United States

United States
country in North America
The United States of America (U.S.A or

USA), commonly known as the United
States (U.S or US) or America, is a
sovereign country mostly in North
America. It is divided into 50 states. Forty-
eight of these states and the District of
Columbia border each other between the
Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. They are
bordered by Canada to the north and
Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is
in the northwestern area of the continent
and is separated from the other 48 states
by Canada making it an exclave. Alaska is
bordered by Canada to its east and south
and by Russia to its west across the
Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is a set
of islands in the mid-Pacific located within
Polynesia and is about 2,200 miles (3,500
kilometers) from the mainland. The
country also possesses territories, and
insular areas, in the Caribbean and Pacific.
The capital city is Washington, D.C and the
largest city by population is New York City
with a population of 8.8 million people.
And with a population of 331 million
people, the United States is the third most
populated country in the world. And with
an area 3.79 million square miles (9.83
million km2) it is the third or fourth-largest
country in the world by total area.
United States of America
Flag Coat of arms

Motto: "In God We Trust"
Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner"

1:18
March: "The Stars and Stripes Forever"

3:47
Great Seal of the United States:
The United States, including its territories

Capital Washington, D.C.
38°53′N 77°01′W (htt
ps://geohack.toolfor
ge.org/geohack.ph
p?pagename=United
_States&params=38
_53_N_77_01_W_)
Largest city New York City
40°43′N 74°00′W (htt
ps://geohack.toolfor
ge.org/geohack.ph
p?pagename=United
_States&params=40
_43_N_74_00_W_)
Official languages No official language

at federal level[a]
National language English
Ethnic groups By race:
(2020)[3][4][5] 61.6% White
12.4% Black
6% Asian
1.1% Native
American
0.2% Pacific Islander
10.2% Multiracial
8.4% Others
By Hispanic or
Latino origin: 81.3%
Non-Hispanic or
Latino
Demonym(s) American[b][6]
Government Federal presidential

constitutional
republic
• President Joe Biden (D)
• Vice President[c] Kamala Harris (D)
• House Speaker Kevin McCarthy (R)
• Chief Justice John Roberts
Legislature Congress
• Upper house Senate
• Lower house House of
Representatives
Independence from Great Britain

• Declaration July 4, 1776
• Articles of March 1, 1781
Confederation
• Treaty of Paris September 3, 1783
• Current June 21, 1788
constitution
• Bill of Rights September 25, 1789
• Last state August 21, 1959
admitted (Hawaii)
• Last amendment May 5, 1992
Area
• Total area 3,796,742 sq mi
(9,833,520 km2)
(3rd/4th)
• Water (%) 6.97
• Total land area 3,531,905 sq mi
(9,147,590 km2)
Population
• 2020 estimate 331,002,651[3] (3rd)
• 2010 census 308,745,538 (3rd)
• Density 87/sq mi (33.6/km2)
(146th)
GDP (PPP) 2020 estimate

• Total $22.321 trillion[7]
(2nd)
• Per capita $67,426[7] (11th)
GDP (nominal) 2020 estimate

• Total $22.321 trillion[7]
(1st)
• Per capita $67,426[7] (7th)
Gini (2017) 39.0[8]

medium · 56th
HDI (2018) 0.920[9]

very high · 15th
Currency United States dollar

($) (USD)
Time zone UTC−4 to −12, +10,

+11
• Summer (DST) UTC−4 to −10
Date format mm/dd/yyyy

yyyy-mm-dd
Mains electricity 120 V–60 Hz
Driving side right
Calling code +1
ISO 3166 code US
Internet TLD Generic top-level

domain
.com, .org, .net,
.edu, .gov, .mil
ccTLD (generally
not used in the
U.S.)
.us, .pr, .as, .gu,
.mp, .vi, .um
The land that would one day become the
United States was first settled by
migrating tribes from Siberia that walked
across a bridge of ice about 20,000 years
ago. European colonization began in the
16th century with several European
nations setting up colonies in North
America.
The nation was founded by the thirteen

colonies of Great Britain along the Atlantic
coast. On July 4, 1776, they issued the
Declaration of Independence, which
announced their independence from Great
Britain and their creation of a cooperative
union. The disobedient colonies defeated
Great Britain in the American
Revolutionary War, making it the first
successful colonial war of independence
In history.[10] The Philadelphia Convention
adopted the current United States
Constitution on September 17, 1787; its
approval the following year made the
states part of a single republic with a
strong central government. The Bill of
Rights, making up ten constitutional
amendments guaranteeing many basic
civil rights and freedoms, was approved in
1791.
In the 19th century, the United States

pursued a policy of manifest destiny
where they believed that it was their god
given right to expand across the North
American continent. They conquered and
took over native lands and bought territory
from France, Spain, the United Kingdom,
Mexico, and Russia, and took over the
Republic of Texas and later the Republic of
Hawaii.
Arguments between the farming-based

South and industrial North over the growth
of the institution of slavery and states'
rights began the American Civil War. In
1861 The southern states separated from
the union and founded their own country
called the Confederate States of America
after anti-slavery candidate, Abraham
Lincoln won the Presidential election. The
Union's victory over the Confederacy
prevented a permanent split of the country
and led to the end of legal slavery in the
United States. By the 1870s, the national
wealth was the world's largest.[11] The
Spanish–American War and World War I
confirmed the country's status as a
military power. In 1945, the United States
came out of World War II as a Superpower
and was the first country with nuclear
weapons. After World War II the United
States along with its allies founded the
United Nations. Today the United States is
a permanent member of the United
Nations Security Council. After the end of
World War II the United States and Soviet
Union were engaged in an arms race
called the Cold War. The United States
participated in the Space Race against the
Soviet Union that produced rapid
advancements in rocket technology. They
created the Apollo 11 rocket and it was the
first to send people to the moon. It was
done by NASA, an American space agency.
It went up to space on July 16, 1969,
carrying three astronauts: Neil Armstrong,
Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins. On July
20, 1969, Armstrong and Aldrin became
the first humans to land on the moon,
while Collins stayed in orbit around the
Moon.[12] In 1991 the Cold War ended and
the Soviet Union broke up, leaving the
United States as the only Superpower.
Today, the United States is one of the

world's most ethnically mixed and
multicultural nations, and is the product of
large-scale immigration from many
countries.[13] The U.S. economy is the
largest national economy in the world, with
an estimated 2020 gross domestic
product (GDP) of US$ 20.9 trillion (about a
quarter of worldwide GDP).[14]
Geography and environment
The United States is a federal republic of
fifty states, a federal district, and several
territories.[15][16][17]
The land area of the contiguous United

States is 2,959,064 square miles
(7,663,941 km2). Alaska, separated from
the contiguous United States by Canada, is
the largest state at 663,268 square miles
(1,717,856 km2). Hawaii, occupying an
archipelago in the central Pacific,
southwest of North America, is 10,931
square miles (28,311 km2) in area.[18]
The United States is the world's third or
fourth largest nation by total area (land
and water), ranking behind Russia, Canada,
and China or behind Russia, Canada, and
ahead of China. The ranking varies
depending on how two territories disputed
by China and India are counted and how
the total size of the United States is
measured: calculations range from
3,676,486 square miles (9,522,055 km2)[19]
to 3,717,813 square miles
(9,629,091 km2)[20] to 3,794,101 square
miles (9,826,676 km2).[21] Measured by
only land area, the United States is third in
size behind Russia and China, just ahead
of Canada.[22]
The Bald Eagle, the national bird of the United States since 1782
The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard

gives way further inland to deciduous
forests and the rolling hills of the
Piedmont. The Appalachian Mountains
divide the eastern seaboard from the Great
Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest.
The Mississippi–Missouri River, the
world's fourth longest river system, runs
mainly north-south through the heart of
the country. The flat, fertile prairie of the
Great Plains stretches to the west,
interrupted by a highland region in the
southeast.
The Rocky Mountains, at the western edge

of the Great Plains, extend north to south
across the country, reaching altitudes
higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in
Colorado. Further west is the rocky Great
Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua
and Mojave. The Sierra Nevada and
Cascade mountain ranges run close to the
Pacific coast, both ranges reaching
altitudes higher than 14,000 feet.
The United States, with its large size and
geographical variety, includes most
climate types. To the east of the 100th
meridian, the climate ranges from humid
continental in the north to humid
subtropical in the south. The southern tip
of Florida is tropical, as is Hawaii. The
Great Plains west of the 100th meridian
are semi-dry. Much of the Western
mountains are alpine. The climate is dry in
the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest,
Mediterranean in coastal California, and
oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington
and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is
subarctic or polar. Extreme weather is not
unusual—the states bordering the Gulf of
Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most
of the world's tornadoes happen within the
country, mainly in the Midwest's Tornado
Alley.[23]
The U.S. ecology is considered

"megadiverse"; about 17,000 species of
vascular plants occur in the contiguous
United States and Alaska, and over 1,800
species of flowering plants are found in
Hawaii, few of which occur on the
mainland.[24] The United States is home to
more than 400 mammal, 750 bird, and 500
reptile and amphibian species.[25] About
91,000 insect species have been
described.[26]
The Endangered Species Act of 1973
protects threatened and endangered
species and their habitats. They are
watched by the United States Fish and
Wildlife Service. There are fifty-eight
national parks, and hundreds of other
federally managed parks, forests, and
wilderness areas.[27] The United States
government owns 28.8% of the country's
land area.[28] Most of this is protected, but
some is leased for oil and gas drilling,
mining, logging, or cattle ranching. 2.4% is
used for military purposes.[28]
A example of animals that are native to the

