Registered a

t the G
.P.C.
, Melbourne, tor
Trans miss
ion by Post as a Per
iodica
t.

MON T HLY
P
age Two
. Oc
tober 1
s
:. 1
933
.
M O D E R N S E T S

E44
GOLDEN
DIODE
J
a
i
ni
S
CREEN
GRID
(s
l
x-p
iN)
A typ
ical c
i
rcuit ar
-
r
angement i
ncorpor
-
a
t
ing the E444 Diode
S
creen Gr
id as acom-

TH
EE
r
e
nde
r
444 D
s po
i
s
s
ode S
ib
c
reen G
le t
he e
r
id
conomi
-
b
ined s
a
nd f
i
r
econd d
st a
ud
etector
io s
tage
c
a
l in
corporat
ion o
fthe DIODE p
rin- i
n a c
onventiona
l
c
i
ple inm odern s
e
t pr
oduct
ion, ofer
- s
uperheterodyne
.
n
g t
he same t
ime th
e hi
gh gain of
t
h
e screen g
r
id a
udio a
mp l
if
ier
, w
h
ich w
aG
l
a
cking in t
he t
r
iode types
.
I
tiscapable ofdel
ive
ring 3
0 volt
s to th
e g r
id
o
f the powe
r valve wi
th 'I
n input of on
ly t wo
v
o
lts
, and consequent
ly can be used success
ful
ly
f
o
r gramophone a s w
el
l as ra
dio r e
production. In
a
ddit
ion, au
toma tic vo
lume c ont
rol isa vai
lable if
d
es
ired.
T
he Golden Range
, of w
hich t
he E
444 isa
n out
s tand "
THE GOLDEN
i
ng t
ype, ofe
rs pe
rfo
rmance of u
nequal
led ef
iciency RANGE"
afa
ct which manu
factu
rers h
ave q
uic
kly app
rec
ia ted
T
YPE P
R
ICE

E
4521 1
8/6
F
OR B
ETTER RAD
IO E
445 1
8/6
E
444 1
9,76

PM 1L
IPS
I
E
455 1
8/6
E
443H 1
8/6
E
443N 2/-
GOLDEN RANGE 1
561 I5
/-

3
1
212
Advt
. o
f Phil
ips La mps (Austra
las
ia) Ltd
. (Rad
io Dept
.). Head Office and Sho wroo ms
. Corner C
larence and Margare
t
S
treets
, Sydney
.
 k
tober 1
, 1
933
. M CIDIE R s E-r s P
age T
hree

i
C
H
:S.8 >
eft8 R
:
ti
:Xx X
i
-et
-C
1-
1
:8 X
ED-e
iet

W HY NOT
b
eco me a
Regu
lar
Subscr
iber
t
o
Modern S
ets 1
4
4 T HE best intentions of mice and men often go astray."
l
i
s
h
Wh
en w
ed o
u
e r
r f
i
r
s
e
organ
t e
d
it
ised "Mod
ion i
nAugu
s
e
t
rn S
, d
a
t
e
ts," w
ing i
e p
tA
ub
ugu
s
-
t
.
?
We
, f
u
rth
ermo
re, p
r
omi
sed o
u
r r
e
ade
rs t
h
at w
e w
ould k
e
ep
d
a
tes i
nfu
tur
e —b
e, i
nfa
ct
, am
ode
l o
f r
e
gula
rity
. We
ll
,
w
e h
p
l
ad t
ead c
i
r
obr
eak o
cum
stan
c
u
r w
e
ord
s b
e
.
yond o
u
r c
o
ntro
l.
We h
ave t
oadm
it i
t
,b
O
u
u
t w
r c
h
i
e
ef t
e
ch-
f
or 9/
..
n
i
cal m
an, j
u
st w
hen t
h
e w
hol
e s
t
age w
as s
e
t f
o
r e
a
rly we wi
ll s
end i
t
p
r
odu
ction
, w
ent d
own w
i
th t
h
e p
r
eva
il
ing Me
lbou
rne '
f
l
u.
S
e
ts w
ere l
e
f
t h
a
lf b
u
ilt
, a
nd s
ope
rsona
l i
sth
e c
on
stru
ction POST FREE
a
nd c
o
ncep
tion o
f an
ew r
a
dio s
e
t o
r c
i
rcu
it t
h
at i
twa
s
i
mpo
ssib
le t
oge
t h
i
s w
ork c
a
rri
ed o
n b
y a
nyon
e e
l
se
. F
ur
-
t
o y
ou
t
h
er
, a
no
the
r r
a
dio j
o
urna
lis
t w
ho d
oe
s ag
r
eat d
ea
l o
f f
or 12 months
w
ork f
o
r u
s w
ent s
i
ck a
l
so. Wi
rel
ess m
agaz
ine
s s
u
ch a
s

"Mod
ern S
e
ts" d
if
er r
a
dica
lly f
r
om o
t
her j
o
urna
ls
. W
ith
t
h
e o
r
dina
ry m
agaz
ine i
t i
s p
o
ssib
le t
o h
ave s
t
op-gap THE M ANAGER
, "M O DER N SETS
,"
4
8a Queen S
tree
t, Me
lbourne
.
m
at
ter s
o t
h
at i
nan e
merg
ency a
n i
sue c
an b
e p
r
oduc
ed.
P
lea
se e
n
rol m
e a
s as
u
bsc
rib
er t
o "Mod
ern S
e
ts"
W
ith r
a
dio
, h
owev
er, o
u
r r
e
ade
rs w
ould i
mmed
iat
ely s
me
ll
f
o
r 1
2 m
onth
s, p
o
st f
r
ee
, f
o
r w
hich Ie
n
clo
se 9
/-
ar
a
t i
fwe a
temp
ted t
o f
o
is
t o
n t
h
em o
u
t o
f d
a
te o
r (
po
sta
l n
o
tes)
.
u
s
ele
ss i
n
forma
tion
. T
he s
u
cce
ss o
f t
h
i
s m
agaz
ine h
a
s
b
e
en l
a
rge
ly d
ue t
o t
h
e f
a
ct THAT WE BU
ILD UP N
ame

AND TEST EVERTH I

NG OURSELVES BE
-
Add
r
ess
FORE PEN I
S PUT TO PAPER
. We a
po
log
ise
a
ga
in, a
nd t
r
us
t o
u
r r
e
ade
rs w
i
ll u
nde
rstand w
hy t
h
is
n
umb
er h
a
s t
obe t
h
e O
ctob
er i
sue
.
 •
Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
.
P
age Fo
tgr
.,:
' M OD ER N st rs

Ac
tua
l s
i
ze o
f s
et
, 1
2 i
nches w
ide b
y 7
4 i
nches h
igh
.

Bu
ild Your O wn
Midget
A MIDGET SUPER f
or t
he Ho me Constructor
By C
. A
. CULLI NAN
.

HILST many' Midget r The top view c lear

ly s hows the posi- a
re: F
irst d
etec
tor 5
7
, 1
F t
ube 5
8
,

W
adio
r
ece ivers h ave r ecent
ly a ppeared t
ion of the oscillator co
il can a nd the s
econd d
etec
tor 5
7
, a
udio t
ube 2A5
,
• on t he c ommercia l marke t, v ery s
econd 1 F t r
ans former a ssembly. Only
a
nd rectif
ier 2
80.
l
i
t t
le h as b een d one t o cater f or t he o
ne v a
lve i s sh
ielded, th
is b e
ing the 5 8
Underneath the c
hass
is c
an b
e s
een
home s e
t b ui
lder. Therefore, i t is IF tube. Look ing a t the back of the
our a im i n t his art
icle t o descr ibe a c
hassis
, t he valves, fro m le
ft to right, t
he R
.F. c
oi
l, t
he t
wo e
lectro
lyt
ics
, b
ot-
i
na st s uccessfu l c o mmercial midge t, a
f
ive v alve s uperheterodyne , wh ich c an BUILD YO UR O W N MIDGET
. 11 00,000 o h m 1 wa tt c arbon r esistor,
b
e o btained i n ki
t f orm f or h ome a s- R8.
s
e mb ly. I t is manufactured b y t he E s- 1250 ,000 o h m 1 wa tt c arbon r esistor,
s
anay o rgan isation, and i s p
robab ly t he A Midge
t S uper for the Ho me R 9
.
smallest m idge t yet produced i n Aus- Construc
tor. 14 00 o hm w ire wound r esistor, R 11.
t
ralia
. 1E ssenay a eria l coil, L i, L 2, and c an.
1 Es anay 2 g ang c ondenser , . 0005
I
n o rder t o k eep d own t he si
ze o f mfd . per section, C l, C 2. 1E ssanay o scillator c o
il, L 3, L 4
, a nd
a f
ul
l e lectric r eceiver, careful atten- 1E ssanay p adder c ondenser , C 3. c
an .
t
i
on mus t be p a
id i n r
espect to p
lac ing 10. 092 m fd. c ondenser , C 4. 2E ssanay 1 F t ransfor mers w i
th c on-
o
f co mponents. The photographs 20.5 mfd . p aper n on -
induc t
ive c onden - densers , L5 , L 6 ( 1 c an).
c
l
early s how t he p osit
ion o f the v ar
i- 1 Rola Midge t, 1 300 o hm d ynam ic
s
ers , 400 v ol
t work ing , C 5, C 7.
o
us p arts, a nd, a lthough t he b ottom s
peaker , F.C . ( to match 2A5 v alve).
30.1 m fd. p aper n on-induct ive c onden -
v
iew s hows t hat t he set appears to b e 1E ssanay p ower t rans for mer, P .T .
s
ers , 4
03 v o
lt work ing , C 6, C 10, C 11.
s
ómewha t cra mped , it is qu
ite easy t o 4E ssanay 6 p in s ocke ts.
20.01 m fd . m ica c ondensers , C 9, C 14.
W
ire ifa l
l the s ocke ts are wired fi
rst. 1 Essanay 4 p in s ocke t
.
10.001 m fd m ica c ondenser , C 3. 257 v a
lves, e ither Ken - rad o r Rad io-
:Many may p erhaps wander a t the 2 8 mfd . 4 50 v olt electroly t
ic c onden- t
rons .
d
irect dia l d r ive, b ut in a ctual p rac- s
ers , C12, C 13 ( Concourse) . 153 v alve, e ither Ken - rad o r Rad io-
t
ice n o d
if icu lty i s experienced i n tun- 15 030 ohm r esistor, R l. t
ron .
i
ng i n e ven w eak s tat
ions . As re-
14 03 o hm r esistor, R 2. 1 2A5 v a
lve, e ither Ken - rad or Rad io-
marked b efore , t he placing o f the parts
11 0,099 o h ms p o
t, v o
lu me c ontro l
, t
ron .
i
s i mportan t i f the size i s to be k ept
11 0
,000 o h m 1 wa tt c arbon r esistor, 1280 v alve, e ither Ken - rad o r Rad io-
down : par t o f t he v ariable c ondenser
R 4. t
ron .
moun ts b ehind t he speaker, wh i
le t he
11 0,003 o hm 1 wa tt c arbon r esistor, 1 Chass is, 12 i n. x, U in. x2 ¡ in. E s-
v
o lu me con tro l is located o n ab racket
R5 . s
anay .
t
o b ring i t
s s haft into l i
ne w ith t hat
115,000 o h m 1 wat t c arbon r esistor, 1 Volu me c on trol l r
-acket .
o
f t he variab le c ondenser. The l at
ter,
R5. 1E ssanay R .F . choke .
by the way , s hou ld b e moun ted o n rub-
b
er washers t o g ive it a s l
ight f l
exi- I250 ,000 o h m 1 wa tt c arbon r esistor, 1E ssanay 6 p in v alve s h
ield a nd t op.
b
ility
. R7. 1E ssanay m idge t c abine t
.
 P
age F
ive
Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
. M O
IDIE U U T%

