1,9 I I.

q The volume rate of flow, Q, through a pipe containing a

slowly moving liquid is given by the equation

Q=
7rR't:.p
--
81-'(

where R is the pipe radius, t:.p the pressure drop along the pipe,
a fluid property called viscosity (FL -27), and ( the length of
i.L
pipe. What are the dimensions of the constant 7r/8?Would you
classify this equation as a general homogeneous equation?
Explain.

The. c.� () s ttl 11'i:: IT/? Is d i 1"\1 e r'l S, 01\ \ /,'s S- and

-il1e e�L(,J./�1'I
)

I" "'- �e..,ert<1 hom" 9£11 eo 145

€ b u.".:h
D fl.,o..t-
I! IS VA It'd I� ClVl,=, �OI1 s lOS �el\ t
l..! � ,'t- j �.s.J..e It) , 'Ie .5.
/.10 T
1.10 According to information found in an old hydraulics
book, the energy loss per unit weight of fluid flowing through

(0.04 0.09)(D/d)'V2/2g
a nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the fonnula

where Ii is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter,
h = to

d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and
g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid

(.!})If 2.�l.
in any system of units? Explain.

� = (O.Olf 1-0 f).f)'!)

[f;]:: [O.O� J-o o. o� [ :J &J [�:J[ t]

[L J [0. O/f .f-o 0.01] [L J
=

Since each -fa,." 111 -the ezu.a-t,;n rnusl: nt/lie fhe

dt'me":$It9h.5 the C&If:iIrJHi -ferm (t), ()'f h o. ()q) rnusf
bt ciirnfns/clI/(,ss. Thus1 1J,� e$aA..iltiH /.5 a. Jfnt'Y4/
Sqrne.
/

h19mo1('net:Jvs eltut.!:u;" -Inaf /.5 I/ti//d /ff 4n!f sfj5km

�f unl·i-�. Yes.
I. /1 I
1.11 cosity (FL - ' T) p the blood density (ML - ' ). D
partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is
The pressure difference. Ap. across a .

the artery diameter.

AAo the area of the unob­

(Ao )'_.pV'
approximated by the equation structed artery, and I the area of the stenosis.

Ap = K,. Ii + K. - 1
-

AI
/IV Determine the dimensions of the constants K,
and K,. Would this equation be valid in any sys­
tem of units?
where V is the blood velocity. /I the blood vis-

Sinc.e eac.h +errn must have. The S4me d/rnens/ol1s�

k'v CtVld KIA are dirnif1sjonJe�s. Thus1 fhe etuaHM
is (( f)ener1i/ hOJ?7()Jeneotis e� J).().J-itJ"7 -fhcd- woulc/ be
valid In Cftl!;l tOl1sisi-fnt 5lfsl-em 0';' unih. yes.

/-/0
1,13 I

1.13 A formula to estimate the volume rate of the dam (called the head). This formula gives
of flow, Q, flowing over a dam of length, B, is -Q in ft'ls when Band H are in feet. Is the con­
given by the equation stant, 3.09, dimensionless? Would this equation
be valid if units other than feet and seconds were
Q 3.09BH'"
used?
=

where H is the depth of the water above the top

Q= 3,O? B f..I%
3/,
[L3r-J @,O'lJ[LJ[L]
� Z

[L3T-J::: [3.M] [LJS"12

Since epch .f.errn +-he e�ual-if)n
mUJf. htCjI� fhe saine
dimen�ion.5 -the {of/S/tlnf 3. oq rnus! htlve dlmemiollS
t"n

t)f L'/'1..r-1 Qnel is fhcY'�-k>re net dlmrnSIOI//e5s. Nt?

5ince fh� �,,:,.f(ull hils dlm(I/SIOI1S ifs va/tie wil/ chll"f€.
wi fh A chtl-ne;e in uni.fs. &:

/-/2
 o

1.2 I
in certain types of fluid flow problems is the Froude e. Explain the significance of the results of these
An important dimensionless parameter the Froude number using SI units for V, g, and

number defined as VIVge, where V is a velocity,

g the acceleration of gravity, and e a length. De­
calculations.

termine the value of the Froude number for V =

10 ftls, g = 32.2 ftls', and e = 2 ft. Recalculate

In 86 1N1iis /
.li:-
v
::-
/0 s
/.25"

In 3I unil-5 :
V (r" It- ) (iJ. 3tJ'ff 2!!- )= 3. ()� T
ft
=
S

Cj"" �
cr,:8/
.£ (�+1:)(O.304-g m1)= O.bIOm,
IT
=

v 3 , os - S
/.25
IY>1
=

Yi�
The va/tie (>1 d /rnMsion/ess partlrne -t ey­ IS

:Jfjs-fem.
a.

il1 de'pend�,d t!)f -the. uni t

/-1 'I

c ')
1.2-3

�.23 A ta nk contains 500 kg of a liquid whose specific gravity is

.
. DetennlOe the volume of the liquid in the tank.

m::: �V SG r/hO V
Thus,
:=

V:= m/(SG PI/1.0 ) = SOO K9j((2)( qqq � ))

= 0.2';0 m3

J.2Jf

, I

, ��ti
I.Z'f- Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their

� per cubic meter (glm3). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies

liquid water content. Often this content is measured in grams
J ��++t
+ .