United States such as opossums,
raccoons, pumas, and bears. Endangered
animals in the United States include the
jaguar, the California condor, and the
Florida panther.
There are many types of small trees and

shrubs in the United States. Some of these
are hackberries, hawthorn, serviceberry,
blackberry, wild cherry, dogwood, and
snowberry. Wildflowers grow all around
the United States. They even grow in
deserts and places with mountains.
Wildflowers include forget-me-not, fringed
and closed gentians, jack-in-the-pulpit,
black-eyed Susan, columbine, and
common dandelion, as well as many types
of aster, orchid, lady's slipper, and wild
rose.
History
Native Americans
An ancient palace built by the Anasazi people in Mesa Verde National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Colorado
It is believed that the indigenous peoples

of the continental United States, including
the natives of Alaska, moved in from Asia.
They began arriving twelve or forty
thousand years ago, if not earlier.[29] Some,
such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian
culture in the southeast, developed
advanced farming, grand construction, and
state-level communities. The native
population of America decreased after
Europeans arrived, and for different
reasons, mostly sicknesses such as
smallpox and measles.[30]
European settlers
In 1492, Genoese explorer Christopher

Columbus, under contract to the Spanish
crown, reached some Caribbean islands,
making the first contact with the native
people. On April 2, 1513, Spanish
conquistador Juan Ponce de León landed
on what he called "La Florida"—the first
recorded European coming on what would
become the U.S. mainland. Spanish
settlements in the area were followed by
ones in the present-day southwestern
United States that drew thousands
through Mexico. French fur traders
established outposts of New France
around the Great Lakes; France eventually
claimed much of the North American
interior, down to the Gulf of Mexico. The
first successful English settlements were
the Colony of Virginia in Jamestown in
1607 and the Pilgrims' Plymouth Colony in
1620. The 1628 chartering of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony resulted in a
wave of relocation; by 1634, New England
had been settled by some 10,000 Puritans.
Between the late 1610s and the American
Revolution, about 50,000 convicts were
shipped to Britain's American colonies.[31]
Beginning in 1614, the Dutch settled along
the lower Hudson River, including New
Amsterdam on Manhattan Island.
Independence and expansion
Declaration of Independence, by John Trumbull, 1817–18
Tensions between American colonials and

the British during the rebel period of the
1760s and early 1770s led to the American
Revolutionary War, fought from 1775
through 1781. On June 14, 1775, the
Continental Congress, a meeting in
Philadelphia, established a Continental
Army led by George Washington.The
Congress said that "all men are created
equal" and are born with "certain natural
rights," and adopted the Declaration of
Independence, written mostly by Thomas
Jefferson, on July 4, 1776. That date is
now celebrated every year as America's
Independence Day. In 1777, the Articles of
Confederation established a weak federal
government that operated until 1789.
Morocco was the first country in the world
to recognize America’s independence.[32]
After the British defeat by American forces

helped by the French, Great Britain
recognized the independence of the United
States and the states' sovereignty over
American land west to the Mississippi
River. A constitutional convention was
organized in 1787 by people who wanted
to establish a stronger national
government, with powers of taxation. The
United States Constitution was approved
in 1788, and the new republic's first
Senate, House of Representatives, and
President—George Washington—took
office in 1789. The Bill of Rights,
forbidding federal restriction of personal
freedoms and certifying a range of legal
protections, was adopted in 1791.
Attitudes toward slavery were shifting; a

clause in the Constitution protected the
African slave trade only until 1808. The
Northern states permanently stopped
slavery between 1780 and 1804, leaving
the slave states of the South as defenders
of the "peculiar institution." The Second
Great Awakening, beginning about 1800,
made evangelicalism a force behind
different social reform movements,
including abolitionism.
Land-based purchases by date

Americans' eagerness to expand
westward caused a long series of Indian
Wars and an Indian removal policy that
stripped the native peoples of their land.
The Louisiana Purchase of French-claimed
land under President Thomas Jefferson in
1803 almost doubled the nation's size. The
War of 1812, declared against Britain over
different complaints and fought to a draw,
strengthened U.S. nationalism. A series of
U.S. military invasions into Florida led
Spain to give up it and other Gulf Coast
territory in 1819. The United States took
over the Republic of Texas in 1845. The
idea of Manifest destiny became popular
during this time.[33] The 1846 Oregon
Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the
present-day American Northwest. The U.S.
victory in the Mexican–American War
resulted in the 1848 cession of California
and much of the present-day American
Southwest. The California Gold Rush of
1848–49 further encouraged western
relocation. New railways made relocation
easier for settlers and increased conflicts
with Native Americans. Over a half-century,
up to 40 million American bison, or
buffalo, were killed for skins and meat and
to ease the railways' spread. The loss of
the buffalo, which were valuable to the
plains Indians, caused many native
cultures to become gone forever.
Civil War and industrialization
Battle of Gettysburg, lithograph by Currier and Ives, ca. 1863
Tensions between slave and free states

mounted with arguments over the
relationship between the state and federal
governments, as well as violent conflicts
over the spread of slavery into new states.
Abraham Lincoln, a candidate of the most
antislavery Republican Party, was elected
president in 1860. Before he took office,
seven slave states declared their
secession—which the federal government
maintained was illegal—and formed the
Confederate States of America. With the
Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, the
American Civil War began and four more
slave states joined the Confederacy.
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
committed the Union to end slavery.
Following the Union victory in 1865, three
changes to the U.S. Constitution secured
freedom for the nearly four million African
Americans who had been slaves,[34] made
them citizens, and gave them voting rights.
The war and its resolution led to a big
increase in federal power.[35]
Abraham Lincoln was president during the civil war.
After the war, the assassination of

Abraham Lincoln caused the
Reconstruction, where policies were put
together directed at getting back and
rebuilding the Southern states while
securing the rights of the newly freed
slaves. The resolution of the disputed
1876 presidential election by the
Compromise of 1877 ended this era, and
the Jim Crow laws soon disenfranchised
many African Americans. In the North,
urbanization and a never-before-seen
inflow of immigrants from Southern and
Eastern Europe made the country's
industrialization grow rapidly. The wave of
immigration, lasting until 1929, gave labor
and changed American culture. High tax
protections, national infrastructure
building, and new banking laws
encouraged growth also. The 1867 Alaska
Purchase from Russia completed the
country's mainland expansion. The
Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 was the
last major armed conflict of the Indian
Wars. In 1893, the native monarchy of the
Pacific Kingdom of Hawaii was ended in a
secret and successful plan led by
American residents. the United States took
over the archipelago in 1898. Victory in the
Spanish–American War the same year
proved that the United States was a world
power and led to the addition of Puerto
Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The
Philippines gained independence fifty
years later. Puerto Rico and Guam are still
U.S. territories.
World War I, Great Depression, and
World War II
An abandoned farm in South Dakota during the Dust Bowl, in 1936
The First World War started in Europe in

1914. The United States said it was neutral
and did not join the war at first. Later, the
Americans helped the British and French,
even though many citizens, especially
those from Ireland and Germany, were
against it.[36] In 1917, the United States
joined the Allies. They helped defeat the
Central Powers. At the end fo the war,
many Americans did not want to stay
involved in Europe. The Senate did not
approve the Treaty of Versailles (1919).
The United States stayed out of the
League of Nations. The country became
more isolationist.[37]
In 1920, the Women's rights movement

gained the approval of a constitutional
amendment to grant women the right to
vote.[38] For most of the 1920s, the country
enjoyed a period of success, decreasing
the inequality in the balance of payments
while profiting from industrial farms. This
period, known as the Roaring Twenties,
ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929
that triggered the Great Depression.
After his election as president in 1932,

Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the
New Deal, a series of policies that
increased government interference in the
economy.[39] From 1920 to 1933 a
prohibition banning alcohol was in
place.[40] The Dust Bowl of the 1930s left
many poor farmer communities and
encouraged a new wave of emigration to
the West Coast.[41]
Soldiers of the United States Army about to disembark on June 6, 1944, on Omaha Beach (France) during Battle of
Normandy of Second World War
The United States, officially neutral during

the early stages of World War II, began
supplying supplies to the Allies in March
1941, through the Lend-Lease program. On
December 7, 1941, the country joined the
Allies' fight against the Axis Powers, after
the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
World War II boosted the economy by
providing investment capital and jobs,
making many women enter the labor
market. Of the significant fighters, the
United States was the only nation to be
enriched by war.[42] The discussions at
Bretton Woods and Yalta created a new
system of an international organization
that placed the country and the Soviet
Union at the heart of world affairs. In 1945,
when the end of the Second World War in
Europe came, and international gathering
held in San Francisco drafted the Charter
of the United Nations, which came into
force after the war.[43] Having developed
the first nuclear weapon, the government
decided to use it in the Japanese cities of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of that
same year. Japan gave up on September 2,
ending the war.[44]
Cold War and civil rights era
Martin Luther King, Jr. delivering his world-renowned "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963
The "Baker" explosion, part of Operation Crossroads, at Bikini Atoll, Micronesia, in 1946
After World War II, the United States and

the Soviet Union started the Cold War. This
was because both of them thought their
own type of government was the best.[45]
The United States was supported by NATO,
and the Soviet Union was supported by the
Warsaw Pact. They never fought each
other directly, but did many proxy wars. In
the Korean War, the United States sent
soldiers to help South Korea. They fought
Chinese soldiers that were helping
communist North Korea.[46] In the 1960s,
the Cuban Missile Crisis almost led to a
real war between the two countries.
However, the Soviets agreed to take their
missiles out of Cuba if the United States
did not attack them. Because of the Cold
War, many Americans were scared of
communist spies taking over the United
States. This started the Second Red Scare,
and hundreds of people were arrested
because they were communist.[47] Later,
many cases in the Supreme Court made
arresting communists illegal, because it is
free speech.[48]
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched a

satellite named Sputnik 1 into outer space.
Later, they were the first to put people in
outer space. Because of this, President
John F. Kennedy wanted to send a man to
the Moon. This started the Space Race,
and the United States made the Apollo
program, a project used for outer space. In
1969, the United States launched Apollo
11, and was the first country to send
people to the Moon.[49]
The economy of the United States grew a

lot. In the 1950s and 1960s, Americans
had the highest average income in the
world.[50] Because of this, many people
moved to large cities and suburbs, and
had more children. The country built the
Interstate Highway System, which made it
easier to travel and move things across
the country.[51] In 1959, Alaska and Hawaii
became U.S. states.
There were many social movements in the

