PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

Date 2023-02-25

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Q1:

A. hypertrophy: increas in size witout increas in number and may be followed by hyperplasia, cell still histologic normal .

ex: ( pulmonary fibrosis)

B. atrophy:

Decreased size after completion and normal growth, and the decrease is in size or numbe.

ex: multiple sclerosis

C. hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells while remaining in the normal position, and there are two types of
physiological and pathological.

ex: Goiter, and also prostatic hyperplasia.

D. metaplasia:

A type of protection in the body through which the cell type in the same germ line changes to suit its surrounding
environment.

ex: Turning the fibers into bone, or the columnar into stratified (in the case of smoking, for example)

Q2:

1. O2 deficancy:

The lack of oxygen affects the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which affects the cells and causes injury to them, for
example, carbon dioxide poisoning and anemia may occur...

2. Physical agents:

There are many physical factors, electrical energy that produces a large amount of heat as it passes through tissues,
exposure to extreme cold and heat, free radical release, cell explosion and destruction of blood supply as a result of
trauma.

3. infectious agent :

Represented in microorganisms and parasites, they affect the cell in several ways, for example, viruses complete the
building of themselves by taking materials from the cell, which weakens its work or leads to its death, and bacteria also
produce toxins and cause infections, and parasites compete with the cell to feed it...

4. malnutrition and imbalance:

Lack of nutrition, minerals and vitamins affects the work of the cell because it lacks the elements that help it rebuild itself,
and this deficiency forces it to lipolysis and catabolidm of muscle proteins, and an increase in calories affects the heart
(cardiovascular diseas)
5. genetic derangment
(mutation.) :

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In fact, they do not form large wounds, but sometimes cells are deprived of enzymes (proteins) necessary for vital
functions, and it is worth mentioning that they are uneven and vary according to species, and an example of them is
hemophilia

6. workolad imbalance :

The overworked cell often tries to adapt and accept the demand, or becomes exhausted and then dies. On the other hand,
cells that are not stimulated suffer atrophy and eventually fibrous stroma.

7. chemical drug and toxin :

Mostly, drugs are for treatment and not for causing injury to cells, as they can affect receptors in cells by inhibiting or
stimulating them, or affecting the cell membrane and its permeability, in addition to affecting and destroying the structural
components of the cell.

Q3:

hypoxia that injury resulting in acute cell sweling:- The concentration of oxygen reaching the cells increases, which causes
the process of oxidative phosphorylation to stop and ATP levels to decrease. As a result, most functions that depend on
ATP for their fitness stop. As a result, the cell performs the process of energy production in isolation from oxygen, which
leads to the consumption of glycogen and the accumulation of lactate and inorganic phosphate, some Cells like neurons
cannot do anaerobic fermentation, which makes ATP levels low and eventually the sodium-potassium pump stops, which
leads to a loss of control over the fluid level, which causes accumulation and cell sweling.

Q4: Hypoxia is a lack of saturation of tissues with oxygen and often affects all organs in the body, while ischemia is
represented by stopping blood flow to cells and infecting a specific tissue or organ in the body affecting the aerobic and
anaerobic processes (glycolysis) in the body.

Q5:

Programmed cell death: one of the naturally occurring and local physiological processes in which cells are destroyed
individually, and it is phagocytized by macrophages or neighboring cells.

The cells cannot return to life, unlike the reversable.

In the case of reversible, the cell is trying to adapt to
the new situation.

Indecation apoptosis is direct activation of caspases and increases permeability.

apoptosis procees only foreword and can keep equilibrium again, but the reversable proccees are both foreword and
toword while cant keep equilibrium.

Q6:

1. caseation :

The cells turn into granular masses that can be crumbled and are similar to cottage cheese. One of the most famous
examples is tuberculosis, and calcification often occurs.

2. coagulation :

It is characterized by the fact that the shape of the tissue remains. Acidosis occurs, which leads to the denaturation of
proteins, including enzymes responsible for autolysis, which makes the tissue maintain its shape and resemble cooked egg
whites. It occurs in the muscles, liver and heart, and an example of it is angina pectoris.

3. liquefactive :

This type is characterized by the fact that the necrosis areas turn into empty areas filled with fluids, because the cells do
not contain fibrous tissues. Examples of this type include nerve cells and absces.

Q7: Q7: Dry gangrene occurs as a clotting necrosis resulting from an infarction followed by embalming, as a result of
stopping blood supply as it happens in (frostbite), for example, while wet gangrene is an area of ​dead tissue (coagulative
necrosis) followed by a throwing bacterial invasion that ends with putrefaction.

Matched Source

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No plagiarism found

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