty.T (2012) focused only on the evolution
of Performance Appraisal System.
Daoanis (2012) Performance Appraisal System is
related to employee commitment. Employee motivation
is related with employee loyalty, efficiency & initiatives
of doing work and rewards they receive for it.
Omboi Bernard Messah, and Shadrack M. Kamencu
(2011) Performance of employees get influence in
Kenya. Tea development agency by factors like training,
performance based pay & management by
objectives.TassewShiferawGizaw (2010) favourable
work environment with proper rules & regulations
motivates employees to perform better at their
workplace.
Zapata-Phelan et al (2009) Performance Appraisal
System helps the managers in making decisions
regarding promotions, specific pay rates, training needs
and factors that motivates the employees.
AL-Hussami, (2008) Analysed that organizational
commitment & job satisfaction are inter- related with the
fact that the former shows the desire of employees to
work in the organization & the later shows the interest
with which it is performed.
Bhatti and Qureshi (2007) performance of employees is
positively affected by job satisfaction, employee
participation, employee commitment and employee
productivity
Khan (2007) administrative decisions of the
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
management get assistance from performance appraisal
system in the matter regarding promotions, firings,
layoffs and pay increments.
Stone (2005) effective performance appraisal system
act as a medium for the evaluation of employee
performance within the organization.
Cook and Crossman (2004) performance appraisal
system plays an instrument in enhancing the skills of
employee and implementing strategic initiatives to
upgrade their performance.
Boswell and Boudreau (2002) performance appraisal
system makes employee aware of their capabilities and
potentials and provide feedback for identifying their
training needs.
Mullins, (1999) performance appraisal system reveals
knowledge and outcome of the work performed by the
employees by providing sufficient feedback on their
performance.
Dobbins (1994) performance appraisal system evaluates
the performance of employee, considers their
contribution in accomplishing the objectives and
productivity of the organization and reward them for
their work performance.
3. Objective
1. To examine the impact of Performance Appraisal
System on motivation level of employees
2. To study the impact of Performance Appraisal System
on productivity of employees.
3. To study the impact of Performance Appraisal System
on satisfaction level of employees.
Hypothesis
1. H1. Performance Appraisal System strongly impacts
the Motivational level of Employee.
2. H2. Performance Appraisal System strongly impacts
the Employee Productivity.
3. H3. Performance Appraisal System strongly impacts
the satisfaction level of employees.
4. Research Methodology
The nature of the research conducted is exploratory. The
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survey conducted in Delhi-NCR region comprehends
240 respondents through convenient sampling
technique from different shipping and logistics
companies.
The respondents were shared a questionnaire containing
26 statements related to Performance Appraisal System
and Employee Outcome, developed on a Likert scale of
7 points ranging from strongly agree (7) to strongly
disagree (1).
The result is calculated and analyzed through regression
using IBM SPSS.21 and model fit is checked through
Confirmatory Factor Analysis using Structure Equation
Modelling, AMOS. This research study measures the
effect of PAS on the performance of employees using
constructs Reward System, Performance Feedback,
Performance Based Pay and Employee Promotion for
performance appraisal system and Employee
Productivity, Employee Motivation and Employee
Satisfaction for employee outcome.
5. Findings
Impact of Performance Appraisal System and
Motivational level of Employee.
The hypothesis H1 list if Performance Appraisal System
impacts motivational level of employee strongly. The
dependent variable employee motivation was regressed
with independent Variables- Reward System,
Performance feedback, Performance Based Pay &
Employee Promotion to test the first hypothesis H1. They
significantly predicted employee motivation, F(4, 29) =
83.99, p<0.05. It indicates that independent variables,
performance based pay and employee promotion
constitute an effective Performance Appraisal System,
which plays a significant role in establishing an impact
on motivational level of an employee (p<0.05) whereas
reward system(p=0.591) and performance
feedback(p=0.536) show less or no significant role on
the motivational level of employees. Over all the result
clearly indicates a positive impact of Performance
Appraisal System on motivational level of an employee.
The R2=0.931 shows that the model explains 93.1% of
the deviation in motivational level of the employee.
Examining the individual contribution of the predictors
the result shows that the independent variables,
performance based pay and employee promotion hold
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
an upper edge over reward system and performance
feedback in determining the impact on the motivational
level of the employees. Overall the regression model
shows significant (p<0.05) impact of Performance
Appraisal System on Motivational Level of employees.
Summary of the findings –
Impact of Performance Appraisal System on
Employee Productivity.
The hypothesis H2 list if Performance Appraisal System
impacts productivity of employees strongly. The
dependent variable employee productivity was
regressed with independent Variables- Reward System,
Performance feedback, Performance Based Pay &
Employee Promotion to test the second hypothesis H2.
They significantly predicted employee productivity, F
(4, 29) = 600.289, p<0.05. It indicates that independent
variables, reward system, performance based pay and
employee promotion constitute an effective
Performance Appraisal System, which plays a
significant role in establishing an impact on productivity
level of an employee (P<0.05) whereas performance
feedback(p=0.182) plays no significant role. Overall
result clearly indicates a positive impact of Performance
Appraisal System on employee productivity. The
R2=.990 shows that the model explains 99% of the
deviation in productivity level of the employee.
Examining the individual contribution of the predictors
the result shows that the independent variables reward
system, performance based pay and employee
Gayanodaya - 2023
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promotion hold an upper edge over performance
feedback in determining the impact on the employee
productivity. Overall the regression model shows
significant impact of Performance Appraisal System on
Productivity Level of employees. Summary of the
findings -
b.Predictors: (Constant), Employee Promotion, Performance Feedback, Performance based Pay,
Reward System
Impact of Performance Appraisal System on
Employee Satisfaction.
The hypothesis H3 list if Performance Appraisal System
impacts satisfaction level of employees strongly. The
dependent variable employee satisfaction was regressed
with independent Variables- Reward System,
Performance feedback, Performance Based Pay &
Employee Promotion to test the third hypothesis H3.
They significantly predicted employee satisfaction, F (4,
29) = 33.648, p<0.05. It indicates that independent
variables, reward system and employee promotion
constitute an effective Performance Appraisal System,
which plays a significant role in establishing an impact
on satisfaction level of an employee (P<0.05) whereas
performance feedback(p= 0.140) and performance
based pay(p=0.981) show less or no significant role on
satisfaction level of employees. Overall the result
clearly indicates a positive impact of Performance
Appraisal System on employee satisfaction. The
R2=.843 shows that the model explains 84.3% of the
deviation in satisfaction level of the employee.
Examining the individual contribution of the predictors
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
the result shows that the independent variables reward
system and employee promotion hold an upper edge
over performance feedback and performance based pay
in determining the impact on the employee productivity.
Overall the regression model shows significant impact
of Performance Appraisal System on Satisfaction Level
of employees. Summary of the findings –
Table 5.3.3 Coefficients
From the above explanations we can easily conclude
that Performance Appraisal System shows significant
impact on Employee Productivity, Satisfaction level and
Employee Motivation.
Model fit
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted on the
Performance Appraisal System and Employee Outcome
from the employees sample using the AMOS SEM. The
model illustrated in figure 4.4.1.was tested where pas
corresponds to performance appraisal system and eo
stands for employee outcome.
There are number of tests to find out whether the
Structural Equation Model (SEM) fits the observed data.
In this research paper five fit indices has been used to
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identify overall goodness of fit. These five fit indices are-
(CMIN/DF) < 5 is advised, (RMR) <0.08 is preferred,
(GFI) >0.90 is suggested, (AGFI) > 0.9 is advised and
(CFI) > 0.90 is set forth.
Fig 5.4.1. Proposed Model to Show the Relationship between
Performance Appraisal System and Employee Outcome.
The statistics for the model are as follows- (CMIN/DF)
=2.81 p=0.013 RMR=0.05 CFI=.910 GFI=0.932
AGFI=0.9. Most of these figures show that the model fits
the data adequately. The Chi-Square statistic is
significant as (CMIN/DF) <5. AGIF, GFI and CFI
indicate satisfactory fit. The RMR figure is also
preferable i.e. <0.08.
The Standardized Regression Weights for the Model are
shown in figure 4.4.2.
Fig 5.4.2. Proposed Model to Show the Relationship between
Performance Appraisal System and Employee Outcome with
Standardized Regression Weights.
In reference to the above explanation the statistics shows
that the model fits the data satisfactorily and the
regression weights between pas and eo (0.62) exhibits
that there is a relative impact of performance appraisal
system on employee outcome.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
6. Conclusion
Performance Appraisal System being an effective
program plays a significant role in every organization as
it helps in developing competent and skilled employees
who in turn becomes a source in gaining competitive
advantage over other organizations. Performance
Appraisal System helps in enhancing the motivation
level of employees as when appreciated and recognized
for their contribution in the organization, employees
become motivated to perform better and achieves
organizational goals more effectively and efficiently.
Motivation factors likeincentives, promotions, salary
increment, rewards etc., enhance work performance of
the employees.
This study exhibits that motivation and confidence level
of employee increases when they are appreciated and
rewarded for their work performance and thus performs
more challenging tasks at their job. Employee tends to
become more creative and innovative with their ideas in
organization. Employees are provided with training
after their performance assessment so that they may
show improvement in their service quality with
minimum number of errors and satisfycustomers with
timely responsiveness. The employees show efficiency
in their work by reducing duplication and thus
enhancing their productivity.
Employees are attracted towards the compensation
policy of any organization. They feel secure about their
job when provided benefits like incentive bonus scheme
and other policies which make them feel satisfied in the
organization. Better pay and wages system with
promotions motivate employees to perform better in
their job.
7. Recommendations
Provide challenging opportunities to employees to show
their potentials before starting Performance Appraisal
Process. Unbiased and proper feedback system should
be implemented to evaluate the performance of the
employees.
Key Result Areas should be clearly defined indicating
their job expectations and responsibilities and the ways
in which they could be performed more effectively and
efficiently. A proper mechanism should be maintained to
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track and handle the problems effectively. Progress
record of employees should be maintained to evaluate
and improve their productivity.
Satisfaction among the employees should be created by
following fair pay policy and increments should be
provided according to their performance.
An action plan should be customised according to the
strength and potentials of the employee to get better
outcomes.
References
1. Devina Upadhyay & Anu Gupta (2012) “Efficacy of
Performance Management System”: An Empirical
Study at ICICI Bank international Journal of
Advanced Research in Management and Social
Sciences ISSN: 2278-6236 Vol. 1 |No. 3 | September
2 0 1 2 . Av a i l a b l e o n l i n e o n
www.garph.co.ukIJARMSS/216
2. Edward E. Lawler (2012) Performance Management
and Reward Systems Centre for Effective
Organizations, University of Southern California
3. Ellen V. Rubin, (2011). Appraising Performance
Appraisal Systems in the Federal Government: A
Literature Review, Preliminary Findings, and
Prospects for Future Research, The Public
Management Research Conference Syracuse
University.
4. Flippo, Edward. (1976)” The Principles of Personal
Management.” Tokyo, McGraw Hill Publication
Kogukush Limited.
5. Gupta, C. B. (2003), “Human Resource
Management”, Himalaya Publication, New Delhi.
6. Pareek Udai, Rao T.V. (2015), “Designing and
Managing Human Resource Systems.” Oxford &
IBH Publishing Co Pvt Ltd.
7. Durai Pravin. (2012), “Human Resource
Management.” Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt Ltd.
8. Johannes Berge (2010). Institute for the Study of
Labour Performance Appraisals and the Impact of
Forced Distribution: An Experimental Investigation
IZA DP No.5020 schungs institute
9. Kothari. C. R. (2000), “Research Methodology”,
Wiswa Prakasan, Mumbai.
10. Krishna Swami. D. R. (1993) “Methodology of
Research in Social Science”, Himalaya Publishing
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
House, Mumbai.
11. Lawrence Kleiman. S. (2003), “Human Resource
Management.”New Delhi, Bizantra.
12. Miah Khasro, (2012). Performance Management
System in UK Retail Industry: A Case Study Far
East Journal of Psychology and Business, Vol. 7 No.
3 involving the Moderating Role of Motivation.”
13. Mamoria C. B. (2003). “Personnel Management”,
Himalaya Publication, New Delhi.
14. Roger sumlin, (2010). Performance management-
“Impacts& Trends” White Paper, Development
Dimensions international
15. Appelbaum Steven H., Roy Michel, Gilliland Terry
(2011), “Globalization of Performance Appraisal:
Theory and Application.” Management Decisions,
Vol 49.
16. Garengo Patrizia, Sardi Alberto, Nudurupati Sai
Sudhakar, ”Human Resource Management in the
Performance Measurement and Management
(PMM) Domain: A bibliometric review.”
International Journal of Productivity and
Performance Management, IJPPM-04-2020-0177,
Emerald Publishing Limited.
17. Onyebuchi Obiekwe, Orusa Ejo, Henry(2019), “
Impact of Performance Appraisal on Performance
of Business Organization: A Theoretical Review.”
EPRA International Journal of Economic and
Business Review, Vol 7, e ISSN: 2347-9671, p
ISSN: 2349- 0187
18. Islami Xhavit, Mulolli Enis, Mustafa Naim(2018), “
Gayanodaya - 2023
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Using Management by Objectives as Performance
Appraisal Toolfor Employee Satisfaction.” Future
Business Journal, Vol 4, Pg 94-108
19. Iqbal Nadeem, Ahmad Naveed, Haider Zeeshan,
Qurat-ul-ain Batool Yumna(2013), “ Impact of
Performance Appraisal on Employee Performance
Arabian Journal of Business and Management
Review, Vol 3.
20. Bagul D.B (2014), “Study of Employee's
Performance appraisal System.” Scholarly
Research Journal for Humanity Science and English
Language, Vol-1, Issue II, ISSN: 2348-3083, Pg
287-292.
21. Ponmuthumari. Dr.S(2020) , “A Study on
Effectiveness of Performance Appraisal System in
Manufacturing Sector.” International Journal of
Advanced Science and Technology, Vol-29, ISSN:
2005-4238, PP 3733-3738.
22. Kumar Mukesh, Shirley Dr.N, Singh. Dr.G.D(2017),
“Employee's Performance Appraisal System and its
Implication for Individual and Organizational
Growth.” International Journal of Enhanced
Research in Management and Computer
Applications, Vol-6, Issue I, ISSN: 2319-7471.
23. Bretz. Robert. D, Milkovich. George. T, Read.
Walter(1992), “The Current State of Performance
Appraisal Research and Practice: Concern,
Directions and Implications.” Journal of
Management, Vol-18, Issue 20.
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Study of Newspapers Reading Behavior among

Young and Old Readers
Dr. Meenu Kumar
Devi Ahilya University, Indore
kmeenu763@gmail.com
Ms. Nida Sarfaraz
Assistant Professor (MBA Department)
IEC College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, INDIA
Dr. Shakti Prakash
Professor & Head (MBA Department)
IEC College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, INDIA

Abstract: Newspapers is the most economical and
easily accessible mass media which not only inform but
also entertain and educate its readers. In spite of
emergence of other mass media like radio, television and
social media, newspapers reading is still prevalent in
India for latest information from all over the world.. The
circulation of print newspapers is declining sharply in
western countries but its decrease is slow in India.
Shifting of print on digital platform provides
convenience and easier way to access their newspapers.
The present study focuses on newspaper reading
behavior of young and old readers. The objectives of the
study was the comparison in newspaper reading, the
language in which readers read newspapers, their
preference to traditional print or online/ digital version,
frequency and time spend on reading newspapers and
primary motive of reading newspaper. Further study also
explores the association between newspaper reading and
demographic characteristics. The result indicates that
most of the young and old respondents read newspapers
and young read more than old, English language and
online newspapers preferred among young while Hindi
language and print is liked among older one. Most of the
young and old respondents read newspaper daily
spending 15 minutes to get latest information. The result
also indicates that reading is independent of marital
status and education but is associated with gender,
occupation and income.

Keywords: Newspaper, reading, male, and female

respondents.

Introduction Newspaper helps to develop analytical reading, writing

Newspaper is an excellent source of latest information
and keep mass audience updated..It not only inform but
also develop critical thinking by providing detailed and
indepth coverage. It is used for education,
entertainment, relaxation, warding off stress and
increasing confidence.
Newspapers carry current information and inform their
readers about the vents and happenings within and
outside their immediate environments.(Ola and Ojo1,
2007)
and reasoning and the editorials of newspapers and
magazines are significant sources of arguments and
information. (Debaryshe2, 2008)
Pandey3 (2010) also suggest newspapers as the most
conventional and popular medium to convey news to the
readers at local, regional, national and international
level providing information about the latest around the
world through a network of correspondents and news
agencies.
Lazzaro4 (2014) found “newspaper reading as a mean
through which individuals access the news, information