United States during this time. The Civil
Rights Movement wanted to give African
Americans more rights. It was led by
people such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther
King, Jr. and Malcolm X.[52] It was very
successful, and helped make many laws
that protected African Americans, such as
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968.
John F. Kennedy was murdered in 1963,
and Lyndon B. Johnson became the
President. Johnson sent United States
soldiers to the Vietnam War, and many
people did not like this. This started the
counterculture movement.[53]
Counterculture included many things, such
as people who wanted black nationalism,
peace, and more rights for women. In
1969, the Stonewall riots in New York
marked the start of the gay rights
movement.[54]
In 1974, Richard Nixon became the first

President to resign. This was because of
the Watergate scandal, where people
broke into the Democratic headquarters
and took a lot of information to help
Nixon.[55] During the Yom Kippur War, the
United States helped Israel. Because of
this, countries in OPEC did not let the
United States buy their oil. This started an
oil crisis. In the 1970s, the country's
economy had a problem with stagflation,
something that happens when prices go
up but production does not. When Ronald
Reagan was elected in 1980, he tried to
stop this with lower taxes and less
government control over the economy.[56]
These changes were called Reaganomics.
The Cold War ended in 1991. This was
because the Soviet Union dissolved. With
no Soviet Union, the United States became
the largest superpower in the world.[57]
Modern history
The twin towers of the World Trade Center burning on 9/11
Under President George H. W. Bush, the

country took on a global dominant role
worldwide, as in the Gulf War (1991). The
longest economic expansion in modern
American history, from March 1991 to
March 2001, spanned the presidency of
Bill Clinton and the dot-com bubble.[58] A
civil lawsuit and a sex scandal led to his
impeachment in 1998, although he
managed to finish his period. The 2000
presidential election was one of the most
competitive in American history, it was
settled by the Supreme Court: George W.
Bush, son of George H. W. Bush, became
president, even though he gained fewer
votes than his opponent Al Gore.[59]
On September 11, 2001, the terrorists of

the Al-Qaeda group attacked the twin
towers of the World Trade Center in New
York City (which were destroyed) and the
Pentagon near Washington, D.C., in a
series of attacks that ended the lives of
nearly three thousand people. In response,
the Bush administration launched the "War
on Terror." At the end of 2001, U.S. forces
invaded Afghanistan, toppled the Taliban
government and destroyed Al-Qaeda's
training camps. Taliban insurgents
continue to fight a guerrilla war. In 2002,
Bush began to push for a regime change
to take place in Iraq.[60][61] With NATO's
lack of support and without a clear UN
order for military intervention, Bush
organized the coalition of the willing; The
coalition forces quickly invaded Iraq in
2003 and toppled the statue of dictator
Saddam Hussein. The following year, Bush
was re-elected as the most voted
president in an election.
In 2005, Hurricane Katrina, which would
end up being the deadliest natural disaster
in national history, caused severe
destruction along the Gulf Coast: the city
of New Orleans was devastated, with 1833
dead.[62]
On November 4, 2008, during a global

economic downturn, Barack Obama was
elected president, having been the first
African American to take office. In May
2011, American Special forces managed
to kill Osama bin Laden, hiding in Pakistan.
The following year, Barack Obama was re-
elected. Under his second term, he led the
war against the Islamic State and restored
diplomatic relations with Cuba.
On November 8, 2016, the Republican

Party leader Donald Trump defeated
former First Lady Hillary Clinton for
presidency in an unusual election and
whose plans have been described by
political analysts as populist, protectionist
and nationalist, assuming office on
January 20, 2017.[63]
The massacres in Orlando of June 12,

2016 at the gay disco Pulse (51 dead) and
in Las Vegas on October 1, 2017 (60) are
listed as the largest massacres in the
country since 9/11.[64] The Murder of
George Floyd in late May 2020 sparked
protests all over the world that demanded
racial justice. On January 6, 2021, the
United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
was stormed during a riot and violent
attack against the U.S. Congress.
Government
The United States is the world's oldest
surviving federation. It is a constitutional
republic and representative democracy, "in
which majority rule is tempered by
minority rights protected by law."[65] The
government is controlled by a system of
checks and balances from the United
States Constitution. The constitution is the
country's main legal document. There are
three branches. They are the executive
branch, the legislative branch, and the
judicial branch. State governments and the
federal government work in very similar
ways. Each state has its own executive,
legislative, and judicial branches. The
executive branch of a state government is
led by a governor, instead of a president.
Executive branch
The executive branch is the part of the

government that enforces the law.
Members of the U.S. Electoral College
elect a president who is the leader of the
executive branch, as well as the leader of
the armed forces. The president may veto
a bill that Congress has passed, so it does
not become a law. The President may also
make "executive orders" to ensure that
people follow the law.
The president is in charge of many

departments that control much of the day-
to-day actions of the government. For
example, Department of Commerce
makes rules about trade. The president
chooses the heads of these departments
and also nominates federal judges.
However, the Senate, part of the legislative
branch, must agree with all of the people
the president chooses. The president may
serve two 4-year terms.
Legislative branch
The west side of the United States Capitol, which is home to the United States Congress
The legislative branch makes laws. The

legislative branch is called the United
States Congress. Congress is divided into
two "houses".
One house is the House of
Representatives. The Representatives are
each elected by voters from set areas
within the states. The number of
Representatives a state has is based on
how many people live there.
Representatives serve two-year terms. The
total number of representatives today is
435. The leader of the House of
Representatives is the Speaker of the
House.
The other house is the Senate. In the

Senate, each state is represented equally,
by two senators. Because there are 50
states, there are 100 senators. The
President's treaties or appointments of
officials need the Senate's approval.
Senators serve six-year terms. The Vice
President of the United States serves as
president of the Senate. In practice, the
vice president is usually absent from the
Senate, and a senator serves as president
pro tempore, or temporary president, of
the Senate.
Representatives and senators propose

laws, called "bills", in their respective
houses. A bill may be voted upon by the
entire house right away or may first go to a
small group, known as a committee, which
may recommend a bill for a vote by the
whole house. If one house votes to pass a
bill, the bill then gets sent to the other
house; if both houses vote for it, it is then
sent to the president, who may sign the bill
into law or veto it. If the president vetoes
the bill, it is sent back to Congress. If
Congress votes again and passes the bill
with at least a two-thirds majority, the bill
becomes law and cannot be vetoed by the
president.
Under the American system of federalism,

Congress may not make laws that directly
control the states; instead, Congress may
use the promise of federal funds, or
special circumstances such as national
emergencies, to encourage the states to
follow federal law. This system is both
complex and unique.
Judicial branch
The judicial branch is the part of

government that interprets what the law
means. The Judicial Branch is made up of
the Supreme Court and many lower courts.
If the Supreme Court decides that a law is
not allowed by the Constitution, the law is
said to be "struck down" and is no longer a
valid law.
The Supreme Court is made up of nine
judges, called justices, who are nominated
by the President and confirmed by the
Senate. One of these justices, called the
chief justice, heads the court. A Supreme
Court justice serves until he or she dies or
resigns (quits in the middle of his or her
term). When that happens, the president
nominates someone new to replace the
justice who left. If the Senate agrees with
that choice, the person becomes a justice.
If the Senate does not agree with the
president's choice, then the president must
nominate someone else.
Famous court cases such as Marbury v
Madison (which was decided in 1803)
have firmly established that the Supreme
Court is the ultimate interpreter of the
United States Constitution and has the
power to strike down any law that conflicts
with it.[66]
Politics
Joe Biden, President of Kamala Harris, Vice

the United States since President of the United
2021 States since 2021
The political system of the United States
The United States of America consists of