��
-

is 0.2 glm3• (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic

a volume of one cubic kilometer. and its liquid water content e I

+
+

- miles? (b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in +

i �.'.'t
+ I

. , ,
pounds?

r-
r = 3]1; u�l
(;01,1411 (:-5'.'ft)
i8'1 �)
1
+
+
,.-Yot,LL�L
�� .
.J
+--1----,--1-�
� (s. IIJJ
, '

Z3b
.
I

1· 3
�

. . 1:- p. 2

/-20
 o
o

" \
\ '
r-��
I.;Z .5 I ---------------- -- -------------------,
1.25
-- --
(a) Determine its weight in pounds and in new­
A tank of oil has a mass of ZS- slugs,

�
tons at the earth's surface, (b) What would be its

..
,'mass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if 10-
cated on the moon's surface where the gravita­
tional attraction is approximately one-sixth that

( It) ;: d
at the earth's surface?
w.e i:Jh f t»f as.s x.

- (25 5/uqS) (32,.2 �)= _80S Ib

- (ZSS/U9S)(It;,Sf � ) (l.g/ ;,.)=- 3S"8o.lI/

(b) .25' :;/'.((lS (tyr.ASS clots j'J/)t depfnd �II

JY'�vikfiIJHQ / )
t???4S,$ =

(32.:� )
a H-rad-it)f1

w.eijlJi = (25"' S/U'j5 ) :::: /3Lf 11,

v
\ ,,

�/�.���6-'-1----�--�
:

1.2,6 A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface.

Detennine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight

gravity equal to 4.0 ft/s2.

(in newtons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of

l?'yta,55 -

-
fo fi·/s2 )

- (30,r;, Jj. ) (If, r;;) (0. 301ft ;; )

0

/- 2.1
 1. 60 I
, " .. ' . , ; " ��', • V
1.60 Two flal plales are oriented parallel above a fixed lower plale
as shown in Fig, PL60, The lap plale, localed a dislance b above
I 21'
I
--:1
the fixed pi ale, is pulled along wilh speed V. The olher thin plate

V,
0 < < I , above the fixed plale.

-
is localed a dislance cb. where b

1
c

16 "i
�,
This plate moves wilh speed V" which is delermined by lhe vis­
cous shear forces imposed on it by the fluids on its top and bOl­ '�".,.'
I'
, "[ , j.
tom. The fluid on the lOp is lwice as viscous as lhal on the bOl­
lOrn. Pial lhe ralio V,iV as a funclion of c for 0 < c < L
IiII F I G U R E P1.60

For cons/an! speed) l-L o f the mldcile flcde, fhe net force
on the pIC/Ie is O. Hence)
�'P ::: rbollom where r ::: "(II . J

Thvsj the sheaf slress on the lup af)oI boi/om o f fhe p/ale
m tis f be equal,
?" "')A cry
au (I)
?;,p ?boNum !AIhere
'"

For {he boTfom {/vid. rl#-

ely
::: -¥- while fut +he 10p flilicidd!i (V- v,t
Y b-d
:;:
CD

Hence)
'

from Eqn. ({),

( V V,) V,
(2 1L) r c- b
(11. ) wh'c.h can he wnHen
-

r b ( I - c.)
-
as :
J
=:

1- e V - zeV, ::: V, - dl,

1
or

V, .:: �
1- C

V
- .

cf I
0.8
-

V
t/ofe : c" 0J v, ::: 0
If V
0.6 .

If c $' �' �
If c ::: /
V
== J:..
.3

V, I
0.4
/
/
) V
=

0.2 /
0
o
/ 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

/- S I
1. 6 5

1. 6 5 A layer of water flows down an inclined

fixed surface with the velocity profile shown in
Fig. P1.6S. Detennine the magnitude and direc­
tion of the shearing stress that the water exerts
on the fixed surface for U = 2 mls and h =

0.1 m.

FIGURE PI-55

Th t/' ;, a.1: -th� fixe,! su r/dee

dl O
C �� ) Fo =

So

/ -56
I. 7 J

1 . 71 A l2·in.-diamcter circular plate is placed over a fixed Rotating plate

bottom plate with a O.l -in. gap between the two plates filled Torque

with glycerin as shown in Fig. P I .71, Detennine the torque

0.1 in. gap
required to rotate the circular plate slowly at 2 rpm. Assume
that the velocity distribution in the gap is linear and that the
shear stress on the edge of the rotating plate is negligible.

• FIGURE P 1 .71

kY'?Ui; day I
pn p/,.+� r.i e f U4 /
d 7= r 1: ciA
dA- : 2.11" r- dr, Th&l� J

c/ ClJ = y T 271" Y d ".

or:: .urfRr
o
>. r ell'

7= )A- �� 11M' "r

ve/(),,'ry J, sty; b .f"';H (SRe fij"N:)
I «

...

::: () . 0 7 72 1-1:. . I/,

/- 6 3