Mexico

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This article is about the federal republic in North America. For other uses, see Mexico
(disambiguation).
"United Mexican States" redirects here. For the historical states, see First Mexican
Republic and Second Federal Republic of Mexico.
Coordinates: 23°N 102°W

United Mexican States

Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Spanish)

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto: La Patria Es Primero

("The Homeland is First")

Anthem: Himno Nacional Mexicano

("Mexican National Anthem")

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 Capital Mexico City
and largest city 19°26′N 99°08′W

Official languages  None at federal level[b]

Recognized Spanish and 68 Amerindian
regional languages languages[a]

National language Spanish (de facto)[b]

Ethnic groups 56 Amerindian and diverse foreign

ethnic groups

Religion  82.7% Catholicism

(2010 )
[1]  6.6% Protestantism
 1.4% Jehovah's Witnesses
 4.7% Irreligious
 1.9% Other religion
 2.7% Unspecified

Demonym(s) Mexican

Government Federal presidential

constitutional republic[2]

• President Andrés Manuel López Obrador

• President of the Senate Mónica Fernández Balboa
• President of the Laura Angélica Rojas Hernández
Chamber of Deputies

Legislature Congress

• Upper house Senate

• Lower house Chamber of Deputies

Independence
from Spain

• Declared 16 September 1810[3]

• Consummated 27 September 1821
• Recognized 28 December 1836
• First constitution 4 October 1824
• Second constitution 5 February 1857
• Current constitution 5 February 1917

Area
• Total 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi)
(13th)
• Water (%) 2.5

Population
• 2020 estimate 128,649,565[4] (10th)
• Density 61/km2 (158.0/sq mi) (142nd)

GDP (PPP) 2020 estimate

• Total $2.715 trillion[5] (11th)
• Per capita $21,362[5] (64th)

GDP (nominal) 2020 estimate

• Total $1.322 trillion[5] (15th)
• Per capita $10,405[5] (64th)

Gini (2016) 49.8[6]

high

HDI (2018) 0.767[7]

high · 76th

Currency Peso (MXN)

Time zone UTC−8 to −5 (See Time in Mexico)

• Summer (DST) UTC−7 to −5 (varies)

Driving side right

Calling code +52

ISO 3166 code MX

 Internet TLD .mx

a. ^ Article 4.° of the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the

Indigenous Peoples.[8][9]

b. ^ Spanish is de facto the official language in the Mexican

federal government.

Mexico (Spanish: México [ˈmexiko] ( listen); Nahuan languages: Mēxihco), officially

the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos; EUM [esˈtaðos uˈniðoz
mexiˈkanos] ( listen)), is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to
the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast
by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico.[10] Mexico
covers 1,972,550 square kilometers (761,610 sq mi)[11] and has approximately 128,649,565
inhabitants,[4] making it the world's 13th-largest country by area, 10th-most populous country,
and most populous Spanish-speaking nation. It is a federation comprising
31 states and Mexico City,[12] its capital city and largest metropolis. Other major urban
areas include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León.[13]
Pre-Columbian Mexico traces its origins to 8,000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of
civilization;[14] it was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, most well-known
among them the Maya and the Aztecs. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and
colonized the territory from its base in Mexico City, which then became known as New Spain.
The Catholic Church played an important role as millions of indigenous inhabitants converted.
These populations were heavily exploited to mine rich deposits of precious material, which
became a major source of wealth for the Spanish.[15] Mexico became an independent nation
state after the successful Mexican War of Independence against Spain in 1821.[16]
The War of Texas Independence in 1836 and the Mexican–American War led to huge territorial
losses in Mexico's sparsely populated north, contiguous to the United States. The newly
instituted reforms that granted protection to indigenous communities, and curtailed the power
of the military and the church, were enshrined in the Constitution of 1857. This triggered
the War of the Reform and French intervention. Maximilian Habsburg was installed
as emperor by France and Benito Juárez kept an opposing republican government in exile.
The following decades were marked by instability and dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, who sought
to modernize Mexico and restore order.[16] The Porfiriato ended with the Mexican Revolution in
1910 and the winning Constitutionalist faction drafted a new 1917 Constitution. The
revolutionary generals of the winning northern faction dominated the 1920s and served
as presidents, but the 1928 assassination of Alvaro Obregón led to the formation of
the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1929, under which Mexico was a one-party
state until 2000.[17][18][19][20]
Mexico is a developing country, ranking 76th on the Human Development Index, but is
considered a newly industrialized state by several analysts.[21][22][23][24] It has the world's 15th-
largest economy by nominal GDP and the 11th-largest by PPP, with the United States being its
largest economic partner.[25][26] The large economy, area, population and politics make Mexico
a regional power and a middle power,[27][28][29][30] and is often identified as an emerging
power.[31] However, Mexico continues to struggle with social inequalities, poverty and extensive
crime; the country ranks poorly on the Global Peace Index.[32] Since 2006, the conflict between
the government and drug trafficking syndicates lead to over 120,000 deaths.[33]
Mexico ranks first in the Americas and 7th in the world for the number of UNESCO World
Heritage Sites.[34][35][36] Mexico is an ecologically megadiverse, ranking 5th in the world for its
natural biodiversity.[37] Mexico receives a significant number of tourists every year; in 2018, it
 was the 6th most-visited country in the world, with 39 million international arrivals.[38] Mexico is
a member of the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the G8+5,
the G20, the Uniting for Consensus group of the UN, and the Pacific Alliance trade bloc.

Contents

 1Etymology
 2History
o 2.1Indigenous civilizations
o 2.2Conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521)
o 2.3Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821)
o 2.4War of Independence (1810–1821)
o 2.5Mexican Empire and the Early Republic (1821–1855)
o 2.6Liberal Reform, French Intervention, and Restored Republic (1855–1876)
o 2.7Porfiriato (1876–1911)
o 2.8Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)
o 2.9Political consolidation and one-party rule (1920–2000)
o 2.10Contemporary Mexico
 3Geography
o 3.1Climate
 3.1.1Climate change
o 3.2Biodiversity
 4Government and politics
o 4.1Government
o 4.2Politics
o 4.3Law enforcement
o 4.4Crime
o 4.5Foreign relations
o 4.6Military
o 4.7Political divisions
 5Economy
o 5.1Communications
o 5.2Energy
o 5.3Science and technology
o 5.4Tourism
o 5.5Transportation
o 5.6Water supply and sanitation
 6Demographics
o 6.1Ethnicity and race
 6.1.1Official censuses
o 6.2Emigration
o 6.3Languages
o 6.4Urban areas
o 6.5Religion
o 6.6Women
 7Culture
o 7.1Painting
o 7.2Sculpture
o 7.3Architecture
 o 7.4Photography
o 7.5Literature
o 7.6Cinema
o 7.7Media
o 7.8Mexican cuisine
o 7.9Music
o 7.10Sports
o 7.11Coat of arms
 8Health
 9Education
 10See also
 11Notes
 12References
 13Bibliography
 14External links