50 states, 5 territories, and 1 district
(Washington D.C.). States can make laws
about things inside the state, but federal
law is about things dealing with more than
one state or dealing with other countries.
In some areas, if the federal government
makes laws that say different things from
the state laws, people must follow the
federal law because the state law is not a
law anymore. Each state has a
constitution of its own, different from the
federal (national) Constitution. Each of
these is like the federal Constitution
because they say how each state's
government is set up, but some also talk
about specific laws.
The federal and most state governments

are dominated by two political parties: the
Republicans and the Democrats. There are
many smaller parties; the largest of these
are the Libertarian Party and the Green
Party. People help in political campaigns
that they like. They try to persuade
politicians to help them; this is called
lobbying. All Americans are allowed to do
these things, but some have and spend
more money than others, or in other ways
do more in politics. Some people think this
is a problem, and lobby for rules to be
made to change it.
Since 2021, the president is a Democrat,

and Congress is also Democrat-controlled,
so the Democrats have more power in the
federal government. There are still many
powerful Republicans who can try to stop
the Democrats from doing things that they
believe will be bad for the country. Also,
members of a party in power do not
always agree on what to do. If enough
people decide to vote against Democrats
in the next election, they will lose power. In
a republic like the United States, no party
can do whatever they want. All politicians
have to argue, compromise, and make
deals with each other to get things done.
They have to answer to the people and
take responsibility for their mistakes.
The USA's large cultural, economic, and

military influence has made the foreign
policy of the United States, or relations
with other countries, a topic in American
politics, and the politics of many other
countries.
Political divisions
States
The United States conquered and bought

new lands over time, and grew from the
original 13 colonies in the east to the
current 50 states, of which 48 of them are
joined together to make up the contiguous
United States. These states, called the
"lower 48", can all be reached by road
without crossing a border into another
country. They go from the Atlantic to the
east to the Pacific in the west. There are
two other states which are not joined to
the lower 48 states. Alaska can be
reached by passing through British
Columbia and the Yukon, both of which are
part of Canada. Hawaii is in the middle of
the Pacific Ocean.
Washington, D.C., the national capital, is a

federal district that was split from the
states of Maryland and Virginia in 1791.
Not part of any US state, it used to be in
the shape of a square, with the land west
of the Potomac River coming from Virginia
and the land east of the river coming from
Maryland. In 1846, Virginia took back its
part of the land. Some people living in DC
want it to become a state, or for Maryland
to take back its land, so that they can have
the right to vote in Congress.
Territories and possessions
The United States territories and

possessions consist of sixteen lands that
do not state, many of which are colonial
territories. None of them have any land
borders with the rest of the US. People live
in five of these places, which are de facto
American:
Puerto Rico
American Samoa
Guam
U.S. Virgin Islands
Northern Mariana Islands
The Philippines was a possession of the

United States. Palau, the Federated States
of Micronesia, and other Pacific island
nations were governed by the United
States as a United Nations "Trust
Territory". All of these places have become
independent: the Philippines in 1946,
Palau in 1947, and Micronesia in 1986.
The U.S. armed forces has bases in many

countries, and the U.S. Navy's base at
Guantanamo Bay was rented from Cuba
after that country had a Communist
revolution.
Counties and cities
All the states are divided into

administrative subdivisions. Most of them
are called counties, but Louisiana uses the
word "parish," and Alaska uses the word
"borough."
There are many cities in the United States.

One city in each state is the state capital,
where the government of the state meets
and the governor works. This city is not
always the largest in its state. For
example, the city with the most people
living in is New York City in New York
State, but the state capital is Albany. Some
other big cities are Los Angeles, California;
Chicago, Illinois; Seattle, Washington;
Miami, Florida; Indianapolis, Indiana; Las
Vegas, Nevada; Houston and Dallas,
Texas; Philadelphia and Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania; Boston, Massachusetts;
Denver, Colorado; St. Louis, Missouri,
Memphis, Tennessee, Atlanta, Georgia,
San Francisco, San Diego and Detroit,
Michigan.
Foreign relations and
military
British Foreign Secretary William Hague and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, May 2010
The United States is very influential in

global economics, politics, and the
military. It is a permanent member of the
United Nations Security Council and the
headquarters of the United Nations is in
New York City. It is a member of the G7,[67]
G20, and Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development. Almost all
countries have embassies in Washington,
D.C., and many have consulates around
the country. Likewise, nearly all nations
host American diplomatic missions.
However, Iran, North Korea, Bhutan, and
Taiwan do not have formal diplomatic
relations with the United States. The
United States has a "special relationship"
with the United Kingdom[68] and strong
ties with Canada,[69] Australia,[70] New
Zealand,[71] Japan,[72] South Korea,[73] and
Israel.[74]
The USS Abraham Lincoln aircraft carrier
The president is the commander-in-chief

of the country's armed forces and
appoints its leaders, the secretary of
defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The
United States Department of Defense
administers the armed forces, including
the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air
Force. The Coast Guard is run by the
Department of Homeland Security in
peacetime and by the Department of the
Navy during times of war. In 2008, the
armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on
active duty, along with several hundred
thousand each in the Reserves and
National Guard for a total of 2.3 million
troops. The Department of Defense also
employed about 700,000 civilians, not
including contractors.[75]
The military budget of the United States in

2011 was more than $700 billion, 41% of
global military spending and equal to the
next 14 largest national military
expenditures combined. At 4.7% of GDP,
the rate was the second-highest among
the top 15 military spenders, after Saudi
Arabia.[76] U.S. defense spending as a
percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in
2012 according to the CIA.[77] The
proposed base Department of Defense
budget for 2012, $553 billion, was a 4.2%
increase over 2011; an additional $118
billion was proposed for the military
campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan.[78] The
last American troops serving in Iraq
departed in December 2011;[79] 4,484
service members were killed during the
Iraq War.[80] Approximately 90,000 U.S.
troops were serving in Afghanistan in April
2012;[81] by November 8, 2013 2,285 had
been killed during the War in
Afghanistan.[82]
Economy
The United States has a capitalist
economy. The country has rich mineral
resources, with many gold, coal, and
uranium deposits. Farming makes the
country among the top producers of,
among others, corn (maize), wheat, sugar,
and tobacco. Housing contributes about
15% to the Gross domestic product (GDP)
of the United States.[83] America produces
cars, airplanes, and electronics. About 3/4
of Americans work in the service industry.
Demographics
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1790 3,929,000 —
1800 5,308,000 35.1%
1810 7,240,000 36.4%
1820 9,638,000 33.1%
1830 12,866,000 33.5%
1840 17,063,000 32.6%
1850 23,192,000 35.9%
1860 31,443,321 35.6%
1870 38,558,371 22.6%
1880 50,189,209 30.2%
1890 62,979,766 25.5%
1900 76,212,168 21.0%
1910 92,228,531 21.0%
1920 106,021,568 15.0%
1930 123,202,660 16.2%
1940 132,164,569 7.3%
1950 151,325,798 14.5%
1960 179,323,175 18.5%
1970 203,211,926 13.3%
1980 226,545,805 11.5%
1990 248,709,873 9.8%
2000 281,421,906 13.2%
2010 308,745,538 9.7%
The United States of America has people

of many different race and ethnic
backgrounds. 80% of the people in the
United States descend from European
immigrants. Many people are descended
from Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland,
Africa, and Italy.[84] 13% of the people in
the United States are African-American.
Most of them descend from the African
slaves that were brought to America.
African Americans are concentrated in the
Southern United States.[85] Asian-
Americans make up only 5% of the
population in America but make up a
bigger portion in the west coast. For
example, in California, Asian-Americans
make up 13% of the population of that
state. Hispanic-Americans or people of
Latin origins make up 15% of the nation.
Mexicans are the largest Hispanic national
group, followed by Puerto Ricans, Cubans,
Salvadorans and Dominicans.[86] The
original peoples, called Native American,
American Indians, or Amerindians and
Inuit (Eskimos) are a very small group.
11% of the people in the United States are

foreign-born. 18% speak a language other
than English at home. For people 25 and
older, 80% are high school graduates while
25% have a bachelor's degree or higher.
The 2000 Census counted self-reported

ancestry. It identified 43 million German-
Americans, 30.5 million Irish-Americans,
24.9 million African-Americans, 24.5
million English-Americans, and 18.4
million Mexican Americans.
The United States has the largest number

of immigrants of any country in the world.
The United States attracts immigrants
from other countries due to the American
Dream. Most immigrants in the United
States come from Mexico, China, India, the
Philippines and El Salvador.
Money
The social structure of the United States

has a big range. This means that some
Americans are much, much richer than
others. The average (median) income for
an American was $37,000 a year in 2002.
However, the richest 1% of Americans
have as much money as the poorest 90%.
51% of all households have access to a
computer and 41% had access to the
Internet in 2000, a figure which had grown
to 75% in 2004. Also, 67.9% of American
families owned their homes in 2002. There
are 200 million cars in the United States,
two for every three Americans. The debt
has grown to over $21,000,000,000,000.
Religion
There are many different religions in the

U.S. Statistically, the largest religion is
Christianity, including groups such as
Catholicism, Protestantism, and
Mormonism. Other religions include
Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Unitarian
Universalism, Wicca, Druidry, Baha'i,
Raelism, Zoroastrianism, Taoism, and
Jainism.[87] Religions which were founded
within the United States include Eckankar,
Satanism, and Scientology. Native
American religions have various animistic
beliefs.
The United States is one of the most
religious countries in the Western World,
and most Americans believe in God. The
number of Christians in the U.S. has gone
down. 86.2% called themselves Christian
in 1990 and 78.4% said this in 2007. The
others include Judaism (2.3%), Islam
(0.8%), Buddhism (0.7%), Hinduism (0.4%),
and Unitarian Universalism (0.3%). Those
who have no religion are at 16.1%. There is
a large difference between those who say
that they belong to a religion and those
who are members of a religious body of
that religion.[88]
Doubts about the existence of a God, gods
or goddesses are higher among young
people.[89] Among the non-religious
population of the U.S., there are deists,
humanists, ignostics, atheists, and
agnostics.[90]
Language
Languages (2017)[91]
English (only) 239 million
Spanish 41 million
Chinese 3.5 million
Tagalog 1.7 million
Vietnamese 1.5 million
Arabic 1.2 million
French 1.2 million
Korean 1.1 million
Russian 0.94 million
German 0.92 million

English (American English) is the de facto
national language. Although there is no
official language at the federal level, some
laws—such as U.S. naturalization
requirements—standardize English. In
2010, about 230 million, or 80% of the
population aged five years and older,
spoke only English at home. Spanish,
spoken by 12% of the population at home,
is the second most common language and
the most widely taught second
language.[91][92] Some Americans
advocate making English the country's
official language, as it is in at least twenty-
eight states. Both Hawaiian and English
are official languages in Hawaii by state
law.[93]
While neither has an official language, New

