Changes for the Betcer ¢ MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORE-FORM POWER TRANSFORMERSMitsubishi's standard transformers, intended primarily for transmission and industrial purposes, employ core-form construction. Like Mitsubishi's shell-form transformers, the coresform models are manufactured on the besis of over half of a century of experience in trans: TYPES Mitsubishi's core-form power ttanstormers are designated according to their cooling method, a5 listed below: CR Oilimmersed, self-cooled, with detachable radi ators mounted around the tansformer body CRB. Cilmmersed, forced-ircooled, with cooling fans attached to the radiators CUB Forcedcil, forced-sir-cooled, with oll pumps and coolers CUW Forced-oil, water-cooled, with oll pumps anc oil-to-water heat exchangers CUR Forcsd-oll, selfcooled, with ofl pumps and radi ator banks, sometimes separately installed Fig. 2. Type CRB oihimmersed, forcod:sir- cooled, 3-phose, SOMVA GOH: 230/24.5kV transformer CONTENTS. Types Features Construction $$ Special Transformer ‘Standard Accessories- former production. Continuous research efforts toward “improvement of technical skills and materials have earned @ high reputation for, and 2 wide acceptance of, Mitsubishi core-form power transformers, ig, 1 Type CR oll immersed, self-sooled 3-phase 23MWVA 6OH2 230/34.5kV transformer a. Fig.4 Type CUB forced-oll forced-aircooled, 2-phase TOOMVA 6OH2 230/115KV transformerFig, § Type CUB forcedcil forced:ir-eaoled, single-phase ‘Te8/aMvA 6oH2 222/18 /13 sky autotransformers val Jal Fig.6 Type CUW foreed-oll water-cooled, S-phase TOMVA 60Hz 77/22kV transfoimer FEATURES 1. High Reliability and Easy Maintenance Core-form transformers for medium voltages and capacities can be manufactured at comparatively low cast because of ‘their compoct size and simple insulation structure, and yet they are mechanically strong end easy to inspect. The set: cooled system requires no auxiliary devices and permits easy maintenance 2. Well insulated Against Lightning Surge ‘The coil is wound with untreated kraft paper, and the lack of varnish treatment allows the coll to be amply impreg nated with degassed oll, which gives it ahigh Impulse ratio and high diolectric strength against impulse voltage, ‘The insulation of the col end is also improved, and coils for high voltages are equipped with a static plate to insure good voltage distribution and thus give sufficient strength against lightning surge. Coils for high voltages have a high serles capacity winding which minimizes internal potential ‘oscillation and abnormal voltages. 3. Cold-Rolled Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel Cold-olled grein-oriented silicon sheet steel is used, result- ing in highly efficient transformers of reduced size and weight 4. Reinforced Oi-Tight Tanks Mitsubishi core-form transformers employ rectangular tanks reinforced 5 required to assure high mechanical Strength. Modols requiring vacuum oil filling and vacu {OmmHg absolute) at up 10 760mmHg ‘All oll-tight pipas are connected by flange couplings with gaskets, eliminating screw connections and assuring that there will be no leskage of oll or nitrogen ‘Also, the rod or dil thermometer has been strengthened by a double-wall structure, which permits easy removal or replacement. ‘The oil gauge is a round magnetic type which will not leak cit 5. Consetvators for Oil Preservation All Mitsubishi ansformers (except for small units) ane provided with conservators, which prevent the deterioration af cil or insulation papers. 6, Seam-Welded Radiators Self-cooted radiators for Type CR transformers are seam twolded, making them convenient for onsite inspection purposes. They ate also free from corrosion and oil leok- age caused by the rusting of tower welded parts by rain- ‘water. They can withstand full vaguum without being reinforced, 7. Bushings Transformers for ovor GOKY use allenclosed center lamp type condensor bushings with high mechanical and dielee trie strenath, Since the bushings are cut off from the oil in the tank, 1 oil leaks will occur in the case of bushing failureCONSTRUCTION Fig. 7 An example of se-cooled core-form transformer construction 1. Core In standard practice, the core of single-phase transformers has two legs and thet of three phate unite, three lege. In Special cates, however, a three leg core mey be used for single phase trensformers and a fivedeg core for three-phase modes. All these cores are made of high-grade silicon sheet stecl with high permeability and low los, and are built up in layers to fit closely within the circular coi! When coldrolled grain-oriented silicon sheet steel is used, the core construetion shown in Fig @ is employed to take the best advantage of the excellent characteristics of the sz, To prevent possible detericration of the steal character: istics due to core flexing, lock plates are fastened to the core legs by means of Insulated bolts, end hooks ate welded {0 the top and bottom of the lock plate. ‘These hooks engage with the hooks welded to the end frame. The lock plates protect the core legs from the force ‘exerted when fastening the core or lifting the interior parts The core layers meat in lap joints and are fattened securely with bolts or glass bands to prevent vibration and noise, The core lamp bolts are insulated with mechenk cally strong and