HELPING, HURTING,

AND COOPERATION
HELPING
make it easier for (someone) to do something by
offering one's services or resources
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR
everyday kindness,
inspiring act of
heroism

ALTRUISM
desires to benefit or help others
without personal rewards
 KINDS OF BEHAVIOR
(In studying helping and cooperation)

1. Giving aid in everyday situations.

2. Dramatic response to emergencies.
3. Long-term commitment of time, effort,
and personal risk.
WHEN DO PEOPLE HELP?
Helping is cruicially dependent on
people's interpretation of the
situation.
 IS HELP NEEDED AND

DESERVE?
PERCEIVING NEED
becoming aware of a need is usually the first step in the

helping chain of events.

JUDGING DESERVINGNESS
people who believe that they have more thsn their fair

share often help people in need.

NORMS OF RESPONSIBILITY
people able to take care of themselves have a duty to help

those who cannot.

 SHOULD I HELP?
EVEN WHEN PEOPLE THINK THAT HELPING IS BOTH NEEDED AD
DESERVE, ACTION DOESN'T ALWAYS FOLLOW.

I S HELPING UP TO ME? DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY when other

people are present, responsibility is divided and each person feels
less responsible for helping.

BYSTANDER EFFECT- presence by more bystanders consistently

decreases the likelihood of any person giving help.
SHOULD I HELP?
WHEN NORMS MAKE
HELPING INAPPROPRIATE
other people's reaction
can influence whether
any one individual
decides to help.
 WHY DO PEOPLE HELP?
HELPING AND COOPERATION FOR
MASTERY AND CONNECTEDNESS
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: IS
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN OUR GENES?

EVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES SUGGEST THAT SOME FORMS OF HELPING,

SUCH AS RECIPROCAL HELPING OR HELPING KIN, HAVE BEEN NATURALLY

SELECTED BECAUSE THEY INCREASE SURVIVAL OF SPECIFIC GENES. IN

HUMANS, COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL PROCESSES MEDIATE SUCH

BIOLOGICALLY BASED HELPING.

 SEVERAL WAYS IN WHICH HELPING OTHERS COULD
BENEFIT THE SURVIVAL OF THE HELPER’S GENES.

FIRST, HELPING KIN MAY BE LIKE HELPING ONESELF.

SECOND, HELP GIVEN TO ANOTHER MAY BE RECIPROCATED AT A

LATER TIME.

THIRD, ENTIRE GROUPS MAY PROSPER AND FLOURISH WHEN

THEY INCLUDE COOPERATIVE MEMBERS, PERHAPS AT THE

EXPENSE OF GROUPS THAT INCLUDE MORE SELFISH MEMBERS

FOURTH, HELPING OR COOPERATION MAY ULTIMATELY

PRODUCE MORE INDIRECT REWARDS.

 HELPING FOR MASTERY: THE PERSONAL REWARDS
AND COSTS OF HELPING

HELP MAY BE MOTIVATED BY PERCEIVED REWARDS OR DETERRED BY

PERCEIVED COSTS OR RISKS. THESE REWARDS AND RISKS CAN BE EMOTIONAL:

PEOPLE SOMETIMES HELP TO ALLEVIATE THEIR OWN DISTRESS AT THE

VICTIM’S SUFFERING.
 EMOTIONAL REWARDS
OF HELPING

ALTHOUGH HELPING SOMETIMES LEADS TO CONCRETE REWARDS,

MORE OFTEN HELPING IS ITS OWN REWARD: WE FEEL GOOD
ABOUT OURSELVES BECAUSE WE HELPED OTHERS. SUCH
INTERNAL REWARDS CAN BE AN EVEN MORE POWERFUL
MOTIVATOR OF HELPING THAN EXTERNAL ONES.
IS HELPING PURE EGOISM?

THE FACT THAT HELPING

OTHERS CAN MAKE PEOPLE
FEEL BETTER RAISES AN
INTRIGUING QUESTION.
NEGATIVE-STATE RELIEF MODEL

THE THEORY THAT MOST PEOPLE HATE TO

WATCH OTHERS SUFFER, SO THE ULTIMATE GOAL
OF THEIR HELP IS NOT TO AID THE PERSON IN
NEED FOR HIS OR HER SAKE, BUT TO REDUCE
THE HELPER’S OWN DISTRESS
HELPING FOR CONNECTEDNESS:
EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM

PEOPLE ARE OFTEN MOTIVATED BY A FEELING

OF EMPATHY TO RELIEVE ANOTHER’S
SUFFERING, REGARDLESS OF PERSONAL
REWARDS AND COSTS.
EMPATHY-ALTRUISM MODEL

The theory that feelings of empathic concern lead

to a motive to help someone in need for his or her
own sake
HURTING
 WHEN HELPING HURTS

WHEN HELPING HURTS THE HELPER

YOUR HELPING COULD BE HURTING
SOMEONE
WHEN HELPING
OTHERS HURTS YOU
Helping others can be
wonderfully rewarding. But
when you take on their anxiety,
you're damaging yourself.
SO HOW DOES SOMEONE KNOW WHETHER
THEY ARE GIVING TOO MUCH TO OTHERS
AND NOT ENOUGH TO THEMSELVES?