Mexico has laws providing for the use of
both English and Spanish, as Louisiana
does for English and French.[94] Other
states, such as California, order the
publication of Spanish versions of certain
government documents including court
forms.[95] Many jurisdictions with large
numbers of non-English speakers produce
government materials, especially voting
information, in the most commonly
spoken languages in those jurisdictions.
Several insular territories grant official
recognition to their native languages,
along with English: Samoan and Chamorro
are recognized by American Samoa and
Guam, respectively; Carolinian and
Chamorro are recognized by the Northern
Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official
language of Puerto Rico and is more
widely spoken than English there.
Many Native American languages in the

United States are endangered.
Education
In most states, children are required to

attend school from the age of six or seven
(generally, kindergarten or first grade) until
they turn eighteen (generally bringing them
through twelfth grade, the end of high
school); some states allow students to
leave school at sixteen or seventeen.[96]
About 12% of children are enrolled in
parochial or nonsectarian private schools.
Just over 2% of children are
homeschooled.[97]
Culture
American popular culture goes out to
many places in the world. It has a large
influence on most of the world, especially
the Western world. American music is
heard all over the world, and American
movies and television shows can be seen
in most countries.
Federal holidays
Date[98] Name Description
January 1 New Year's Day Celebrates the beginning of the year
3rd Monday in Martin Luther Honors Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., an African-
January King, Jr. Day American civil rights leader
Honors all of the American presidents, but

3rd Monday in
President's Day specifically George Washington (b. February 22) and
February
Abraham Lincoln (b. February 12)
Honors military servicemen, who gave their lives, also

Last Monday in May Memorial Day
marks the traditional start of summer
Recognizes the end of slavery, when slaves became

June 19 Juneteenth
free in 1865
Independence Celebrates the Declaration of Independence;

July 4
Day otherwise known as "The Fourth of July"
1st Monday in Celebrates the achievements of workers and marks

Labor Day
September the traditional end of summer
Honors Christopher Columbus, the man who

2nd Monday in
Columbus Day discovered the Americas for Europe (not celebrated
October
in some states, like Montana)
November 11 Veterans Day Honors all military servicemen (past and present)
4th Thursday in The autumn harvest, and marks the traditional

Thanksgiving
November beginning of the "holiday season"
Celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ (non-Christians

December 25 Christmas
celebrate it as a winter holiday)
Flag
The US flag
The American flag is made up of 50 stars

on a blue background and has 13 stripes,
seven red and six white. It is one of many
symbols of the United States like the Bald
Eagle. The 50 stars represent the 50
states. The red stands for courage, the
blue stands for justice, and the white
represents peace and cleanliness. The 13
stripes represent the 13 original
colonies.[99]
Cuisine
A hamburger is one of the popular foods

of the United States. Fast food in the
United States is home to many regional
cuisines such as the Cuisine of the
Southern United States, also known as
Southern food. There are Americanized
versions of Chinese, Greek, Japanese,
Italian and Mexican cuisine. Native
American cuisine is the cuisine of the
indigenous Native Americans. A lot of
American dishes are influenced by many
countries around the world. American
cuisine has Native American, British,
French, German, and Spanish
influences.[100] Soul food is traditional
southern African American food.
Music
The most popular genres in the United

States are Rock and roll, pop, country, R&B,
and hip hop. Native American music is the
indigenous music of the United States.
Sports
In American baseball games, sometimes the president throws the first ball.
Native Americans played lacrosse before

Europeans arrived.[101] Baseball is the
country sport for the United States, and
American football is the most popular
sport. Basketball is also very popular in
the USA, which the USA has its own leauge
called the NBA.[102]
Video games
The video game industry of the United

States is one of the largest of any country.
It is the second largest market for video
games after China.[103] Many of the world's
largest video game developers are based
in the USA, like Take-Two Interactive,
Electronic Arts, Activision Blizzard, and
Xbox Game Studios.[104]
Measurement
The United States is the only developed

country that doesn't officially use the
metric system. Instead, the United States
customary units are the official
measurement system used, though certain
fields like science use the metric system.
There were also attempts at metrication in
the past, most notably in the 1970s, but
they have been struck down.
Notes
a. English is the official language of 32 states;
English and Hawaiian are both official
languages in Hawaii, and English and 20
Indigenous languages are official in Alaska.
Algonquian, Cherokee, and Sioux are
among many other official languages in
Native-controlled lands throughout the
country. French is a de facto, but unofficial,
language in Maine and Louisiana, while
New Mexico law grants Spanish a special
status. In five territories, English as well as
one or more indigenous languages are
official: Spanish in Puerto Rico, Samoan in
American Samoa, Chamorro in both Guam
and the Northern Mariana Islands.
Carolinian is also an official language in the
Northern Mariana Islands.[1][2]
b. The historical and informal demonym

Yankee has been applied to Americans,
New Englanders, or northeasterners since
the 18th century.
c. Also president of the Senate.
References
1. Cobarrubias 1983, p. 195.
2. García 2011, p. 167.
3. "2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic
Composition of the Country" (https://www.c
ensus.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improve
d-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-stat
es-population-much-more-multiracial.htm
l) . United States Census. Retrieved August
13, 2021.
4. "Race and Ethnicity in the United States:

2010 Census and 2020 Census" (https://w
ww.census.gov/library/visualizations/intera
ctive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-
2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000
060666476) . United States Census.
Retrieved August 13, 2021.
5. "A Breakdown of 2020 Census
Demographic Data" (https://www.npr.org/2
021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-
us-race-ethnicity-diversity) . NPR. August
13, 2021.
6. Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-

index: Ohio (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=uV5tvKPO684C&q=%22national+nick
names%22+Yankee) . 1963. p. 336.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202
00613153134/https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=uV5tvKPO684C&q=%22national+ni
cknames%22+Yankee&dq=%22national+nic
knames%22+Yankee) from the original on
2020-06-13. Retrieved 2020-06-12.
7. "World Economic Outlook Database,
October 2019" (https://www.imf.org/extern
al/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorep
t.aspx?pr.x=73&pr.y=7&sy=2020&ey=2024&
scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&
c=111&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPD
PC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=) . IMF.org.
International Monetary Fund. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2020040621292
5/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/we
o/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=73
&pr.y=7&sy=2020&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=
1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=111&s=NGD
PD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&
grp=0&a=) from the original on April 6,
2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
8. "Income inequality" (https://data.oecd.org/c
hart/5O5t) . data.oecd.org. OECD. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/2020011213
5707/https://data.oecd.org/chart/5O5t)
from the original on January 12, 2020.
Retrieved January 8, 2020.
9. "Human Development Report 2019" (http

3/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-hu
man-development-index-ranking) . United
Nations Development Programme.
December 10, 2019. Archived from the
original (http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/20
19-human-development-index-ranking)
(PDF) on May 31, 2020. Retrieved
December 10, 2019.
10. Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R. (2003). A
Companion to the American Revolution.
Maiden: Blackwell. pp. 352–361.
ISBN 1405116749.
11. Maddison, Angus (2006). "Historical

Statistics for the World Economy" (http://w
ww.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistic
s/horizontal-file_09-2008.xls) . Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/2020120520514
5/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historica
l_Statistics/horizontal-file_09-2008.xls)
from the original on December 5, 2020.
Retrieved August 12, 2019.
12. Cohen, Eliot A. (2004). "History and the
Hyperpower" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20090723000051/http://www.foreignaffair
s.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history
-and-the-hyperpower) . Foreign Affairs.
Archived from the original (http://www.forei
gnaffairs.org/20040701faessay83406/eliot
-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower.html)
on July 23, 2009. Retrieved August 12,
2019.
13. Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie

(2001). Dealing with Diversity (https://archi
ve.org/details/dealingwithdiver0000ada
m) . Chicago: Kendall/Hunt.
ISBN 078728145X.
14. The European Union has a larger group

economy but is not a single nation.
15. Unless specified, facts and figures in the
article refer only to the states and federal
district, and leave out the territories.
16. New York Times (2007). The New York

Times Guide to Essential Knowledge,
Second Edition: A Desk Reference for the
Curious Mind (https://archive.org/details/n
ewyorktimesguid00) . St. Martin's Press.
p. 632 (https://archive.org/details/newyorkt
imesguid00/page/632) . ISBN 978-
0312376598.
17. Onuf, Peter S. (1983). The Origins of the

Federal Republic: Jurisdictional
Controversies in the United States, 1775-
1787 (https://archive.org/details/originsoff
edera00onuf) . University of Pennsylvania
Press. ISBN 978-0812211672.
18. Lubowski, Ruben; Vesterby, Marlow;
Bucholtz, Shawn (July 21, 2006). "AREI
Chapter 1.1: Land Use" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20060808222823/http://www.er
s.usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/chapter
1/1.1/) . Economic Research Service.
Archived from the original (https://www.ers.
usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/chapter
1/1.1/) on August 8, 2006.
19. "United States" (http://www.britannica.co

m/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-State
s) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/2015052801264
1/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/t
opic/616563/United-States) from the
original on 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2019-09-
09.
20. "Population by Sex, Rate of Population
Increase, Surface Area and Density" (http://
unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/product
s/dyb/DYB2005/Table03.pdf) (PDF).
Demographic Yearbook 2005. UN Statistics
Division. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20181210063235/https://unstats.un.o
rg/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb20
05/Table03.pdf) (PDF) from the original on
2018-12-10. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
21. "United States" (https://www.cia.gov/librar
y/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/u
s.html) . The World Factbook. CIA.
September 30, 2009. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20181226005704/https://
www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world
-factbook/geos/us.html%20) from the
original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved
February 17, 2008.
22. "World Factbook: Area Country Comparison
Table" (http://web.archive.org/web/200802
08233209rn_1/education.yahoo.com/refere
nce/factbook/countrycompare/area/3d.ht
ml) . Yahoo Education. Archived from
[www.education.yahoo.com/reference/fact
book/countrycompare/area/3d.html the
original] on May 26, 2007. {{cite web}}:
Check |url= value (help)
23. Perkins, Sid (May 11, 2002). "Tornado Alley,