heat-resistant tubes of glass epoxy. Thus thay ate able to withstand both mechanical impact during Key 1 [Oi iter vale weve basting 9] BCT verminal [tee eseneraied tap changer 13] Fe Ta |_Liing hook for core ana Ts] End tome ‘Greuncing trina Sead beee car Coarpreare ive Gove [2e[-Teann [22] istayoe itevel gue ‘ansportation and the heat inside the core, There is no danger of increased eddy current fiom dielectric break down, fn Iarger-cepacity transformers, with coret of large cross section, several cil ducts are provided in the core to prevent internal overheating Fig. 8 Construction of eore2. Coil In coresform transforrars the standard col is a concentric arrangement with a high-voltage outer winding, a low-volt- ‘age inner winding and a tap ieading from the ourter coll ‘Since transformers vary in voltage and current, coils ‘must be selacted on the basis of electrical and mechanical suitability 0 each class of transformer. ‘witsubish’s coils come In four standard types (see Figs. 9~ 14), 1, Disk:Type Continuous ‘Shown in Fig 9, the disk type continuous winding col is Inerspaced with oil duets and is strong both electrically and mechanically When there are wo or more parallel conductors for large cutrents, transposition is made at a large number of points, s0 that there will be no cross current between the parallel contuctors. 2. High Series Capacitance Transformers for high voltages employ the high series capacitance winding shown in Figs. 1Oand 11b, The series static capacitance of the coll in Fig, 11b Is increased to such an extent by this special winding that the initial po: ‘ential distribution of the incoming surge voltage (deter- mined by the ratio of the series static capacitance 10 ‘ground static capacitanes) becomes almost linear, This reduces intornal potential oscillation to minimum and ‘ieatly improves the impulse voltage characteristics and dielectric strength of the coll. It also permite reduction of for an economical design with a good space Fig, 9 Disk-type continuous winding aioe 8) Ordinary disk-type b) High sorive-ca _continuous winding pacitance winding Fig. 11 Comparison of winding construction factor. This type of coil is wound continuously except for several joints which are unavoidable, and is as mechanically strong as the disk-type continuous winding mentioned above. 2. Helical ‘Transformers for heavy current are generally Low in voltage but sequire an increased number of parallel conductors ‘This makes it necessary to use @ helical winding as shown in Fig 12. Because this holical winding has the same nur: ber of transpositions as there are patallel conductors, it ccan withstand the iemendous mechanical force produced by short-circuit currants and its eylincrcal shape prevents deformation. The coil is also able to withstand vertical forces because itis secured at top and bottom by pressure plates and spacers 4. Cylindrical Cylindrical windings, shown in Fig. 13 and 14 are used for medium and smailsize transformers There a1@ 10 con: rations, one thot has a perfectircle cross-section, the other with’a squared circle. Both feature simple construc ton, compact size, and economy, Vertical oil ducts assure maximum cooling effect The parlle! conductors are com: pletely transposed usin the other three types, Choice among the foregoing four types of windings is made on consideration of economy as wll 2s dielectric and mechenical strength. All types are provided with suf ont oil ducts to facilitate the circulation of insulation ol 10 High series capaci- tance winding Fig. 13 Cylindrical winding (perfect cicele)3. Insulation Coil conductors are insulated with specially made thin kraft pape: wound in layers, Insulation between the high-voltage and low-voltage ceils and botween these coils and ground, shown in Fig 16, has sufficient dielectsie strength, and is able to with- stand mechanical impact, The low-voltage coll, nearest to the core, is wound ‘around a Insulation cylinder. Cylinders of untreated press- board and oll duct spacers are placed alternately ina con ceentric arrangement between the high: and lowvoltage calls Pressboard washers and duct spaces are arranged at booth ends of the coll to provide for sufficient ereep dit- tance, In high-voltage models, several cylindrical angle rings with flanges are arranged paralle! to equipotentiat surfaces and static plates having large radius to decrease the dieleotrie stress at call ends are placed between coils and these cylindrical angle rings, This provides effective insulation and increased creep distance by celleving local concentration of dielectric flux at winding ends and preventing corona formation in the oll, The latter feature ‘assures a very high dialectic strangth in comparetively small space, The ingenious arrangement of oll duets makes complete dehumidification, depassing and impregnation possible when drying and Filing oil, and allows complete ‘il ciculation to cool the windings during operation, 4. Support and Fastening of interior Parts ‘The interior parts of the transformer must be fastened securely enough to withstand the mechanical force pro- ‘duced by short-circuit current, mechanical impact during ‘transportation, and other factors. ‘The coil is fastened securely and tightly to the core by ‘means of upper and lower end frames and coil clamp rings, 50 that no deformation or loosening of