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
and opinions on a wide range of topics, including
economic, political, social and cultural ones”
The existence of newspapers were challenged with the
advent of every new mass medium like radio, television
and now social media, and to cope up with, many
newspapers are also disseminating information through
digital platform but newspapers traditional or digital
remain the major source of information on latest
happenings.
The irony is that the readership of print newspapers is
declining in many western countries and more readers
are turning toward online counterpart as immediacy,
interactivity, archive, multi mediacy are making online
newspapers lucrative.
The report of Audit Bureau of Circulation (2022)5,
conducted after two years, for the period January-June
2022 present a gloomy picture of print newspaper
industry which revealed 20-30% drop in circulation
figures in comparison to the previous audited
circulation data. However experts attribute the sharp
decline in circulation of dailies because certain editions
exclude from ABC reporting.
In India also, young readers prefer to online newspapers.
The increasing literacy rate and internet penetration are
catalyzing the growth of online consumption of news.
But remarkably, unlike western countries where the
digital revolution posing a serious threats to even the
best-funded publications, in India the traditional and
new media are thriving side by side.
In India the young generation is preferring news on
online platform accessing through different gadgets, the
middle class and older generation still liking traditional
print newspapers and this results a unique situation in
India.
Many readers are using both print as well as online
newspapers to maximize the information or
entertainment offer in which they are interested. (Dutta-
Bergman6 (2004)).
This present study focuses on audience newspaper
reading behavior, their preference to print and online
newspapers and the association of demographic factors
with newspaper reading habit.
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Objectives of the study:
The present study has been conducted with the
following objectives:
1. To compare newspaper reading between young and
adults respondents.
2. To compare language of newspaper reading between
young and adults respondents.
3. To compare preference to online or print newspaper
between young and adults respondents.
4. To compare frequency of newspaper reading between
young and adults respondents.
5. To compare time spent on newspaper reading between
young and adults respondents.
6. To study the association of demographic factors with
newspapers reading.
Literature Review
Many studies have been conducted to reveal the
newspapers reading behavior of readers.
Sharma and Saini7( 2019) conducted research on
newspaper reading habit of students of University
College Kurukshetra. The result indicates that most of
the respondents read newspaper daily and they prefer
Hindi language to read newspapers. The respondents
also found newspaper the best sources of information
providing knowledge of every field.
Similarly, Ahmad JahedMushtaq 8 , (2014), also
investigated the habits of reading newspaper among the
students in Al-Beroni University of Afghanistan and the
factors affecting their habits of reading newspaper.
103students in Literature & Language faculty in Al-
Beroni University of Afghanistan were surveyed. The
result indicates poor reading habits among the students
and they devote about 30 minutes per day in reading
newspaper. Further the result shows that radio and TV
are the most dominant factor which affect reading
habits.
Research conducted by CHEN Chih-Chung9 (2014),
revealed that large percentage of Japanese read
newspapers, and are highly loyal toward newspapers.
But the young generation have much lower reading rate
and loyalty than the elders which may pose big problem
for Japanese newspapers.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Another study conducted by C. Krishnamurthy and
Veeresh H. Awari10.( 2015), focusing on some leading
dailies in kannad and English language explored the
newspaper reading habits of post-graduate students of
Karnatak University, Dharwad. The objective of the
study was to understand purpose of reading newspapers,
time devoted, areas of interest, extent to which students
depends upon print than other media and their
suggestions. The result indicates that majority of
students read Kannad followed by English newspapers.
Further 65.41 % students devote less than an hour and
28.57 % spend 1 and ½ hours and only 4.08% devote two
hours in reading newspapers. Majority of students find
newspaper as an effective source of news and very less
number of students are accessing internet to read
newspapers. As far as purpose was concerned, most of
the students expressed the general information as main
motive to read newspapers.
One more study was conducted among the students of
Krunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore to
explore newspapers uses. 434 students were surveyed to
collect primary data and the result indicated that most of
the students read newspaper daily spending 1-2 hours
and Tamil and English language were found to be the
most favorite language. (N Shiva Kumar and N.
Tamilsela11, 2015)
Leo O.N. et al (2015)12surveyed 300 youths of Anambra
State, Nigeria in order to know the newspapers which is
read most, the frequency of reading, types of stories they
read and the ways through which they obtained the
newspapers they read. The result shows that The Sun,
The Guardian, Complete Sports and The Vanguard are
the most read newspapers and the sports, political and
economic news are mostly like and read by youths.
However the result reveals that most of the youths do not
buy newspapers.
Bryan Anderson13 ( 2018) examined the relation
between education, income, and age with newspaper
use and whether education is a predictor of media
platform preference and the result reveals significant
correlation between newspaper usage and education,
income, and age.
The research of Bharucha Jehangir14 (2017) who
analyzed the newspaper reading patterns among the
youth to explore how regular they read newspaper, the
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time devoted, most read newspapers, and sections of
newspapers read most by students and opinion about
electronic reading online newspaper and the result
indicated that they do not readnewspaper regularly.
Their preferences to sections in a newspaper vary from
person to person on the basis of their gender, age,
education and career.
Akanda and Haque15 (2013) In their study on title
“Newspaper reading habits of university graduate
students in Bangladesh: A case study”, surveyed
graduate students of social science faculty of university
of Rahshahi in Bangladesh to explore the newspapers
reading habits of students and it was revealed that
Bengali and English newspapers are most read and the
international section of the newspaper is the most
preferred section.
Research design
Present study uses descriptive cross sectional research to
carry out the research.
Population: People of Indore city are taken as the
population for the study.
Sampling:100 respondents were surveyed selected
through convenience sampling method. In the present
study the respondents from 18 to 35 years are taken as
young and above 35 are considered as old .
Data Collection Instruments – Questionnaire: The
study is based on primary data collected through
questionnaire.
Scale for measurement: The five point Likert scale (5-
Strongly agreed, 4 –Disagreed, 3-Neutral, 2- agreed and
1- Strongly agreed) has been used to measure the
agreement of the customers.
Statistical Tools: For comparing male and female
readers' newspaper reading behavior, frequency has
been used. Statistical software SPSS 20 has been used to
know the association between readers demography and
newspaper reading through chi square test of
independence.
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Data Analysis
1. Demographic Profiles of Respondents
The demographic analysis of respondents reveals that
64 % are male and 36% respondents are female. As far
as marital status is concerned, 47 respondents are
married and 53 are unmarried. The respondent's age
have been grouped in two groups- young and old and the
result shows that 34 respondents fall in age group of 21-
30 years with, 32 are 31-40 years, 27 in age group of 41-
50 years and only 6 respondents are of above 50 years.
Qualification wise respondents were classified in Above
Post Graduate, Post Graduate, and below Post Graduate.
9respondents are only above Post Graduate followed by
Post Graduate whose number is 55.The number of
Graduate respondents is30 and below Graduate are only
7 respondents.
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Occupation wise no of students respondents is 49,
service class, business class and housewives are 36, 8
and 7 respectively.
Income wise respondents are divided into 5 categories-
below 3 lakh, 3-4.9 lakh, 5-6.9 lakh, 7-8.9lakh and above
9 lakh and the numbers are 63, 16.13, 5 and 3
respectively.
2. Newspaper reading among young and old
respondents: Table No 2 presents the reading of
newspapers age wise and it reveals that out of 71young,
56read newspaper and 15 do not read. Among old only
13 read newspaper whereas 18 do not read newspapers.
The result is also presented in fig no 2.
3. Language of newspaper reading among young and
old respondents: Table No 3 deals with language of
newspaper in which young and old read newspapers and
it shows that among young respondents 32 read
newspaper in Hindi, 39 read in English language.
Among old respondents23 read newspaper in Hindi, 6 in
English languages. The result indicates that Hindi is
most preferred language among old but English is liked
by young readers. The result is also presented in Fig 3.
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Table No 5: Age wise frequency of reading newspapers

4. Preference to online or print newspaper reading

among young and old respondents: Table no 4
presents preferences of male and female respondents to
print newspapers and online newspapers.

Table No 4: Preference to online or print newspaper gender wise

On examining the table it is found that 40 % young read
online newspapers, 26% read print newspapers and 4%
read both print and online newspapers. As far as old
respondents are concerned, 15% read print newspapers
14% read online newspapers and only 2% read both
newspapers. The overall result reveals that online
newspapers are more preferred in both the gender than
print newspapers. The result is also represented in Fig no 4.
6. Time spent on newspaper reading by young and
old respondents: Table no 6 represents time spent on
newspaper reading and it shows that41 young
respondents spend 15 minutes 25 respondents spend 16-
30 minutes, 5 spend 31 to 45 minutes and in reading
newspaper. Out of 29old respondents 14 read newspaper
only for 15 minutes, 11 respondents read upto 30
minutes and 4 read newspaper for 45.
Table No 6:Age wise time spent on reading newspapers

Following Fig no 6 also represents the same.

5. Frequency of reading newspapers among young

and old respondents: Frequency of reading
newspapers means how often respondents read
newspapers and Table No 5 shows that out of 71young
37 read newspaper daily, 27 read once in a week and 7
young respondents read only on weekends. Among old
respondents,20 respondents read newspaper daily 8 read 7. Association of demographic factors with
once in week and 1 read on weekends. The overall result newspapers reading:
shows majority of respondents read newspaper daily and
this has been shown in Fig no 5. The Table no 8 reveals the association of reading
newspapers with demographic characteristics of
readers.

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
On examining the table, it has been found that reading
newspaper is independent of marital status and
qualification as the calculated value of χ 2value for
these dimensions (3.408 and 7.305)are less than table
value(3.814 and 7.815 and p-value is also > than .05.But
gender, age, Occupation and Income are associated with
people'snewspaper reading. The table shows that for age
the χ 2 value for gender is 5.902 which is more than
Table value 3.841 and p value is also < than .05 which
suggest there is association between gender and reading
newspapers and male read more newspaper than
females.
Similarly, reading newspaper is not independent in
terms of age as the Pearson coefficient -χ 2value is
14.128 which is more than table value of 3.841 and p
value is < .05 which suggest association age with
reading and table shows young respondents (61%) read
newspapers more than adults (21%).
Table No 8: Association of demographic factors with newspapers
reading
On examining the association between reading and
occupation the calculated valueofχ2 is 29.326 which is
more than table value 7.815 and p -value < .05. It again
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suggest the strong association between the two and table
reveals that students read newspapers more (44%)
while service class, business class and house wives read
less newspaper (25%, 7% and 6% respectively).
As far as income dimension of demography is
concerned, the study again reveals strong association as
the χ 2value is found to be 23.638 and p-value is.000
revealing that the reading is not independence and lower
income group read more newspapers and higher income
group read less newspapers.
Findings
The result of the study reveals that majority of people
read newspapers and young respondents read
newspapers more than old. Hindi is the more preferred
language among old but young readers prefer to read
newspapers in English, The result further discloses that
most of the youngr espondents prefer online newspaper
reading but old still prefer print newspapers. The
digitization is changing the media environment and it is
visible in newspaper reading habit also. As far as
frequency and time spend on newspaper reading is
concerned majority of respondents irrespective of age
read newspaper daily and they spend about 15 minutes
on it.
Reading newspaper is independent of marital status and
education as chi square value reveals no association
between newspaper reading and education and marital
status but age , occupation and income shows
association and the result shows that young, students and
low income group people read newspaper more.
Reference
1. Akobundu, D. (2009). "Strategies for preservation
and increased access to newspapers in Nigerian
university libraries".Retrieved on January 28, 2015
from: http//www.digitalcommons. unl.edu/
egi/viewcont.
2. Debaryshe, B. D. (2008). Joint picture-book reading
correlates of early oral language skill. Journal Of
child Language, 20(2)Ola, C. O. and Ojo, R.J.
(2006). "Creating electronic access to newspaper
information in Nigeria: The information aid
network (IFA net) experience". Education Research
and Reviews. Vol. 1 (7), pp. 196-200.
109
Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
3. Pandey,E.A.(2010), “The Role of newspaper in the
Society”. http:// www.indiastudychannel.com/
resources/ 112265-The-Role-Newspapers-
society.aspx
4. Lazzaro E., Frateschi C. (2017). "Couples' arts
participation: assessing individual and joint time
use", Journal of Cultural Economics, 41(1): 47–69.
5. Audit Bureau of Circulation (2022)
6. Dutta-Bergman, M.J. (2004), “Complementarity in
Consumption of News Types across Traditional and
New Media”, Journal of Broadcasting and
Electronic Media 48(1): 41–60.
7. Sharma, Chetan & Saini, Rajni. (2019). Newspaper
Reading Habit among the Students of University
College Kurukshetra: A Case Study. Library
Philosophy and Practice. 2019.
8. Ahmad JahedMushtaq, 2014. "Newspaper reading
habits of Undergraduates in Al-Beroni University of
Afghanistan," Studies in Social Sciences and
Humanities, Research Academy of Social Sciences,
vol. 1(4), pages 140-145.
9. Chih-Chung, Chen, (2014), Research on Newspaper
Reading Habit in Japan: An Empirical Study. 3rd
International Conference on Science and Social
Research. Xianghong Huang, eds., Atlantis Press,
636-641
10. C. Krishnamurthy and Veeresh H. Awari10.( 2015),
“Newspaper Reading Habits among Post-Graduate
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Students of Karnatak University, Dharwad”
DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information
Technology, Vol. 35, No. 1, January, pp. 25-29
11. N ShivaKumar and N. Tamilsela. ( 2015), “
Newspaper reading habits of college students : A
case study of KalaignnarKarunidhi Institute of
technology, International Journal of Library science
and Research ( IJLSR), Vol. 5, issue 2, pp31-36
12. Leo O.N. Edegoh, Nkiru C. Ezeh and Aniebo C.
Samson., ( 2015), “Evaluation of Newspaper
Reading Habits of Youths in Anambra State,
Nigeria” , New Media and Mass Communication
Vol.37
13. Anderson, Bryan. ( 2018), “Influence of
Education, Income and Age on Newspaper Use and
Platform Preference”108 - Elon Journal of
Undergraduate Research in Communications, Vol.
9, No. 1 Spring 2018
14. JehangirBharucha. ( 2017), “An Analysis Of
Newspaper Reading Patterns Among The Youth”,
International Journal of English and Education
ISSN: 2278-4012, Volume:6, Issue:1, January 2017
pp138-146
15. Akanda, E. A., &Haque, M. A. (2013), “Newspaper
reading habits of university graduate students in
Bangladesh: A case study. IMPACT”, International
Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social
Sciences, 1(3), 1-8.
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A Review on Design Techniques of Two Stage

CMOS OP-AMP
Shahid Khan1, Utkarsh Srivastava2 and Prabhakar Sharma3
Electronics & Communication Department,
ITSEC, Greater Noida, U.P.-201310 INDIA
1
shahid.ece@its.edu.in, 2utkarshsrivastavamks_ece19@its.edu.in, 3prabhakarsharma@its.edu.in

Abstract: In a never ending effort to reduce power
consumption and gate oxide thickness, the integrated
circuitry industry is constantly developing small power
supplies. This paper will examine some of the specific
challenges, of and proposed solution to, designing one
of the most popular and widely used analog building
blocks, the Operational Amplifier and a well defined
method for the design of a two –stage CMOS OP-AMP
is presented.

Keywords: 2 stage Op-AMP, Low voltage, Stability,

Frequency compensation.

1. Introduction meets all specifications needs a good compensation

An Operational Amplifier is a high gain differential
amplifier which can be used as summer, integrator,
differentiator etc. Operational Amplifiers are an integral
part of many analog and mixed signal systems. In
designing an Op-Amp, numerous electrical
characteristic, e.g., gain bandwidth, slew rate, common
mode range, output swing offset all have to be taken into
account. Since the op-amps are designed to be operated
with negative feedback connection, frequency
compensation is necessary for closed loop stability.
Power dissipation can be reduced by reducing either
supply voltage or total current in the circuit or by
reducing the both. As the input current is lowered though
power dissipation is reduced, dynamic range is
degraded. As the supply voltage decreases, it also
becomes increasingly difficult to keep transistors in
saturation with the voltage headroom available. Another
concern that draws from supply voltage scaling is the
threshold voltage of the transistor. A decrease in supply
voltage without a similar decrease in threshold voltage
leads to biasing issues. In order to achieve the required
degree of stability, generally indicated by phase margin,
other performance parameters are usually
compromised. As a result, designing an op-amp that
strategy and design methodology [1].This paper
presents different topology for designing a low power
two stage cmos op-amp.
2. TwoStage CMOS Op Amp
Operational Amplifiers are the backbone for many
analog circuit designs. Op-Amps are one of the basic and
important circuits which have a wide application in
several analog circuits such as switched capacitor filters,
algorithmic, pipelined and sigma delta A/D converter,
sample and hold amplifier etc. The speed and accuracy
of these circuits depends on the bandwidth and DC gain
of the Op-amp. Larger the bandwidth and gain, higher
the speed and accuracy of the amplifier Op-amp are a
critical element in analog sampled data circuit, such as
SC filters, modulators. Two-stage OP-AMP mainly
consists of a cascade of Voltage to Current and Current
to voltage stages. The first stage consists of a differential
amplifier converting the differential input voltage to
differential currents. These differential currents are
applied to a current mirror load recovering the
differential voltage. The second stage consists of
common source MOSFET converting the second stage
input voltage to current. This transistor is loaded by a
current sink load, which converts the current to voltage
at the output. Figure 1 shows the specific two-stage

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
CMOS op-amp. The second stage is also nothing more
than the current sink inverter.[15] The common source
second stage increases the DC gain by an order of
magnitude and maximizes the output signal swing for a
given voltage supply. This is important in reducing the
power consumption. If the Op -Amp must drive a low
resistance load the second stage must be followed by a
buffer stage whose objective is to lower the output
resistance and maintain a large signal swing. Bias circuit
is provided to establish the operating point for each
transistor in its quiescent stage. Compensation is
required to achieve stable closed loop performance.
Figure.1 Block Diagram of Two Stage OP-amp
3. Two Stage CMOS Op Amp Design
The key criterion of this report is to operate with lower
power supply and achieving less power consumption,
low settling time, and reasonable gain. The operational
amplifier drives the small capacitive loads also. The
reported low power low voltage amplifiers using
classical schemes have good small signal characteristics
but their slew rate is small. By using the same technique
slew rate is improved, as well as lower power dissipation
is achieved. Also as the transistors are operated at weak
and moderate inversion of MOS transistor, the op-amp
operates at low power as well as low voltage. There are
two different topologies for designing a cmos op-amp
has been described, figure 2 shows two stage cmos op-
amp proposed by Purviet.all[10] and figure 3 shows the
two stage cmos op-amp proposed by
P.K.Sinhaet.all[11].The circuit showed in figure.2
Consists of a cascode of Voltage to Current and Current
to voltage stages. First stage consist of a differential
amplifier of NMOS transistor (M1, M2) converting the
differential input voltage to differential currents. Which
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are applied to a current mirror load of PMOS transistor
(M3, M4) recovering the voltage [15]. Transistors M1,
M2, M3, and M4 form the first stage of the op amp the
differential amplifier with differential to single ended
transformation. Transistors M1 and M2 are standard N
channel MOSFET (NMOS) transistors which form the
basic input stage of the amplifier. The gate of M1 is the
inverting input and the gate of M2 is the non-inverting
input. A differential input signal applied across the two
input terminals will be amplified according to the gain of
the differential stage. The gain of the stage is simply the
transconductance of M2 times the total output resistance
seen at the drain of M2. The two main resistances that
contribute to the output resistance are that of the input
transistors themselves and also the output resistance of
the active load transistors, M3 and M4. The current
mirror active load used in this circuit has three distinct
advantages. First, the use of active load devices creates a
large output resistance in a relatively small amount of
die area. The current mirror topology performs the
differential to single-ended conversion of the input
signal, and finally, the load also helps with common
mode rejection ratio. In this stage, the conversion from
differential to single ended is achieved by using a
current mirror (M3 and M4). The current from M1 is
mirrored by M3 and M4 and subtracted from the current
from M2. The differential current from M1 and M2
multiplied by the output resistance of the first stage
gives the single-ended output voltage, which constitutes
the input of the second gain stage.
The second stage consists of common source MOSFET
converting the second stage input voltage to current.
This transistor is loaded by a current sink load, which
converts the current to voltage at the output. CL is the
load capacitor and Cc is the compensation capacitor
required for stability. The purpose of the second gain
stage, as the name implies, is to provide additional gain
in the amplifier. Consisting of transistors M5 and M6,
this stage takes the output from the drain of M2 and
amplifies it through M5 which is in the standard
common source configuration. Again, similar to the
differential gain stage, this stage employs an active
device, M6, to serve as the load resistance for M5. The
gain of this stage is the transconductance of M5 times
the effective load resistance comprised of the output
resistances of M5 and M6. M6 is the driver while M7
acts as the load.
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The circuit diagram of two stage op-amp shown in figure
3 consists of twelve transistors.The circuit comprises of
active load, differential amplifier, and current mirror for
biasing, output buffer stage. The current source provides
the necessary biasing needed. M5 and M8 are used to
reduce the fluctuations in current to give constant
current for driving. M3 and M4 (current mirror)
provides necessary current to output stage or to bias the
output stage.M6 and M7 increase the gain of the
circuit.All transistors work in saturation mode as the
dynamic range is large in this mode. Aspect ratio of each
transistor is calculated which helps in simulation to
great extent.
Figure.2 Topology proposed by Purviet.all
Figure.3 Topology proposed by P.K Shahniet.all
Another two stage cmos op-amp circuit with mirror
biasing proposed by Pradip Mandal et.all [17] is also
discussed in this paper. The mirror biasing circuit which
hasbeen applied to two stage CMOS cascode op-amps in
order to compensate the sensitivity of its operating point
to bias and parameter variations is shown in figure 4.
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The basic thought of using mirror biasing is to evade
external biasing of the transistors but instead creating
self-biased mirror pairs in which the mirror transistor is
diode connected. The sensitivity of the operating point to
the bias variations is reduced by rejecting common mode
signals while maintaining the high differential mode
gain of an externally biased transistor. This reduces the
sensitivity of the systematic offset and the PSRR and
CMRR increases. One more advantage of mirror biasing
is that it increases the slew rate and hence, settling time
of the op-amp. Though the technique has been applied
here for a two stage cascode op-amp it is easily applied to
the large class of two stage op-amps circuits.
Figure.4 Mirror biased Cascode Op-amp
In this circuit the transistors M16a and M17a form the
dummy level shifter. The two transistors M16a and M17a
are matched, respectively, with the transistors MI6 and
M17, in the actual level shifter. This dummy level shifter
helps to provide equal quiescent voltages and
differential signals of opposite phase to the inputs of the
two output stages (the actual and the dummy). In the
input stage of the op-amp, transistors M5 and M7 in the
negative half are diode connected. So for differential
inputs the gain of this negative half is much less (by a
factor of (gd/gm)2 than that of the positive half of the input
stage and, hence, the amplitude of the signal at node 4 is
much smaller than that at node 3. Due to the high
attenuation factor of the buffer/inverter effectively no
signal is coming to the gates of the transistors M14, Ad13
and MI2 through the dummy output stage. Hence, over a
large frequency range the differential accharacteristics
of the externally biased and mirror biased op-amps are
the same. As previously discussed, the common mode
gain and power supply gain are substantially reduced.
Further, the slew rate of the op-amp is also improved.
This is because the current in the dummy output stage is
mirrored into the actual output stage and increases the
load current. [17]
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
It can be seen from Table 1, the two stage cascode Op-
amp with mirror gives better performance. The
technique of mirror biasing has been applied to a two
stage cascode op-amp by creating dummy level shifter
and output stages. The use of these dummy stages
contributes to improved slew rate and settling time in
comparison with standard externally biased cascode op-
amps. These performance improvements have been
achieved at the cost of a small increase in the power
dissipation. If we see pure telescopic, it will suffer from
low output swing and medium gain despite meeting the
specification. While as for the multi-stage topology,
especially more than two stages, the stability will
increase. In order to obtain a high enough gain, two fully
differential auxiliary operational amplifiers act like a
booster.
4. Conclusion
We have described the three different topologies for
designing CMOS Operational Amplifier and after
comparing these with other proposed by different
authors we find that the op-amp designed by Pradeep
Mandal et.all gives better performance in terms of gain
and unity gain bandwidth. The sensitivity for the mirror
biased Op-amp is 1.65V/A which is quite good in terms
of sensitivity. On the other side the circuit proposed by
Purviet.all is better in terms of power dissipation and
sizeand it is also operated on low voltage.
Table1. Comparison of various op amps topologies
5. References
[1] P.E. Allen and D.R. Holberg, “CMOS Analog Circuit
Design” Oxford University Press, 2nd edition.
[2] D. A. Johns and K. Martin, “Analog Integrated
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Circuit Design,” New York: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1997.
[3] Amana Yadav, “A Review Paper On Design And
Synthesis Of Two stage CMOS Op-amp”
©IjaetIssn: 2231-1963677 Vol. 2, Issue 1, Pp. 677-
688
[4] B. Razavi, “Design of Analog CMOS Integrated
Circuits,” Tata McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[5] Ankit Sharma, Parminder Singh Jassal. ,”Design Of
A Ultra Low Power, High Precision CMOS Opamp
Based Comparator For Biomedical Applications”,
International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) , Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun
2012, pp.2487-2492
[6] R Lotfi, M Tahenadeh-Sani, M YaserAsizi, and 0.
Shaaei. ,”A 1-VMOSFET-only Fully Differential
Dynamic Comparator Used in Low Voltage Pipe
Lined AID Convertor,”
[7] Ehsan Kargaran, HojatKhosrowjerdi, Karim
Ghaffarzadegan ,”A 1.5 V High Swing Ultra- Low-
Power Two Stage CMOS OP-AMP in 0.18
µmTechnology ,” 2010 2nd International
Conference on Mechanical and Electronics
Engineering (ICMEE 2010).
[8] JIN YONG ZANG, LEI WANG, BIN LI, “Design of
Low Offset Low Power CMOS Amplifier for
BiosensorApplication” J. Biomedical Science and
Engineering, vol. 2,
[9] SamadSheikhaei, ShahriarMirabbasi, and Andre
Ivanov ,”A 0.35 m CMOS Comparator Circuit For
High-Speed ADC Applications,” ©2005 IEEE
[10] Purvi .D Patel, Kehul . A Shah “Design of low
power two stage CMOS Operational
Amplifier”.(IJSR)ISSN23197064.
[11] P.K.Sinha, Abhishek Vikram, Dr. K.S.YADAV,
“Design Of Two Stage CMOS Op-amp With Low
Power And High Slew Rate.” (IJERT) Vol. 1 Issue
8, October - 2012
[12] M.Jyothi, L.Ravi Chandra,
J.Poornima,k.Rajasekhar, S.DayaSagarChowdary,
“Design Of Two Stage Operational Amplifier On
Zero Cross Detector Using 0.18μm Technology”
International Journal Of VLSI & Signal Processing
Applications, Vol2, Issue2 , April 2012, ISSN
2231-3133 ( 189- 195)
[13] SuparshyaBabu Sukhavasi1,susrutha
BabuSukhavasi, Dr.Habibulla Khan, S R
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SastryKalavakolanu,vijayaBhaskarMadivada,
Lakshmi Narayana Thalluri, “Design Of A Low
Power Operational Amplifier By Compensating
The Input Stage” (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622,Vol.
2, Issue 2,mar-apr 2012, Pp.1283-1287
[14] BekkamSatheesh, N.Dhanalakshmi, Dr.N.Balaji,
“Design of a Low-Voltage, Low-Power, High-
Gain Operational Amplifier for Data Conversion
Applications.” (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 , Vol. 2,
Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp.1030-1036
[15] Priyanka Kakoty, “Design of a high frequency low
voltage CMOS operational amplifier”,
International Journal of VLSI design &
Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.1,
March 2011
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[16] Suparshya Babu Sukhavasi, Susrutha Babu
Sukhavasi , Dr.Habibulla Khan, S R Sastry
Kalavakolanu, Vijaya Bhaskar Madivada,
Lakshmi Narayana Thalluri, “Design of a Low
Power Operational Amplifier by Compensating the
Input Stage”, International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-
9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012,
pp.1283-1287
[17] Pradeep Mandal, V. Visvanathan, “Design of High
Performance Two Stage CMOS Cascode Op-Amps
with Stable Biasing”, 9th International Conference
IEEE (1996).
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Embracing Workplace Flexibility