USA" (https://web.archive.org/web/200707
01131631/http://www.sciencenews.org/art
icles/20020511/bob9.asp) . Science News.
Archived from the original (http://www.scie
ncenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.as
p) on July 1, 2007. Retrieved October 11,
2019.
24. Morin, Nancy. "Vascular Plants of the
United States" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20061008233446/http://www.fungaljung
al.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.
pdf) (PDF). Plants. National Biological
Service. Archived from the original (http://w
ww.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biolo
gical_Service.pdf) (PDF) on October 8,
2006.
25. "Global Significance of Selected U.S. Native

Plant and Animal Species" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20030709134320/http://ww
w.sdi.gov/curtis/TxTab4x1.html) . SDI
Group. February 9, 2001. Archived from the
original (http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/TxTab4x
1.html) on July 9, 2003.
26. "Numbers of Insects (Species and
Individuals)" (http://www.si.edu/Encycloped
ia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm) .
Smithsonian Institution. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20090211151740/htt
p://si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/
bugnos.htm) from the original on 2009-02-
11. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
27. "National Park Service Announces Addition

of Two New Units" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20061001195645/http://home.nps.go
v/applications/release/Detail.cfm?ID=639)
(Press release). National Park Service.
February 28, 2006. Archived from the
original (http://home.nps.gov/applications/
release/Detail.cfm?ID=639) on October 1,
2006. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
28. "Federal Land and Buildings Ownership" (htt
9/http://johnshadegg.house.gov/rsc/Feder
al%20Land%20Ownership--May%202005.pd
f) (PDF). Republican Study Committee.
May 19, 2005. Archived from the original (ht
tp://johnshadegg.house.gov/rsc/Federal%2
0Land%20Ownership--May%202005.pdf)
(PDF) on May 24, 2005.
29. Erlandson, Jon M; Rick, Torben C;
Vellanoweth, Rene L (2008). A Canyon
Through Time: Archaeology, History, and
Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa
Barbara County (https://books.google.com/
books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&pg=PA19) .
California: University of Utah Press. p. 19.
ISBN 978-0-87480-879-7. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20190323075709/htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lm
b79UC&pg=PA19) from the original on
2019-03-23. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
30. Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A.
(1992). "The Role of Epidemic Infectious
Diseases in the Discovery of America".
Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 13 (5):
225–232.
doi:10.2500/108854192778817040 (http
s://doi.org/10.2500%2F108854192778817
040) . PMID 1483570 (https://pubmed.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/1483570) .
31. "British Convicts Shipped to American
Colonies" (https://web.archive.org/web/200
20602194900/http://www.dinsdoc.com/but
ler-1.htm) . American Historical Review 2.
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum
of Natural History. 1896. Archived from the
original (http://www.dinsdoc.com/butler-1.
htm) on June 2, 2002. Retrieved August
16, 2019.
32. "The First Countries to Diplomatically
Recognize the United States" (https://allthin
gsliberty.com/2018/05/the-first-countries-t
o-diplomatically-recognize-the-united-state
s/) . 10 May 2018. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20200930053341/https://all
thingsliberty.com/2018/05/the-first-countri
es-to-diplomatically-recognize-the-united-st
ates/) from the original on 2020-09-30.
Retrieved 2020-10-03.
33. Morrison, Michael A. (1999). Slavery and

the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest
Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press. pp. 13–21. ISBN 0807847968.
34. "1860 Census" (http://www2.census.gov/pr
od2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf)
(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (http
1/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennia
l/documents/1860a-02.pdf) (PDF) from
the original on August 24, 2008. Retrieved
July 28, 2019. Page 7 lists a total slave
population of 3,953,760.
35. De Rosa, Marshall L. (1997). The Politics of

Dissolution: The Quest for a National
Identity and the American Civil War. Edison,
NJ: Transaction. p. 266. ISBN 1560003499.
36. Foner, Eric; A. Garraty, John (1991). The
Reader's Companion to American History (h
ttps://archive.org/details/readerscompanio
n00fone) . New York: Houghton Mifflin.
pp. 576 (https://archive.org/details/readers
companion00fone/page/576) . ISBN 0-395-
51372-3.
37. McDuffie, Jerome; Wayne Piggrem, Gary; E.

Woodworth, Steven (2005). U.S. History
Super Review (https://archive.org/details/u
nitedstateshist0000mcdu) . Piscataway,
New Jersey: Research & Education
Association. pp. 418 (https://archive.org/de
tails/unitedstateshist0000mcdu/page/41
8) . ISBN 0-7386-0070-9.
38. "Amendments to the U.S. Constitution,
Annotated" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0081009155245/http://www.america.gov/s
t/usg-english/2008/April/20080416204259
eaifas0.7985803.html) . America.gov.
2008. Archived from the original (https://w
ww.america.gov/st/usg-english/2008/Apri
l/20080416204259eaifas0.7985803.html)
on October 9, 2008. Retrieved May 28,
2019.
39. "Hoover to Roosevelt: Transition in a Time
of Crisis" (https://web.archive.org/web/201
00228035300/http://www.america.gov/st/
democracyhr-english/2010/January/20100
126123040mlenuhret0.4698755.html) .
America.gov. Archived from the original (htt
ps://www.america.gov/st/democracyhr-eng
lish/2010/January/20100126123040mlenu
hret0.4698755.html) on February 28, 2010.
Retrieved May 31, 2019.
40. Curtis, Wayne (2007). "Bootleg Paradise" (ht

tps://www.americanheritage.com/bootleg-p
aradise) . American Heritage. Archived (htt
7/https://www.americanheritage.com/bootl
eg-paradise) from the original on May 31,
2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
41. Ganzal, Bill (2003). "The Dust Bowl of the
1930s" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100
629034101/http://www.livinghistoryfarm.or
g/farminginthe30s/water_02.html) . Living
History Farm.org. Archived from the original
(http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farmingin
the30s/water_02.html) on June 29, 2010.
42. Kennedy, Paul (1989). The Rise and Fall of

the Great Powers (https://archive.org/detail
s/risefallofgreatp00kenn_0) . New York:
Vintage. pp. 358 (https://archive.org/detail
s/risefallofgreatp00kenn_0/page/358) .
ISBN 0679720197.
43. "The United States and the Founding of the
United Nations, August 1941–October
1945" (https://web.archive.org/web/20051
023164441/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/
pubs/fs/55407.htm) . State.gov. 2005.
Archived from the original (http://www.stat
e.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm) on
October 23, 2005. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
44. Japan's Longest Day. New York: Oxford

University Press. 2006. ISBN 4-7700-2887-
3.
45. Wagg, Stephen; Andrews, David L. (2007).

East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=ic0eoU
MfQdsC) . Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-
415-35926-9.
46. "The Cold War, Korean Conflict, and
Vietnam" (https://web.archive.org/web/200
81009134901/http://www.america.gov/st/e
duc-english/2008/June/20080610230508e
aifas3.126597e-02.html) . America.gov.
2008. Archived from the original (https://w
ww.america.gov/st/educ-english/2008/Jun
e/20080610230508eaifas3.126597e-02.ht
ml) on October 9, 2008. Retrieved June 7,
2019.
47. Schrecker, Ellen (1998). Many Are the

Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Princeton
University Press. p. 13. ISBN 0691048703.
48. Fried, Richard (1990). Nightmare in Red:
The McCarthy Era in Perspective (https://ar
chive.org/details/nightmareinredmc0000fri
e) . Oxford University Press. pp. 187 (http
s://archive.org/details/nightmareinredmc00
00frie/page/187) . ISBN 019985372X.
49. "1969: El hombre llega a la Luna" (http://ww

w.elmundo.es/especiales/2009/07/cienci
a/llegada_hombre_luna_1969/index.html) .
El Mundo.es (in Spanish). 2009. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/201905270659
45/https://www.elmundo.es/especiales/20
09/07/ciencia/llegada_hombre_luna_1969/i
ndex.html) from the original on May 27,
2019. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
50. Field, Alexander J. (2011). A Great Leap
Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S.
Economic Growth (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=oz87mAEACAAJ) . Yale
University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15109-1.
51. Blas, Elisheva. "The Dwight D. Eisenhower

National System of Interstate and Defense
Highways" (https://www.societyforhistorye
ducation.org/pdfs/N10_NHD_Blas_Junior.p
df) (PDF). societyforhistoryeducation.org.
Society for History Education. Retrieved
December 4, 2022.
52. "Martin Luther King - Biography" (http://nob
elprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1
964/king-bio.html) . Nobel Prize.org. 1964.
10222213446/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_
prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.htm
l) from the original on February 22, 2011.
Retrieved June 11, 2019.
53. Levy, Daniel. "Behind the Anti-War Protests

That Swept America in 1968" (https://time.
com/5106608/protest-1968/) . Time.
54. "Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights

Movement in the U.S." (http://www.uky.edu/
~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.ht
m) University of Kentucky. Retrieved 2022-
12-04.
55. Dickinson, William B. (1973). Watergate:
Chronology of a Crisis (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=rNHtAAAAMAAJ) .
Congressional Quarterly. ISBN 978-0-
87187-059-9.
56. Soss, Joe; Hacker, Jacob S.; Mettler,