the col ean ozcur ‘The core, which could become a source of noite, is fastened securely with end frames and clamp bolts. Move ‘ment within the tenk is prevented by fixing the lower enct frame to the tank bottom, with tank projections fitting snugly into the frame holes, and fastening the upper end frame to the walls of the tank {or bolting it to the tank. cover in the ease of smallereapacity transformers) Terminal and top wires leading from the coil sre wll, insulated, and are supported where necessary by well tied, oilimmersed wood or pressboard pleces, or by Micorta insulating tubes. These supports are placad at proper insulation distances from the core, end frame and ther conductors, and they will not loosen, bend, or shift positon when subjected to machanical impact. Fig. 16 shows how the interior parts of the tansformer ave supported. 5, Vacuum Drying, Degassing and Oil Filling Fibrous insulating materials tend to absoria moisture from the ali, which sharply decreases their dielectric strength against impulse voltage. It is necessary, therefore, to re: ‘move moisture and air bubbles in these materials and seturate them with insulating ol. For this pupose, the windings are thoroughly vacuum-dtied and degasted in @ vvecuurm pan or in the transformer tank and ate then soaked thoroughly, under vacuum, with high quality insulating of ‘which has been degassed and filtered This degassed oil aot only improves the dielectric strength of the insulating materials but also absorbs any ‘minute air bubbles that might remain after vacuum drying, ‘This assures complete immersion of the interior parts cof the transformer in insulating oil. To avoid re-exposure ‘of the oibimmersed parts to sir, they are not taken out of the tank when tested or transported ‘When removal of the interior parts is necessary, ex posure time must be os short 2s possible. The vacuum cry. ing process may have to be repested to assure complete ‘uansformer insulation. 6. Tanks Mitsubishi core-form transformers use rectangular tanks, made of rolled ste ‘Tanks to be subjected to vacuum ol filling in the fac- tory or field ate reinforced to assure sufficient strength against full vacuum, and undergo strict pressure and leak age tests to check their strength and oltightness, Covers are normally welded to tanks, but they may be bolted if so requested, Cove naan “ewan 2 ight om 727 aston Fig. 16 Support of interior parte of 2 2-pha 30,000KVA transformerSPECIAL TRANSFORMERS ‘The transformers described in the foregoing pages are standard models; specially designed models meeting par teular requirements will be manufactured an request. Here are a few examples of these special transformers, 1. Dry Types Orders from indoor substations or power stations are sometimes filled by dry-type transformers, Dry-type con: struction is suitable for wansformers under 3OkV and TOMVA. Fig 17 shows the core and coils of a dry-type ‘wansformer 2. Cable-Connected (Elephant) Types Power cables are connected directly to the transformer In the oil or inthe air. This socalled “eable-cannected system’ is now employed at various installations around the world Because no conductor parts are exposed, greater protec: tion is assured for personnel and for the equipment itself against damage from sat-laden alt or dust Cable-connected transformers come in two types: 2 direct type in which the cable head is inserted directly Into the transformer, and an indirect type in which the transformer bushings and cable heads are joined together in a separated connecting box. The latter is standard, Fig. 19 shows eable-connected transformers Fig. 17 Core and coils of 3-phase 7.5MIVA 50H? 22/3.3KV dry-type transformer 1B Sphase SMVA 60H? 77/3.3kV HV-side cubiele-connected, LV.side cable-connected transformer Transformers under 204V are normally of the Indirect type using no insulating oil in the connecting box, ‘Any brand of cable may be uted for this purpose a: specified 3. GIS Types ‘Transformers are also designed for direct connection with SFp gasinsulated switchgear (GIS). The charged parts of the connection between GIS and transformers are err closed in earth-potential cates, rendering the connecting parts safe, relicble and compact. Fig, 20 shows this type ‘uansformer 4, Mobile Types Mobile transformers provide an effective means of coping with seasonal changes in load, and with emergency de- mands resulting from the breakdown of main substation equipment. In order to make these units as compact and and lightweight ac possible, forcad oll, foread-sir coating Is adopted. Trallermounted mobile tansformers can be manufactured up to 11SkV 10,000kVA for fully equipped types, while for higher ratings, a type is made with easily detachable bushings which are removed when the Uni moved. Fig. 21 shows a trailer-mounted mobile trans former fully equipped with a power fuse and switchgear, substation5. On-Load Tap-Changer-Equipped Types ‘Transformer voltage regulation is normally effected by a deenergized tap changer on the primary or secondery Winding However, this method has = number of drave backs in that the transformer must be separated from the line before operating the tap-changer, necessitating 3 power outage Also, depending on tho load charecteratiss, trans: former voltage may fave to be constantly regulated and it is often very inconvenient to cut off the power