Istadeva Mishra
Research Scholar, Amity Business School
idmishra1@gmail.com
Dr. Anshu Yadav
Assistant Professor, Amity Business School
Dr. Shakti Prakash
Professor, IEC Group of Institutions

Abstract: The need for workplace flexibility is only
growing. The demand is equally backed by the
technological development of recent times. The industry
is ever-changing with new technological development.
A constantly evolving technological advancement has
not only changed the final product offered by the
companies but has also drastically changed how they are
produced. The workplace of the day has evolved over
the years, making it easy to collaborate and manage
tasks using technology. The demand for a flexible
workplace has picked up pace after Covid 19, which
forced organisations to adopt emerging technologies to
manage work remotely. With every passing day, this
demand is gaining momentum. This study focuses on the
essential aspects of workplace flexibility and its future.
The study throws light on the ecosystem of flexibility
that is evolving. The aim is to understand the premise on
which the demand for a flexible workplace stands. It has
received a significant push with an unforeseen situation
that arrived out of Covid 19, which forced many
reluctant industry players to adopt such practices even if
it is temporary.

Introduction into existence with women handling family

In the not-so-distant past workplace flexibility was
discussed on case to case basis. Very few privileged
employees were able to avail these options. Still, ever
since the COVID pandemic forced organisations to go
virtual, many organisations have realised the
importance of offering workplace flexibility, and many
organisations have come up with a formal policy to
regulate flexible work environments (Weitzer et al.,
2021). Organisations have realised that It's not d that it's
not the amount of time spent working but the quality of
work that matters. It is important that the employees are
in a healthy state of mind while working (Grawitch et
al., 2006).
History of Workplace Flexibility: Traditionally,
workplace watch was dominated by employees working
9 to 5. in the early 20th century, many male members of
the family were employed in forces in World War 2,
leaving behind a gap in the workplace to be filled by
women. the demand for flexible work arrangement came
responsibilities as well. The demand was fuelled by the
ability of emerging technologies to facilitate a flexible
workplace. The concept of work live balance towards
the end of 20th century bought with it the demand for a
flexible work environment. Flexible work arrangements
such as remote working were picking up. companies had
started accepting the demand for hybrid and remote
work arrangements, and many technologies firms have
invested in developing solutions to support such options
(Mokyr et al., 2015) .
The unforeseen situation of COVID-19 forced the
organisation to adopt remote working and hybrid
working as a preferred mode of work. This has created a
massive market for the organisation developing
solutions around it.It has also given many organisations
an opportunity to experiment with search options and
employees have also been trained to embrace such
possibilities and perform (Linder, 2002).

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
Literature Review
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to the question of
whether or not workplace flexibility is needed. Some
workplaces may find that they need more flexibility than
others, while others may find that they do not need any
flexibility at all. There are several factors that can
influence whether or not a workplace. Many studies
have highlighted the need for a flexible workplace. The
need is fuelled by many factors related to personal and
professional space.
Flexible work arrangements, such as telecommuting,
flexible scheduling, and job sharing, can help families
balance their work and family responsibilities. These
arrangements can include working from home, working
part-time, or having a flexible schedule that allows for
adjusting work hours to meet the needs of family
members. Employers may also offer paid or unpaid
leave for family and medical reasons, such as
pregnancy, adoption, and care for a sick family
member– . Some companies have also implemented
policies that support parents, such as lactation rooms,
on-site childcare and backup childcare (Maglalang et
al., 2021).
Workplace flexibility can be offered in many forms,
including Flexible day schedule, Remote working such
as virtual office and working from home; Compressed
work weeks, which allows employees to complete their
working hour quota of the week in less than the
prescribed days of the week; part-time work option
enables employees to devote less time to his
professional responsibility than a professional working
full time; and Job sharing is an option where two or more
employee share job responsibility of full-time
employees (Vallas, 1999).
Workplace flexibility is essential for employees as it can
improve work-life balance, increase job satisfaction,
and boost productivity. Flexible options such as
telecommuting, flexible schedules, and job sharing can
help employees manage their personal and professional
responsibilities. Additionally, offering flexibility can
also attract and retain talented employees, especially
those with families or other care giving responsibilities.
Research suggests that workplace flexibility can
increase productivity by allowing employees to work in
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ways that best suit their needs and preferences. When
employees have the freedom to set their own schedules
or work remotely, they may be able to better balance
their work and personal lives, leading to less stress and
increased job satisfaction . Additionally, the ability to
work from home or outside traditional office hours can
reduce commute times and increase the amount of time
available for work. Furthermore, remote work can also
lead to a more diverse workforce, as it eliminates
geographical barriers to employment. All these factors
can ultimately lead to increased productivity (Hill et al.,
2008).
Workplace flexibility can play a significant role in
employee retention by making the work environment
more accommodating and accommodating. When
employees have the ability to create a work schedule that
suits their needs, they may be more likely to stay with a
company long-term. Additionally, offering flexibility to
working parents and caretakers can help them meet their
responsibilities at home while also working. This can
lead to lower turnover rates, as employees are .less likely
to leave a company that accommodates their needs.
Furthermore, companies that offer flexibility can also
attract top talent looking for a more balanced work-life.
All these factors can lead to a more engaged, satisfied
and committed workforce, ultimately increasing
retention rates (Alger & Crowley, 2012).
Creating an Ecosystem that supports workplace
flexibility:
Regulatory Framework:
An ecosystem of flexibility is required to ensure that the
benefits of a flexible work environment can be derived
for the greater good. The Ecosystems comprise Policies,
Technologies, Culture and Communications. A
conducive environment to support flexibility can be
created by facilitating positive movement in each aspect.
Over the years, governmentsworldwidehave been
formulating policies to support flexibility . There are
many regulationsand provisions in place in many
countries that support workplace flexibility. Some
examples include:
The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) in the
United States requires certain employers to provide
eligible employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave
per year for specific reasons, such as the birth or
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
adoption of a child or the care of a family member with a
severe health condition.
The European Union's Working Time Directive sets
limits on the number of hours that employees can be
required to work and provides for paid annual leave.
The Telework Promotion Act of 2010 in Japan
encourages employers to promote telecommuting as a
way to improve work-life balance and reduce traffic
congestion.
The Right to Request Flexible Working Regulations in
the United Kingdom gives employees the right to
request flexible working arrangements, such as part-
time work or flexible hours.
The Fair Work Act in Australia, it includes provisions for
flexible working arrangements, such as the right to
request flexible working arrangements and the right to
request parental leave.
These regulations vary by country and industry, and
employers must familiarise themselves with the specific
laws and regulations that apply to them. Additionally,
many employers are taking steps to create flexible work
policies, which can provide further options for
employees.
India does not have specific regulations for telework.
However, the Ministry of Labour and Employment
issued guidelines in 2020 for employers to follow when
allowing employees to work from home. These
guidelines include ensuring that employees have proper
equipment and technology, maintaining communication
with employees, and ensuring the security of sensitive
data. Additionally, the Indian government has issued
guidelines for companies to ensure the safety and
security of employees working from home during the
COVID-19 pandemic.
Additionally, in India, there are no specific laws that
regulate flexible working hours or remote working.
However, companies have the discretion to provide such
options to their employees as per their policies. It's
important to note that these laws and regulations are
subject to change, and employers should ensure they are
compliant with the latest rules and regulations
(Pomeranz, 2014).
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Technological Support: An essential aspect in ensuring
the acceptance of workplace flexibility is the facilitating
role of technology. For leapfrogging in remote work
regimes, technology must play a pivotal part in ensuring
that the work environment remains stable and
unaffected. Technological resources such as cloud
computing allow sharing of resources with team
members spread across various locations, not
necessarily in office premises. Project management
platforms like Asana, Trello, and Monday.com help
teams stay organised and manage the track and task, and
Vidio conferencing tools such as Skype, Zoom and
google meet support seamless communication over
video calls. S of contacts, such as WhatsApp and ms
teams, are helping quick chat to stay aligned. Most
important of all virtual private networks are crucial to
sharing secure organisational data over with the teams.
With the ever-improving climate of technical
development, it will improve even further. With the
advent of new technologies such as meta and AI-Based
platforms, It is only going to improve.
Other Stakeholder: For the flexibility to be successful,
a supportive climate must be created with the
participation of all stakeholders. External factors such as
family and society should have an accommodative
approach to that. Any organisational policy
improvement can not flourish in the long run if it can not
create an environment of support from society. Many
studies have highlighted the need for behavioural
training for not only an employee but family members as
well.
Why Organisations Resist: There are several potential
bottlenecks that can make it difficult for organisations to
implement workplace flexibility, including the
resistance of the employees to change to a new work
arrangement which requires newer work arrangements.
The change always brings with it an environment of
uncertainty which employees and managers are trained
to avoid. The reason for such resistance can also stem
from the lack of trust within the team. Managers feel that
employees will be less committed and productive in a
non-traditional 9-to-5 work arrangement. Managers will
find it challenging to coordinate and collaborate with a
team member working remotely. The hassle of sharing
work and reaching deadlines with team members who
cannot sense the urgency of the work assignment due to
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
a complete breakdown of nonverbal communication in a
remote work arrangement is another issue why
managers hate some of the flexible work arrangements.
Given the above-mentioned reasons, some
organisations provide flexibility options at the
workplace but inherently discourage such practices.
This inflexible company culture sometimes restricts the
actual implementation of such practices.
There is much to be done on the regulatory and
compliance front to improve the acceptance of flexible
work culture. Many policies and regulations in counties
are not aligned with the specific requirement of a relaxed
work environment, this prohibits the implementation of
flexible work policies. The absence of effective law
enforcement mechanisms in privacy and data protection
hinders interested organisations from adopting such
work practices. Organisations are at constant risk of data
theft. Technologies and law enforcement have to play a
pivotal role in ensuring that the organisational data is
secure in a remote work environment.
Discussion
An ecosystem of workplace flexibility is still in the
making, requiring a lot of focus by all the stakeholders
involved in the process. The regulatory front has to make
up for the fast and fragile technical environment. The
ever-changing face of the workplace is not allowing time
for the regulatory framework to adjust. A proactive role
of society and governments is the need of the hour. Many
studies have highlighted that delays and procrastination
will increase burnout and affect productivity. It is in the
interest of all the concerned stakeholders to keep pace
with the recent development and to deal with the
challenges arising out of it. Organisations have to deal
with the challenges of managing teams remotely,
Ensuring productivity and accountability, Providing
support and resources for a remote worker and ensuring
compliance . Many aspects of workplace flexibility will
allow organisations to hire a more productive and
efficient workforce across many geographies, thereby
improving organisational effectiveness.
Conclusion
It is very likely that workplace flexibility will continue to
be a growing trend in the future as more companies
recognise the benefits of allowing employees to work
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from home or have flexible schedules. Remote work and
flexible schedules can lead to increased employee
satisfaction and productivity, as well as cost savings for
companies. However, some challenges, such as lack of
face-to-face communication and difficulty in fostering a
sense of community among remote workers. Thus, it's
also likely that companies will continue to experiment
with hybrid models that combine remote work with in-
person office time. Additionally, technology will play a
crucial role in enabling and enhancing remote work.
References
1. Alger, V. M., & Crowley, J. E. (2012). Aspects of
workplace flexibility and mothers' satisfaction with
their husbands' contributions to household labor.
S o c i o l I n q , 8 2 ( 1 ) , 7 8 - 9 9 .
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.2011.00403.x
2. Brown, M., & Pitt-Catsouphes, M. (2016). A
mediational model of workplace flexibility,
work–family conflict, and perceived stress among
caregivers of older adults. Community, Work &
Family, 19(4), 379-395.
3. Grawitch, M. J., Gottschalk, M., & Munz, D. C.
(2006). The path to a healthy workplace: A critical
review linking healthy workplace practices,
e m p l o y e e w e l l - b e i n g , a n d o rg a n i z a t i o n a l
improvements. Consulting Psychology Journal:
Practice and Research, 58(3), 129.
4. Hill, E., Grzywacz, J., Allen, S., Blanchard, V., Matz,
C., Shulkin, S., & Pitt-Catsouphes, M. (2008).
Defining and Conceptualizing Workplace Flexibility.
C o m m u n i t y, Wo r k a n d F a m i l y, 1 4 9 - 1 6 3 .
https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800802024678
5. Hill, E. J., Erickson, J. J., Holmes, E. K., & Ferris, M.
(2010). Workplace flexibility, work hours, and work-
life conflict: finding an extra day or two. J Fam
P s y c h o l , 2 4 ( 3 ) , 3 4 9 - 3 5 8 .
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019282
6. Linder, M. (2002). The Autocratically Flexible
Workplace: A History of Overtime Regulation in the
United States.
7. Maglalang, D. D., Sorensen, G., Hopcia, K.,
Hashimoto, D. M., Katigbak, C., Pandey, S.,
Takeuchi, D., & Sabbath, E. L. (2021). Job and
family demands and burnout among healthcare
workers: The moderating role of workplace
flexibility. SSM Popul Health, 14, 100802.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100802 11. Weitzer, J., Papantoniou, K., Seidel, S., Klösch, G.,
8. Mokyr, J., Vickers, C., & Ziebarth, N. L. (2015). The Caniglia, G., Laubichler, M., Bertau, M., Birmann,
history of technological anxiety and the future of B. M., Jäger, C. C., & Zenk, L. (2021). Working from
economic growth: Is this time different? Journal of home, quality of life, and perceived productivity
economic perspectives, 29(3), 31-50. during the first 50-day COVID-19 mitigation
9. Pomeranz, J. L. (2014). Workplace wellness measures in Austria: a cross-sectional study.
programs: how regulatory flexibility might International archives of occupational and
undermine success. Am J Public Health, 104(11), environmental health, 94(8), 1823-1837.
2052-2056.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302149
10. Vallas, S. P. (1999). Rethinking Post-Fordism: The
Meaning of Workplace Flexibility. Sociological
Theory, 17(1), 68-101.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-
2751.00065

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Emergence of Nanocarriers in Pharmaceutical:

Recent Developments and Future Prospects
Dr. Ram Narayan Prajapati
Department of Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Pharmacy,
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, U.P., INDIA
prajapatirn@gmail.com

Abstract: Pharmaceutical nanotechnology is an solubility, improving dissolution rate, increasing

emerging field that can have a major impact on human
health. The convergence of nanotechnology and
medicine has resulted in new ways to design specialized
drug formulations. Significant advances in nanoscale
materials science in the last quarter of the 20th century
spurred the development of nanotechnology as an
independent scientific discipline. Pharmaceutical
nanotechnology offers opportunities to improve
materials and medical devices and help develop new
technologies where existing and more traditional
technologies may reach their limits. Advances in this
area will thus lead to improved forms of drug delivery
and other promises in medicine and pharmacy in the
coming years. Nanotechnology has many advantages in
the development of dosage forms, such as increasing
stability, reducing dosage, improving bioavailability
and rapid onset of action. In recent years, various nano-
based technologies have been successfully applied in
pharmaceutical science, such as quantum dots,
dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, polymer
nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, polymer micelles,
nanocomposites materials etc. Various applications of
nanotechnology include oral drug delivery, pulmonary
drug delivery, ocular drug delivery, gene therapy, cancer
treatment, brain targeting, as a diagnostic tool, and more.
In summary, recent developments, market realization of
various drug nanotools, and global interest from
researchers, governments, and industry ensure that
nano-drug delivery vehicles hold great potential and
opportunities in the near future.