Suzanne (2007-11-08). Remaking America:
Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of
Inequality (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=6AiGAwAAQBAJ) . Russell Sage
Foundation. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-61044-510-
8.
57. Judt, Tony; Lacorne, Denis (2005). With Us
Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-
Americanism (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61) .
Palgrave Macmillan. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-
4039-8085-4.Richard J. Samuels (2005).
Encyclopedia of United States National
Security (https://books.google.com/books?
id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666) . Sage
Publications. p. 666. ISBN 978-1-4522-
6535-3.Paul R. Pillar (2001). Terrorism and
U.S. Foreign Policy (https://archive.org/deta
ils/terrorismusforei00pill) . Brookings
Institution Press. p. 57 (https://archive.org/
details/terrorismusforei00pill/page/57) .
ISBN 978-0-8157-0004-3.Gabe T. Wang
(2006). China and the Taiwan Issue:
Impending War at Taiwan Strait (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&p
g=PA179) . University Press of America.
p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7618-3434-
2.Understanding the "Victory Disease",
From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and
Beyond (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1) . Diane
Publishing. 2004. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4289-
1052-2.Akis Kalaitzidis; Gregory W. Streich
(2011). U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary
and Reference Guide (https://books.google.
com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA31
3) . ABC-CLIO. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-313-
38375-5.
58. Voyce, Bill (2006). "IWIN - Why the
Expansion of the 1990's Lasted So Long" (h
21/http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleR
eader?itemid=00003700&print=1) .
State.ia.us. Archived from the original (htt
p://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?
itemid=00003700&print=1) on October 6,
59. Brinkley, Douglas (2001). 36 Days: The

Complete Chronicle of the 2000
Presidential Election Crisis (https://archive.
org/details/36days00newy) . Times Books.
ISBN 0-8050-6850-3.
60. "Many Europeans Oppose War in Iraq" (htt
p://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-0
2-14-eu-survey.htm) . USA Today.com.
2003. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20120805114706/http://www.usatoday.c
om/news/world/2003-02-14-eu-survey.ht
m) from the original on 2012-08-05.
61. Springford, John (2003). "Old and "New"

Europeans United: Public Attitudes Towards
the Iraq War and US Foreign Policy" (http
0/http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/back_brief_spr
ingford_dec03.pdf) (PDF). Archived from
the original (http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/bac
k_brief_springford_dec03.pdf) (PDF) on
March 28, 2004. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
62. "Más de US$ 125 mil millones se pagaron
por daños naturales" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20111010231356/http://sectorprod
uctivo.com.py/otras-secciones/noticias/ulti
mo-momento/3948-mas-de-us-125-mil-mill
ones-se-pagaron-por-danos-naturales) .
Sector Productivo.com.py (in Spanish). May
25, 2019. Archived from the original (http://
sectorproductivo.com.py/otras-secciones/
noticias/ultimo-momento/3948-mas-de-us-
125-mil-millones-se-pagaron-por-danos-nat
urales) on October 10, 2011.
63. Gallego Espina, José; Jorrín, Javier G.
(November 9, 2016). "Trump gana las
elecciones de Estados Unidos y promete
gobernar para todos" (https://www.elespan
ol.com/mundo/america/eeuu/20161109/1
69483152_0.html) . El Español (in
European Spanish). Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20190606130442/https://w
ww.elespanol.com/mundo/america/eeuu/2
0161109/169483152_0.html) from the
original on June 6, 2019. Retrieved May 20,
2019.
64. Faus, Joan (May 25, 2019). "50 muertos en
la peor matanza en EE UU desde el 11-S" (h
ttp://internacional.elpais.com/internaciona
l/2016/06/12/actualidad/1465717811_688
793.html) . El País (in Spanish). Archived (h
05/http://internacional.elpais.com/internaci
onal/2016/06/12/actualidad/1465717811_
688793.html) from the original on July 2,
65. Scheb, John M., and John M. Scheb II

(2002). An Introduction to the American
Legal System. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6.
ISBN 0-7668-2759-3.
66. "Street Law, Inc" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20081205025613/http://www.landmark
cases.org/marbury/home.html) . Archived
from the original (http://www.landmarkcase
s.org/marbury/home.html) on 2008-12-05.
67. "What is the G8?" (http://www.g8.utoronto.c

a/what_is_g8.html) . University of Toronto.
01127055741/http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/w
hat_is_g8.html) from the original on 2020-
11-27. Retrieved 2019-12-28.
68. Dumbrell, John; Schäfer, Axel (2009).
America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign
and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of
Alliance (https://books.google.com/books?
id=jLy-NKnQitIC&dq=uk+us+special+relatio
nship&pg=PA45) . p. 45. ISBN 978-0-203-
87270-3.
69. Ek, Carl & Ian F. Fergusson (September 3,

2010). "Canada–U.S. Relations" (https://fa
s.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf) (PDF).
Congressional Research Service. Archived
4224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.p
df) (PDF) from the original on January 13,
2020. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
70. Vaughn, Bruce (August 8, 2008). Australia:
Background and U.S. Relations.
Congressional Research Service.
OCLC 70208969 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/70208969) .
71. Vaughn, Bruce (May 27, 2011). "New

Zealand: Background and Bilateral
Relations with the United States" (https://fa
s.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf) (PDF).
Congressional Research Service. Archived
1903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL3287
6.pdf) (PDF) from the original on January
22, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
72. Chanlett-Avery, Emma; et al. (June 8, 2011).
"Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress"
(https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pd
f) (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
00113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/
RL33436.pdf) (PDF) from the original on
January 13, 2020. Retrieved December 28,
2019.
73. Mark E. Manyin; Emma Chanlett-Avery;
Mary Beth Nikitin (July 8, 2011). "U.S.–
South Korea Relations: Issues for
Congress" (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R4
1481.pdf) (PDF). Congressional Research
Service. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/
crs/row/R41481.pdf) (PDF) from the
original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved
December 28, 2019.
74. Zanotti, Jim (July 31, 2014). "Israel:
Background and U.S. Relations" (https://fa
s.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf)
(PDF). Congressional Research Service.
90305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mide
ast/RL33476.pdf) (PDF) from the original
on March 5, 2019. Retrieved December 28,
2019.
75. "The Air Force in Facts and Figures (Armed
Forces Manpower Trends, End Strength in
Thousands)" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20130113101605/http://www.airforce-mag
azine.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20
Documents/2009/May%202009/0509facts
_fig.pdf) (PDF). Air Force Magazine. May
2009. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchiv
e/Magazine%20Documents/2009/May%20
2009/0509facts_fig.pdf) (PDF) on January
13, 2013.
76. "The 15 Countries with the Highest Military
Expenditure in 2011" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20130109085820/http://www.sipri.o
rg/research/armaments/milex/resultoutpu
t/milex_15/the-15-countries-with-the-highes
t-military-expenditure-in-2011-table/view) .
Stockholm International Peace Research
Institute. 2011. Archived from the original
(http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/
milex/resultoutput/15majorspenders)
(PDF) on January 9, 2013.
77. "Compare" (http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/2

0121220033039/http://cia-world-factbook.r
ealclearworld.com/) . CIA World Factbook.
RealClearWorld. Archived from the original
(http://cia-world-factbook.realclearworld.co
m/) on December 20, 2012.
78. "Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Request
Overview" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
110725214533/http://comptroller.defense.
gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Budget_Re
quest_Overview_Book.pdf) (PDF).
Department of Defense. February 2011.
Archived from the original (http://comptroll
er.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_
Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf)
(PDF) on July 25, 2011.
79. Basu, Moni (December 18, 2011). "Deadly
Iraq War Ends with Exit of Last U.S. Troops"
(http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/17/world/m
east/iraq-troops-leave/index.html?hpt=hp_t
1) . CNN. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20111219082247/http://www.cnn.c
om/2011/12/17/world/meast/iraq-troops-l
eave/index.html?hpt=hp_t1) from the
original on December 19, 2011. Retrieved
January 6, 2020.
80. "Operation Iraqi Freedom" (https://web.arch

ive.org/web/20110321080348/http://icasu
alties.org/Iraq/index.aspx) . Iraq Coalition
Casualty Count. February 5, 2012. Archived
from the original (http://icasualties.org/Ira
q/index.aspx) on March 21, 2011.
81. Cherian, John (April 7, 2012). "Turning
Point" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121
202001115/http://www.frontline.in/fl2907/
stories/20120420290705200.htm) .
Frontline. The Hindu Group. Archived from
the original (http://www.frontline.in/fl2907/
stories/20120420290705200.htm) on
December 2, 2012. "There are currently
90,000 U.S. troops deployed in the country."
82. "Department of Defence Defence Casualty

Analysis System" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20120920230523/http://www.dmdc.o
sd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oef_type.xhtm
l) . Department of Defense. November
w.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oef_ty
pe.xhtml) on September 20, 2012.
83. "Housing's Contribution to Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20190619193309/https://www.nahb.org/
en/research/housing-economics/housings-
economic-impact/housings-contribution-to-
gross-domestic-product-gdp.aspx) .
Archived from the original (https://www.nah
b.org/en/research/housing-economics/hou
sings-economic-impact/housings-contributi
on-to-gross-domestic-product-gdp.aspx)
on 2019-06-19. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
84. "Demographic Data, US Census & GIS
Software | GeoLytics" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20090321233019/http://www.geoly
tics.com/?gclid=CK7Nw9bgpJYCFRJ4xgod
32jc5g) . Archived from the original (http://
www.geolytics.com/?gclid=CK7Nw9bgpJY
CFRJ4xgod32jc5g) on 2009-03-21.
85. Where Americans say their ancestors came

from, in 17 maps (https://www.businessinsi
der.com/ancestry-maps-united-states-2018
-9?amp)
86. Frazier, John W.; Tettey-Fio, Eugene L.;
Henry, Norah F. (29 December 2016). Race,
Ethnicity, and Place in a Changing America,
Third Edition (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=6qnuDQAAQBAJ&dq=mexicans+lar
gest+latino+group+dominicans+puerto+ric
ans&pg=PA47) . ISBN 9781438463292.
87. Media, Minorities, and Meaning: A Critical

Introduction - Page 88, Debra L. Merskin -
2010
88. Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data,

Demographics and Statistics | Pew
Research Center (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20080724033846/http://religions.pewfo
rum.org/pdf/affiliations-all-traditions.pdf)
89. Merica, Dan (2012-06-12). Pew Survey:
Doubt of God Growing Quickly among
Millennials
90. Kosmin, Barry; Keysar, Ariela (2009).