t
om o f power t ransformer , the p adder
on o ne corner , a nd t he f i
rst I F trans-
former a ssemb ly, wh ich i s moun ted
w
ithou t as h ield.
-When moun ting a nd w iring t he coi
ls
c
are mus t be t aken n ot to d amage t hem,
a
s t hey are wound o n c el
luloid f orm-
e
rs a nd need o nly a t ouch f rom a s o
l-
d
ering i r
on t o b urn t hem . E ven when
s
oldering t o t he l ugs c are mus t b e ex-
e
rcised or the c elluloid w ill soften a nd
a
l
low t he l ug t o d rop o ut. Wi th a l
l
t
he c omponen ts moun ted , the w iring
c
an b e c ommenced a cco rding t o t he
c
ircuit d;agram .
The c oil w iring i sa s f o
llows : -
R.F . Co il: Top o f g rid ( large ) wind -
i
ng t o s tator o f v ariab le c ondenser .
Bottom o f g rid w
;nd ing a nd t op o f
a
erial (
sma ll) wind ing t o c hassis.
Bottom o f a erial w ind ing t o aerial ter-
m
ina l.
Osc il
la tor C o
il: Top o f tuned ( l
arge)
w
ind ing t o s tator o f p adder c onden -
s
er. Bottom o f t uned w ind ing t o B
p
lus max imum . Top o f cathode w ind -
i
ng ( sma ll) t o c athode o f f i
rst d etec- Th
is u
nder
-chass
is v
iew o
f t
he f
i
nished s
et shows t
he a
rrangemen
t o
f t
he
t
or s ocke t. Bottom o f c athode w ind - c
omponents u
nde
rneath
.
i
ng t o . 002 b y
-pass c ondenser .
F
irst d
etec
tor p
la
te V
. p
late t
o c
has
- Tun
ing Up
.
Both o f t he 1 F t ransformers a re
s
i
s, 220 vo
lts
.
w
ired i n t he s a me way , a nd a re s o When a l
l v oltages h ave b een f ound
c
onnec ted t ha t the c oils a re i n o pposi- 1F p late, p late t o c hassi;, 2 20 v ol
ts. t
o b e c orrect, t he v olume c ontro l
t
ion t o p reven t s elf-osc il
la t
ion o f t he Second d etec tor p la te, plate t o c has- s
hould b e t urned t o t he full-on p osi-
IF s ystem . s
i
s, 1 00 v o
l ts a pprox . t
i
on, a nd t he c ondenser t urned t o s ee
Bo th w ind ing s a re o f the s ame s i
ze, First d etec tor s creen , screen t o c has- i
fas tation c an b e heard. F ailing t his,
s
o t hat e i
ther c an b e u sed a s primary . s
i
s, 1 00 v olts a pprox . s
et the c ondenser a bout o ne-third o n,
Primary Co i
l: Ou tside t o p late o f I F tube s creen , s creen t o c hass is
, 1 00 h
and t empo rari
ly c onnect a. 1 conden -
t
ube. I nside t o B p lus. volts. s
er across t he . 0
02 o sci
llator b y -pa ss
Secondary C oi
l: Ou tside t o grid o f Second d etec tor s c
reen, s creen t o c
ondenser . A l oud wh istle s hould b e
t
ube. I
ns ide t o c hass is. c
hass is, 100 v ol ts. h
eard, t he p itch o f which w il
l v ary a s
t
he variab le c ondenser i sturned s hould
Ad
jus
tmen
ts. 1 F bias c a thode t o s creen, 3v o
lts.
t
he o scillator b e f unctioning. I
t i s
Vo lume con trol, c
athode 5
3 t o
I
f av ol
tme ter is a va
ilable the v o
l t
- p
resumed t ha t the set is above , u p t o
a
ges s hou ld b e checked when t he s e
t c
hass is, 3-50 v ol ts
.
t
he osc i
lla tor s ect
ion.
i
s ready f or t r
ial
. 2A5 p late c urren t 3 0 M .A.
Fa
ilure to oscillate can be traced to
F
ilter i npu t
, r ect
ifier socket to chas - I
t mus t b e u nde rstood t hat t hese afaulty tube
, i ncorrect
ly wired o sci
l-
s
i
s, 3 10 v olts
. v
oltages a re a pprox ima te o n
ly, a nd a re
l
a
tor c oi
l, or o pen b y
-pass c ondenser
F
ilter o u tput, 2A5 s c
reen t o chass
is , d
eterm ined t o a g rea t e xten t b y t he
a
cross the B p lus max imum . When
2
00 v ol
ts. a
vailab le l i
ne v oltage a nd t he c ondi-
t
ion o f the v arious v alves
, a s w el
l a s s
ignals have b een r ece
ived, adjust the
2A5 b ias, HT c entre t op to chassis,
—16 v o
l ts
. t
he a ccuracy o f t he s peaker f ield. (
Con
tinued o
n p
age 3
1
.)

S
chema
tic D
iagram o
f t
he M
idge
t S
uper
, s
how
ing c
i
rcu
it a
rrangemen
ts.
 P
age S
ix O
ctober 1
, 1
933
.
ML CID E P SET
'S

THE COSSOR ONE VALVER

A Cheap a
nd E
ffic
ient L
oca
l S
et
B
y C
. M
. S
COTT
.

Li a nd L 2 a re the a e
rial a nd g rid

A
LTHOUGH r apid s trides h ave Within nine mi
les of t
he city a
ll t
he
b
een made i n r ecent y ears i n r e
- Bc l
ass s t
ations c
an be separated w
ith c
oils r espec tively, L 2 b e
ing c entre-tap -
c
e
iver d esign , t here i ss t
il
l ad e- t
he g rea
test of ease
. p
ed t o t ake t he g r
id c onnec t
ion . C oi
l
mand f or t he s mall s et
, wh ich i sc heap L2 t ogether w ith t he c onden ser C l d e-
t
o b ui
ld, a nd c osts v ery l i
t
tle t o ma in - The C
omponen
ts a
nd The
ir Uses
. t
erm ine s t he w aveleng th t o wh ich t he
t
a
in . B
efore go
ing ahead w
ith the deta
iled s
et w i
ll t une.
I
n t h
is o ne-va lve o utf
it a l
bou t t o b e c
onstruc
tion le
t u s fi
rst d
i scuss the The 0 .00025 m fd c onden ser a nd t he
described , w e h ave d eveloped a c ircuit u
ses of the v
arious c
o mponen ts
. 2m eg -ohm r esistance a re r espective ly
wh ich i s v ery e f
icien t i n r egard t o t
he g r
id c ondenser a nd t he g rid l eak.
both v o
lume a nd s electivity. I
n order t o g et max imum r espons e to
B
esides b e
ing c heap t o cons truc t
, t he The P arts Tha t A re Needed . weak s tat
ion s t he g rid l e
ak h as b een
set h as b een s o c onstituted t hat i t i s 1C ossor 4 10 LF v alve, V I. r
eturned t ot he AX s ide o f the fi
lamen t
.
excep t
iona l
ly e conom ica l i n b oth "A" 1V elco 0 .0005 m fd variab le conden ser
. The d e
tec to r v alve V 1 i s a C os sor
and " B" b attery c onsump t
in, t he b at- 14 i n. d ial
. 4
10LF wh ich p roved t o b e a n excellen t
t
e r
ies h av ing p rac tically a s he lf li
fe. 1 Ma rquis 4 p in s ocket. g
enera l p urpo se v a
lve .
The w ave r ange wh ich i sc overed b y 1 Marqu is r ibbed c o
il f orme r. The c oil L 3 wh ich i s connec ted b e-
a0 .0005 m fd c ondenser i sf rom 2 00 t o 1H a nd H b a
ttery s witch. t
ween t he p l a
te o f t he v alve a nd t he
50 m etres. 1T.C .C. 0 .00025 g rid c onden ser
. f
i
xed p lates o f the 2 3 p late m idg et r e-
The c e* . equ ires t hree 1 .5 v olt E ver 1 2 meg -ohm g rid l e
ak. a
ction c ondensed i st he r eac t
ion w ind -
Ready x iy c e
lls c onnec ted in s eries f or 12 o z
. r eel No . 3 2 g auge D .S.C. w ire
. a
ction c ondenser i st he r eac t
ion w ill b e
t
he A b attery , a nd o ne 6 0 v ol
t l i
gh t 1 Metal c ha ssis
, 6i n. x 5i n x 2i n. g
ove rned b y t he n umber o f t urns o n
duty o r heavy d u ty E ver R eady B b at- 1Bake l
ite P anel, 6 f in. x 5i n
. t
his c o
il, t he d egree o f c oup l
ing b e-
t
ery b lock . 4B anana p lugs. t
ween t he t wo c o
ils L 2 a nd L 3
, t he
A
lthough t he r eceiver i s s mall i ti s 4B anana s ocke ts. p
late p oten t
ia l a nd t he r eac t
ion c on -
c
apab le o f p ick ing u p all the A a nd B 1 Doz. 1/8 i n
. n uts a nd b olts
. d
enser . SW i s the o n-of f " A" b attery
c
lass s tat
ions , a s w e
ll a s the l ocal a ma - 1R adiokes 2 3 p late m idge t
. s
witch , wh ich i s connec ted i n the A—
t
eur s
, a t e xcellen t p hon , s treng th. 1R adiokes r adio f requency c hoke. l
e
ad .
Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
. 44IDID EIR su rs P
age S
even