K e y w o r d s : N a n o t e c h n o l o g y, D e n d r i m e r s ,
Nanoparticles, Liposomes, Quanrum Dot, Nanotubes,
Nanoshells, Nanocarriers, Nanomaterials.

Introduction
down i.e. reducing the size of large structures to smallest
structure e.g. photonics applications in nano electronics
Nanotechnology is a fast-growing science of developing
and nano engineering, top-down or the bottom up, which
and using nano-sized particles, which is measured in
involves changing individual atoms and molecules into
nanometer. In other words, nanotechnology is the art of
nanostructures and more closely resembles chemistry
characterizing, manipulating and organizing matter
biology. Nanotechnology deals with materials in the size
systemically, at the nanometer scale, which has created a
of 0.1 to 100 nm; however it is also inherent that these
revolution in science, engineering, technology, drug
materials should display different properties such as
delivery and therapeutics. Nanotechnology (Yousaf and
electrical conductance chemical reactivity, magnetism,
Salamat, 2008) is the study of extremely small
optical effects and physical strength, from bulk
structures. The prefix “nano” is a Greek word which
materials as a result of their small size. Nanotechnology
means “dwarf”. The word “nano” means very small or
works on matter at dimensions in the nanometer scale
miniature size. Nanotechnology is the treatment of
length (1-100 nm), and thus can be used for a broad
individual atoms, molecules, or compounds into
range of applications and the creation of various types of
structures to produce materials and devices with special
nano materials and nano devices.
properties. Nanotechnology involve work from top

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There are many treatments today that take a lot of time
and are also very expensive. Using nanotechnology in
pharmaceutical field, quicker and much cheaper
treatments can be developed. There is another aspect for
using pharmaceutical nanotechnology. Normally, drugs
work through the entire body before they reach the
disease affected area. Using these nanotechnology
pharmaceuticals, the drug can be targeted to a precise
location which would make the drug much more
effective and reduce the chances of possible side-effects
(Misra et al., 2010). Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
provides a unique approach and comprehensive
technology against cancer through early diagnosis,
prediction, prevention, personalized therapy and
medicine. Target-specific drug therapy and methods for
early diagnosis of pathologies are the priority research
areas in which nanotechnology would play a vital part
(Darshana and Joshi 2012).
Nanotechnology in pharmacy
The major problem of a new drug reaching the market is
its poor oral bioavailability derived from low aqueous
solubility. Solubility is the crucial factor for drug
effectiveness, independence of the route of
administration. Recent publications suggest that many
drugs identified by high throughput screening are poorly
water soluble and belong to the BCS class II family of
drugs (Lipinski, 2002). These drugs although having
greater tendency to pass through the lipophilic intestinal
membrane often demonstrate low rate and extent of
absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) which is
typically limited by slow dissolution rate (Amido et al.,
1995). Amongst the technologies developed to address
low aqueous solubility, nanoparticles have received
notable attention and are rapidly becoming a platform
solution due to their immense surface area.
Nanoparticles have been defined as particles with at
least one dimension less than 1000 nm (Fahlman, 2007).
However, there is still no general agreement on the
definition of “nano” (Van Eerdenbrugh et al., 2008) in
the pharmaceutical literature.
Nano definitions
'Nanoscience' can be defined as the study of phenomena
and the manipulation of materials on atomic and
molecular scales.
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'Nanotechnology' is related to the design
characterization, production and application of
structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and
size at the nanometer scale.
'Pharmaceutical nanotechnology' includes
applications of nanoscience in pharmacy as
nanomaterials and as devices such as drug delivery,
diagnostics, imaging and biosensor.
'Nanomedicine' is defined as submicron size (<1um)
modules or molecular tools used for treatment,
diagnosis, monitoring, disease prevention and
improvement of human health.
'Nanotoxicology' is a branch of toxicology concerned
with the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials on human
health and the environment.
'Bionanotechnology' generally refers to the study of
how the goals of nanotechnology can be guided by
studying how biological “machines” work and adapting
these biological motifs into improving existing
nanotechnologies or creating new ones.
B i o n a n o t e c h n o l o g y n a n o b i o t e c h n o l o g y, a n d
nanobiology refer to terms at the intersection of
nanotechnology and biology.
'Nanometrology' is a subfield of metrology that deals
with the science of measurement at the nanoscale level.
Four commonly used techniques are: Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), and Scanning Probe Microscopy
(SPM) and Optical Tweezers (Single Beam Gradient
Trap).
Nanobiomechanics' (also bionanomechanics) is an
emerging field of nanoscience and biomechanics that
combines the powerful tools of nanomechanics to
explore fundamental science of biomaterials and
biomechanics. For example, red blood cells infected
with malaria have been found to be 10 times stiffer than
normal cells.
nanocarriers in pharmaceutocals
Developing a drug delivery system that optimizes the
pharmaceutical action of a drug while reducing its toxic
side effects in vivois a challenging task (Jain et al.,
2007).These challenging task can controlled by using
pharmaceutical nano-systems. Pharmaceutical
nanotechnology includes two basic types of
nanomaterials and nanodevices, which play a key role in
the field of pharmaceutical nanotechnology (Figure1).
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The nano materials are made from biomaterials; these
are used in orthopedic or dental implants or as scaffolds
for tissue engineered products. Their surface can be
modified or coatings can be done which enhances
biocompatibility with the living cells. These are further
classified into two types nanocrystalline and
nanostructure materials (Jain et al., 2007). Nanocrystals
are ground in special mills and the resulting drugs can be
applied intravenously as nanosuspensions or
bronchially through an inhaler. This small size enhances
the surface/volume-ratio and bioavailability of almost
insoluble pharmaceuticals. Nanostructured materials
are processed forms of nanomaterials with special
shapes and functions. These include quantum dots,
dendrimers, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (The
Nanotech Revolution in Drug Delivery 2007).
Nanomaterials are widely used in drug delivery where
they can increase drug solubility and, additionally, can
lead to controlled release and/or drug targeting. They are
used in anti-cancer treatment, gene delivery, asthma
inhalers, hormone delivery through the skin, drug
delivery through the eye and in oral and vaccine delivery
systems. A lot of companies employ nanoparticles in
anti-cancer treatment. Nanodevices are miniature
devices in the nanoscale and some of which include
nano- and micro-electromechanical systems (NEMS/
MEMS), microfluidics (control and manipulation of
micro or nanolitre of fluids), and microarrays(different
kind of biological assay e.g. DNA, protein, cell, and
antibody Examples include biosensors and detectors to
detect trace quantities of bacteria, airborne pathogens,
biological hazards, and disease signatures and some
intelligent machines like respirocytes (Rangasamy et
al., 2011).
Figure 1: Different Nanotechnology Applications in Pharmaceutical
Sciences
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Pharmaceutical nanotechnology based systems
Liposomes
The first type of nanomaterial that was applied in drug
delivery was lipid vesicles, known as liposomes, which
was discovered in the early 1960s by Bingham and co-
workers and subsequently became the most extensive-
explored drug -delivery system (Semete et al., 2010).
The name liposome is derived from the two Greek words
'lipos,' meaning fat, and 'soma,' meaning body.
Liposomes can vary in size from 0.025 micrometers
(µm) up to 2.5 µm vesicles. A liposome is a spherical-
shaped vesicle that is composed of one or more
phospholipid bilayers, which closely resembles the
structure of cell membranes (Figure 2). The ability of
liposomes to encapsulate hydrophilic or lipophilic drugs
has allowed these vesicles to become useful drug
delivery systems. The amphiphilic phospholipid
molecules form a closed bilayer sphere in an attempt to
shield their hydrophobic groups from the aqueous
environment, while still maintaining contact with the
aqueous phase via the hydrophilic head group (Bawarski
et al., 2008). Because a liposome can encapsulate an
aqueous solution with a hydrophobic outer membrane,
hydrophilic solutes cannot pass through the lipids. So,
liposomes can carry both hydrophobic molecules (its
outer membrane) and hydrophilic molecules (the inner
aqueous core). Liposomes are of various types.
Depending upon method of preparation, size, number of
layers, composition liposomes are classified into
different types. Based on upon number of layers present
in liposomes they are classified as multilamellar vesicle
(MLV), large unilamellar vesicle (LUV), small
unilamellar vesicle (SUV). Based upon material from
which liposomes are made, they are classified as
conventional liposomes (CL), pH- sensitive liposomes,
cationic liposomes, long circulating liposomes (LCL)
and immuno-liposomes. Various methods are used for
formulation of liposome such lipid film hydration,
freeze drying, micro emulsification, sonication, French
pressure cell,membrane extrusion, ethanol injection,
ether injection, double emulsification method,
lyophilization, etc ( Mayer et al., 1998). Liposomes
havebseveral applications in drug delivery like gene
therapy, as carrier for vaccines, pulmonary drug
delivery, topical drug delivery and ophthalmic drug
delivery (Kalepu and Nekkant, 2014). Compared with
traditional drug delivery systems, liposomes exhibit
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better properties, including site-targeting, sustained or
controlled release, protection of drugs from degradation
and clearance, superior therapeutic effects, and lower
toxic side effects.
Figure 2: Structure of Liposome
Dendrimers
Dendrimers are three dimensional highly branched
monodisperse, nanometer-sized macromolecules,
which are obtained by iterative sequence of reaction
steps giving precise branching structure (Tomalia et al.,
1985) (Figure 3). The term dendrimer is derived from
the work 'dendron', a Greek word for tree/branches due
to its resemblance with a tree and 'meros' meaning part
(Jain and Khopade, 2000). The structure of these novel
polymeric materials has a great impact on their physical
and chemical properties. As a result of their unique
behaviour dendrimers are suitable for a wide range of
biomedical and industrial applications (Klajnert and
Bryszewska, 2001).
Figure 3: Structural illustration of dendrimer components
These nanostructured macromolecules have shown their
potential abilities in entrapping and/or conjugating the
high molecular weight hydrophilic/hydrophobic entities
by host-guest interactions and covalent bonding
(prodrug approach) respectively (Prajapat et al, 2009,
2018). Moreover, high ratio of surface groups to
molecular volume has made them a promising synthetic
vector for gene delivery. Owing to these properties
dendrimers have fascinated the researchers in the
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development of new drug carriers and they have been
implicated in many therapeutic and biomedical
applications (Caminade, 2022).
Quanrum Dot
The word “'Quantum dot (QD)” is a precisely trifling
structure (ranging between 1 and 10 nm wide), for
instance, a semiconductor-made nanocrystal implanted
in alternative semiconductor-based materials, in which
the electrons or other charge carriers can be confined in
all the three dimensions along with reference to the
respective electronic physiognomies contingent on its
shape and size. Quantum dots (QDs), also known as
nanoscale semiconductor crystals, were first described
by Ekimov and Onushenko in a glass matrix, back in
1981, with the first biological imaging application
reported in 1998 (Matea et al., 2017).Quantum dots are
semiconductor nanocrystals which possess interesting
properties and characteristics, such as unique optical
properties, quantum confinement effect and emit
fluorescence on excitation with a light source which
makes them a potential candidate for nano-probes and
for carriers for biological application (Figure 4). They
are one of the most important materials that create a
bridge between nanotechnology, and drug assay. The
most commonly used QDs are cadmium selenide
(CdSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe), indium phosphide
(InP), and indium arsenide (InAs). Numerous
implications for celllabelling, biomedical imaging,
diagnostics, and drug delivery are provided by quantum
dots (Gidwani et al., 2021).
Figure 4 : Basic structure of Quantum dot
Targeted drug delivery using QDs has appeared to have
potential applications in recent times. Since the
enhanced efficacy of existing drugs and new
developments in therapeutics are made possible by
adopting various functionalized QDs for this purpose.
Several preliminary and drug trials have demonstrated
the potential application of this QD based on theranostic
systems at the same time also to achieve reduced drug
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harmfulness, better quality in bio-compatibility and bio-
availability, enhanced circulation times , precise drug
release and targeting(Jain et al., 2022).
Polymeric nanoparticles
Polymeric nanoparticles have attracted considerable
interest over the last few years due to their unique
properties and behaviors resulting from their small size
( F a r o k h z a d a n d L a n g e r, 2 0 0 9 ) . " P o l y m e r i c
nanoparticles" is a general term for nanospheres and
nanocapsules (Figure 5). These are solid colloidal
particles ranging in size from about 10 to 500 nm
(Semete et al., 2010). The nanoparticles are versatile
nanosystems due to inherent properties like
biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, non-toxicity
and biodegradability (Begines et al, 2020). Polymeric
nanoparticles are being developed as effective delivery
vehicles due to their passive tumour-targeting
properties, which lead to the ability to enhance the
efficacy and reduce the side effects of chemotherapeutic
drugs. In addition, this unique capacity of nanoparticles
to preferentially accumulate in and around the tumour
mass also grants a platform for improved tumour
diagnostics, hereby laying the foundation for the
development of multi-functional nanoparticle systems
in cancer therapy ( van Vlerken and Amiji, 2006).
Figure 5 : Basic structure of Quantum dot
Polymeric micelles
Polymeric micelles have been the subject of many
studies in the field of drug delivery for the past two
decades. The interest has specifically been focused on
the potential application of polymeric micelles in three
major areas in drug delivery: drug solubilization,
controlled drug release and drug targeting. Polymeric
micelles are nano-sized drug delivery systems
characterized by a core-shell structure originated from
self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers in
aqueous solution (Fig 6). They can be divided into two
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main categories: hydrophobically assembled micelles
and polyion-complex micelles. The former ones usually
consist of amphiphilic copolymers with a hydrophobic
block and a hydrophilic block. Balance between those
two blocks in an aqueous medium induces spontaneous
formation of nano-sized particulates.
Figure 6: Schematic representation of polymeric micelles
The intrinsic and modifiable properties of polymeric
micelles make them particularly suitable for drug
delivery purposes (Ghezzi et al., 2021). The main
advantage of polymeric micelles is their ability to
solubilize poorly water-soluble or hydrophobic drugs in
their core, thus improving their bioavailability with
prolonged circulation time and improved drug
accumulation at the tumor site (Kapare et al., 2020). For
most block copolymers, poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) is
used as a hydrophilic block. Different micelle properties
originate from the nature of hydrophobic core-forming
materials, which include biodegradable polyesters such
as poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL),
and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) ( Kim et al., 2010). These
are usually of less than 100nm and their hydrophilic
surface protects their nonspecific uptake by
reticuloendothelial system.
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been introduced
recently as a novel carrier system for both small and
large therapeutic molecules (Zare et al., 2021. Within the
family of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes have
emerged as a new alternative and efficient tool for
transporting and translocating therapeutic molecules
(Bianco et al., 2005). Carbon nanotubes are large
molecules, made from a repeating pattern of sp2
hybridized carbon atoms in a hexagonal arrangement,
wrapped into a cylinder of approximately 2.5-100 nm in
diameter. Carbon nanotubes are single or multi-walled
depending on the number of carbon sheets rolled
together, while the ends are capped by a hemispherical
carbon arrangement as seen in fullerenes (Figure7).
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Carbon nanotubes are promising drug delivery
platforms that can be functionalized with a variety of
biomolecules, such as antibodies, proteins, or DNA
(Zare et al., 2021). This allows for specific, targeted
payload delivery to particular tissues, organs, or cells.
Because functionalised CNT display low toxicity and
are not immunogenic, such systems hold great potential
in the field of nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine (He
et al., 2013). Carbon nanotubes can easily penetrate
cells, delivering drugs directly to the cytoplasm or
nucleus. The main applications of Carbon Nanotubes in
pharmacy and medicine include drug, biomolecule,
gene delivery to cells or organs, tissue regeneration, and
biosensor diagnostics and analysis (He et al., 2013).
Figure 7: Single walled and multi walled carbon nanotubes
Nanopores
Materials with defined pore-sizes in the nanometer
range are of special interest for a broad range of
industrial application because of their outstanding
properties with regard to thermal insulation,
controllable material separation and release and their
applicability as templates or fillers for chemistry and
catalysis. One example of nanopores material is aerogel,
which is produced by sol-gel chemistry (Bhosale et al.,
2021).
Nanocomposites
The word composite indicates any material made up of
two or more different material. If among these materials
any one material is in nano range then it is called as
nanocomposite. Nanocomposite materials have
properties of all the material from which it is made.
Nanocomposites consist of one or more discontinuous
phase dispersed through continuous phase. The
continuous phase is called as matrix while
discontinuous phase is called as reinforcing material.
Nanocomposites have several advantages like uniform
distribution of active component in matrix; sustain
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release of active ingredient, reduced frequency of
administration and increase in stability (Paravastu et al.,
2019).
Nanoshells
A nanoshell, or rather a nanoshell plasmon, is a spherical
nanoparticle consisting of a dielectric core covered by a
thin metallic shell, usually gold (Kherlopian et al.,
2008). Nanoshells were discovered in 2003 by Professor
Naomi J. Halas and his team at Rice University. When
she and her team discovered nanoshells, they were
initially unsure of their potential. Nanoshells (100-200
nm) consist of nanoparticles with a silica core and a thin
metal shell coating (Kherlopian et al., 2008),
microstructures capable of absorbing specific
wavelengths of light (Kherlopian et al., 2008. They
demonstrate the property of focusing on inflammatory
or cancerous lesions through enhanced penetration and
retention phenomena. They can be used as drug carriers
for imaging and therapy. Nanoshells are currently being
investigated for the prevention of tumor
micrometastasis and the treatment of diabetes, and can
be used in whole blood immunoassays diagnostic
purposes (Hirsch et al., 2003).
The application of different nanocarrires in cancer
therapy (Nikalje, 2015) is summarized as follows:
Ÿ Dendrimers with dimensions below 10 nm can be
used for controlled release drug delivery and
imaging contrast agents.
Ÿ Carbon nanotubes, 0.5-3 nm in diameter, 20-1000
nm in length, for DNA mutation detection and
disease protein biomarker detection.
Ÿ Quantum dots with a size of 2-9.5 nm can facilitate
optical detection of genes and proteins in animal
models and cell analysis, tumor and lymph node
visualization.
Ÿ Nanoparticles with a size of 10-1000 nm can be used
as contrast agents for MR and ultrasound images and
targeted drug delivery as penetration enhancers and
reporters of apoptosis and angiogenesis.
Ÿ Nanocrystals with a size of 2-9.5 nm can improve the
formulation of poorly soluble drugs and label the
breast cancer marker HeR2 on the surface of cancer
cells.
Ÿ Nanowires can be used to detect protein biomarkers
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of disease, detect DNA mutations and detect gene
expression.
Ÿ Nanoshells can be used for tumor-specific imaging,
deep tissue thermal ablation.
Marketed Preparations Based on Nanotechnology (Madaan et al.,
2015):
Challenges to pharmaceutical
nanotechnology
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology has offered refined
diagnosis and targeted treatment of disease. However,
certain ethical, scientific, social and regulatory issues
pose various challenges in the practical implementation
of pharmaceutical nanotechnology. Some of the major
health risks associated with such devices includes
cytotoxicity, translocation to unwanted cells, acute and
chronic toxicity; some unknown, unpredictable and
undefined safety issues, environmental impacts of
nanomaterials and non-biocompatibility. Due to their
larger surface area, some nanoparticles exhibit greater
toxicity. Research has revealed that carbon nanotubes in
the lungs of laboratory animals are cytotoxic and cause
granulomas. There are no specific FDA guidelines to
regulate nanotechnology-based pharmaceutical
products and related issues. Although some FDA
approved nanotechnology-based products that have
entered the market are liposomes, nanoparticles,
monoclonal antibody products, polymer drug conjugate,
protein-polymer conjugate, and some polymer drugs.
Together, these challenges have caused an urgent need to
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control these nanotechnology-based products and
delivery devices. It is hoped that the benefits of
nanotechnology will be significant and that research,
including economic, financial, ethical and safety issues,
will demonstrate how to maximize benefits and mitigate
risks. Macro- and microtechnology had their risks, but
they accepted the benefits (Ochekpe et al., 2009). A
balance must be established between the security of the
nanomaterials and the treatment effectiveness.
Nanomaterials must be checked widely before they are
used in the healthcare field.
Future perspectives of nanomedicine and
drug delivery system
Nanomedicine is currently one of the most fascinating
fields of research. Over the past two decades, extensive
research in this area has led to the filing of 1500 patents
and the completion of dozens of clinical studies (Patra et
al., 2018). Advances in nanoscale drug delivery systems
have led to new paradigms in pharmaceuticals. The
fusion of science and technology has ushered in a
promising new era where drugs will work more
effectively with greater bioavailability and lower
toxicity. Several nanoscale drug delivery systems are
currently in clinical trials, few of which have been
commercialized. Another important milestone to be
mentioned here is computer-aided drug design, which
has great potential for the development of such new and
advanced systems. Computer-aided drug design
facilitates the design and development of drugs and
delivery systems that consume less time and resources
with greater accuracy and quality than traditional
methods. An example is the ability of nanorobots (and
nanodevices) to break through various biological
barriers in the body to recognize cancer cells. For
example, nanomedicine delivery systems will play a
leading role in nanomedicine in the near future.
While nanocarriers offer many advantages due to their
unique properties, there are also many clinical,
toxicological and regulatory concerns that deserve
attention. The biocompatibility of nanomaterials is of
crucial importance, as the effects of nanomaterials in
vivo range from cytotoxicity to hypersensitivity
(Couvreur, 2013). With advances in nanotechnology,
biological phenomena such as host responses to specific
nanomaterials should also be clinically transparent
(Begines et al., 2020). Therefore, there is a great need to
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introduce affordable, better and safer nanobiomaterials
that provide efficient drug loading and controlled drug
release of some challenging drug fractions for which
there is currently no other suitable delivery mode. As
nanomedicines become more popular, their availability
will be another area of research that will require
increased research investment.
Conclusion
In recent years, various new technologies have been
developed for the treatment of various diseases. The use
of nanotechnology to develop nanocarriers for drug
delivery has brought hope and enthusiasm to the field of
drug delivery research. Various formulations based on
nanotechnology, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, solid
lipid nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, metal
nanoparticles, micelles, are used to treat various
conditions and diseases. Nanoscale drug delivery
devices have several advantages, including higher
intracellular uptake compared to other traditional forms
of drug delivery systems. Nanocarriers can be
conjugated with ligands, such as antibodies, to support
targeted therapeutic approaches. Empty viral capsids
have also been attempted as a novel therapeutic strategy
for drug delivery. Therefore, nanoscale drug delivery
systems can revolutionize the entire drug therapy
strategy and bring it to a new level in the near future.
However, the toxicity issue of nano formulations should
not be ignored. A fully demonstrated method should be
established to evaluate the short-term and long-term
toxicity analysis of the nano-drug delivery system.
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theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drug
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Merinero M, Argüelles-Arias F, Alcudia A,
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developments and future prospects, Nanomaterials
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(Basel), 2020, 10(7):1403
4. Bhosale S, Pawar J, Shinde N, Recent advances of
nanotechnology in pharmaceutical field, Int. J.
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9. Ekimov A, Onushenko AA. The quantum size effect in
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12. Ghezzi M, Pescina S, Padula C, Santi P, Del Favero
E, Cantù L, Nicoli S. Polymeric micelles in drug
delivery: An insight of the techniques for their
characterization and assessment in biorelevant
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13. Gidwani B, Sahu V, Shukla SS, Pandey R, Joshi V,
Jain VK, Amber Vyas, Quantum dots: Prospectives,
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Delhi, 2000, 361-380.
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quantum dots in drug delivery, Nanoscience &
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drug delivery: a review, Int. J. Res. Pharm. and Nano
sci., 2014, 3(3):159-169
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system: a review, Pharmaceutical Resonance, 2020,
2(2):21-26
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MJ, Gohagan JK, Laine AF, A review of imaging
techniques for systems biology, BMC Syst Biol.,
2008, 2:74
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nanotechnology: application of nanotechnology in
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cancer therapy, Drug Discov. Today, 2010, 15:777-
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Medicine, Med Chem., 2015, 5: 081-089.
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of nanocomposites in drug delivery, GSC
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systems: recent developments and future prospects,
J. Nanobiotechnology, 2018, 16(1):71
34. Prajapati RN, Prajapati S K , Singh N, Gupta R, Poly
amidoamine dendrimer-Mediated Formulation
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Ketorolac, Asian J. Pharm., 2018, 12(2):S1-S9
35. Prajapati RN, Tekade RK, Gupta U, Gajbhiye V, Jain
NK, Dendimer-mediated solubilization, formulation
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Impact of Green Economy Practices in