"American Nones: The Profile of the No
Religion Population (https://commons.trinc
oll.edu/aris/files/2011/08/NONES_08.pdf)
90412032857/https://commons.trincoll.ed
u/aris/files/2011/08/NONES_08.pdf)
2019-04-12 at the Wayback Machine"
(PDF). Trinity Colloge.
91. "Table 53. Languages Spoken At Home by
Language: 2017" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160205101044/http://www.census.
gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf) (PDF),
Language use in the United States, August
2019, U.S. Census Bureau, archived from
the original (https://factfinder.census.gov/f
aces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.
xhtml?src=bkmk) on February 5, 2016,
retrieved November 24, 2019
92. Welles, Elizabeth B. (Winter–Spring 2004).
"Foreign Language Enrollments in United
States Institutions of Higher Learning, Fall
2002" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090
618133404/http://www.adfl.org/resources/
enrollments.pdf) (PDF). ADFL Bulletin. 35
(2–3): 7. doi:10.1632/adfl.35.2.7 (https://do
i.org/10.1632%2Fadfl.35.2.7) . Archived
from the original (http://www.adfl.org/resou
rces/enrollments.pdf) (PDF) on June 18,
2009. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
93. "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii,
Article XV, Section 4" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20130724231656/http://hawaii.go
v/lrb/con/conart15.html) . Hawaii
Legislative Reference Bureau. November 7,
w.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html) on
July 24, 2013. Retrieved November 29,
2019.
94. Dicker, Susan J. (2003). Languages in

America: A Pluralist View (https://archive.or
g/details/languagesinameri00dick) .
Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. pp. 216 (htt
ps://archive.org/details/languagesinameri0
0dick/page/216) , 220–25. ISBN 1-85359-
651-5.
95. "California Judicial Council Forms" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20010210100209/htt
p://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/forms/allforms.h
tm) . Judicial Council, State of California.
Archived from the original (http://www.cour
tinfo.ca.gov/forms/allforms.htm) on
February 10, 2001. Retrieved November 25,
2019.
96. "Ages for Compulsory School

Attendance …" (http://nces.ed.gov/program
s/digest/d02/dt150.asp) . U.S. Dept. of
Education, National Center for Education
Statistics. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20070614233911/http://nces.ed.go
v/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp) from
the original on June 14, 2007. Retrieved
November 24, 2019.
97. "Statistics About Non-Public Education in
the United States" (http://www2.ed.gov/abo
ut/offices/list/oii/nonpublic/statistics.htm
l) . U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Non-
Public Education. Archived (https://web.arc
w.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oii/nonpublic/s
tatistics.html) from the original on July 16,
2007. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
98. "5 U.S. Code § 6103 – Holidays" (https://w

ww.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/6103) .
www.law.cornell.edu. Cornell University Law
School - Legal Information Institute.
70709203348/https://www.law.cornell.edu/
uscode/text/5/6103) from the original on
July 9, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
99. USA Flag Meaning. 2009 Retrieved from
http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/usa-
flag/usa-flag-meaning.html (https://web.arc
w.mapsofworld.com/usa/usa-flag/usa-flag-
meaning.html) on 16th of September 2010
100. Haff, Harry (8 February 2011). The

Founders of American Cuisine: Seven
Cookbook Authors, with Historical Recipes
(https://books.google.com/books?id=XiKh
BAAAQBAJ&dq=american+cuisine+is+influ
enced+by+german+spanish&pg=PA8) .
ISBN 9780786458691.
101. Liss, Howard. Lacrosse (Funk & Wagnalls,

1970) pg 13.
102. Grossman, Nadelle (2014-01-01). "What is
the NBA?" (https://scholarship.law.marquet
te.edu/facpub/665) . 25 Marquette Sports
Law Review 101 (2014).
103. "Asian countries make up 40% of the

world's top 10 video gaming markets" (http
s://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/08/wh
ich-countries-have-the-largest-video-gaming
-markets/) . World Economic Forum.
104. Gray, Jasmine (2022-08-25). "The 10

Largest Video Game Companies In The
World, And What They Do" (https://history-c
omputer.com/largest-video-game-compani
es-in-the-world-and-what-they-do/) .
History-Computer. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
Other websites
Find more about

United States
at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary

Media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
United States travel guide from
Wikivoyage
Government
Official U.S. Government Web Portal (htt
ps://www.usa.gov/) Gateway to
governmental sites
White House (https://www.whitehouse.g
ov/) Official site of the President of the
United States
Senate (https://www.senate.gov/)
Official site of the United States Senate
House (http://www.house.gov/) Official
site of the United States House of
Representatives
Supreme Court (https://www.supremeco
urt.gov/) Official site of the Supreme
Court of the United States
Library of Congress (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/19990220002603/https://ww
w.loc.gov/index.html) Official site of the
Library of Congress
Overviews and Data
Portrait of the United States (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20000829075233/htt
p://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/f
actover/) Overview from the U.S.
Information Agency
United States (https://www.cia.gov/libra
ry/publications/the-world-factbook/geo
s/us.html) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20181225135647/https://ww
w.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/us.html%20) 2018-12-
25 at the Wayback Machine CIA World
Factbook entry
United States (https://web.archive.org/w

eb/20060828224303/http://www.britan
nica.com/nations/United-States)
Encyclopædia Britannica entry
U.S. Census Housing and Economic

Statistics (https://web.archive.org/web/
19970101150136/https://www.census.g
ov/hhes/www/) Wide-ranging data
from the U.S. Census Bureau
State Fact Sheets (https://www.ers.usd
a.gov/statefacts/) Population,
employment, income, and farm data
from the U.S. Economic Research
Service
The 50 States of the U.S.A. (http://www.t
eacheroz.com/states.htm) Collected
informational links for each state
History
Historical Documents (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20080314143240/http://ww
w.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocumen
ts.html) Collected by the National
Center for Public Policy Research
U.S. National Mottos: History and
Constitutionality (http://www.religioustol
erance.org/nat_mott.htm) Archived (htt
ps://wayback.archive-it.org/all/2006121
2193931/http://www.religioustolerance.
org/nat_mott.htm) 2006-12-12 at
Archive-It Analysis by the Ontario
Consultants on Religious Tolerance
USA (http://www.historicalstatistics.org/
index2.html) Collected links to
historical data
Maps
Wikimedia Atlas of the United States

National Atlas of the United States (http
22/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/)
Official maps from the U.S. Department
of the Interior
Other
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration
Services (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0061102175016/http://www.uscis.gov/
portal/site/uscis) Official government
site
Retrieved from
"https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=United_States&oldid=8692611"
This page was last changed on 20 February 2023,
at 00:32. •
Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless
otherwise noted.

United States - Simple English Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

United States - Simple English Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

country in North America

The United States of America (U.S.A or

Flag Coat of arms

Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner"

March: "The Stars and Stripes Forever"

Great Seal of the United States:

The United States, including its territories

Official languages No official language

Government Federal presidential

Independence from Great Britain

GDP (PPP) 2020 estimate

GDP (nominal) 2020 estimate

Gini (2017) 39.0[8]

HDI (2018) 0.920[9]

Currency United States dollar

Time zone UTC−4 to −12, +10,

Date format mm/dd/yyyy

Mains electricity 120 V–60 Hz

Driving side right

ISO 3166 code US

Internet TLD Generic top-level

The nation was founded by the thirteen

In the 19th century, the United States

Arguments between the farming-based

Today, the United States is one of the

The land area of the contiguous United

The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard

The Rocky Mountains, at the western edge

The U.S. ecology is considered

A example of animals that are native to the

There are many types of small trees and

It is believed that the indigenous peoples

In 1492, Genoese explorer Christopher

Declaration of Independence, by John Trumbull, 1817–18

Tensions between American colonials and

After the British defeat by American forces

Attitudes toward slavery were shifting; a

Land-based purchases by date

Battle of Gettysburg, lithograph by Currier and Ives, ca. 1863

Tensions between slave and free states

After the war, the assassination of

An abandoned farm in South Dakota during the Dust Bowl, in 1936

The First World War started in Europe in

In 1920, the Women's rights movement

After his election as president in 1932,

The United States, officially neutral during

Cold War and civil rights era

After World War II, the United States and

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched a

The economy of the United States grew a

There were many social movements in the

In 1974, Richard Nixon became the first

The twin towers of the World Trade Center burning on 9/11

Under President George H. W. Bush, the

On September 11, 2001, the terrorists of

On November 4, 2008, during a global

On November 8, 2016, the Republican

The massacres in Orlando of June 12,

The executive branch is the part of the

The president is in charge of many

The legislative branch makes laws. The

The other house is the Senate. In the