RIMBERIO CO

WHEN A PERSON'S DISTRESS

COULD BE HARMFUL

01
The situation requires an immediate
response
-They use the frame of crisis to induce you to
drop everything because that's what a crisis
demand.
 YOU FEEL FLATTERED TO HAVE BEEN ASKED
02 AND GUILTY SAYING "NO"

-You feel guilty about refusing

someone in need.
 YOU'RE CRITICIZED AND GUILTED IF
03
YOU DON'T RESPOND WITH HELP

-You might be there 90% of the time

for this person, but the 10% when
you're unavailable becomes the big
issue.
When to stop helping
 STOP HELPING PEOPLE WHO
01
DON'T DESERVE YOUR HELP

-You don't have the time to help

everyone, only help people who deserve
your help.
RIMBERIO CO

STOP HELPING PEOPLE WHO

02
DON'T APPRECIATE YOUR HELP

-The easiest way to turn your friend

into an enemy is offering them
advice they don't want to hear.
RIMBERIO CO

03 WHEN YOU'RE NOT HELPING

-If your help isn't working
04 I f the person isn't willing to do
something themselves

-They're not willing to change their life

to improve their situation
RIMBERIO CO

05 YOU ARE FEELING ANGRY AND

RESENTFUL ABOUT HELPING
 RIMBERIO CO

WHEN THE RECIPIENT OF YOUR HELP FAILS

06
TO MEET AGREEMENS

YOUR OFFER TO HELP IS EXHAUSTING YOUR

07
RESOURCES
RIMBERIO CO

YOUR HELPING COULD BE HURTING

SOMEONE
WHAT YOU SHOULDN'T DO IF YOU ARE
TRYING TO HELP

01 DON'T BE THE FIX IT PERSON

-People give something that they claim has healed
someone

02 DON'T PLAY THE COMPARISON GAME

"i know exactly what you're going through"
03 DON'T ENCOURAGE THEM TO JUST
"MOVE ON"

04 DON'T BRING ON THE INQUISITION

05 DON'T FORCE THEM TO RECEIVE YOUR HELP

DON'T GIVE THEM MEANINGLESS ADVICE JUST

06
TO SAY SOMETHING
Helping vs. Enabling
Helping is doing something for someone else that
they are unable to do for themselves. Enabling is
doing things for someone else that they CAN and
SHOULD be doing for themselves.
 Signs or characteristics of an
enabler
1. Ignoring or tolerating problematic behavior

2. Providing financial assistance

3. Covering for them or making excuses

At the end of it all, the person who
can change someone's feelings is
the person themselves
COOPERATION
What are the consequences if someone
refuses to cooperate in society or in a
group?
SOCIAL DILEMMA
Social Dilemma is a form of interdependence
in which the most rewarding action for each
individual will, if chosen by all individuals,
produce a negative outcome for the entire
group.
 3 TYPES OF SOCIAL DILEMMA
UNDER THIS CATEGORY;

01 Self interest vs. 02 Resource 03 Public goods

Group interest Depletion Dilemma
Dilemma
Why do Social Dilemmas
happen?
MASTERY MOTIVES
IN SOCIAL DILEMMA
Rewards and Cost
Individual behaviors often reflect
based on rewards and cost.

Role of Trust
Trust increases cooperation, and the
more strongly people’s interests are
in conflict, the more important trust
becomes.
CONNECTIVENESS OF
MOTIVES IN SOCIAL
DILEMMA
 1. SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION
An individual's society identity indicates who they are in terms of the
groups to which they belong. Social Identity groups are usually defined
by some physical, social, and mental characteristics of individuals.
When individuals identify with groups, three
changes usually take place
1.The greater good for the group became top priority.

2.When the group thinks and work together as one, people likely to trust that
other group members will also be helping, rather than hurting the group effort.

3.Group norms favoring cooperation became salient guides for individual

action.
2. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN COOPERATION

People show stable differences in their social

value orientation, which affects the ways they
act in social dilemmas.
ROLES OF SUPERFICIAL OR
SYSTEMATIC PROCESSING
IN HELPING AND
COOPERATION
1. The Impact of Processing

When desires and norms conflict, various factors may be

considered superficially or thought extensively before a
decision about helping is made. Emotions can play a role in this
process, for strong emotion disrupts extensive processing.
When helping is a considered decision, it can result in a long-
term commitment. In general, however, quicker decisions tend
to be more prosocial than considered ones.
2. Superficial Processing, Spontaneous Helping

Emergencies are heart-stopping , adrenaline-pumping,

sweaty-palm situations. The suffering of others causes
anguish, distress, empathy, sadness, and guilt, and
these strong emotions can motivate us to action,
including helpful action.
3. Systematic Processing, Planned Helping

In some circumstances a would-be helper may

give careful—even agonized—consideration to
the available information. Someone may reflect
on the victim’s need, then on the possible cost
and danger, then on feelings of personal
responsibility and ability to help
4. More Helping from Impulse or Deliberation?

By now, you can see how many factors play a role in

determining whether helping occurs or not. The
decision to help may involve extensive thought, or
just a quick snap judgement when cognitive capacity
is low, time is short, or emotional arousal is high.
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR
IN SOCIETY
How does it feel to receive help?
RECEIVING A HELP IS
NOT ALWAYS POSITIVE.

A. Feel that they owe a favor

B. Helping can send a mixed message
 AUTOMONY-ORIENTED HELP

help provides tools or knowledge to solve problems

on one’s own.
INCREASING PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN
SOCIETY
1 REDUCE AMBIGUITY: MAKE THE NEED FOR
THE HELP AND COOPERATION CLEAR.
2 INCREASE INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION FOR
HELPING AND COOPERATION
3 TEACH NORMS THAT SUPPORT HELPING
AND COOPERATION

4 ACTIVE PROSOCIAL NORMS

5 INFUSE, DON’T DIFFUSE,
RESPONSIBILITY
6 PROMOTE IDENTIFICATION WITH THOSE
WHO NEED HELP AND COOPERATION