Promoting Sustainability
Himanshi Mittal*, Ashish Diwakar and Vipin Kumar Tomar
Hi-Tech Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad, U.P., INDIA
*himanshimittal8@gmail.com

Abstract: This article sets out a view of the purpose
and approaches of "sustainability” by green economy
practices. Green economics positions economics in the
very long term. Green growth or sustainable economic
growth is imperative in light of the current
environmental crisis and reduces depletion. Greening
the economy should integrate social quality, as a pillar of
sustainable development with development priorities.
Combining Economics with knowledge from natural
science, argue that green economics can incorporate a
much wider, more practical inside view of sustainability
in economic growth. Green opposition to growth and the
market is identified along with values of ecological
sustainability.
This paper attempts to discuss how green economics
could improve sustainable performance. A research
framework will be proposed to examine the integration
of sustainable economic growth with green economy
practices.

Keywords: green economics, environmental

economics, sustainability, externalities, sustainable
development.

Introduction drive sustained, inclusive green growth.

Simultaneously, its concepts can be discussed with

The current worldwide process of economic
development cannot be stopped even if creating issues
so there are possible alternatives available to balance the
development with the protection of the environment,
social unrest, and profitability. This is known as
sustainability. Green growth can improve sustainability
through green factors. For the past few years, the term
"Green Economy" used by the UN, the head of a state,
the EU, and the OECD to explain the integration
between sustainability economics and the environment.
As we know growing demand puts extreme pressure on
natural resources. The focus towards a green economy is
generally understood by researchers and policymakers
as one of the alimentary approaches to reduce
dependency on non-renewable resources.
Because the green economy covers a lot of different
concepts that directly we link with sustainability. The
sustainable development goal motivates us to consider
the implementation of green economy policies in the
context of sustainability, in a manner that endeavors to
respect to their influence on sustainability in specific
conditions. This Special Issue on “Sustainability”
involves topics focused on innovative approaches to the
green economy in different sectors on the national and
international levels.
Promoting a sense of security by taking measures, and
preventing conflicts over access to land, food, jobs,
inequality, and natural resources further promotes
increased power and strengthened voices. green
economy has not been conceived as a replacement for
sustainable development, but should be considered as a
subset of it. Therefore, the green economy demands an
operational policy agenda that can help achieve
measurable progress at the interface of the economy and
the environment.
2. Objectives of the research study
The major objectives of the present research study are as

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follows:
1. To study the theoretical issues relating to the concept
of Sustainability;
2. To examine the nature and impact of a green economy
with sustainability;
3. To suggest the appropriate suggestions for attaining
sustainability through green economy practices.
3. Literature Review
In recent years, researchers all over the world gave vital
attention to the topic of the “green economy” devoting a
tremendous deal of effort and time in to the research.
This research provides the element basis of the study
describing the impact of green economy practices in
promoting sustainability and knowing the significant
impact on the environment. Green Economy is a
development strategy that Integrates both economic
development and ecological sustainability. In the
context of existing research, it was found that the
existing production and consumption cannot make
development a really sustained and sustainable one.
3.1 Green Economy Issues and Way Forward
The green economy is defined as an economy that aims
at reducing environmental risks and ecological
scarcities, and sustainable development without
depleting the natural resources. By adopting the multi-
dimensional Green concept, it have huge effects on
employment, trade, business pattern, which,
accordingly, require extensive policy reforms, the vision
of changing trade relations and trade patterns, skill and
development, indigenous research and development for
resource efficiency, political and public awareness, etc.
Judicious inclusion of sustainability factors into the
ongoing economic decisions for boostinginfrastructure
and manufacturing can set things rolling for the Indian
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economy on the Green Economy path. The paper is a
preview of the green economy based on the available
formation. While acknowledging the importance of
developing strategies to adopt the principles of a Green
Economy in tune with the stage of economic
development, the paper indicates potential challenges
faced by Green Economy in India that will need
appropriate government interventions and policy
framework.
3.2 Challenges
The principal challenge is how we move towards an
economic system that will benefit more people over a
long period of time. The transition to the green economy
will require a fundamental shift in thinking about
sustainable growth and development. We know
sustainability is the ability to meet our requirements for
future generations. Absent a significant change in human
behaviour, sustainability will not have potential because
the human being is the key and the rest is secondary.
There is a huge need for more people to tackle these
problems head-on in the coming years, so sustainability
education is necessary to prepare a creative type of
leader to be launched into action.
3.3 Promoting Sustainability
The role of a Green Economy achieve sustainable
development through sustainable consumption and
production which aims to improve production processes
and consumption practices to reduce resource
consumption, waste generation, and emissions of
resources, refers to the ways in which resources are used
to deliver value to society and aims to reduce the number
of resources needed, and per unit of product or service.
The Green Economy provides a macroeconomic
approach with a central focus on investments,
employment, and skills. Sustainability is not only an
idea supported in the US, but it also has global
popularity. Many companies with lack of knowledge or
technical abilities for researching new methods, or they
might face difficulties in adapting to new methods of
production or might not find it profitable when they
consider the overheads.
3.4 Measures for effective policy-making
As per the research, there are many measures that have
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
been taken for the policy-making for sustainable
development. If I talk about some of the following then
the first and most important is public awareness.
Planning agencies must adapt to a more diverse and
representative set of economic indicators that focus on
growth and progress of development. There are many
policies already made for the development of the
economy so not the time when comes to big economic
reforms. Establishing a sound regulatory framework.
Prioritizing government investment and spending in
areas that stimulate the greening of all sectors in our
economy. Limiting expenditure in areas that display
natural capital. Investing in capacity building and
training that promotes green investment and innovation.
Research Methodology
Research methodology is an organized and detailed
method of solving a problem. Where researchers
indulge in describing, explaining, and predicting the
phenomenon of research paper. It is a combination of
methods through which knowledge is gained. Research
is based on secondary data. Many research papers and
new articles related to the green economy and ecological
footprint have been reviewed for this research paper. A
well-defined research framework can be defined right
and create awareness that drives green economic
activities as well as removes barriers. A regulatory
framework can regulate the harmful forms of
unsustainable behaviour of the economy, either by
creating minimum standards or prohibiting certain
activities entirely. The data collected during this
research was compiled using “qualitative research
methods” which are appropriate for this type of
research.Conclusion
The expected result of the above research framework
shall provide several implications in theory and practice
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by revealing the established linkage between green
growth and sustainability performance. Absent of a
significant change in human behaviour, sustainability
will not have potential. Therefore, the human being is
the key. The rest is secondary. Whatever changes you
make in the external world become irrelevant, if there is
no change in human conciseness. There is a huge need
for more people to tackle these problems head-on in the
coming years, so sustainability education is necessary to
prepare a creative type of leader to be launched into
action.
References
[1] What is Green Economy? United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP). Available from:
https://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/what-
inclusive-green-economy.
[2] Sustainable Development - United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP). Available from:
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?
menu=1446.
[3] UNEP. (2012). The Business Case for the Green
Economy, Sustainable Return on Investment.
[4] United Nations Environment Programme's report on
t h e G r e e n E c o n o m y. Av a i l a b l e f r o m :
http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/.
[5] A green economy,(book),author/NR Krishnan,
[edition 2022]
[6] Sustainable Development – Available from
:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/
index.php?page=view&type= 400 &
nr=126&menu=35
[ 7 ] h t t p s : / / w w w. u n e p . o rg / r e g i o n s / a s i a - a n d -
pacific/regional-initiatives/supporting-resource-
efficiency/green- economy
[8] Google Wikipedia: terms/ green
economy,sustainability,economic growth/searcht.
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Application of Design of Experiments (DoE) for Optimization

of a Biodiesel Synthesis Process: A Case Study
Ritesh S. Malani1*, Hanif A. Choudhury2,3
1
Department of Petrochemical and Energy Engineering, ICT-IOC,
Bhubaneswar Campus, Bhubneswar, Odisha-751013.
2
TEES Gas and Fuels Research Center, College Station, USA.
3
Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar
204Q Texas A&M Engineering Building, Education City
*rs.malani@iocb.ictmumbai.edu.in

Abstract: Limited fossil reservoirs, along with
continuous increasing energy demand required
alternatives for conventional energy resources. Fossil
fuels such as crude oil and coal when burned in excess
also causes the depletion of the natural resources in
addition to the negative environmental impact. Thus, to
protect the environment as well as fulfil the need of day-
to-day life, a sustainable renewable energy source is a
must. Over past few years the biodiesel has been studied
by various researchers, and several aspects related to the
process has been investigated. The synthesis of
biodiesel from vegetable (edible and non-edible oil) is a
reversible and very slow process, hence the suitable
catalyst and proper operating conditions are necessary
to convert the vegetable oil into biodiesel. In this
process, there are several parameters that plays crucial
role in conversion process both individually as well as
interaction with other parameters. Therefore, if all the
parameters are not optimized properly then the overall
process will result in excess energy consumption or lead
to incomplete conversion. Conventionally, One-
Variable-At-Time (OVAT) is used to optimize the
process, however, the process has major limitations as it
does not account for the interaction effects of the
parameters on the conversion factor. Thus, a proper
methodology is to be adapted to assess both primary and
binary interaction effects of parameters, in addition to
minimise resource utilization, and provide a scientific
approach for the analysis. Design of Experiments (DoE)
or more specifically the Response-Surface
Methodologies are such methods that allows us to
propose mathematical model based on the best fit of the
experimental data to predict conversion more precisely.
In this paper, the process of using DoE is discussed with
the example of biodiesel synthesis using a
heterogeneous catalysed process. The conventional
process is highly mass transfer controlled and hence the
acoustic cavitation is applied to overcome the mass
transfer barrier. The rationale behind the application of
acoustic cavitation is also revealed.

Keywords: Design of Experiments, Optimization,

Biodiesel, Heterogeneous Catalyst, Acoustic
Cavitation.

1. Introduction is used to design the pilot process equipment and later

The process of converting the production of any product
from lab to commercial scale involves various analysis
such as process operating conditions, kinetics,
economics, conversion rates, heat and mass transfer
patterns, etc. When the process developed in the lab
scale, majority of the data can be extracted easily and
based on the modelling of the data the scale-up approach
the commercial level. Considering the current
competitiveness and limitation of resources, the proper
optimization of process is essential. This will not only
saves the material and energy but also reduces the cost
and time of overall production. One of the common
approach in optimization process is the application of
One Variable at a Time (OVAT) process. In this process
among the various process parameters only one is varied

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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
by keeping all at any arbitrary levels, and results/yields
is monitored. Similarly, the same process is applied for
others, and at the end optimization is achieved. OVAT
involves huge number of experimentations (that
includes excess material consumption, manpower and
time utilization) and also extremelytedious to
simultaneously consider and optimize the entire product
and process related factors [1]. The process of OVAT
does not involve the interactions of the operating
parameters, their effective levels in the process and thus
give a local range bound optimization. The approach is
not efficient and over the last few years researchers are
using Design of Experiments (DoE) based methodology
which has many advantages to overcome most of the
limitations of the OVAT [2]. The DoE is basically,
categorised into two sections: screening methodologies
and optimization methodologies. Screening
methodologies helps in identifying the significance of
the important parameters which has most impact on the
process out of large number of parameters. These
methods provides the results in very less number of
experiments and hence have low resolutions (thus give
only screening of important parameters). The results or
analysis of the parameters are done based on the linear
models. The common methods used for screening
includes fractional factorial design, Taguchi design and
Plackett–Burman design.
On the other hand optimization methodologies involves
high resolution interactions of all the process parameters
and uses the quadratic models to give the final
optimization of the process. The major advantage of
these designs includes the mathematical and graphical
interactions of the parameters which allows to
understand the stand alone / independent or combined
effect of parameters on the reaction yield. The process is
based on the analysis of responses provided for the
permutation and combination of the experiments, and
hence also termed as Response Surface Methodology
(RSM). Full factorial design, Central Composite design,
Box-Behnken Design, Mixture design, etc., are the
common designs to name a few that are employed for
conducting RSM [2,3].
The overall mechanism of RSM involves five steps as
follows: (I) identification of problem statement;
(ii)factors identification; (iii). factors optimization; (iv)
optimal solution search and (v)validation and scale-up.
In simple words, the process for which the optimization
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has to be performed is studied based on literature or
preliminary experiments followed by the various
parameters along with their lower and higher range is
plugged in a suitable software (commonly in Minitab®
or Design Expert®). The design matrix i.e. permutation
and combination based experimental sets are generated
and they will be executed to get the responses. The
responses then entered in the software for further
analysis which is known as ANNOVA (Analysis of
Variance). This yield the various information about the
process parameters such as their significance levels,
independent impact on the yield, combined interactive
impact, variation on the yield by various the levels
(range) of the parameters and the optimal solution etc.
The final set of experiments were performed to validate
the process and the similar or close to predicted results
gives the standardization about the process [3]. In this
paper, the RSM is discussed for the biodiesel synthesis
process as a case study and various aspects were
discussed.
2. Case study – Acid Catalysed Biodiesel Synthesis
From Jatropha Oil
To demonstrate the various advantages of the DoE in
optimization, the case study is considered where more
than two parameters are optimized. In this case, the three
operating parameters were identified which has direct
impact on the yield of the process.
These parameters are: (i) Temperature: the minimum
temperature is required to start the reaction, with
increase in temperature the reaction mixture mixes
properly (oil viscosity reduces) and gives higher yield.
At the same time extensive increase in temperature
reduces the yield due to vaporization of methanol in the
reaction system. (ii) Alcohol to oil molar ratio: as per
the stoichiometry, three moles of methanol is required
for complete conversion of one mole of triglyceride into
biodiesel. As the reaction is reversible in nature,
methanol is always given in excess. The excess ratio can
ranges from 100 to 500%. Providing additional
methanol up to certain ratios results in higher yield and
further increase reduces the yield of the process.
(iii) Catalyst loading: the process is reversible and have
very slow kinetics, hence the catalyst is employed. The
catalyst loading also optimized, excess catalyst addition
results in more number of downstream processing and
wastage of resources [4].
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Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy
These three parameters are optimized using the Box-
Behnken design. The design matrix obtained by putting
the lower and higher range (levels) of the parameters are
as follows:
Table 1: Box-Behnken design matrix with responses of yield
The results of experimental yields are entered into the
software for ANNOVA and it yields the fitted biodiesel
yield. The closer prediction of the fitted yield and the
experimental results gives the significance selection of
parameters and their levels in the model. The model
work on quadratic equation which covers all the
dependent and independent variables. The generalize
form of the Eq. 1 is as follows [1].
The ANNOVA provides the values for all the constants
in the eq. 1 and the complete solution-based form of the
Eq. 2 for this particular case is as follows.
The significance of each parameters is also known from
the p-value and t-test value from the ANNOVA tables.
The interactions can be analysed from the response
surface plots as depicted in figure 1 below.
Figure 1: Response surface plots for %FAME yield as a function of
reaction temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-to-oil molar
ratio.
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The results obtained from the optimization process using
DoE, gives here clear evidences that all the three
parameters have interaction as well as independent
effects on the reaction system. The optimum solution
gives molar ratio = 6.96, temperature = 72.3oC, catalyst
loading = 6.27 wt% results in maximum yield = 80.12%.
The values obtained here can be easily seen that such
values are not possible by OVAT as doing experiments at
such levels is not feasible in OVAT [4].
3. Conclusion
DoE provide a comprehensive understanding of the
process, it has now been considered as an ultimate tool to
match the product performance with the desired
objectives. Such benefits are not observed with the help
of traditional approaches. Based on several merits such
as – time saving, resource saving, identifying the
interactions, etc. DoE approach significantly outweighs
the OVAT approaches. Several literature reports have
been published on the application of DoE for a variety of
different product manufacturing. Ultimately, a detailed
understanding of the concept of DoE would be helpful in
process optimization.
References
1. Beaver, R.J., 1977. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF
EXPERIMENTS-MONTGOMERY, DC.
2. Beg, S., Swain, S., Rahman, M., Hasnain, M.S. and
Imam, S.S., 2019. Application of design of
experiments (DoE) in pharmaceutical product and
process optimization. In Pharmaceutical quality by
design (pp. 43-64). Academic Press.
3. Beg, S. ed., 2021. Design of Experiments for
Pharmaceutical Product Development (Vol. 2).
Singapore: Springer.
4. Choudhury, H.A., Malani, R.S. and Moholkar, V.S.,
2013. Acid catalyzed biodiesel synthesis from
Jatropha oil: mechanistic aspects of ultrasonic
intensification. Chemical engineering journal, 231,
pp.262-272.
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Industry Four Point Zero: Overview

Ms. Swati Kunwar
Research Scholar, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University
Mr. Brijesh Kumar
Research Scholar, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University
References No.: IEC-GY23-MBA-001

Abstract : The "Fourth Industrial Revolution," also known as "smart manufacturing," "industrial internet," or "integrated
industry," is also known as "Industry 4.0." It is a hot topic right now because it has the potential to change entire industries by
altering how goods are created, produced, delivered, and paid for. Industry 4.0 ushers in the era of digitalisation.
Everything is digital, including business practices, working conditions, manufacturing processes, equipment, personnel,
goods, and services. Inside the digital scene with the accompanying virtual representation, everything is connected.
Industrial revolutions and the development of society are intertwined. Revolutions are transformative and disruptive
processes that affect and influence several systems. Industrial revolutions depend on shifting scientific, and mostly
technical, paradigms and involve input from the general public. They are collective and complicated systems, thus they are
not merely made with personal political motives. The so-called fourth industrial revolution is denoted by the term "Industry
4.0," which was coined in Germany in 2011. Whether Industry 4.0, the fourth industrial revolution, is indeed under way or is
it still just a vision of the future, is the topic this article explores. This article examines how industrial systems change and
interact with a few other selected systems from the perspective of complexity science. It was created through the use of
fractal analysis to indicators from the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Germany, and China. The analysis's
findings reveal that the component that stands out is intellectual property protection when taking into account population
growth, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, communication technology, and intellectual property. The previous
signs could not support the assertion that the fourth industrial revolution is currently in progress, suggesting that Industrial
4.0 may still be a vision of the future. More research is required because the conclusions gained cannot be regarded as
definitive. As well as this article describes the strategic Industry 4.0 (I4.0) initiative's advancements, benefits, constraints,
requirements, and present techniques. It primarily focuses on studies on production planning throughout the board. In order
to do this, it suggests a taxonomy of the terms used in the principles of I4.0 design that takes into account the classification of
the following factors: interconnection/connectivity, decentralised decision making, technical assistance, the human factor,
intelligence/awareness, interoperability, information transparency, technology, organisation, conceptual frameworks, and
production planning. Additionally, it presents the components' models, algorithms, heuristics, and metaheuristics as they
relate to an I4.0 environment. In order to define the phrase I4.0, a sizable number of reference conceptual frameworks are
analysed.

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Analyzing the Performance of Smart Street Light

Via Iot to Minimize Energy Consumption
Snigdha Sharma*, Dr.Manoj Kumar Garg
snigdha.2015@gmail.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-024

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to analyze the IOT based method for smart LED street lights to reduce energy
consumption. Photovoltaic (PV) solar array is considered as a source of providing electrical energy to the street lights.
Rechargeable batteries are also used as a storage system in addition to PV system. The internet of Things (IOT) based Smart
Street light system focuses on the power provided to the street light. Light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor is used in this paper
in order to sense day time or night time. The detector works to monitor the function of street light whenever required. This
paper adopted blinking LED street light method to minimize consumption of energy instead of dim and bright LED method.

Keywords: IOT, smart LED street light, PV system, LDR sensor.

Changing Trends of Supply Chain Management in Diverse Environment

Madhu Bala
madhubalap19@gmail.com
HRIT Group of Institutions
References No.: IEC-GY23-MBA-006

Abstract: Supply chain and e-commerce in consumer goods industry plays a very important role now a day. Supply chain
in consumer goods companies are complex while ecommerce plays a valuable and competent role in companies to manage
supply chain and logistics as well. The objective of this paper is to understand the consequence of e-commerce to supply
chain in FMCG industry. The paper also explains the utilize of e-commerce in challenges and benefits lessons learnt in a
diversity environment.

Keywords: Logistics, e-commerce, supply chain

Recent Trends in the Practice of White Collar Post Covid-19

with Reference to IT Sector
Kajal Sharma
kajal98555@gmail.com
HRIT Group of Institutions Ghaziabad (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-009

Abstract: Covid-19 makes it easy for the white collars to do work according to their convenience but at the same time
there are many problems too. The objective of this paper is to acknowledge the changing pattern in the working style of the
white collar along with the Pros & Cons. This paper is an attempt to assess the challenges & gains being enjoyed by the
white collar.
Keywords: White Collar, Blue Collar, Workplace, Management strategies, Covid -19 & IT Sector

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Impact of Tourism Growth on Local Economy

VINOD KUMAR
vinodkumar.ihm@ieccollege.com
IECCET
References No.: IEC-GY23-MBA-009

Abstract: The goal of this study is to find out what role tourism plays in the growth of the localeconomy. Tourism is
recognized around the world as one of the largest and most vibrant economic sectors of any developing country. Globally,
tourism accounts for 8-10% of GDP. Tourism is crucial for the success of many economies worldwide. Tourism offers many
advantages for the receiving destination. Tourism increases economic income and creates millions of jobs, and enhances an
entire country's infrastructure. Visitors spend their money for restaurants, hotels, retail stores, and taxis. Tourism has
planted a feeling of cultural exchange between tourists and local residents. The impact of tourism on local communities is
generally universal, including employment opportunities, the development of income-generating infrastructure and the
improvement of social services.

Keywords: Local Economy, Cultural exchange, Employment opportunity, Social Services

Pharmacognostic Experimental Analysis Of Tribulus Terrestris

and Withania Somnifera As A Testosterone Booster
Ravindra Kumar*, Sudhanshu Jha, Mohit Kumar, Rakesh Yadav, Mahesh Pal, Vinay Jaiswal
drsharmaravindra@gmail.com
Vishveshwaraya College of PharmacyDadri, G.B.Nagar, U.P.(India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-030

Abstract: The pharmacognostic research on Tribulus terrestris and Withania somnifera is the subject of this publication.
Physical-chemical characteristics including ash and extractive values as well as fluorescence analysis have been carried
out. The various extracts have also undergone preliminary phytochemical investigation and thin layer chromatographic
behaviour. According to studies, Withania somnifera and Tribulus terrestris have anti-inflammatory, anticancer,
antiparkinsonian, adaptogen, memory-enhancing, antioxidant, and anxiolytic effects. There have also been studies on a
number of additional effects, including immunomodulation, hypolipidemia, antimicrobial, cardiovascular protection,
sexual behaviour, tolerance, and dependence. This plant should be further researched in order to confirm these findings and
elucidate further possible therapeutic properties, according to these very positive results. There should also be clinical
studies employing ashwagandha and Tribulus terrestris to treat a range of ailments.

Keywords: Tribulus terrestris, Withania somnifera, testosterone, adaptogen, Phytochemical screening, Physicochemical
analysis.

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Path Finding Visualizer

Abhigya Pritam, Aryan Raj, Rajeev Roy and Sanjay*
sanjayrathour1172@gmail.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-011

Abstract: The shortest path problem is the problem of finding a path between two vertices (or node) in a graph such that the
sum of weights of its constituent edges is minimized. The problem of finding the shortest path between two intersections on
a road map may be modeled as a special case of the shortest path problem in graphs, where the vertices correspond to
intersections and the edges correspond to road segments, each weighted by the length of the segment. The goal of this
project is to create a web based e-Learning tool, 'Path Finding Visualizer', which can be used to visualize shortest path
algorithms. The conceptual application of the project is illustrated by implementation of algorithms like Dijkstra's, A* and
DFS. We present some quantitative results on the shortest path and the path with lowest risk. In this project, our group is
using Dijkstra's Algorithm can be used to find the shortest path. This algorithm will continue to run until all of the reachable
vertices in a graph have been visited, which means that we could run Dijkstra's algorithm, find the shortest path between any
two reachable nodes, and then save the results somewhere.In this project, different algorithms and languages are used like
node js and python to create an application which helps to find the shortest path in case having some objection between the
path. Then we use different algorithms to find the same in different cases, like path having a bomb or path having mazes and
patterns. It is a shortest path problem where the shortest path from all the vertices to a single destination vertex is computed.
By reversing the direction of each edge in the graph, this problem reduces to single-source shortest path problem. With this
project the manual and laborious task of providing shortest path between two cities
Keywords: Path problem, Path Finding Visualizer, Dijkstra's Algorithm

Comparative Study of Manufacturer V/S Retailer Brands

Mr. Brijesh Kumar
Mail id: brijbkp@rediffmail.com
Mangalmay Institute of Management Technology (MIMT)
References No.: IEC-GY23-MBA-002

Abstract: Purpose- In the Current scenario most of the retailers are following own brand strategy and it is quite obvious that
the Competition in the market is intense and marketer's have to adopt suitable marketing strategies to encounter the competition
& to increase their share in the market. Marketers have been using promotional strategies such as sales promotion, direct
marketing, publicity and advertisements to achieve specific marketing objectives. Because customer is the king of market &
their satisfaction level plays a vital role in role in marketing.
Methodology- I have conducted primary research with 250 sample size in Greater Noida City. Respondents have been selected
with help of personal interview method; on-probability convenience sampling technique is used to select the respondents.
Discussion- In this perspective , it is important to every organization whether manufacturing or retailing to identify the
awareness level, factors influencing particular brand, image of retailer's/manufacturer's brand, problems associated with use
of retailer's brand and the customers satisfaction level of the both.
Results- The result of this study can be beneficial to the players of retail industry. This help to understand their strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This will help to understand customer's preference and their needs. This study will also
be helpful for R&D to concentrate on their present and prospective customers and It enables to retain customers.
Conclusion- The outcome of the study will be depending upon on the measures to be taken up by marketr's in designing and
implementing appropriate marketing strategies in future.
Keywords: Marketer, Retailer, Manufacturer, Brand, Organization, Consumer Preference.
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Human Perception, Virtual Reality and the Built Environment

Shivam Chauhan
Shivchauhan276@gmail.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-026

Abstract: Recent research indicates that Virtual Reality (VR) as a communication tool to convey design intent and
construction methodologies in the built environment sector has been utilized to varied degrees. Currently, the effectiveness
of VR has been demonstrated from conception to the final stages of projects in many fields, yet its potential within the Built
Environment has still to realized, despite a variety of successful demonstrations. There is concern that the current utilization
of VR compromises its full potential, unsurprisingly, as environmental representations focus predominantly on the visual
modality, regardless of the multi sensory nature of the spatial experience. In addition, there is a distinct paucity of search
exploring the complex interaction of environmental design and the user, such as the role of attention or conceptual
interpretation. This paper aims to identify the issues concerning the utilization of VR models to aid communication for the
Built Environment with specific reference to human perception issues.
Keywords : virtual reality, built environment, perception, representations

A Survey On: Ride Sharing And Car Pooling System

Sandeep Kumar Sharma, Harsh Raj, Denjil and Gulame Khwaja
Sandy27082708@gmail.com
Students, Department Of Computer Science And Engineering,
IEC College of Engineering And Technology
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-043

Abstract: Ride sharing is also called Carpooling. It is a car trip sharing that allows multiple people to move by car. Carpooling
means sharing the trip to work with at least one other person of hers. In American English, Car sharing is sometimes used simply
to refer to people traveling together in a car. Carpooling also refers to people sharing a car to travel together. Someone in the
group owns a vehicle that they use for carpooling. With a huge increase in the number of vehicles on the roads, people across the
country, especially in Metropolitan areas, are facing the problem of increased traffic and an additional hour of travel time per day.
Almost all states in India face traffic jams on a regular basis. Heavy traffic will delay your delay your arrival at a particular
location. It can also be a problem in an emergency. Riding carpools are seen as a greener and more sustainable way to get around
because sharing a vehicle reduces congestion on the roads and reduces CO2 emissions, among other reasons. Research shows
that carpooling can save fuel and reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions for both users and non-users. Carpooling can be an
important strategy for reducing fuel consumption. A study of ridesharing in the San Francisco Bay Area found that convenience,
time savings, and financial savings were the top motivators for ridesharing. A Survey conducted by AAA in March 2022 found
that 29% of Americans between the ages of 18 and 34 are considering carpooling or changing their commute because of high gas
prices. Carpooling not only saves you money, but it also provides many mental and social benefits. Because instead of worrying
about traffic and roadsides, you can relax, have fun with your passengers, or listen to your favorite podcast. You can relax and
enjoy the ride knowing someone else is driving. It is also a way to relieve stress, especially if you have a long commute or have to
go through a busy area. One of the main advantages of carpooling for passengers is that it costs less than taking a taxi. Carpooling
is more convenient than public transport because you can get off at your destination. Ride sharing is a great way to meet new
people, make friends, and avoid the stress of rush hour traffic. Riding with like-minded people with similar interests, neighbors,
and similar goals makes the experience more enjoyable. You can also take advantage of the Clean Air Act by carpooling. The
Clean Air Act was enacted to reduce the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. Depending on your state, Carpooling may be
tax deductible. Therefore, Carpoolers should weigh the pros and cons of carpooling and make the best decisions about your
commute. This paper provides an overview of various techniques that researchers use for ride sharing. An Abstract view of the
proposed system we implement will help provide its users with a safe way to share a car.

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MHD Mixed Convection of Casson Fluid overa Nonlinear Stretching Sheet in a

Porous Medium with Thermal Radiation and Chemical Reaction
Ritu, Anil Kumar
rituahlawat91@gmail.com
School of Physical Science Starex University (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-028

Abstract: This paper focuses on numerically investigating of the MHD mixed convection flow over a nonlinear stretching
sheet in a porous medium with thermal radiation and chemical reaction. The governing partial differential equations
reduced to ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. The transformed equation numerically solved by
finite element method in MATLAB software. Investigating the effect of physical parameters on fluid velocity, temperature
and concentration distribution as well as heat and mass transfer rates are discussed in detail. In this paper the numerical and
graphical result are obtained and present problem is validated and comparison with previously published results and good
result found between them.

Keyword : MHD, Mixed convection, Porous medium, Thermal radiation, Chemical reaction

Application of Design of Experiments for Optimization of a

Biodiesel Synthesis Process: A Case Study
Ritesh S. Malani* and Hanif A. Choudhury
rs.malani@iocb.ictmumbai.edu.in
Department of Petrochemical and Energy Engineering,
ICT-IOC, Bhubaneswar Campus, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-041

Abstract: Limited fossil reservoirs, along with continuous increasing energy demand required alternatives for
conventional energy resources. Fossil fuels such as crude oil and coal when burned in excess also causes the depletion of the
natural resources in addition to the negative environmental impact. Thus, to protect the environment as well as fulfil the
need of day-to-day life, a sustainable renewable energy source is a must. Over past few years the biodiesel has been studied
by various researchers, and several aspects related to the process has been investigated. The synthesis of biodiesel from
vegetable (edible and non-edible oil) is a reversible and very slow process, hence the suitable catalyst and proper operating
conditions are necessary to convert the vegetable oil into biodiesel. In this process, there are several parameters that plays
crucial role in conversion process both individually as well as interaction with other parameters. Therefore, if all the
parameters are not optimized properly then the overall process will result in excess energy consumption or lead to
incomplete conversion. Conventionally, One-Variable-At-Time (OVAT) is used to optimize the process, however, the
process has major limitations as it does not account for the interaction effects of the parameters on the conversion factor.
Thus, a proper methodology is to be adapted to assess both primary and binary interaction effects of parameters, in addition
to minimise resource utilization, and provide a scientific approach for the analysis. Design of Experiments (DoE) or more
specifically the Response-Surface Methodologies are such methods that allows us to propose mathematical model based on
the best fit of the experimental data to predict conversion more precisely. In this paper, the process of using DoE is discussed
with the example of biodiesel synthesis using a heterogeneous catalysed process. The conventional process is highly mass
transfer controled and hence the acoustic cavitation is applied to overcome the mass transfer barrier. The rationale behind
the application of acoustic cavitation is also revealed.
Keywords: Design of Experiments, Optimization, Biodiesel, Heterogeneous Catalyst, Acoustic Cavitation.

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A Survey On: Donate For Life Using Java

Abhishek Kumar Pandey, Altaf Ali, Mohd Junaid and Muhammad Saif Khan
Abhishekpandeypbh02@gmail.com
Students, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
IEC College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-044

Abstract: The Donate for life using java website is a sincere effort of easing all processes revolving around receiving and
donating blood. The website enables the user to easily access information regarding the availability of blood types in
different blood banks across the state, along with the date of donation of blood and an option to schedule a voluntary blood
donation. Blood is essential in almost every surgical process that is carried out. The number of patients who need blood is
increasing day by day due to advancements in medicine and technology, but there still exist problems like shortage and non-
availability of blood. Motivating the people for blood donations alone won't be beneficial until a proper blood management
system is developed. The goal of this project is to provide the people with a single solution to all the blood donating and
receiving problems all at one place in a single click. The website will include everything from registering an individual
online to donate blood to searching nearby blood banks for checking the availability of blood all of this online thus being a
time saver and a great helper.