supply teach time, On-oad tap changers solve such problems, and face being used increasingly es a means of offering better power supply service as wall as for general power receiving purposes ‘Mitsubishi onload tap changers may be classified into two groups: resistor types (NR, MRM and VSM), and a feactor type (VRE). Types NR and MRM have oil switches, while Typas VSM and VRE have vacuum switches Since resistor types account for the majority of ep plications, only they are introduced here 1, Type NR, ‘Type NR (Fig. 22) is s builtin rovistor-type selector switch intended for use with power distribution trans- formers having either star- or delta;connected tap wind: ngs. It can be used up to 77kV SOMVA for star-connec tion, and up to 77kV GOMVA in the cave of del It hes @ rotary energy-accumulator mechanism that ives the ollerype moving contact system of the selector switch with a quick and reliable motion. It also has a rotary intermittent mechanism on a common axis, for driving the rolle-type-moving contact mechanism of the changeover switch with a smooth and reliable ection. ‘The selector switch insert is housed in 2 compartment Which is completely separate from the main tank and can be ifted out for inspection, maintenance and repalt with- ‘out lowering the oil level of the main tank. 2. Type MAM Type MRM (Fig. 23) isa builtin resistor-type on-load tap changer intended for use with large power transmission and industrial transformers, including autotransformers, having ster-connected tap windings It can be used up to 500kV SOOMVA in star-point applications, ad in the cate of auto-transformere, at lowevoltage terminals of up to 275K, with 2 maximum current of 1500A, Type MAM is manufactured according to a design in troduced through a technical agrooment with Maschinen. Fabrik Reinhausen of West Germany, It consists of a wo ‘resistor eyclic diverter switch and a tap telentor having an unequally dfivided contact arrangement. Te fixed son tacts of the diverter switch can be disassembled on three shellshaped insulation segments, 50 that the inspection, maintenance and replacement of arcing contacts ean be carried out easily. The diverter insert is of course re: ‘movable from the Independent diverter switch chamber ‘The tap selector has wall coordinated insulation due to the unequally divided contact strangemont, so that its diameter is the same, respective of the number of con- vacts 3. Type VSM ‘Type VSM (Fig 24) is @ built-in resistor type on-losd tap) changer utilizing vacuum switches for its diverter-witeh areing contacts It is intended for use with powar-trans- ‘mission and distribution transformers as well a: industrial transformers. It ean be used up to 230kV 1SOMVA in starpoint applications Featuring long life and the bare minimum of mainte nance by utilizing vacuum switches, this ondoad tap changer offers a considerable reduction in meintenance ‘work and maintenance costs compared with conventional ‘yes, without compromising Its reliability Fig 22 Fig. 246. Low-Noise-Level Types Increasing noise in urban areas has aroused concern, and has led to the Formulation of antinoise regulations in many big cities. On the other hand, the growing demand for power in these areas has resulted in a steady increase in ‘urban substation facllties, and there are limits to the land available for the power-eceiving facilities of urban fact: ries, This situation hes boosted the demand for low-noise level transformers To lower the noise level of transformers, the core flux ensity may be lowered and! more care taken in core con- struction, but these steps cannot lower the noise level more than 10 phors fa further reduction is required, ‘transformers must be soundproofed 2s shown In Fig. 25, Tables of the noise levels in urban areas and of oll wmersed self.cooled transformers (NEMA standard noise levels} are given in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 Background Noise in Urban Areas (48) Daytime | _ Midnight ‘40-60 20~20 50~70 30-50 90 “4060 Table 2 NEMA Standard Noise Levels for Oil-Immersed Self-Cooled Transformers Equivalent capacity (VAD | rsoiaton ca Noiptevel FOR or under —|_T0OKY [ ma 4,000 66 70,060 %000 [68 75,000 70,000 7 25,000 15,000 “40,000 25,000 Auber gash Rediaor ange 72 Transformer proper | Sangpeot bore rubber socket Fig. 25 An example of soundproof barrier construction 7. Others In some cases, transformer subst for unit substations or indoor fons of buildings are designed to meet their dimen: sional requirements, 2: shown in Fig, 26 And transformers may have lightning artesters directly mounted on them, 2s shown In Fig 27. Also, special transformers designed to be transported in divided form are available ig. 26 S-phase 2.5MVA 6OH2 66/3.3kV transformer for Sndoor substation Fig. 27 3.phaco 25MVA 60H2 115/34.5KV transformer with lightning arestars10 STANDARD ACCESSORIES = T Reference eon ae | inFig.7 | “Ratna pine (27 id low-voltage bushings 67 (for self-cooted transformers) ior [with silica gol breather) (For 1OMVA end abovel De-snergizad tap changer ‘Ski ~Feundation bol it ar vas i rain ae saa Dial thermometer (with slarm contact) [cave “Terminal box (for protective devices) Inaddition to the abovementioned standard accsszories, we cen also provide others according to customer’s requirementsfa MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION