Stabilization of high Plastic Clayey Soil Using Gypsum,

Rice Husk Ash and Stone Dust

Roll No:
F21BMGMT3M07008
Subject:
Strategic HRM
Submitted BY:
Nabila Aslam
Submitted To:
Dr.Tasawar javed

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 . CONTENTS
1: Abstract
Chapter 1
2: Introduction
• General
• Scope of study
• Aim of study
• Implementation of research

Chapter 2
• Introduction
• What is stabilization of highly plastic clayey soil?
• Composition of admixtures in soil.
• According to Research work out by literature review
• Admixtures and their properties

Chapter No 03
• Materials And Methodology
• Materials
• Collection of clayey soil
• Rice Husk Ash Gypsum
• Stone Dust
• Mixing Proportion

Sample preparation

Chapter No 4

Results

• Initial Testing
• Calculations for Atterberg Limits
• Standard Proctor Test (SPT)
• Unconfined Compression Test Comparison

Chapter No 05

• Conclusion

Chapter No 06 References

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 Abstract:

The process of soil stabilization is a fundamental requirement for infrastructure improvement and
development. Di errant binding materials have been used worldwide as soil stabilizers. In this
study, Gypsum, Rice Husk Ash and Stone Dust were used as a soil stabilizers.

Soil stabilization has become a major issue in construction engineering and the researches
regarding the effectiveness of using industrial wastes are rapidly increasing. The present
experimental work briefly describes the suitability of the locally available Rice Husk Ash (RHA)
to be used in the local construction industry in a way to minimize the amount of waste to be
disposed to the environment causing environmental pollution. The common soil stabilization
techniques are becoming costly day by day due to the rise of cost of the stabilizing agents like,
cement, lime, etc. The cost of stabilization may be minimized by replacing a good proportion of
stabilizing agent using RHA. It will minimize the environmental hazards also. Soil sample taken
for the study is clay with medium plasticity which truly requires to be strengthened. The soil is
stabilized with different percentages of Rice Husk Ash and a small amount of Stone Dust.
Observations are made for the changes in the properties of the soil such as Maximum dry density
(MDD), Optimum moisture content (OMC) and Unconfined compressive stress (UCS). UCS of
soil are considerably improved with the RHA content and Stone Dust. This research paper
addressed the some fundamental and success soil improvement that used in civil engineering
field.

The soil samples in natural state and when mixed with varying percentages of Gypsum, Rice
Husk Ash and waste stone powder (i.e, 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%, 18%) were used for the
laboratory tests that included atterberg limits tests, grain size analysis, standard Proctor
compaction tests,
unconfined compression tests and California bearing ratio tests. The results show significant
reduction in plasticity and changed the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of
clayey soil with increasing percentage content of waste stone powder, Gypsum and Rice Husk
Ash.

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Chapter No 01
Introduction:
General

Soil is a good and comfortable material for the construction purpose so it also very important to
know about the properties and feasibilities of used soil before use in any kind of construction
process. One parameter of the main parameters is that the variation in the properties and
characteristics of the soil is changes according to the change in the area and environment of the
soil for any land-based structure, the foundation is very important and has to be strong to support
the entire structure. In order for the foundation to be strong, the soil around it plays a very critical
role. So, to work with soils, we need to have proper knowledge about their properties and factors
which affect their behavior.
Scope of Study:

 To study the influence of rice husk ash, stone dust and gypsum on atterberg limits,
compaction, strength, CBR properties of low plastic clayey soil.
 Clay is normally understood to mean a clay soil whose grain is predominantly composed
of clay minerals and which has plasticity and cohesion. The presence of water, which
relatively unimportant in course grained soils plays a deceive role in engineering
behavior of clay soil. On other hand, grain size distribution and grain shape influence the
engineering behavior of granular soil and hardly affect the behavior of clay.
 To monitor the change in liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, plasticity index, dry
density resulting from various combination of stabilizers.