An Advanced Fractional Depiction Encryption Methods Based on Gauss Map

Shweta Chauhan*, Ghanshyam Yadav, Shivani Sharma
chauhanshweta144@gmail.com,
Computer Science & Engineering,
Mangalmay Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-045

Abstract: Macrography is a science to conserve the security of the report by changing figures or information into a
disparate form, so the report cannot be recognized. Today, many innovations have been preferred for figure encryption, but
the chaotic encryption methods have a quality combination of hurtle and very high reliability. In current years, the chaos
based cryptographic fractional have suggested some new and efficient ways to develop secure image encryption
techniques. The chaos-based encryption schemes are composed of two steps: chaotic confusion and figure diffusion. In the
chaotic confusion instant, a combination of the chaotic maps is used to understand the confusion of every pixel.
Encryption of visual data is a requirement of the modern day. This is obvious and greatly required due to widespread use of
digital communication mediums, their wide range of applications, and phishing activities. Chaos approaches have been
shown to be extremely effective among many encryption methods. However, low-dimensional chaotic schemes are
characterized by restricted system components and fundamental structures. Therefore, to overcome the shortcomings of the
lower order chaotic map, this paper proposes a Gauss Map for pixel encryption for the first time. The performance of the
stated work is evaluated using some of the most important metrics as well as the different attacks in the field. The simulation
was done on the MATLAB platform, and the classification accuracy after the encryption-decryption process is compared.

Keywords : Macrography, Chaotic Confusion, Pixel Diffusion, Figure Encryption, Gaussian Mapping

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The Influence of Music on Personality Development

and its Potential to Connect People
Aakash Dwivedy, Naman Rai, Harsh Kumar Jha, Ayush Gupta
aakashdwd07@gmail.com
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IEC College of Engineering and Technology
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-046

Abstract: Music has always been an important part of human culture and society, serving as a means of self-expression,
communication, and entertainment. In recent years, research has shown that music can have a significant impact on our
personality development and can even be used as a tool to connect people. This paper will explore the relationship between
music and personality and how music can help define a person's personality. The paper will also examine the potential of
music to bring people together and bridge differences. The paper will begin by reviewing the history of music and its role in
shaping our emotions and attitudes. The paper will then focus on the different ways in which music can influence our
personality and the different types of music that people listen to and how they relate to their personality traits. Finally, the
paper will conclude by summarizing the current state of research on the topic and highlighting the importance of further
research on the relationship between music and personality and its potential to connect people.

Recent Innovations in Chalcone as Anti-Microbial Agent

Ashish Sikdar, Dr. Reema Sinha, Poonam Sharma
ashishsikdar09@gmail.com
Ram Eesh Institute of Voc& Tech Education Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-026

Abstract: Chalcones are the important constituent of many natural sources and possess a variety of biological activities.
The increase in antibiotic resistance due to multiple factors has encouraged the search for new compounds which are active
against multidrug-resistant pathogen. In a wide search program towards new and efficient antimicrobial agents two series of
chalcone derivatives containing s-triazine and acetamido group were synthesized . All the synthesized compounds were
characterized and tested for their antidacterial activity. All the synthesized compounds were found to be active against both
Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Compound 6a was found to show best activity.

Chalcone is a common natural pigment and one of the important intermediates in flavonoid bio-synthesis. It has broad
bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory,anti-cancer,anti-fungal properties. The molecular docking study of the synthesized
compound to study the interaction and binding affinity in a 3D fashion, the compound were docked within the binding site of
the protein 1AJ0 and the reactive ligand 3- Cholro- chalcone ,2-flurochalcone etc.

Keywords: Chalcone, Chlorochalcone, Anti-microbial

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Potentiality Of E-commerce In The Rural Community

of The Uttar Pradesh
Sumit Kumar Rohila
sumisumitsre@gmail.com
Research Scholar GLA University, Mathura
Reference No. : IEC-GY23-MBA-019

Abstract: Objective of study is to find out the potential of E-Commerce in remote regions of Uttar Pradesh. E-Commerce
refers to the buying and selling of goods and services through internet. In recent years the growth of E-Commerce has
enabled rural consumers to have an access to a wider range of goods and services, even in remote areas where traditional
brick-and-Mortar retailers are limited. This has been made possible by advances in technology such as mobile devices and
improved internet connectivity, making it easier for rural consumers to shop online. Globalization and E-Commerce have
joined all worlds together. Online shopping websites are growing rapidly in India. In the duration of Covid-19 and
Demonetization online business increased their market share rapidly in India. Approx 70 % population lives in rural areas of
Uttar Pradesh which is the area of study and E-Commerce can play a vital role in the rural development of Uttar Pradesh in
present state of affairs. This study explores the potential of e-commerce in promoting sustainable and equitable
development in rural areas.
However there are still challenges in rural areas including limited infrastructure and low levels of digital literacy which can
make it difficult for rural businesses to establish an online presence and reach customers in rural areas due to disperse nature
of the population and limited transport options.
Despite these challenges, the potential for E-Commerce to drive economic growth in rural areas is significant and efforts are
being made to increase access to technology and support the development of rural e-commerce. This includes initiatives
such as government sponsored training programs and the creation of E-Commerce hubs in rural communities.

Keyword: E-Commerce, Online Shopping, Infrastructure, Rural Area, Globalization

Antimalarial Drugs Development & Evaluation for Nano Lipid Based

Drug Delivery System
Priyanka Bhati
bhatiipriyanka.02@gmail.com
Vishveshwaraya Group Of Institutions
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-017

Abstract: This paper is about formulation and evaluation of nano lipid based antimalarial drugs Artesunate and
Halofantrine by forming liposomes by the means of Parentral route. Liposomes were chosen as they provide continuous
medication release, which low dosage frequency and improves patient compliance. Additionally, these nanoliposomes
could direct medication to the liver, which is where it acts. Parentral route is used since it will solve the bioavailability issue
with oral and intramuscular routes. This approach will further result in dose and Dose frequency reduction, resulting in
therapeutic patient compliance.

Keyword: E- Nano lipid, Halofantrine, Parentral route, Nanoliposomes

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Sales Forecasting in Pharmacy Industry for

Sales of Drug Product in Daily Bases
Geeta*, Vipin Kushwaha, Dr. Bibhuti Sharan
geetasingh.cs@ieccollege.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-029

Abstract: The main aim of the study is to find a suitable model to take out insights from the pharmaceutical sales and get it
readable form for the company. The pharmaceutical sale field manufacturer establish their company revenue goals into
sales goals, which is a barometer for measuring the success in pharmaceutical sales. Pharmaceutical industries are exposed
to complex risks concerning drug approval, quality control, supply chain or even the different global commercial practices.
Operators need agile tools in order to gather and manage data well while creating action plans. We are focusing on create a
forecast Time Series model for Sales of Medicine products in daily basis. it is very important to find a good estimation of the
medicine needs, due to the short shelf life of many medicines and the need to control stock levels. The proposed method will
help to present the sales data in a better way such that understanding the trends and seasonality becomes easier for the
companies.

Impact of Antioxidants in Combination with

An-Anticancer Drug on Lung Cancer
Sonia Bhatt*, Amrita Singh, SumanLata Mehta ,Snehil Singh
soniabhatt.pharmacy@ieccollege.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-029

Abstract: Uncontrolled cell growth and division are a hallmark of a group of diseases known as cancer. Breast cancer,
lung cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer account for more than half of all cancer-related fatalities. Lung cancer is the
one type of cancer that claims the most lives, in both men and women.
The effectiveness of cytotoxic treatments has been constrained by the adverse effects of these agents on healthy tissues and
cells over the past three to four decades, making dose measurement the most important factor. In both traditional and
modern societies, natural products have a long history of medicinal use. They have been used as herbal remedies, purified
compounds, and as the initial ingredients in combinatorial chemistry. It has been demonstrated in recent years that many
(and possibly all) cancer chemotherapy agents kill tumor cells in vitro and in vivo by initiating the mechanisms of apoptosis
(or programmed cell death), which are inhibited by the well-known concept of "oxidative stress". Since the 1970s,
researchers have been examining how ROS function biologically and whether they might play a part in the emergence of
cancer and the spread of other diseases. Combination chemotherapy, or the administration of chemotherapy drugs along
with natural antioxidants, can increase the effectiveness of the treatment.
In the current study, different potent antioxidants are being used alone and in combination with the standard anti-cancer
drug to observe the synergistic/preventive/therapeutic potential of combination against non-small cancer cell lines. The
characterization of the drugs is done by using different spectroscopy methods and drug interaction is also studied. The cell
viability is observed by MTT Bioassay. It may provide a critical link between antioxidants and anticancer drugs used alone
or in combination and may prove to reduce the probable adverse effects of anticancer therapy.

Keywords: Lung cancer, cell lines, antioxidants, MTT Bioassay, Cell viability

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Design Factors Affecting Performance

of Solar PV Module Performance
Prabhakar Sharma*, Shilpa Sharma, Dr. Manoj Kumar Garg
prabhakarsharma@its.edu.in
ITS Engineering College Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-012

Abstract: The designing of Solar photovoltaic system whether grid connected or off grid system, depends on various
environmental factors apart from the electrical calculations. Environmental conditions like geological location,
temperature, irradiance, and other associated factors have a major role while designing the sun-based power plant. This
paper focuses on the various design parameters which are significant but sometimes being neglected while designing the
solar photovoltaic (PV) system. This paper presents the various environmental factors, their effect and the conditions which
need to be considered according to the location of the PV plant. The paper also discusses the economics involved in the PV
system and thus addresses the basic query of a common person as to why invest in the solar PV system. The various safety
checks and standards associated with the components of the solar PV system are also presented. The system has been
simulated using PVSYST software to analyze the effects of the various environmental factors on PV system.

Keywords: Grid connected PV system; Albedo; Air Mass; Fill Factor; Azimuth; STC; NOCT; Economics in PV system;
Safety Measures

Recent Innovation in Therapeutic Potential of Phthalimide Analogs with Gaba for

Anticonvulsant Viainsilico Studies
Rajan kumar kurmi*, Dr. Reema Sinha
rajankumar789877@gmail.com
Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational & Technical Education Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-021

Abstract: Production of GABA is done by taking foods which is rich in glutamic acid. GABA is a type of inhibitory
neurotransmitter; it blocks or inhibits certain nerve transmission. GABA calms our nervous system down, helping to not
become overly anxious or afraid. is a quick and easy way to increase and maintain proper GABA levels. By the action of
glutamate decarboxylase, a neurotransmitter GABA is formed from glutamate. some of the medical conditions associated
with change in the level of GABA are Anxiety and mood disorders, Schizophrenia, Autism spectrum disorder, Depression,
Epilepsy and Seizures. The activity of GABA can be enhanced by incorporation of Anthracene, phthalimide, benzene and
Thalidomide. Insilico Docking study was carried out by using Auto Dock 4.0 against GABA-AT protein and the Binding
energy was found -9.5kcal/mol. This suggest that substitution of GABA as potential lead compound. By substituting
GABA with Phthalimide derivatives were designed as they possess a similar degree of anticonvulsant potency due to their
phenytoin-like profile. The ability of phthalimide pharmacophore to interact with neuronal voltage-dependent sodium
channels was studied in the batrachotoxin affinity assay. Therefore, in the present study, a 2 series of 21 compounds of
phthalimide pharmacophore possessing a variety of substituents (NO2, NH2, Me, Cl, COOH, MeO) at the N-phenyl ring.
Insilico QSAR study modelling was carried out against voltage-gated sodium channels. This suggest that substitution of
Phthalimide derivative gives a potential lead compound.

Keywords: GABA, Neurotransmitter, Glutamic acid

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Recent In-Silico Innovations of Carvone

Snigdha Srivastava *, Dr. Reema Sinha, Dr. Pallavi M. Lavhale
snigdhasrivastava2247@gmail.com
Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational & Technical Education, Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-020

Abstract: From the almost 500 decades, naturally occurring plant products always showed its narrative role to the society
for its effectiveness against several diseases. Carvone is a mono-terpenoid which is obtained as an essential oil obtained
from Anethumgraveolens (dill) and Carumcarvi (caraway) oils, (+S) enantiomer and the (+R) enantiomer of carvone as a
primary constituent of Menthaspicata(spearmint) oil also found in Calaminthaoffcinalis (calamint) oil. As Carvone has
shown a very less toxic effect.

(-S) Carvone also acts as an anti-epileptic agent, (+S & -S) carvone has shown much potent activity when compared to (R)
species of Carvone. By performing In-silico docking studies of S(-) Carvone it has been observed that it is quite safe and
potentially effective as an anticonvulsant agent, antispasmodic agent , antifungal agent ,also as a cardiovascular agents etc .
Carvone has high permeability to GI absorption and also it follows Lipinski rule (0 voilations). Although, Carvone has less
toxicity while crossing the blood brain barrier. Docking studies of Carvone is suggesting that it can be used for many
advancement of drug to achieve potent results in different pharmacological aspects.

Keyword: Carvone, S(-) Carvone , Anti-convulsant, Antispasmodic.

Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Skin Disease - A Novel Approach

A Khan* , N Parvez , M George, S K Joshi, A P Singh
azadkhanbit@gmail.com
1. School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
2. Research and Development, Hamdard Laboratories India, Delhi-Meerut Ghaziabad, India.
3. College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Delhi NCR Campus, Delhi-Meerut Road, Modinagar, India
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-030

Abstract: Solid, liquid, emulsifying agents, and water make up the nano-particulate carrier system known as
nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). In comparison to traditional dose compositions, NLCs have demonstrated
outstanding advantages in terms of drug delivery. The primary purpose of skin is to shield the body from the elements.
However, genetic, hormonal, or environmental variables might cause inflammatory processes in the skin. Reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory mediators rise when the immune system is overworked, which causes skin problems.
Many natural compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics are being researched as potential
treatments for these inflammatory processes. Topical applications are frequently used to treat skin conditions because they
lower the chance of adverse systemic effects and inhibit drugs from being broken down by first-pass metabolism. The use of
lipid-based nanoparticles, such as nanostructured lipid carriers, is a promising technique to increase cutaneous drug
penetration because of the skin's hydrophobicity. The proper active penetration of medicine is necessary for it to have the
desired effect. By enhancing the deeper and targeted site of the skin layer penetration, NCL technology will deliver superior
performance in smaller doses. As a result, we present NLC in this review as a technique to enhance cutaneous delivery of
medicinal compounds.

Keywords: Cutaneous drug penetration, nanostructured, lipid carriers, Dermal Penetration.

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In-Silco Design of Novel Benzimidazole Analogues

as Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Activity
Chauhan Himanshu*, Tripathi Ram Babu , Agrawal Anurag
chauhanhimanshu181@gmail.com
Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational & Technical Education Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-022

Abstract: The benzimidazole nucleus is a constituent of many bioactive heterocyclic compounds that are of wide interest
because of their diverse biological and clinical applications. The primary goals of this research are to in-silico design new
benzimidazole chemical entities as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Molecular docking calculations were carried
out to identify the interactions of designed benzimidazole analogues with COX-2 (PDB ID: 6COX). The conformations of
the docked complex were analyzed in terms of binding energy, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. Molecular
docking experiments were carried out against the COX-2 enzyme using AutoDock 4.2.6. The results show that the chosen
novel molecule has a binding energy of -11.62 kcal/mol and protein binding moieties of SER353, VAL523, LEU352,
ALA516 THR94, and PRO514.

Key Words: Benzimidazole, In-silico docking, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, COX2, AutoDock 4.2.6

Carissa Carandas Antioxident Potential:

Methods And Experimental Evidences
Rajkumar Mishra*, Snehil Singh, Sonia Bhatt & Kamal Singh Bani
dr.rajmishra2103@gmail.com
Department of Pharmacy, IEC Group of institutions, Greater Noida.
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-035

Abstract: Carissa carandas is a useful food and medicinal plant of India, found to be widely distributed throughout
subtropical and topical regions. The plant has been used as a traditional medicinal plant over thousands of years in the
Ayurvedic, Unani, and Homoeopathic system of medicine. Traditionally, whole plant and its parts were used in the
treatment of various ailments. The major bioactive constituents, which impart medicinal value to the herb, are alkaloids,
flavonoids, saponins and large amounts of cardiac glycosides, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds and tannins. Roots were
reported to contain volatile principles including 2-acetyl phenol, lignan, carinol, sesquiterpenes (carissone, carindone),
lupeol, β-sitosterol, 16β-hydroxybetulinic acid, α-amyrin, β-sitosterol glycoside, and des-Nmethylnoracronycine, whereas
leaves were reported to contain triterpenoid constitutes as well as immunity boosting agent.

Keywords: Alkaloids, Flavonoids & Cardiac glycosides.

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A Review of Text Mining Methodologies in Different Areas

Shiva Gupta
shivagupta.cs@ieccollege.com
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IEC College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-047

Abstract: Text mining is basically used to extricate the hidden information from structured and semi-structured data. Text
mining is also known as text-analytics it uses the NLP Algorithm to transform the unstructured text data in a normalized
manner. It is the process of exploring huge amount of unstructured text data. In future the amount of text data increasing
very rapidly. We present the different terminology that is basically used in data mining and also discuss about algorithm that
is basically used in datamining and also discuss the comparision of techniques on the basis of its attributes and models. The
need of automatically retrieval of useful knowledge from the large amount of textual data in order to assist the human
analysis is fully apparent.

Keywords: Text Mining, Search Engine, Information Extraction, Text Summarization, Customer Care Service.

Turmeric: Post-Production Management

Vishwesh Mishra
vishwesh.1989.bp@ieccollege.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-007

Abstract: Turmeric is a mild digestive, being aromatic, a stimulant and a carminative Turmeric is one of nature's most
powerful healers. The active ingredient in turmeric is curcumin. Tumeric has been used for over 2500 years in India, where
it was most likely first used as a dye. The medicinal properties of this spice have been slowly revealing themselves over the
centuries. Long known for its anti-inflammatory properties, recent research has revealed that turmeric is a natural wonder,
proving beneficial in the treatment of many different health conditions from cancer to Alzheimer's disease. An ointment
base on the spice is used as an antiseptic in India. Turmeric water is an Asian cosmetic applied to impart a golden glow to the
complexion. Curcumin has been shown to be active against Staphlococcus aureus (pus-producing infections). Anemia,
cancer, diabetes, digestion, food poisoning, gallstones, indigestion, IBS, parasites, poor circulation, staph infections, and
wounds. Turmeric decreases Kapha and so is used to remove mucus in the throat, watery discharges like leucorrhea, and any
pus in the eyes, ears, or in wounds, etc. In Unani medicine, turmeric has been used for conditions such as liver obstruction
and jaundice and has been applied externally for ulcers and inflammation. Roasted turmeric has been used as an ingredient
of a preparation used for dysentery. Turmeric has also been used in tooth powder or paste. Turmeric has been used for many
conditions in traditional medicine in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The rhizome is generally the part of the plant that is
most widely used. It can be prepared in various ways and is reputed to alleviate asthma and coughs. Hot water extracts of the
dried rhizome have been taken orally in Ayurvedic medicine to reduce inflammation. Turmeric is also regarded as a
'rasayana' herb, which is a branch of Ayurvedic medicine. Here turmeric is used to counteract ageing processes.

Keywords: Turmeric, Post- Productions, Nutraceuticals.

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A Brief Study on Cloud Computing Implementation Issues

Mayank Saini*, Bhawna Kaushik
galgotia.mayanksaini@gmail.com
Bachelor of Computer Application,
GL Bajaj Institute of Management, Greater Noida.
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-048

Abstract: Organizations are needed to scale up their information technology infrastructure, which includes things like
hardware, programming, and services. This requires a significant amount of financial investment, in addition to a variety of
other resources. Having one's own premises and making one's own investments, on the other hand, might make the process
of growing one's IT infrastructure both sluggish and expensive. In addition, even if companies increase the size of their
information technology infrastructure, they almost never manage to make the most of it. It is certain that this has been a
significant barrier to businesses' decisions to spend massive amounts of wealth and resources for the purpose of expanding
their operations. Because of all of these factors, businesses are always searching for creative solutions, often in the form of
newly developed technology solutions that are not only simple to implement but also economical. Cloud computing is one
example of a technique that has been quite beneficial in today's world. The transition to cloud computing, in which computer
services are provided over the internet, represents a paradigm shift. The concept of cloud technology evolved from a
number of different computing paradigms, including client-server computation, peer-to-peer data processing, cloud
services, cluster data processing, and computation. All of the efforts that were put into the innovations of the predecessor
were directed at high-end computing with the goal of making the most efficient use of the available resources. Computation
in the cloud is, in essence, a significant improvement over its forerunners in this particular undertaking.