R
.F .C. i s a n o rd inary r adio f re-
q
uency c hoke c onnec ted i n t he h ead-
phone l e
ads o n t he p late s i
de. The
purpose o f t his c hoke i s t o force t he
r
ad io f r
equency c urren ts b ack t o t he
f
i
lamen t t hrough t he r eac tion c oil.
Now f or t he a c tual c ons truc tion .
The r ece iver i s b u
ilt u p o n a 1 6-
g
auge me ta l c hass is, measur ing o nly 6
i
n
. x5 in. x2i n., t o wh ich i s fixed a
5i n
. b y 6 i i n b ake lite p ane l.
In t he r ear s i de o f t he c hass is c ut
rectangu lar s lo t h alf a n i nch d eep
b
y t wo a nd a h alf i nches l ong. Over
t
his s lot moun t ap iece o f b akeli te to
c
arry t he a erial, e arth a nd ' p hones,
b
anana s ocke ts, a nd d rill a t hree-
e
igh th h ole i n the c en tre o f the b ake -
l
i
te t o take t he b attery s w
itch SW .
•
The b attery c able c an c ome o ut
t
hrough a t hree -e igh th h ole d rilled i n
t
he t op o f c hass is.
After moun t
ing t he v arious c ompon -
e
n ts, reaction c ondenser u nder t he ma in
t
un ing c ondensers , v alve s ocke t
, c oil
,
c
ondensers , e t
c., w e a re n ow r eady t o
g
o a head w i th t he a ctua l w iring o f the
s
et. L
ook
ing a
t t
he One Va
lver f
rom und e
rnea
th. No
te t
he s
imp
lic
ity i
n t
he
P o
in t
-to -Po in t Wir ing . w
iring a
n d l
ayout
.
F
rom t he a erial s ocke t
, a w ire i s
c
onnec ted t o o ne e nd o f the aer
ial c oi
l t
he 0.00025 mfd. grid c ondenser
, t he a
nd B— l eads can b e b rought in a nd
Li
, t he e nd n earest t he t op o f t he r
emaining lug on the c ondenser be
ing e
arthed to t he chassis.
c
oil
. The o ther e nd of L i is now c an- c
onnected to the l
ug o n the valve From t he P p lug o n the socket V 1
n
ected t o t he s econd b anana s ocke t
, s
ocket V I and o ne e nd o f the grid r
un a shor t le
ad t o the end of coi
l L 3
,
which i s e arthed , a nd t o a h o
ld ing- f
ar
the -i
t away f r
om L 2, and to one side
l
eak
.
d
own b o
lt o n the c hassis. c
i the r
adio f r
equency c hoke RFC . The
The A+ l ead i s b
rough t in to o ne The AX l ead is brought in to one
r
emaining s ide of RFC i s now joined
n
ea rest t he a erial c o
il is joined t o the s
ide of t
he battery swi
tch SW a nd to
t
o o ne side o f the phones PH , t he
f
i
xed p lates o f t he t uning c ondenser t
he F+ l ug o n the valve socket VI,
o
ther sides o f the t wo p hones b e
ing
Cl o nly. The o ther e nd of L 2 ist hen a
lso to t
he free end of the grid l
ead.
t
aken d irectly t o t he B+ l ead ( 60
c
onnec ted s traigh t to the earth
, a nd the The other fi
lamen t lug o n the soc-
mov ing p lates o f C l
. The c entre t ap k
et V I, which i s F— c an n ow b e v
olts
).
T
he remaining f ree end o f L 3 i
s
o
n L 2 n ow c onnec ts t o o ne side o f e
arthed direc
tly. a nd b o
th t he A —
c
onnec ted across to t he f
ixed plates o
f
t
he 2 3 plate m idget
, a nd its mov ing
p
la
tes e arthed.
Th
is c omp letes the actual wiring of
t
he set.
Coil C onstruct
ion.
The c oil wh ich c onsists o f t hree
w
ind ing s i s wound o n a Marqu is ribbed
f
ormer , a nd No . 3 2 g auge d ouble s i
lk
c
rwered w ire h as b een u sed f or a l
l t he
w
ind ings , L I, L 2
, a nd L 3
.
L i
, t he a erial o r p r
imary c oil
, i s
c
ommenced a bou t 1 /16 i nch f rom t he
t
on o f the f ormer , a nd c onsis ts o f 1 8
t
urns o f No . 32 d .
s.c. Th is t hen c om -
p
letes L i.
Now 3 /16 i n ch a way s t art w ind ing
t
he g r
id o r secondary c o
il L 2
.
, wh ich
must c ons ist o f 18 t urns o f No . 3 2
g
auge D .S .C . wound i n t he s a me d i
-
r
ection a s L i
, L2 mus t b e c en tre-
t
apper a t t he 5 9th t u rn.
Now t he t h
ird a nd l ast c oi
l i s t he
r
eac tion c o
il L 3, a nd i tc ons ists o f 2 7
Wins o f No . 3 2 g auge D .S .C . wound
i
n t he s a me d irec tion a s L 2, a nd t he
f
i
rst t urn s tarts r ight u p a gainst L 2
,
t
hat i s
. t here i sn o spac ing b etween L 2
a
nd L 3.
Each c oi
l i s c lose wound , a nd i s
h
eld t o t he f ormer i n p laces w ith a l i
t-
t
l
e c oi
l d ope , c elluloid c e men t b eing
one o f the b est. Wind t he w ire t ight-

The c
i
rcu
it d
iagram o
f t
he C
ossor One Va
lver
. (
Con
tinued o
n p
age 3
4
.)
 P
age E
igh
t 0ct
obc I
. 1
933
4
t CUDt =I
R

The PHILIPS FOUR

An E
fic
ien
t L
oca
l a
nd In
ter
-Sta
te Set w
ith a
n E
xtreme
ly
L
ow Hum Leve
l
By X
.Y.Z
.

Provided t hat r eaction i s a ppl

ied

A
LT HO UGH r apid s trides h ave The application of reac t
ion to the d
e-
b
een made inthe d evelopmen t of t
ector mo re t han d oubled t he s i
gnal w
ithin r eason n o n oticeab le distor t
ion
t
he s
uper-he
t, there i sst
ill acer- s
t
reng th w ithou t t
he sl
igh test i
ntroduc- w
ill result
. O f cour se, i fthe d e
tec tor
t
a
in demand for t he s maller t ype of t
ion of dis
tor t
ion i n
to the o utput. i
s forced t oo much , t he q uality w i
ll
T
.R.F
. rece
iver
. The i
ncrease in s
i gnal s
trength c
ertainly suffer.
g
ained b y t he u se of r eact
ion o n the In the Velco C o
il K it
, wh ich , b y the
Af
ter a
ll
, e very set h as i
t
s a dvan
-
d
etector ise asily equivalent to an add
i- w^
--. was u sed i n this s et, the reac t
ion
t
ages and di
sadvan tages
, whether itb
e
t
i
ona l stage o f radio frequency amp l
i- c
oi
l h as b een s o a rranged t hat i t has
a s
uper or a T .R.F.
f
i
ca t
ion. l
i
tt
le i nf
luence o n t he g rid c oi
l, c o me-
The c hef advantages o f the r
ece
iver
d
escribed - h
ere are —name ly
, it
s c om- AX
ICH X
1
rel
iX1
3:
13 X8
:1
1 X
ICH
te f
l
ite
l•
p
aratively low cost, excellent t
one and The P
arts Tha
t Are Neened
. 35p in v a
lve s ocke ts.
v
olume , i n
ter-State r e
cep t
ion u nder 14 pin valve s ocke t.
g
ood a tmospheric c ondit
ions , l
ow hum 1 Phil
ips E 455 v alve.
E424 v alve. 1 Radiokes r adio fr equency c hoke.
l
eve
l, and easy to c onstruct.
11:
v1i 17
-
1 E443N v alve 1 Wende l E
lec tr
ic i nput p ush-pull
g
lance a t the ci
rcu't d
iaeram w i
ll aud
io trans forme r.
i
ndicate t ha
t the l ob is athree valve 1n'i'l
*-1 -; 1
551 v alve .
1400 o hm b ias r es
is tor.
a
nd r ect
ifier outf
it employing a Ph
ilip 2T c .C. 7m f.1 c
ondensers . 1700 o hm 5 0 m ill bias resis
tor.
E455 s creen grid, an E 424 high gain 1 Wende l E lec tric F ilter c hoke ( 30 1 2 megohm g rid l eak.
d
etector, f o
llowed b y a n E443N p en- h 10.5 fd
. condenser 2 50 v o
lt working.
t
ode. The rectif
ier is a1561 wh :ch 1 Wende l E lect ric p ower t rans former, '
101 mfd. T .C .C. c ondensers.
a
lso belongs t o the n
ew -,Wen s er
ies. h
i t
ea -1 o
.n s e
.-
.c I an, 3 51 v- 1 1 1m f3 Chan « c ondenser .
a
sida. o ne 4 v olt 3 am -) f i
lamen t 11) m f3.elec trolytic bias by-pass con-
With reaact:on o n the d etector the
w
'n ani t wa f our 2 amp wi ld- '
1113,
o
verall p-in of t he three valves is ex-
i
ngs 23) o h-n C .T. f i
lament r e
sis
tors
.
t
remely high, t h
is h igh ga
in b eing also
1 Wende l E lec tric v ol
tage d ivider. 1 R tiil'{ 3 23 plate midget condense
r.
d
ue to the e f
iciency o f the V elco coi
ls
a
nd t é
te Wende l input push-pu ll t
rans- 1 Marqu is 1 0.00) o hm v o
lume c ontro
l. j Full vision v ernier dia
l.
f
ormer. When c onnected as a n o
rdi- 1Stromberg -Ca r
lson t ype D c onden- 1 Class's 1 i n
. x 1 0 in. x 24 in
, 16
n
ary a ud
io t r
ans former , we f ound that s
ec ( two g ang) . g
auge me tal
.
t
he Wende l i npu t n ush-pul
l j ob g ave 1 Velco a erial c oil. 1Atna lion p ermanen t magne t dynamic
exce
llent results
. 1V.)1co R F . c l
il w i th react
'on . s
peaker , to ma tch E443N v a
lve
.
Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
. M CID E R S U IS P
age N
ine

q
uen
tly t
he ganging of t
he t
wo tun
ing
c
i
rcu
its i
snot afected i
n a
ny way
.
The Vo
lume C
ontro
l.
Once a o-ain t he - nlume c ontrol q ues-
t
ion arises ; w ell, wha t is the bes t v o
l-
ume c ontrol a nd where i s the b est
p
lace t o c onnec t i t u p? As f or t he
b
est p osition , t he a rgumen t i s st
il
l g o-
i
ng o n, a nd i tl ooks a s though i t w il
l
c
on t
inue t o d o s o.
However , i n t he mean time , we h ave
t
o b e s atisfied w ith t he v ariable b ias
method wh ich i s s o c ommon a t t he
p
resen t t ime.
A g ood c on trol c an b e made b y c on-
n
ecting o ne s ide o f a1 0
,000 o hm p oten-
t
iome ter t o t he a erial a nd t he o ther
s
ide t o e arth , t he mov ing a rm b e
ing
c
onnec ted t o o ne s ide o f the 4 00 o hm
l
imit
ing r e
sis tor , wh ich i s inserted i n
t
he c a
thode l ead o f t he E 455. The 4 00
o
hm l imi
ting r es istor i s b y
-passed t o
e
arth b y a0 .5 m fd . c ondenser .
G
enera
l D
iscus
sion o
f t
he Componen
ts.
The s creen o f the E 455 v alve , wh ich
i
s b y-passed t o e arth b y a0 .01 m fd.
c
ondenser , isc onnec ted t o at app ing o n
t
he v
mate
The h
o
l
ly 7
tage •d
0 v
igh t
olts
iv
.
ens
ider

ion s
, g

upp
iving a

ly f or t
pprox

he p la
:-

te S
ub. Chas
sis
, v
iew s
II
how
ing w
iring d
eta
ils
.
o
f t his t ube c omes f rom a t ap a t t he
B
ias f or t he .E 443N i s o btained b y a
nd s imp ly a cts more o r l ess a s ar e-
h
igh v oltage e nd o f t he d ivider . Th is
means o f a7 00 o hm b ias r esistor i n- s
istance i n t he f i
l
ter c ircu it; t hus i t
s
l
ead i s a lso b y-passed t o e arth b y a
s
erted b etween t he c entre t ap o f t he smoo thing e f
fec t i s v ery l im :ted .
0
.01 m fd . c ondenser , f or p re ference
f
i
lamen t r esistor a nd the e arth. This By i ntroduc ing a n amp lion p e rman -
n
ear t he h igh t ension o r B+ e nd o f
b
ias r esistor mus t b e r ated a t 5 0 m i
lli- e
nt magne t d ynam ic s peaker , n ot o n ly
t
he p r
i mary w inding .
amps a nd b y-passed b y a1 0 m fd. elec- i
s t he h um reduced , b u t t he a ctua l
I
n t he d etector c i
rcu it t he E 424 i s
t
rolyt:c b ias c ondenser . The a uxi
liary r
ange a nd o vera l l e f
ic iency o f t he r e-
u
sed a s a l eaky g rid p ower d etector,
u
sing a 0 .00025 m fd. g rid c ondenser a nd g
rid a nd t he p late a re b ath c onnec ted c
eiver i sr aised c ons iderab ly .
t
o t he B+ max imum t ap o n t he d i- As t he s peaker f i
eld i so b tained f rom
a 2 megohm g r
id l eak.
v
ider. a p ermanen t magne t
, n o p ower i s
Reaction i n t h
is c i
rcu it i s o btained
I
n the f il
ter c i
rcu it w e h ave d eparted d
rawn f or magne t
is ing p urposes .
by t he c oil L 5 and c on trolled b y t he
f
rom t he u sua
l p ractice o f u sing t he I
n t he p ower p ack t he s tandard 1 56 1
2
3 p late m idge t reac t
ion c ondenser .
s
peaker f i
eld a s a f i
lter c hoke , wh ich r
ectif ier h as b een u sed i n f ull wave
The p la te s upply f or t he E 424 c omes
h
as b ecome s o g enera l
ly a ccep ted a s r
ectif ication , t he o utpu t f rom wh ich i s
f
rom a t ap o n the divider v ia t he p rim -
a
ry o f t he a udio t rans former A .F.T., am eans o f smoo thing r ectif
ied A .C. smoo thed b y t he a id o f t wo 7 m id.
An o rdinary Wende l f i
lter c hoke h as e
lec tro lytic c ondensers , o ne o n e ach
a
nd t he r adio f requency c hoke , R .F .C.
The B+ s ide o f t he t rans former b
een u sed i n p
lace o f t he s peaker f i
eld. s
ide o f t he f i
lter c hoke .
The r eason f or this ist ha t n o speaker When c onnec ting u p t he e lec tro ly -
p
r mary i s b y-passed t o e arth b y a
f
i
eld w as e ver des igned t o b e ac hoke . t
i
cs, make s ure t ha t y ou h ave t he
l
infd. c ondenser .
p
olar i ty c orrec t— tha t i s
, t he p os itive
t
erm ina ls c onnec ted t o t he c hoke a nd
t
he n ega tive e ar thed .
Each f i
lamen t w ind ing i s s hun ted b y
a 3 0 o hm r esis tor, t he c en tre t ap o f
wh;ch i se arthed .
The p ower t r ans former h as a s econ -
d
ary v oltage o f 3 50 v olts e ach s ide o f
t
he c entre t ap, o ne 4 v olt 2 amp f ila-
men t w ind ing f or t he r ec tifier , o ne 4
vo
lt 2 amp w inerng f or t he f ilamen t o f
t
he E 443N , a nd o ne 4 v ol t 3 amp w ind -
i
ng f or t he f i
lamen ts o f t he E 455 a nd
t
he E 424.
Adjus tmen t a nd Ope ra tion .
S
e t t he v ariab le c ondenser a t a bou t
1
0 o n t he d ial, t urn u p c olume c on -
t
rols t o a bou t h alf o n, a nd y ou s hou ld
b
e a ble t o h ear 3A W . Now a d
jus t t he
t
r
immers o n t he v ariab le c ondensers ,
Cl a nd C 2, u ntil y ou c an g et t he l oud -
e
st v olume w ithou t a lter ing t he s et-
t
ing o f t he v olu me c on tro ls . How -
e
ver , i fs igna l i npu t ( or v o lume) i st oo
l
oud , t urn v olume d own a nd a djus t
t
rimmers t o t he mos t s ens it
ive a nd
The s
chema
tic d
iagram o
f t
he Ph
ilips F
our
, s
how
ing c
i
rcu
it a
rrang
emen
ts. (
Con t
inued o n p age 3 1.)
 P
age Ten Oc
tober 1
, 1
93
,3
.
444
1DID EIR SI± T S

G
enera
l v
iew o
f t
he c
o mp
leted Rece
iver
, w
ith De
tec
tor Co
il C
an r
e moved
.

The All
-Cont
inents Battery
Five
An E
asi
ly B
ui
lt 5
-Va
lve "De L
uxe" S
hor
t-Wave R
ece
ive
r o
f
G
reat R
ange
C
ons
truc
ted b
y E
. T
. SVENSSO N and Descr
ibed b
y C
. M
. SC OTT
.
••
,
wave r
ece
ivers
, a
nd h
ave a
dop
ted t
he The r
ece
iver is c
apable o
f giv
ing

W
TH the s u m mer s eason i n v
iew ,
p
lost ,r adio e nthus iasts w ill b e o
rthodox me
thod o
f mount
ing t
he c
om- good speaker s
treng
th on t
he b
est s
hor
t
i
mprov ing a
nd r
econstruct ing wave stat
ions.
p
onents a
s i
n t
he o
rdinary b
roadcas
t
t
heir .S
ho rt-wave r ece ivers, s o as to b e (
Con
tinued o
n p
age 2
9
.)
r
ece
iver
.
r
eady j or ,t he g ood c ond itions wh ich ,
s
trangely e nough , e xist d uring t he h ot
s
eason o f the y ear . The P
arts Tha
t a
re Needed
.
Co Oitions a t n ight h ave b een v ery 1 Ph
ill
ips B
443 v
alve
, V5
. 1T.C .0 0 .001 m fd. c ondenser , C 16.
p
oor ' during t he w in ter mon ths , b ut 1T.T .C. .006 mfd . c ondenser , C 15.
w
ithin t he n ext mon th o r s o ab ig i m- 2 Ph
ilips A442 v
alve
, V
1 a
nd V2
.
14 m fd. c ondenser 2 50 v o
l t work ing,
p
rovement w ill t ake p lace i n the g en- 2 Ph
ilips A415 v
alve
, V3 a
nd V4
.
C14
.
e
ral recep t
ion o f s t
ations f rom Europe 1F erranti AF5 audio t
ransformer, IT.C .C
. 0 .02 m fd. c ondenser , C12 .
a
nd t he
. East . A
.F .T. 215,039 oh ms 1 wa tt res
istors , R3, R4,
I
n 'any s hod.-wave r eceiver i t
' i s 54 p in valve s ocke ts. 1503,000 o h m 1 wa tt res
'stor , R6
.
a
bsolutely e ssen tial t hat t he bes t c orn- 26p in valve s ocke ts. 1 5
0,09) ohm 1 wa tt resistor, R 5
.
p
onen ts availab le s
hou ld b
e used 1 5p in valve s ocke t
. 130)9 o hm w ire wound r esistor
.
t
hroughOu t. I
n t he p ast we h ave 1 6p'n Marqu is p lug . 23i nch c oil cans.
f
ound t ha t s o me r adio p ar ts wh ich b e- 1 Radiokes 3 - l
ate m idget condenser
, 3 Ordinary v alve c ans.
h
ave we ll o n t he b roadcas t band a re C4. 6B anana s ocke ts.
p
ractically u se less when u sed in ar e- 10.09325 m fd. v ariable r eact
ion c on
- 6B anana p lugs .
c
eiver h andling t he h igher f requenc ies. d
enser , C 6
. 1B rass chass is, 13-
¡ in. x1 2 in. x3 * in
.
Every p art must b e st
rong a nd rigid; 20.00015 mfd . v ariable tuning c onden
- 1B rass pane l s h
ield.
t
his i s particularly true o f the c hassis s
ers, C 2 a nd C 3
. 1B lack bake lite p anel, 14 in. x 9i n
.
and f ront
'p anel
, wh ich a re often o ver- 1Screened r
adio f
requency c
hoke
. 2 Or mond v ern ier d ia
ls.
l
ooked .• ' R
.F .C. I4 inch d 'al
.
When t he h ands a re work ing t he 1T.C .C. 0 .0001 m fd. g r
id c ondenser
, 1 Battery sw
:tch
, 5
1.
d
ials jthere s hould be n o rela
tive move- C5
. 1 5 megoh m gr
id leak, R2.
men t between t he chassis a nd the pane l
. 4T.C .C. 0.01 m fd c ondensers, C7, C8
, 3 Marquis 5 p
in ribbed co
il f
or mers.
This c all b e prevented b y the u se o f C9
, C 10. 3 Marquis 6 p
in ribbed coil f
ormers .
two l arge s t
rong b racke ts, one at each 11m fd
. c ondenser 2 50 v olt working
, 12 oz. ree
l 30 gauge D .S.C.
e
nd o f--t
he p anel. C
ll . 12 o z
. ree
l 24 gauge D .S.C.
Aga 'n, we h ave d epar ted f ro m t he 12 m ed
. c ondenser 2 50 v ol
t work ing
, 1100) o hm res's
tor w ith two a djust-
i,ual.box s h
ielding c om mon i n s hort C13. a
ble cl
ips
, R 7
.
 P
age E
leven
October 1
, 1
933
. ,
4• I
DIDE SE T S

The Catkin All

- Metal
Valve
A RAD
ICAL D
EPARTURE I
N VALVE D
ESIGN

V
ALVE d esign isn ever a t as tand- manufac
tured by Marcon
i a nd Osram
s
ti
ll. The s teadily i n
creas ing s
upports the c
la
ims put forward
.
f
igure f or mu tual c onduc tance i s
,
p
erhaps , t o b e expec ted
, a nd the a dd
i-
Sma
ller Va
lve Losses
.
t
ion o f a n e xtra grid o r s o n o l onger
c
rea tes s urprise. Now we a re t o ex- The s pac ing b etween t he e lemen ts
p
erience wha t i s u ndoub tedly a mos t o
f av alve g overns c harac ter istic. I
f
r
ad ical developmen t in v alve techn ique u
niform ity b etween o ne v alve a nd a n-
s
ince t he i nception o f the t r
iode . The o
ther o f c orrespond ing t ype i s t o b e
f
am i
liar f orm o f valve w ith i ts glass main tained , a ccurac ies o f l ess t han a
bulb i s s oon t o d i
sappear . I
ts place t
housand th o f a n i nch a re r equ ired i n
will be taken b y one of g reatly reduced t
he d ispos ition o f the e lectrodes . S uch
d
imens ions where t he g lass e nvelope i s precision i s u ndoub ted ly d if icult t o
r
ep laced b y a me tal c y
l inder wh ich i s main tain when t he o nly s uppor t affo r-
a
ctua lly t he a node. d
ed t o t he e lemen ts d epends u Pén t he
c
ritical s etting u p of w ires embedded i n
Valves i n wh ich t he g lass e nvelope g
lass . The C atk in h as n o s uch a rrange -
h
as b een r eplaced b y ac opper c ontainer men ts
. F
irst o f a l
l a r obus t s t eel
r
epresen t, of c ourse, w ell
-proved p rac- c
l amp s urround ing a m ica i nsu lator
t
i
ce i nt ransm itting valves where wa ter- f
i
rm ly h olds t he s uppor t
ing w ires .
c
ooling i s d irectly a pplied t o t he These w ire s a re, moreover , s traigh t
,
a
nodes . S
uch v alves a re d esigna ted f
or i t w ill b e a pprec ia ted t ha t where
C
.A .T . ( cooled a node ' t
ransm i
tters), Three d
iferent types of unsh
ielded
b
en t w ires a re u sed a ccuracy c anno t
p
romp tly d esigna ted " cats" i n l abora- s
o we ll b e ma intained . Nex t, t he e n- "
Catkin Valves
."
t
ory s lang. F rom t his a bbrev iation is t
ire e lec trode s ystem i s l ocated w ith
d
erived t he n ame " Catkin" a s i ndicat- p
rec ision w ith in t he a node e nve lope b y ag lass ring at the base of this n ew
i
ng t he g enealogy o f t he v alve b etter mica s pac ing p ieces. Thus t he e n
ti re v
alve, b u
t here they a
rc set a
round t he
t
han k itten ; so C atkin was a dopted a s s
ys tem f orms a s ingle a nd a bso lutely c
ircum ference
. The r esu
lting c apacity
t
he n ame f or t he n ew m inia ture a i
r- r
i g
id u n
i t a s d ist
inc t f rom t he c om - b
e tween t he l
eads is e
xceedingly sma l
l
c
ooled v ersion n ow t o be a vai
lab le for p
ara tive ly meag re s uppor t wh ich i t i s where w e have glass a
s the di
elec tr
ic.
r
eception . possib le t o p rov ide f or t he e lectrod es
i
n t he g las s t ype. Th is i st he p r
imary S
creen -g rid a nd d etec tor v alves a re,
An e
xam
ina
tion o
f t
he C
atk
in v
alve
mer it o f t he C atkin, a ccru ing f rom n
owadays , u sually me tallised. There , is
wh ich we may . e xpect u niform ity o f s et t
hus a n e arth p oten tial s pread o ver t he
p
er formance , a nd t here w il
l b e n o s uch i
nsula
ting g lass, p reven t
ing i tf rom a c-
t
hing a s a" picked" v alve . To t he s et q
uiring a n e lectric c harge . Me tallis
ing
ANODE T ER MINAL CeECr e manu fac turer v alve u nifo rm ity p erm its h
as t he e fec t o f r educ ing i nterelect-
0:NNECTED • 00 S
E CAI YP
ICESS
IDLE
o
f s tandard isa tion o f r eceiver p erform - r
ode c apac i ty, a nd, moreover , i t pre-
I
NSULAT
I ON I
d
E RVEEN ..00E
ANO S
IA
JELCI
ance, a nd t he c orrect work ing c ond i
- v
ents t he s etting u p o f s tray e l
ectric
P
REC
ISION I
NSULAT ORS t
ions w ill b e ma intained w i thou t t he f
i
elds wh ich wou ld o therw ise a r
ise b e-
LOCR
ING E
LECEPOOES
need f or s pecia l t est
ing o f t he i nitial t
ween t he c harged g lobe a nd t he s ur-
H
EXAGONAL S
CREEN G
RID
s
e t o f v alves . The r igid i
ty o f t he e lec- r
ounding l e
ads , a c ondit ion wh ich, if
A
IR COOLED ANODE
trodes a nd a ccuracy o f s pac ing a re p
erm i
tted , i s a p rodig ious s ou rce o f
CONTROL G
RID s TfuNGEn
v
irRE CONS
TPL
ECY,CN
claimed t o b e i mmeasurab ly g rea ter h
um i n ma ins r eceivers a nd a c ommon
METAL ANODE TO G
VACUUM
LASS
T
I GHT JO
I NT
than i sp oss ib le i n the v a
lve o f c onven - c
ause o f s pur ious b ack -coup ling.
t
i ona l d esign .
P
REC
ISION
LOCA
ING
I
NSULATOR
E
LECEPODES
The el
ectric f
ie
ld within the anode of
-
F
I
LAMENT CONNECT
IONS I
tcanno t b e den ied t ha t the fl
attened t
he C atkin v a
lve i s ent
irely u nin
flu-
ENE ONLY
ELE CTR ODE
WELDS IN
SUPPORT S
ENE
YSEE m g
lass p ort
ion g iv
ing s uppor t t o t he e
nced b y any surrounding charges, and
METAL CAPP
ING S
HELL e
lectrodes i s as ource , f l osses. G la ss t
he el
ectrons canno t b
uild up u nwanted
C
VV•
EG su m mu m
ANODE CAPAC IT
GR
ID.
i
sb y no means o ne o f t he ' b
est d ie
lec - p
otent
irls wh ich m ight interfere With
RUBBER MOUNT
ING t
r
ics, a nd t he time h as c ome when a t- t
he fi
eld within the el
ectrodes.
A m, - PNCP OTY .P
EK
t
ention mus t be d rawn t o the magn i-
I
NSULATED S
TEEL C
LAMS
'
SUPE
TICE D WG DEL
ICATE P
ING,
' t
ude o f the d ielectr ic l o sses a r
ising i n Be
tter S
creen
ing
.
OT GL ASS vALvE
t
he v a
lve i t
self
. The a dven t of t uning
GLASS C
IRCULAR S
EAL
GPANG r
-
EAX
I MUP Y I
NSLA A
r e. c
oils of very h igh e ficiency h as s erv ed Should circums tances d emand i t the
GAG
ING BET WEE N WIRES
t
o emphas ise t ha t t he l osses a rising s
ignal p otential o n t he a node o f the
METAL S
HIELD
Catkin may b e prevented f rom c reating
GL•NG
mECNAN KAL P
E
LECT RO S
ROTECT
TATIC
ION RAG
SR
,tLC NC
,
f
rom t he c onven tiona l type o f valve a re
o
f s uf
ficient magn i tude t o mar t he s u- s
tray c oupling b y the p rovision o f a
p
erior mer its o f a modern t uned c ir- t
ubular me tal s creening c over s hown
c
uit. B earing t his i n m ind , i n the d e- i
n t he pho tograph . The i nc
lusion e f
s
ign o f t he C a tkin i t was d ecided t o t
his o u
ter s creen i s o pt
iona l
. I
t ex-
a
bandon t he glass " pinch" a nd s ubs t
i- t
ends o ver t he v a
lve f rom t op t o b o
t-
T
he i
n
terna
l cons
truc
tion o
f t
he A
ll- t
ute m ica a s the i n sula tor. I t is t rue t
om , and, like me tal
lising, i sc onneCted
Me
tal Valve
. t
ha t the o utgoing l eads p ass t hrough Continued o n p age 2 0
.) •
 P
age Twe
lve
441
1DID EIR S S O
ctober 1
, 1
933
.

There
's Money i
n Ta
lkies
PA R T I
.

By W. GREEN
.

R
eco
rding a
nd R
eproduc
tion on F
i
lm P
resen
t N
o D
ificu
ltie
s
Th
is Way

T
he C
ommen
cement o
f aN
ew Ser
ies w
hich wi
l
l Prove o
fDe
ep
I
n
tere
st a
nd P
ro
fi
t toO u
r Reader
s

E
ARLY i n 1 925 t he f i
rs t talking p ic- In these series of art
icles w e p ro -
— /
8"—
t
ure made i t
s a ppearance i n Ame- p
ose t o work b ackwards, f or t
he v ery
ri
ca, ac rude a ttemp t when c om - good reason t hat t
he last or fi
na l am -
pared w ith t he t alkie o f t o-day , b ut p
lif
ier c an always b e u sed a nd i m-
A
tevertheless t
he s tart o f a n ew a nd p
roved wh ile w e are wa it
ing f or t he
wonder ful i ndus try wh ich c omp letely r
ema inder of the gear to be comp leted .
r
evo lution ised mo t
ion p icture p roduc - There are many u ses to which such a n
t
ion . amplif
ier could b e put —name ly
, r ad io,
T echn icians worked f eve rishly t o o ver - p
ick-up, or pub l
ic address work.
come d ificu lties wh ich f i
rs t s eemed i n- Ana lys ing t he F ina l Amp lif
ier .
surmoun tab le, a nd s low ly emerg ing
Here a n ew d epar ture h as b een made
f
rom s o me th ing c omparab le w ith t he
i
n t ha t d irec t c oup ling b e tween s tages
old- t
ime g ramophone c ame t he t alkie
o
f t he e xce llence wh ich w e e n joy t o -
h
as b een a dop ted ; h owever , i n s uch a 42"
manner t ha t a l
l p rev ious d rawbacks t o
day. And n ow a s w ;th r adio, w i th a ll t
his s ystem h ave b een r e moved i n r e
-
t
he " bugs" t aken o ut of i t
, t here c o mes gard t o b oth t one a nd r eliab ility. The
t
he t a
lk ie a ppara tus wh ich t he ama - method emp loyed h as n ot, t o t he
t
eur c an b uild a nd o pera te a nd g e t writer's k now ledge , e ver b een u sed b e
-
r
esu lts e qua l- ta t he f ines t t hea tre a p - f
ore , a nd w ill b e p resen ted i n s uch a
para tus o b ta inab le . manner t ha t e ven t he mere n ov ice c an
I
t i s i nteres ting t o n ote t ha t a par t bu
ild a nd u se t he amp lifier w ithou t the
f
rom t a
lk ing p ictures ,r ecords h ave b een s
l
igh tes t t roub le. The r eason f o
r d e
-
made i n Amer ica u s:ng t he s ound o n p
ar ture f ro m o rthodoxy t will b e e x
-
f
i
l m me thod , a nd t hese s hou ld b e a vai
l - p
lained i n n on-techn ica l language , mak -
able a ny t ime n ow . Apar t f rom t he i
ng i t e asy f or t he b uilder t o f ol
low
super ior r ecord ing , t hese f i
lms h ave
t
he a dvan tage o f b e
ing i n s uch l eng ths
i
ntelligen tly t he who le p ro cess o f b ui
ld- \
g
'
i
ng a nd o pera ting f rom s ta rt t o f i
nish.
a
s t
t
o Make i
hem more f
t u
r
nnecessa
equen tly t
ry t
han e
o c hange
very 4 0 v
a
The c
lve a
ircu
nd o
i t emp
ne P h
i
loys o
lips F
ne 2
410 , t
56 d
he p
river
late
Rack ,
ePane/
minu tes . There a re n o n eed les t o o
f t he 2 56 b e
ing c oup led d irec tly t o
change , n o r ecords t o b e i nterrup ted t
he g rid o f t he F 410 , b ut b etween t he
by h aving t o t urn t hem o ver ; ac om - two v alves i sa n a uto t rans former h av-
p
le te o pera o r ac omp lete d ance p ro- i
ng a s tep -up r atio o f 3 1 t o 1 . Th is
g
ramme i s a va i
lab le j us t a s i t c omes t
rans former c an b e o ne o f t he o rdina ry
t
o y ou i n t he t hea tre o r d ance h all. a
ud io t ype w i
th t he F o r C— t erm inal
Such f i
lms a re a vailab le i n b oth 1 6 j
oined t o t he B p lus t e rm ina l.
mm . a nd ' 35-n- nn
.; 'and i t-i s propo sed t o The p urpo se o f this t ransfo rmer i st o
deal w ith b oth s izes i n this a rtic le. g
ive a s tep -up e fec t t a t he s ignal
There a re t wo me thods -o f s ound o n which i st o b e i mpressed o n the g rid of .
5
/0c
,
4,0
4-C
dt-
f
i
lm r ecord ing g enera lly u sed, n ame ly , t
he l ast v alve, i tb eing o bv ious t hat a CZP
irep a/C
c
it- t
>
.79 7
ao/
Fox Case Mov ietone a nd R.C .A . t
hree e l emen t t ube h aving a modera te
e
,79 7Jo
i.
Pho tophone . The l at
ter me thod , a l- amp l
ifica t
ion f a ctor c ould n ot p ossibly
t
hough b eing t he b etter, i sf ar t oo c om - f
ully l oad u p t he l as t v alve s atisfac-
p
lica ted a nd c os tly f or t he ama teur , s o t
orily. Above: C ons
tructiona
l d eta
ils of the
we w il
l c onf ine o ur e fo rts t o t he f o
r - Even i fw e w ere t o u se a s creen g rid Rack a
nd P anel
. B elow
: D iagrama -
mer s ystem , wh ich g ives e xce llen t re - d
river v alve t he o utpu t v alve wou ld
p
roduc tion a nd c omb ines s imp licity not b e f ully l oaded , a nd y ou w ill see t
i
cal s
ketch of t
he cl
amp a nd block o
f
with e ficiency . t
ha t we h ave d e
libera te ly a vo ided t he c
utt
ing tool
.
 P
age Th
irteen
Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
e /
44 CID
IEIR

u
se o f t he s c reen g rid v a
lve b ecause F41
0
o
f the d istortion i tintroduces .
One. may a t f i
rst think t hat t he i n
- 2
5 n 2
5 Hen
- -
,-- ,
„
t
roduction o f a n a udio t rans former
wpuld r eintroduce d i
stor tion , b ut a
c
areful s tudy o f t he c ircu it w ill s oon
d
ispelthis i d
ea . A s n o c urren t i s f l
ow - 4 '
mid "
I
f
i
ng in t he t rans fo rmer c ircuit, s atura-

E
t
ion of t he core, the r eal e nemy o f 4- u

t
ransformer c oup ling, canno t t ake p lace.
Ano
f
o
ther a
rmer w il
dvan
l ac
tage i
t i
s t
n much t
ha t t
he s
he t rans
ame way
-
270 5
.556 -
a
e.
°
a
s a r esistance i n the g rid c ircu it of 2
40
av a
lve t hat h as b ecome s l
igh tly s oft
,
t
hat i s
, i t p reven ts s elf-osc illa t
ion o f
t
he v a
lve . The a pparen t e fec t, a part
f
rom s tepp ing u p the s i gna l
, i s t o l i
f
t
the who le o f t he r eproduct ion o u
t The c
i
rcu
it diagram of t
he f
i
nal amp l
ifi
er.. No
te tha
t t
he 4 mfd
. condense
r
c
leanly —in o ther words , i t p uts t he s
hown dotted b e
tween the fi
lament of the F 4
10 a
nd the h
igh t
ension is
t
hird dimens ion , s o much s ough t a fter
, o
ptional.
but rarely a ch ieved , i n r eproduct ion.
d
ila tions o f r esistance v alues w il
l h ave Res istance r equ ired 556 o hms . Me ter
With a g ood s peaker, t his s hou ld b e
t
o b e g one o ver a nd a ltered t o sui t t he r
ead ing 1 .36 m illiamps .
most a pparen t.
n
ew c ond ' tions . B
ias f or 2 56.
The Power P
ack
. The v oltage d ivider s hou ld h ave a R esistance r equ ired 2 70 o hms . Me ter
t
ota l r e s
is tance o f 7 500 o hms , a lthough r
ead ing 7 .40 m illiamps .
The p ower p ack i s q ui te c onven - These r ead ings a re a s r easonab ly
t
he a ctua l r esistance r equ ired i s o nly
t
iona l
, a nd c ons ists o f ah a lf-wave t ran s- a
ccura te a s i ti sp oss ible f or a n ama teur
6
516 o hms , t o allow f or a djus tab le c l
ips ,
f
ormer d e
liver ing 9 00 v olts A .C . a t 6 0 t
o g et, a nd c an b e r egarded a s r igh t
which t ake u p a nd was te s ome o f t he
milliamps o n t he h igh t ens ion s ide , u
nt il t he f inal c heck u p w i th the m illia-
r
e s
is tance , a nd s hou ld b e c apab le o f
a
nd h av ing t hree f i
lamen t w ind ings . me ter i n t he p late c ircu its o f t he v alves
c
arry ing 7 5 m il
liamps .
—five v o
lts a t three amps f o r t he 5 Z3 h
as b een made when t he who le a p-
Care s hou ld b e t aken t o g et c lips
r
ec tifying v alve , o ne 2 i v olt w ind ing p
ara tus i s work ing . Vo l tage r ead ings
c
are ful ly a djus ted b efore i nser t
ing i n
a
t 3 amps f or e 'ther a 2 27 o r t he 2 56 a
cross r esis tances c anno t b e r egarded
t
he c ircu it
, t h
is i s d one b y t he a id o f
v
a lve , a nd o ne 4 v olt w ind ing a t 2 a
s a ccura te u nless t aken w ith a n e lec-
ab attery a nd m illiamp m e ter. A
fter
amps f or t he F 410. t
ros ta tic v oltme ter, a s a l
l o ther t ypes
adjus ting t he c l
ips t o t heir a pprox i-
Extreme c are s hou ld b e t aken w i th ma te p osit ions b y s igh t, c onnec t a 2 o
f v oltme ters d raw c urren t. Th is b e-
t
he s e
lec t
ion o f ap ower t r ans former , volt b a ttery a nd a n 0t o 1 0 m ill
iamp - i
ng s o, a n o rdinary v o l
tme ter c anno t
c
heap mass p roduced j obs s hou ld b e me ter i n s eries w ith e ach s ection i n b
e u sed where a p rec ision amp lif ier i s
a
vo ided . You w ill n ote i n t he f i
lter c ir- t
urn . I
n e ach c ase a djus t t he c lip, b
eing a djus ted .
cuit t hat o nly t wo f our m icro farad s
tar ting f rom o ne e nd f i
rs t u nti
l, a s i n The o nly o ther r esistances i n t he
condensers a nd o ne t wo m icro farad t
he f irs t c ase , ac urren t o f 2 .9 m illiamps c
ircu it a re t he t wo c en tre t apped 2 5
condenser a re u sed . Higher c apac i - i
s r eg istered b y t he me ter , t he r esis t
- and 5 0 o hm s re spec t
ive ly, a nd a 5 00,000
t
ies t han t he se a re u nnecessary ; b ut ance c orespond ing t o this amoun t r ead - ohm p oten tiome ter . These r esis tances
t
hey mus t b e af i
rs t-cla ss j ob , n ot l ess i
ng w ill b e 6 90 o hms . S
im ilarly t he s
hou ld b e w ell made a nd c apab le o f
t
han 2 000 v ol t t est. The f i
lter c hoke c
lips o n t he o ther s ec t'ons a re moved s
tand ing l ong u se . A t hing t ha t i s
wh ich c onnec ts to t he c en tre t ap o f t he unt'l c urren t r ead ing s o f 0 .36 a nd 7 .
4 l
iab le t o b e o ver looked o r p assed o ver
r
ec t if
ier f i
lamen t w ind ing mus t b e a t n
i'lliamps a re r ecorded . i
s t he v a lve s ocke t
. I
t h as b een t he
l
e as t a n i nduc tance o f 5 0 h enr ies a t The t able o f r e sistance v alues t hus exper ience o f t he w riter t o have t r oub le
60 m il
liamps , a nd mus t a lso b e c en tre- o btained i ss hown h ereunder :— i
n t his r egard , wh ich h as t aken c ons id-
t
apped a nd w e
ll d esigned , a s t his i s Grid b ias s ec t
ion f or t he F 410 . e
rab le t ime t o l oca te, n ot t o men tion
t
he ma in p ar t o f the f i
l
ter s ys te m . One Resis tance r equ ired 6 90 o hms . Me ter t
he worry a nd a nnoyance . The n ature
may wonder why a c hoke h as b een read ing 2 . 90 m illiamps . o
f t he t roub le was t ha t a n a bno rma lly
u
sed i n p l ace o f t he s peaker f ield , P
la te v ol tage f ar 2 56 . h
igh b ias was f ound t o b e o n t he l as
t
wh ich h as b eçome s o g enera lly a ccep - valve , a nd o n b eing t raced o ut wa s
ted a s a means o f smoo th ing r e ctified f
ound t o b e d ue t o l eakage o f t he ma -
LIST OF PARTS .
A
.C . The r eason i s t ha t n o s peaker t
e ria l o f wh ich t he l ast v alve s ocke t
1P ower t rans ., Q00 v. a t 60 M .A .
f
i
eld w as e ver d esigned t o b e ac hoke 1 Power c hoke , 5 0 h enries c en tre- w as made . S :nce t hen i th as b een i n
-
and s imp ly a cts more o r l ess a s ar e- variab ly my p rac tice t o u se p orce lain
tapped 6 0 M .A .
s
istance i n t he circu it. I tc er ta in ly d oes s
ocke ts f or t he r e ctifier a nd f inal v alve.
1 Audio c hoke D .C . r esistance, 3 00
have s o me smoo thing e fec t, b ut n ot t o
ohms . 1
00 h enries a t 5 0 c ycles 5 C
ons truction.
t
he e xten t i t is c red ited w i th ; h ence A
s t his i st o b e ar ecord ing a s w ell
M.A.
hum b eing s o p ronounced i n mos t r e- a
s a r eproduc ing amp lifier
, e xtreme
1 Voltage d ivider , 7500 o hms .
c
eivers o r a l
terna tively t he ir l ack o f
22m fd . f ixed c ondense rs. c
are h as t o b e t aken t o s ee t hat i n t he
t
r ue b ass r e sponse , wh ich i s a no ther
2 4 mfd . f ixed c ondenser s
. f
i
rst p lace t he r eproduc tion i s t he
s
cheme u sed t o overcome h um .
18 m fd. f ixed c ondenser . b
est t ha t c an b e o btained , w ith a m ini-
I
f t he c ons truc tor h as o nly a D .C . 225 m fd . f ixed c ondensers ( paralleled mum o f e xpense a nd l abour , a nd t hat
s
peaker o n h and, i t wou ld b e b es t t o 5
.0 m fd. h
um i sk ep t a s l ow a s reasonab ly p os-
build a s mal l p ower p ack f or i t
. The 1 Audio t r ans former . s
ible. I t mus t b e remembered t ha t t he
pack c an b e u sed w ith o ther p arts o f 1 Volume c on trol 5 00,000 p o
ten t
iome - s
ame amp lifier i s being u sed t o r ecord
this e qu ipmen t
, a nd made t o d o ad oub le t
er. a
nd r eproduce , a nd tha t a ny d i
stor tion
j
ob w ithou t t he l east t roub le . 2 Porce lain UX s ocke ts. i
n r ecord ing w il
l b e d oub ly empha -
The c oup ling c hoke mus t b e d es igned 1UY s ocke t
. s
ised i n r eproduc ing, a nd t he s a me
to h ave p rimar ily a D .C . o r d irec t c ur - 5 Term ina ls. t
hing a pplies t o h um . We h ave t o
r
en t r esis tance o f 3 00 o hms , a nd s ec- Engraver 's z inc a s p er t ex t
. c
ons id er f i
rs t o f all the l ayou t.
ond ly t o h ave a n i nduc tance o f 1 00 2C en tre t ap r es
istors . Mos t amp l
ifier s of this t ype a re b uil
t
henr ies a t 5 0 c yc les a t 5 m illia mps . 1 UX 2 56 v alve ( Kenrad ). on t he r ack a nd p ane l i dea
, a nd t his
Chokes h av ing o ther D .C . r esis tances 1F 410 v alve ( Phi
lip s). i
st he o ne we w il
l a dop t
. F irst o f all
,
c
an b e u sed , b u t t he who le o f t he c al- 15 Z3 Va lve (Kenrad) . (
Con tinued o n p age 2 5.)

•
 P
age F
our
teen M OD ER % i r S O
ctober 1
,1933
.

T
HREE V
s
'
*
1R AD
I
IO
f L i s expressed in m icrohenries t
he c oil a nd c ondenser t o c urren ts o f
a
nd C i s e
xpressed in microfarads, as t
his f requency a s w ell
. A s w e g o f ur-
i
s usually the case, t
his equa t
ion b e- t
her f rom t h
i s r esonan t frequency d own
(
Con
tinued f
rom l
a
st i
s
sue
.) c
omes where W. L . = Wave length in
. t
o 5 80, a nd u p t o 620 k c
., et c
., t he i m-
metres
. p
edance b ecomes g reater a nd g rea ter