Problem Statement:

 Clayey soils take a vital location among soils with unique behavior because of their
amount alternate with a version of moisture versions. These volumetric adjustments are
pretty lethal for the structures built over them. Most of the inspiration screw ups rise up
due to the expansive behavior of the soil beneath. Damage as a result of the ones soils is
more than two times than that of flood, hurricanes, tornados and earthquakes combined
Jones and Holtz.

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  In the previous few decades, population of the world has climbed rapidly particularly in
developing countries likewise Pakistan. Buildings are being built and roads are
constructed by encroaching into paddy land. Hills in different locations like Kohat,
Domail and Bannu are continuously being labelled to build and construct houses on it.
We like it or not buildings are built on paddy land and the hills.
 Therefore, a suitable and low cost alternative to deep foundation is to be identified for the
average home owners going for a low rise building. So, to overcome this situation, Soil
stabilization techniques might become the cheap alternatives against the conventional
technique of deep foundation using pre cast or cast in situ piles.
Aim of Study

• To increase the strength and stiffness of soft soil

• To improve the differential deformation properties of the soft soil
• To increase dynamic stiffness of the soft soil
• To remediate contaminated soil
1) Improvement in stability of soil for the good building construction in civil engineering.
2) Making the foundation process cheap and comfortable in economically.
3) Observe a right concentration mixture of the additional components like rice hush ash
and stone dust
The aim of this study is to determine the engineering properties and unconfined compressive
strength of paddy land soil and hill soil. Additionally, this study investigates the improvement of
the unconfined compressive strength of soil by mixing different percentages of gypsum, Rice
Husk Ash and stone dust with soil.

IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH

• Soils can be stabilized by the addition of cement or lime. Such stabilization processes
improve the various engineering properties of the stabilized soil and generate an
improved construction material. Increase in soil strength, durability stiffness, and
reduction in soil plasticity and swelling/shrinkage potential are the benefit of soil
stabilization
• Addition of such materials will increase the physical as well as chemical properties of the
soil. Some expecting properties to be improved are CBR value, shear strength, liquidity
index, plasticity index, unconfined compressive strength and bearing capacity etc.

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The literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous researches on a topic. The literature
review surveys, articles, books, and other sources to our particular research topic.

Chapter No 2

Literature review

Introduction

This chapter also explains how the highly plastic soil able to workable and according to requirement by
adding some admixtures in that soil. A detailed literature review also describes the material composition
and their properties from previous workout in research.

What is stabilization of highly plastic clayey soil?

The highly clayey soil is that which hard in dry condition but in wet condition its dangerous for
any construction project so for this reason the highly plastic clayey soil make workable and to
achieve its desired properties and admixtures are add in soil which helps to control its Atterberg
limits, UCS, swelling potential and like that tests which used.

Composition of admixtures in soil.

In this composition we add the stone dust, Rise husk ash and Gypsum as the admixtures in the
highly plastic clayey soil to make it stable and workable.

2.4 According to Research work out by literature review

The residences of costly soil create problems everywhere in the world. One of the most essential
components for production purposes is stabilization, that is used broadly in foundation and
avenue pavement structures that is due to the fact this type of stabilization regime improves
engineering houses of the soil, which includes extent stability, electricity and durability by way
of the soil is dealt with with an additive procedure. He, using fly ash received from Sesa Sterlite,
Jharsuguda, Odisha, stabilization of black cotton soil obtained from Nagpur is tried.

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Admixtures and their properties

2.5.1 Rise husk ash

Rice husk ash (RHA) is a by-product of rice milling. Its use as a soil stabilizer is an opportunity
to the very last disposition with environmental advantage. Because RHA isn't always self-
cementitious, a hydraulic binder the form of lime should be brought to shape cements to beautify
the soil power. The properties of RHA rely substantially on whether or no longer the husks have
handed via whole unfavorable combustion or have best been partly burnt. The feature of the ash
depends on temperature, burning time, cooling time and burning type. The form of ash suitable
for pozzolanic activity is amorphous in choice to crystallized the carbon content of RHA
influences the stabilization manner, retarding the reactions and generating low will increase of
strength. The avidity of carbon by calcium ions intervene the reactions amongst Ca++ and silica,
RHA is an alternative with environmental, social and financial advantages. Access, O. (n.d.). We
are Intech Open , the world ’ s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists , for
scientists TOP 1 %.

Stone dust:
Marble dust is made from marble generating industries through the slicing, polishing and
smoothening of marble tiles. These approaches are carried out via spraying water over it. So, the
waste marble is discarded as slurry, which on drying receives transported by way of wind and
reason troubles to humans and society. These wastes are also made from homes below
production where tiles are laid and polished. Thus, the effective usage of this waste is of high
importance, and has been used as cement substitute additive in concrete blocks. Studies
regarding usage of marble improve soil houses have additionally been evolving within the
current years. Access, O. (n.d.)

Expensive or highly plastic clayey soil:

Expansive soil is a sort of soil this is known as a low weight mixture with a circular structure,
consisting porous internal, and a tough and frictional outer layer. It is a soil that is undergoes
large Changes in volume (shrinkage and swelling) which arise due change in water content.
There are deep cracks in expensive minerals in drier years and seasons and that kind of soil also
known as vertisoil. Expansive soil has another vital thing, its vulnerability to physical
modifications, with arability or presence of quantity of water. For example, in a moist or wet

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season, the clay is tending to swelling, and whilst dry season, it tends to decrease and generate
cracks. Montmorillonite has the maximum swelling potential in clay or highly-priced soil.
(STABLIZATTION OF CLAYEY SOIL USING STEEL SLAG AND MARBLE DUST Submitted
By, n.d.)

2.5.4 Gypsum:
Gypsum is one of the maximum commonplace resources of Calcium cations together with lime
and a few different calcium based totally salts. Gypsum can enhance soil structure by way of
changing sodium or different weak flocculator cations present in soil with calcium cations. Due
to the flocculation of soil particles, a sizable boom in energy and sturdiness of soil is found.
(Khan, 2019)

Mixing regime

It is the process in which we add the different percentages of admixtures and read the research
articles how they use admixtures in different percentages in the expensive clayey soil to
minimize its harmful effects. After reading different articles use admixture singly and also with
combination of admixture each other. And observed that results are satisfied and when
admixtures quantities increase at specific percentages gives desired results to decrease Atterberg
limits, swelling potential, and compaction etc.

Atterberg liquid limit check, plastic restrict, shrinkage limit, specific gravity, expansive index
and dry density test were finished for both herbal soils and with the addition of marble dirt and
bagasse ash with three exclusive percentages (four%, 8% and 12%) these mixtures give the
improved results of mention tests in soil. (Ash & Ali, n.d.)

Problems in Highly plastics clayey soil.

Clayey soils take a vital location among soils with unique behavior because of their amount
alternate with a version of moisture versions. These volumetric adjustments are pretty lethal for
the structures built over them. Most of the inspiration screw ups rise up due to the expansive
behavior of the soil beneath. Damage as a result of the ones soils is more than two times than that
of flood, hurricanes, tornados and earthquakes combined Jones and Holtz. Damages precipitated

8
due to the expansive behavior of clays are commonly cracking and split of pavements and
constructing foundations. They additionally exert pressure at the face of retaining partitions
because of their swell capacity. The expansive conduct of clayey soils is because of their
mineralogical composition. Most common clay minerals Spectate, elite, montmorillonite, and
vermiculite and so on. Show expansive conduct. These minerals encompass very high-quality
particles which have very susceptible antiparticle bonding and the extra floor vicinity which
makes it greater liable to absorbing water. Large regions are present among its particle lattice.

Chapter No 3

.Materials And Methodology

The experimental program consisted of the following phases: (1) preliminary laboratory tests that
included Plasticity limits, grain size analysis, and standard Proctor compaction tests to establish
the moisture density relationships of the un-stabilized soil; (2) unconfined compression tests and
California bearing ratio on soils mixed with various amounts of lime and waste stone powder.

Materials

Clayey Soil
The highly clayey soil is that which hard in dry condition but in wet condition its dangerous for
any construction project so for this reason the highly plastic clayey soil make workable and to
achieve its desired properties and admixtures are add in soil which helps to control its Atterberg
limits, UCS, swelling potential and like that tests which used.

A soil with high clay in nature, high swelling, low bearing capacity (low CBR value) was used
for entire experimental work. The clay soil used in this study is classified as Clay of Low
Plasticity (CL) by Unified Soil Classification System (USCS).

Collection of clayey soil:

For collecting the clayey soil, we check the highly clay soil zone in Pakistan after the research
and check out we decided to collect the sample from (KPK) district Bannu and Kohat. We collect
the samples from different from these cities. The soil is highly clayey so we collect the samples
from their and start our work.

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Gypsum
Gypsum is one of the maximum commonplace resources of Calcium cations together with lime
and a few different calcium based totally salts. Gypsum can enhance soil structure by way of
changing sodium or different weak flocculate cations present in soil with calcium cations. Due to
the flocculation of soil particles, a sizable boom in energy and sturdiness of soil is found.(Khan,
2019).

Rice Husk Ash

Rice husk ash (RHA) is a by-product of rice milling. Its use as a soil stabilizer is an opportunity
to the very last disposition with environmental advantage. Because RHA isn't always self-
cementitious, a hydraulic binder the form of lime should be brought to shape cements to beautify
the soil power. The properties of RHA rely substantially on whether or no longer the husks have
handed via whole unfavorable combustion or have best been partly burnt. The feature of the ash
depends on temperature, burning time, cooling time and burning type. The form of ash suitable
for pozzolanic activity is amorphous in choice to crystallize the carbon content of RHA
influences the stabilization manner, retarding the reactions and generating low will increase of
strength. The avidity of carbon by calcium ions intervene the reactions amongst Ca++ and silica,
RHA is an alternative with environmental, social and financial advantages. Access, O. (n.d.). We
are Intech Open , the world ’ s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists , for
scientists TOP 1 %.

Stone Dust
Marble dust is made from marble generating industries through the slicing, polishing and
smoothening of marble tiles. These approaches are carried out via spraying water over it. So, the
waste marble is discarded as slurry, which on drying receives transported by way of wind and
reason troubles to humans and society. These wastes are also made from homes below
production where tiles are laid and polished. Thus, the effective usage of this waste is of high
importance, and has been used as cement substitute additive in concrete blocks. Studies
regarding usage of marble improve soil houses have additionally been evolving within the
current years. Access, O. (nod).

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Mixing proportion:

Soil, Gypsum, Stone Dust, Rice Husk Ash is to be mixed thoroughly to have a uniform and
homogenous mixture. Sample will be prepared using different combination of Rice Husk Ash,
Gypsum, Stone Dust and parent soil and different tests will be conducted on the prepared
samples and result will be compared with the original clay sample. Details of sample are as
following:

Methods & procedures

The clayey hilly soil is collected from locations of Kohat, Domail and Bannu and collects into
bags and sends in Geotechnical engineering labortory laboratory of Chenab College of
Engineering and Technology, Gujranwala for examination.

The soils used in this study were classified according to Unified Soil Classification System
(USCS). For the classification Atterberg limit test and Sieve Analysis test was conducted. The
consistency limit test includes liquid limit and plastic limit tests of soil by using the Casagrande
apparatus in accordance with ASTM specification.

Sample preparation:

The clayey soils were initially mixed with the predetermined quantities of Gypsum, RHA and
Stone Dust in a dry state and subsequently mixed with the water so that the mixes acquire the
intended moisture content. Initial mixings were carried out in a laboratory with hand for at least 2
min for each mix and the mixtures were quickly stored in large plastic bags to prevent losing of
moisture.

1. The mixed samples were sealed and stored in a room for 24 hours. Before tests the
samples were remixed again in the plastic bag by hand shaking, overturning and squeezing the
bags. The Soil, Gypsum, RHA and Stone Dust will be pulverized to break the lumps with
wooden hammer and then dried in air under covered area. Then it was sieved through 2.35mm IS
sieve and mixed thoroughly both individually and as per sample requirement time to time. For
each test required quantity will be taken and dried in an oven at 105˚ C + 5˚ C or 105˚C - 5˚ C

11
for 24 hours and then will be allowed to cool at room temperature. On the prepared samples
following test are planned to be conduct as per codal provisions:

Chapter No 4:

Results

Initial testing:

We perform the initial test on Kohat and Bannu soil samples to check that which soil is highly
clayey so we observed that the Bannu soil is highly clayey then Kohat so we test on Bannu soil
sample and proceed our work on this soil.

Standard Proctor Test(SPT) :

To perform the SPT for Clayey soil, gypsum, Rice Husk Ash and stone dust with distinct
variation in composition in quantity sample are prepared.
The Standard Proctor Test were conducted on the rice husk ash, Gypsum and stone dust with
clayey soil samples. It is noted that dry density value increase with the decreasing of water
content The various results for Standard Proctor Test are compared in graphical presentation in
below graph.

B. Unconfined Compression Test Comparison

The unconfined compressive tests were conducted on the rice husk ash, gypsum and stone dust
with clayey soil samples. It is noted that unconfined compressive value of the rice husk ash,
gypsum and stone dust in various proportions has increased gradually from 0kg/mm2 to
maximum compressive strength and materials combinations is optimum percentages of
unconfined compressive value is find out. The various results for Unconfined Compressive Test
are compared in graphical presentation in below graph.

Chapter 5:

Conclusion

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  As we observed during in the testing of highly clayey soil when we add any admixtures
in the soil in different combination, the Atterberg limits of the soil is decreased when we
increase the admixtures quantities of Gypsum, RHA and Stone Dust in soil.
 During test performance we found that Standard Proctor Test (SPT) and Unconfined
Compression Test (UCS) are very important for testing the properties of used soil for the
construction process. All the results were described above in detail, some conclusion
were taking out from this study are given below:-
 The dry density of the sample increases with decreases in water content.
 Maximum water content during performing SPT is 29.94 % at 1.74 dry density in case of
mixture of clay with Gypsum and Stone Dust.
 Minimum water content during performing SPT is 21.83 % at 1.79 dry density in case of
mixture of clay with RHAand Stone Dust.
 Mixing materials like Stone Dust, Gypsum and rice husk ash must be available in high
potential for this type of soil treatment.
 Maximum strength of mixture 1.79 with 0.0921 strain that is from the composition of
clayey soil with Gypsum and Stone Dust.
 The compressive strength of used mixture is increases for a particular composition after
that it goes falling down.
 For this kind of soil treatment mixing of soil with right composition is not very easy
process it is also a very important process for best performance at lowest cost.
 The characteristics of a highly expensive soil can be improved by Gypsum, RHA and
Stone Dust stabilization.
 Gypsum, RHA and Stone Dust increase the liquid limits while the plastic limits
decreased. As a result, the plasticity indices increased. Swelling potential of expensive
soil diminished with the addition of admixtures.
 Addition of Gypsum, RHA and Stone Dust reduces the cost for provision of flexible
pavement. The study has been successfully conducted to assess the geotechnical
properties of expensive soils improved with Gypsum, RHA and Stone Dust.

Chapter 6:

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References

Access, O. (n.d.). We are Intech Open , the world ’ s leading publisher of Open Access books
Built by scientists , for scientists TOP 1 %.

Ash, B. (2017). Stabilization of Medium Expansive Soils in Pakistan using Marble Industrial
Stabilization of Medium Expansive Soils in Pakistan Using Marble Industrial Waste and
Bagasse Ash. November. https://doi.org/10.21276/ijee.2017.10.0423

Ash, B., & Ali, R. (n.d.). EXPANSIVE SOIL STABILIZATION USING MARBLE DUST AND
ABSTRACT : KEYWORDS : 2–8.

Khan, S. H. (2019). Use of gypsum and bagasse ash for stabilization of low plastic and high
plastic clay. Journal of Applied Research on Industrial Engineering, 6(3), 251–267.
https://doi.org/10.22105/jarie.2019.193339.1096

Liu, Y., Su, Y., Namdar, A., Zhou, G., She, Y., & Yang, Q. (2019). Utilization of cementitious
material from residual rice husk ash and lime in stabilization of expansive soil. Advances in
Civil Engineering, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5205276

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