Keywords: Cloud Computing, High-end computing, Client-server computation

A Brief Study on Recruitment and Retention of Human Resources

Mr Rakesh Kumar Dixit*, Ms. Divyanshu Chauhan, Ms. Sakshi Goel
rakeshdixit578@gmail.com
GL Bajaj institute of Management, Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-MBA-020

Abstract: The research was conducted to assess the effectiveness of existing strategies for attracting and retaining talent.
Improving recruiting, selection, and retention tactics in a multiethnic business was the primary focus of this study's research
challenge. The study's objectives were to assess the recruiting procedure, the recruitment sources, and the performance
assessment and promotion processes. At its completion, the study drew upon its findings to draw judgements about the most
efficient recruiting channels, the most acceptable selection procedures, and adequate retention tools, all of which
contributed to answering the study's goals. Some other suggestions for further study were also provided.

Keywords: Human Resource Management, Recruitment, Retention and Performance.

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Nutraceuticals and their Medicinal Importance

Faiz Ali Ansari
faizaliansari386@gmail.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-004

Abstract: Lifestyles of human beings have changed drastically due to the industrial age, increasing work, living speed,
longer work schedules, and various psychological pressures, which have led to an increased incidence of diabetes, obesity,
various cancers and vascular diseases. With recent advances in medical and nutrition sciences, natural products and health-
promoting foods have received extensive attention in the public. To achieve better quality of life, people started eating more
vegetables, fruits, dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, phytotherapeutical substances and other plant foods. The demand
for nutraceuticals and phytonutrients has increased over the past few years and they are being used by people for various
therapeutic outcomes. This article brings out the importance of nutraceuticals and their usage in various diseases and
ailments.

Keywords: Health benefits, nutraceuticals, nutrient therapeutic activity.

Phytomedicine Used in Cardiovascular

Manvendra Pratap
manvendrapratap123456@gmail.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-008

Abstract: Oxidative stress (OS) refers to the physiological imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative processes
leading to increased oxidation, which then results in the inflammatory infiltration of neutrophils, increased protease
secretion, and the production of a large number of oxidative intermediates. Oxidative stress is considered an important
factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). At present, active components of Chinese herbal medicines
have been widely used for the treatment of CVD, including coronary heart disease and hypertension. Since the discovery of
artemisinin for the treatment of malaria by Nobel laureate Youyou Tu, the therapeutic effects of active components of CHM
on various diseases have been widely investigated by the medical community. It has been found that various active CHM
components can regulate oxidative stress and the circulatory system, including ginsenoside, astragaloside, and resveratrol.
This paper reviews advances in the use of active CHM components that modulate oxidative stress, suggesting potential
drugs for the treatment of various CVDs.

Keywords: NA

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Transdermal Drug Delivery System:

A Tool For Novel Drug Delivery System
Arvind Pathak
arvindpathak1226@gmail.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-009

Abstract: For several decades, many drug types, including tablets, capsules, pills, creams, ointments, liquids, injectables,
have been used for the treatment of disease. These dosage forms must be taken multiple times a day to maintain the
concentration of the medication. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also known as “patches,” are dosage forms
Built to deliver a therapeutically efficient quantity of medicine through the skin of a patient. By increasing patient
compliance and preventing first pass metabolism, transdermal delivery offers a leading edge over injectables and oral
routes. Transdermal drug delivery provides the patient with controlled release of the drug, allowing for a stable blood level
profile, leading to decreased systemic side effects and often increased effectiveness over other types of dosage. The primary
objective of the transdermal drug delivery system is to deliver drugs with minimal inter-and intrapatient variations into
systemic circulation via the skin at a fixed rate.To address the difficulties of drug distribution, primarily oral routes, the
transdermal drug delivery system was implemented. Modifications of the materials used were mainly limited to
refinements. The present review paper discusses the overall research on the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS)
leading to the current drug delivery system (NDDS). We used convectional dosage method earlier, but we are now using a
novel system of drug delivery. The transdermal patch is one of the biggest advances in the delivery of new medicines. The
value of the transdermal drug delivery system is that it is a painless drug administration procedure. There are variables that
influence the bioavailability of transdermal products. Such as physiochemical and biological factors. Iontophoresis,
phonophoresis, electroporation and micro needles, etc, are many new techniques that have drawn interest due to
technological development.

Keywords: Transdermal, drug delivery, TDDS, Novel drug delivery System.

Evaluation of Clarithromycin Effect on

Hypoglycemia in the Experimental Rats
Dr. Rajesh Kumar Asija* , Princy Malik , Rashmi Khanijau
princymalik.pharmacy@ieccollege.com
Department of Pharmacy, IEC Group of Institutions, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh., India
Reference No-IEC-GY23-PH-039

ABSTRACT: The purpose of the present research was to evaluate of Clarithromycin effect on Hypoglycemia in the
Experimental rats. There were clarithromycin interfere with cytochrome P-450 enzyme and thereby alter the
pharmacokinetics of various drugs that are metabolized by this enzyme system when they are used concomitantly. Hence,
there is the interactions between clarithromycin and sulfonylurea's (Glipizide & Gliclazide). Drug- drug interactions are
one of the reasons for adverse drug events and should be predicted to avoid the possibility of drug resistance or
ineffectiveness of the concomitantly administered drugs.

KEYWORDS: Clarithromycin, Hypoglycemia, Interactions, Glipizide, Gliclazide, Experimental Animals.

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Phytomedicine Used in Diabetes

Pavitra Yadav
pavitrakumaryadav001@gmail.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-010

Abstract: Available data indicate that diabetes mellitus leads to elevated cost of healthcare. This imposes a huge economic
burden on households, societies, and nations. As a result many Ghanaians, especially rural folks, resort to the use of
phytomedicine, which is relatively less expensive. This paper aims at obtaining information on plants used in Ghana to treat
diabetes mellitus, gather and present evidence-based data available to support their uses and their mechanisms of action,
and identify areas for future research. Method. A catalogue of published textbooks, monographs, theses, and peer-reviewed
articles of plants used in Ghanaian traditional medicine between 1987 and July 2018 for managing diabetes mellitus was
obtained and used. Results. Te review identifed 76 plant species belonging to 45 families that are used to manage diabetes
mellitus. Leaves were the part of the plants frequently used for most preparation (63.8%) and were mostly used as
decoctions. Majority of the plants belonged to the Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Apocynaceae families.
Pharmacological data were available on 23 species that have undergone in vitro studies. Forty species have been studied
using in vivo animal models. Only twelve plants and their bioactive compounds were found with data on both preclinical
and clinical studies. Te records further indicate that medicinal plants showing antidiabetic efects did so via biochemical
mechanisms such as restitution of pancreatic Alpha-cell function, improvement in insulin sensitivity by receptors,
stimulating rate of insulin secretion, inhibition of liver gluconeogenesis, enhanced glucose absorption, and inhibition of G-
6-Pase, Alpha-amylase, and Alpha-glucosidase activities. Conclusion. Tis review contains information on medicinal plants
used to manage diabetes mellitus, including their pharmacological properties and mechanisms of action as well as models
used to investigate them. It also provides gaps that can form the basis for further investigations and development into useful
medications for effective treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Home-based Mobile Application Through IoT for the

Management of Haemophilic Patients
Hina Chadha, Seema M Jain, Mojahid ul Islam, Tanmay Chadha, Kuljeet Kaur
hodpharm@vgi.ac.in
Vishveshwarya College of pharmacy
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-018
Abstract: Techniques involved in wound care management and overall management of symptoms in haemophilic
patients have remarkably advanced and evolved since the advent of modern medicine in the early 19ᵗʰ century.
Contemporary technological changes in the delivery of medicine have allowed case-specific comprehensive precision
delivery of healthcare. Remote assessment and management of bleeding using mobile approaches can reduce this
burden and improve patient outcomes. Replacement therapy is the mainstay of the treatment of haemophilic patients.
Concentrates of clotting factor VIII and clotting factor IX is used for replacement therapies for haemophilia A and
haemophila B. Timely availability of concentrates of clotting factors is a herculean task. To address the issues faced by
many haemophilic patients or patients with a bleeding disorder, a unique amalgamation of mobile-based applications
and the internet of things (IoT) has emerged as a possible solution. IoT would provide improved patient safety, reduced
healthcare costs, enhanced the accessibility of healthcare services, and increased resources management in the
healthcare industry. However, these introductions of technology-based solutions have simultaneously presented
unprecedented obstacles for the healthcare industry. The review paper encompasses the concerns and issues faced by
haemophilic patients with the role of IoT, Home-based application (HMBA) and mobile health (mhealth) in relation to
monitoring and management of bleeding episodes, wound care and overall prophylaxis in haemophilic patients.

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Bioanalytical Method Development of

Venlafaxine In Solid Dosage Forms
Snehil Singh*, Sagar Patni, Sonia Bhatt, Dr. Amrita Singh, Raj Kumar Mishra, Kamal Singh Bani
snehilsingh.pharmacy@ieccollege.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida (India)
References No.: IEC-GY23-PH-027

Abstract: The quantitative and qualitative analysis of drug compounds in systemic fluids (mostly plasma and urine) or
tissue is known as bioanalytical chemistry. It is crucial for the analysis and interpretation of pharmacokinetic,
bioequivalence, and bioavailability data. Method development, method validation, and sample analysis are the three
primary analytical processes that make up bioanalytical services (method application). Recently, it has become vital for the
outcomes of many analytical approaches to be acknowledged universally due to the growing interdependence between
nations. As a result, the demand for the use of validated procedures has grown in order to guarantee a common level of
quality. Analytical techniques are utilised for chemical quality control, process control, product development, and product
research. The unique characteristics and shortcomings of each method, whether chromatographic or spectroscopic, must be
taken into account. Regardless of how the analysis is carried out, it must be validated to ensure that it achieves its goals. The
impact of environment, matrix, and procedural variables on the estimation of analyte in the matrix from the time of
collection to the time of analysis must be examined at each stage of the process. A set of all the steps taken during the
collecting, processing, storing, and analysis of a biological matrix for an analyte constitutes a bioanalytical method. The
primary factors of producing repeatable and reliable data utilised in the assessment and interpretation of bioavailability,
bioequivalency, and pharmacokinetics are analytical procedures used for quantitative determination of medicines and their
metabolites in biological fluids. Evaluation and optimization of the various stages of sample preparation, chromatographic
separation, detection, and quantification are steps in method development.

Keywords: Bioanalytical, Bioavailability, Bioequivalence & Evaluation.

Realtime and Autonomous Object-Detection Based Tracking

using DeepSORT and Transfer Learning Technique.
Shashwat Pandey* , Agha Asim Husain
aghaasimhusain@its.edu.in
Department of ECE, ITS Engineering College, Greater Noida, U.P.
References No.: IEC-GY23-EN-049

Abstract: In the last few years, detection of objects and its tracking has become vital for researchers. Its application in the
field of drones are numerous such as surveillance, traffic-monitoring, military applications, etc. In our paper, we present an
object-detection based tracking technique, to track movements of various moving objects applying Multiple Object
tracking (MOT) on real-time feed capture of drone mounted cameras. The model is based on the DeepSORT tracking
principles that leverages transfer learning for object detection. The model proposed is capable of detecting and tracking any
desired object present in the frame and allow an automatic maneuver of the drone, by generating its left, right, forward and
backward positional signals that are then relayed back to the flight controller. The proposed technique improves the quality
of detection-based tracking and enhances autonomous flight capability. Detection-based tracking is the leading paradigm
considering its computational effectiveness and improved detection algorithms which provides a large scope for future
advancements in real-time object tracking.

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Microfinance and Government schemes for Developing

Women Entrepreneurship in India
Dinesh Kumar Rana
dineshrana.mba@ieccollege.com
IEC College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida
IEC-GY23-MBA-023

Abstract: Entrepreneurship among Women is an essential part for women empowerment and human resource
Development in the country. As compared to other countries the development of women entrepreneurship is very low in
India, especially in the rural areas. However, women from the middle class are not too eager to alter their role in fear of
social backlash and don't dare to cross the boundaries of the old society. The progress is more visible among upper class
families in urban cities and rarely in rural areas.

For active support to startups and entrepreneurs Startup India is a flagship initiative of the Government of India. The
primary objective of the program is to nurture and protect innovation and startups in India which may lead to generate large-
scale employment opportunities and the sustainable economic growth in the country. The Indian government also started
the Aatmanirbhar Bharat mission and the 'Make in India' program, with the aim of developing India as a global
manufacturing hub.

Today, India is considered as the third-largest startup ecosystem in the world. The country has more than 100 unicorns and
approx 60,000 startups operating smoothly. All this could be possible due to the active support provided by the Indian
government to startups and entrepreneurs through its specially designed schemes and programs. Indian Government aims
to provide financial assistance and working capital to startups and to achieve the tremendous growth in domestic production
by adopting various government schemes and resources. For instance, startups are eligible for a variety of benefits under the
Startup India Action Plan, including tax incentives and exemptions, loans at reduced interest rates, skill development
programs, prioritization of startups in public procurement, etc. This article aims to cover some of the important schemes
launched by the Indian government.

Microfinance is gradually emerging as one of the most effective strategies to promote entrepreneurship. It can effectively
generate employment and sustain the income of the households by giving them opportunities of work and employment.
During the past 25 years, the microfinance movement has challenged the conventional financial sector. Today microfinance
is very much in the agenda of public policy and it has been increasingly used as a vehicle to reach entrepreneurial goals.
Microfinance in India is represented by Self Help Groups (SHGs) which are linked to Banks mainly women as its members.
The paper also attempts to analyze the growth and role of microfinance in developing the micro entrepreneurship. It
indicates some challenges faced by microfinance groups to promote sustainable micro enterprise. This paper will also focus
on the status of women entrepreneurs in India, and it talks about the problems, issues, & challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs. It suggests them to overcome all these problems. The paper also analyzes policies of Indian government for
promoting Women Entrepreneurship in the country and the solutions for the problems faced by them while pursuing their
business.

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Formulation and Evaluation of Quercetin

Loaded Banana Starch Nanoparticles
Dharmendra Kumar
dharmendrakumar.pharmacy@ieccollege.com
Department of Pharmacy,
IEC College of Eng. & Tech; Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Reference No: IEC-GY23-PH-037

Abstract: Nowadays, polymeric nanoparticles are one of the most chosen drug delivery systems for the treatment of life-
threatening diseases such as cancer. Drug loading, drug entrapment, and drug release have been the challenges in
nanoformulations till now. Various researchers are working to improve these limitations. Current research studies are also
being conducted to address this issue. In the present study, starch was isolated from a novel source, i.e., unripe banana fruit.
Banana starch contains amylose and amylopectin in a certain ratio. Quercetin-loaded banana starch nanoparticles were
prepared using the nano-precipitation method. Formulated QBSN were evaluated for their antioxidant, wound healing, and
anti-inflammatory potential. Drug loading and drug entrapment were determined by different methods. The enhanced water
absorption capacity of prepared nanoparticles proved the breaking of intra-molecular bonding of amylopectin. In-vitro drug
release of quercetin was found to be sustained for up to 12 hours from prepared nanoparticles. SEM was used to determine
the particle size and morphology of prepared particles, which were found to be 67.67-133.27 and spherical, respectively.
The MTT assay for cytotoxicity studies was done using H661 lung cancer cell lines. Prepared nanoparticles showed a good
antioxidant effect against DPPH free radical scavenging model. Inhibition of DPPH free radicals reached up to 98 % at
40µl. Histopathological studies of treated tissues (wound and paw edema) confirmed the potential of prepared
nanoparticles.

Keywords: Nanoparticles; Starch nanoparticles; Banana starch nanoparticles; Quercetin nanoparticles

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Chalcone Derivative

Manoj Kumar Prabhakar* and Jaya Yadav
hod.pharmacy@ieccollege.com
Department of Pharmacy, IEC Group of Institutions, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh., India
Reference No: IEC-GY23-PH-038

Abstract: Chalcones are 1,3-diphenyl-2-propene-1-one, in which two aromatic rings are linked by a three carbon α, β-
unsaturated carbonyl organic compound and report to possess a wide spectrum of biological activity such as antibacterial,
antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant e.t.c. the biological activity of chalcon derivative is due to enonepharmacophor in their
structure. These are abundant in edible plants and are considered to be precursors of flavonoids and isoflavonoids. In an
effort to develop antimicrobial agents, a series of chalcones were prepared by ClaisenSchmidt condensation of appropriate.
Acetophenones with aromatic Aldehydes in the presence of aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and ethanol at room
temperature. Benzaldehyde and an Acetophenone in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst, chalcones can also be
prepared by an aldol condensation. the structure of this compound is well supported by U.V, NMR, IR, MASS Spectral data.
the compound has been evaluated for their antimicrobial activities.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, Chalcone, Synthesis

Gayanodaya - 2023 156

Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Bisection Method for Three-Parameters

Eigenvalue Problems
Pushpendra Pal Singh
pps2907@gmail.com
G.L. Bajaj Institute of Management, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh India
Reference No: IEC-GY23-EN-049

Keywords: eigen-value, bisection method, etc.

Gayanodaya - 2023 157

Recent Innovations in Engineering, Management & Pharmacy pISBN: 978-81-948907-7-5 / eISBN: 978-81-948907-6-8

Research Article on Anti-bacterial Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Thyme

and Cinnamon in Treatment of Acne Vulgaris
Jaya Bhati*, Amarjeet Singh and Giriraj T. Kulkarni
jayabhati. pharmacy@ieccollege.com
Department of Pharmacy, IEC Group of Institutions, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh., India
Reference No-IEC-GY23-PH-040

Abstract: In current scenario, Herbal Formulations are being treatment of choice, as Allopathy drugs posing harmful side
effects and additionally, microbes developing resistance to Allopathy drugs. Hence, the development of herbal formulation
is going to be essential for enhancing the patient's quality of life, safety and avoiding harmful side effects. Inthis study, we
have explored anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Thymus vulgaris and Cinnamomum verum against
Propionibacterium acnes.Thymus vulgaris and Cinnamomum verumwere macerated with aqueous-ethanolic solution to
get extracts.The formulated proniosomal gel by using surfactants, lecithin, cholesterol with extracts. Formulations were
evaluated for its physicochemical parameters and other parameters like TEM, DLS, in vitro study, optical microscopy. The
efficacy of Thyme and Cinnamon was determined by evaluating zone of inhibition against standard Clindamycin.The
formulated proniosomal gel was found effective against the acne and it was able to kill acne causing bacteria (P.acnes) and
provide controlled release upto 24 hours.

Keywords: Proniosomes, Thyme, Cinnamon, Propionibacterium acne, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Transmission
electron Microscopy (TEM).

Role of Customer Perception in Buying Behaviour

of Luxury Brands Online
Monika Sharma
sharma.monika1785@gmail.com
Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology
References No.: IEC-GY23-MBA-010

Abstract: Online marketing is also known as Internet marketing, a form of marketing that involves buying or selling of
products over internet. Online marketing is nowadays a trendsetter as everywhere in the world large percentage of human
population are using internet for shopping of their basic needs, fashion, real estate, medicines, grocery, travelling etc. In this
study customer perception is used to understand how in India online buying of luxury brands has gain its importance and
how customers are accepting and adopting this digital embracement.. From this study the effectiveness of the customer
perception is to analyse, and the effectiveness & customer's satisfaction level are to be analysed for using online shopping
platforms to buy luxury brand. The data collected for this study is collected by using a Questionnaire which is validated by
using tools to check content validity, criterion validity, and construct validity. The collected data were then analysed by
using SPSS Software. The study reveals that how the different parameters of customer perception play significant role in
buying decision of luxury brands in India using online retail sites.

Keywords: Online marketing, luxury brands, customer's perceptions, digitization, buying decisions.

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