O
NE o f t he mos t i mportan t c harac - and t he c urren t i sd im inished . Th is i s
t
er
is tics o f as eries t uned c i
rcu it s
hown g raph ica lly b y the turn ing c urve
i
st ha t f o
r ag iven c omb ina t
ion o f W.L =1885 -
./LC
\
Ao f F ig. 9 4. No tice t he large c ur ren t
i
nductance L 4 a nd capac i
ty C 4, the r e- s
et u p b y t he v oltage o f resonan t f re-
a
ctance ( oppos ition t o curren t flow ) o f quency . T his c
ur rent, c
irculat ing
t
he induc tance c urrent of ac ertain f re- This f o
rmu la make s i t p ossib le t o
c
ompu te t he c omb ina tion o f induc tance t
hrough t he i nduc tance L .
, b uilds u p
q
uency i s e qual a nd o ppos ite t o t he al a
rger v oltage E . a cross L . C . circu it.
r
eactance o f t he c ondenser f or c ur- L a nd c apac i ty C n eces sary t o t une
as eries c ircu it to r esonance a t ap ar- This i st he A . C . g r
id p otential a pp lied
r
ents of t h
is s ame f r
equency . There - t
o t he t ube , a nd i s amp lif
ied b y ; the
f
ore, si
nce t hese t wo ba
lance e ach o ther t
i
cu lar w ave leng th.
t
ube. No tice t ha t E . is much l arg er
o
ut, the t otal i mpedance o r o ppos ition Now , — e tting b ack t o o ur d i
scu ssion t
han e 4 d epend ing o n the s i
ze o f t he
t
o the flow o f c urrent o f th
is f r
equency o
f r e sonance , i t is e viden t t ha t t hese i
nduc tance L , a nd i ts resistance . I
t
i
s m ere
ly e qua l t o the n a
tura l r esist- i
nduced v oltage s of v arious f requenc ie s
would s eem t o b e a dvisable t o make
a
nce R o f t he t uned c i
rcu i
t. Th is i s e
xis t
ing i n c oil L 4, w i
ll a ttemp t t o L
. l a
rg e in o rder t o m ake E , a s l arge
c
alled t he r esonan t frequency o f t he s
end c urren ts a round t he closed t uned a
s p oss ible. However , t he r es
is tance
t
uned c ircu i
t. c
ircui t L . C .. However , t he c urren t
o
f as oleno id t uning c oi
l i ncrea ses a l-
s
et u p b y a ny a lterna ting v o
l tage i s mo s
t i n t he s ame p ropor tion a s t he
e
qua l t o t he v o
ltage d ivided b y t he i
nduc tance i si ncreased b y add ing mo re
— t
otal i mpedance o f t he c ircuit. The re- t
urn s o n t he e nd o f the c oi
l.
2 7\/
LC f
ore, i f t he c ircuit i s t uned , s ay, t o
6
00 k i
locyc les ( 500 m etres ) a n i nduced Resistan ce a nd S e
le ctivity.
v
oltage i n L . h aving a f requency o f Wha t w e d es
ire i n t he s econda ry
S
ince under t
h
is c ond
ition we f
i
nd 6
00 k ilocyc les i s a b
le t o s end a c om - c
oil L . i si nduc tance a nd n othing e lse.
b
y s o
lving th
is equa
tion that p
ara tive ly l a
rge c ul-ren t t hrough t he Actua lly i tis i mposs ible t o o btain t his
t
uned c ircu it. The s treng th o f t his a
lone , s ince t he c oil, b eing m ad e o f
2:
•
7
' fL c
urren t i s d e term ined b y Ohm 's l aw w
i re, h as re s
istance a lso. Th
is A . C .
2 i fC a
nd i st here fore e qua l t o the i mpre ssed r
esistance s hou ld b e k ep t a s l ow a s
vo
ltage c oil L4 d ivided b y t he t otal p
os sible b y p roper d esign , s i
nce t he
Where f=
- f
r
equency i n cycles p er el c
ur ren t f l
ow a t r esonance i s l imited
s
econd atre
sonance . r
esistance o ft he t uned c i
rcu i
t o r - o
nly b y t h
is r e s
istance . The c u rren ts
L= i
nductance i n henries at R 4 f
low ing a t f r
equenc ies a re a lso r educed
r
e
sonance. This r esis tance c ons
is ts of t he sum o f by r esistance a s s hown b y c urves B
C= Capaci
ty in farads a t r
e- t
he r esis tan ces o f the c o
il, c onnect
ing a
nd C o f Fig. 9 4. " B" i st he r esonance
s
onance. w
ires , a nd c ondenser s
. c
urve when a med iu m amoun t o f r e-
These r e sistances a re t he A . C. re- s
istance h as b een i ncluded i n the t uned
Th
is c an be e
xpressed i
n te
rms o f s
istances m easu red a t t he f requencies c
ircu it
, C i s f o r a g rea ter amoun t
t
he w ave
length i
fw e remember t
hat c
ons ide red . The r esistance o f ac oi
l i s o
f r esistance . No tice t ha t t hese c urves
much g rea ter o n high f r
equency A . C. a
re f l
attened s omewha t
, s how ing t hat
3
0q000
))00 t
han i t i s o n d irect c urrent. A v o
lt- f
or at uned c ir cuit c ontain ing a ppr eci-
W
ove
teno
th =
- a
ge h av irig 6 10 o r 590 k ilocy c
les f r
e- a
ble r es
istance t he i ncrease o f c urren t
q
uency s ets— u p a s maller c urren
t i n a
t r e
sonance i s n o t a s g rea t p ropor -
t
his c ircu it, b ecause i t mus t n ot only t
iona tely a s i s the c ase i n ac i
rcu it o f
30A00
,0
,000 l
ow r es
istance . T his m ean s t ha t t he
o
r f— o
vercome t he n a tural resistance o f the
Wowe
1 nq
th c
ircuit, b ut t he i mpedance o fered b y s
electivity i s g rea tly d ecreased s i
nce
A rt

S
ubstitu
ting t
his v
alne
. o
f fi n the
e
quation above we o
btain 3
00
,000
,000.
F
igs
. 9
7 (
l
eft) a
nd
3
‘ 4000P00
Wave
length 27 V C r 9
8 (
r
igh
t).

C
r Wave
l
eng
th — 3
04004690
2eVr
e-
 Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
. 44 01)1E R S E -1— S P
age F
i
fteen

t
he si
gna
l c urrent of the w an
ted sta- 1W W
IIR

t
ion i
sonly sl
ightly stronger t
han that
o
f the u
nwan ted s t
ations, so they a
ll •
c
ome in wi
th n ear
ly the same volume.
The c urves o f F ig. 9 4 can b e p lotted
i
n a no ther w ay , i n o rder t o b r
ing o ut L
.O.
11
.T.C
.
. S
P.T
IPR WES CO
IL 3
1 > r
, r" TWO fOWNS o, W OR f
IG . W CO
ILS

a
no ther i mpor tant p oin t r ega rding s e
-
l
ectivity. I n F ig. 9 5, t he c urves h ave F
ig. 9
.
b
een r e-plo tted t o s how t he r elat
ion
b
etween f requency i n k i
lo cyc les a nd
p
er c en t
, o f t he r esponse a t r esonance .
Curve A i sf or t he c ircuit of v ery l ow S U M

r
esistance , B i s fo r a c ircuit h av
ing 0 0
110
1MI Z
T 2
.-LATER
TORRO
Co
IOAL
./ um K
E ,
„u„
,
;„
,
1
..03CUL/J C
O MOW M O WS 4
1

b
l
igher r es
is tance , a nd C i s fo r o ne
h
av ing s ti
ll h igher r esistance . A t reso- c
urve a
pproach
ing th
is can be se
cu red
and a 5
97 ,000 -cyc le note, and b
y atuning s
ys
tem known a s t
he Vree-
n
ance t he r esponse f or a ll c urves i s
the amp lifier w ill h ave t o amp lify l
and b
and se
lec
tion s
ystem.
1
00 p er c ent. The r esponse a t a ny
these e qua lly. I t c an b e s een t ha t i f
b
the r f requency i sp lo t
ted i n t e
rms o f S
elec tiv ity a nd Mu lt
ip le S tages .
the e nt
ire r a twe o f mus ica l f requenc ies
t
he p ercentage o f t he r esponse a t reso- The s e
lec t ivity o f a n R . F . amp lifier
isb eing c ove red a t o nce b y t he o rches -
n
ance . No t
ice t hat t he c urves h av
ing d
epends o n t he n umbe r o f s tages ,
tra
, t here w ill b e p resen t ac ar rier w ave
r
esistance a nd b road t uning a re w ider, t
ightnes s of c oup ling i nt he R . F. t rans -
cover ing a b and o f f requenc ies f rom
s
how ing t ha t t he re sponse f or as ignal f
orme rs, amoun t o f r egenera tion, e tc
.
6
05 ,000 c ycles t o 5 95,000 c yc les, a nd i n
s
l
igh tly o f t he r esonan t f requency i s F
ig. 9 6 e xp la ins t he f irst f acto r
. L e
t
o
rder t o s ecure f a
i th fu l r eproduc tion a t
n
ot much l ess t han t ha t of the r esonan t c
urve A r epresen t t he r e spon se c urve
t
he r ece ive r, e very o ne o f t he se f r e
-
s
igna l
. o
f a s ing le R . F . s tage. F or a f re-
quenc ies mus t b e p assed t hrough t he
The A . C . r esistance o f ag ood i so- R
. F . amp lifie r a nd a mp lified e qua lly. quency 5 k c . o f r esonance , t he c ircu it
la
ted t uned c i
rcu it i s a round 1 2 o hms I
f a ny f requency i s l o st o r s uppressed gives a bou t 9 0 p er c en t
. o f t he a mp li-
at af requency o f 1 500 k ilocyc le s ( 200 i
n t he amp lifie r, then t ha t n ote w i
l l n ot fi
cation a t r e sonance ;a t 1 0 k c. o f r eso -
m etres ). However , i ts b ehav iour when b
e r eproduced i n t h e l oud s peaker , a nd nance t he amp lif
ica tion h a s d ropped t o
placed i n ar ece iver d epends l arge ly o n t
he mus ic w ill n ot b e at rue r eproduc - 8
1 p er c en t. Now i fa nothe r s tage w ith
w ha t c ircu its a re b rough t i nto e lectr i- f;:
-
)-t o f t ha t p layed i n t he b roadca st charac ter istics e xac tly i den tica l to t he
c
a l a ssoc ia tion w ith i t
, a nd wha t me - s
tud io . T hi s c ond ition wou ld o ccur i f f
irst i s a dded t o i tt he s elec t
ive a ction
chan ica l t hings a re b rought n ear i t
s the f requen cy r espon se o f a ny o ne s
hown b y c u rve B i s o bta ined . T his
f
ield . The a ssoc ia ted c ircu its c onsis t t
uned c ircu it o r o f t he e ntire R . F . c
an b e u nder stood f rom t he f a c
t t ha t
o
f c oup led p rimar ies a nd t he i npu t c ir- amp lifier w ere a s s hown b y c urve A , i
fa t ac erta in f requency o f r esonance
cuits o f v acuum t ubes wh ich a re c on- Fig . 9 5
. The 5 k ilo cyc les a bove t he t
he f i
rst s t age r educed t he a mplif
ica tion
nec ted d irec tly a cross t he t uned c ir- carr ier a nd t he 5 k i
lo cyc les b elow t he t
o 9 0 p er c en t
., t hen t he s econd s t age
c
u its. F rom t he s tandpo in t o f s igna l carrier ( 10 k c. a ltog ethe r) c onst itu te would r educe t he amp lifica tion t o 9 0
s
t reng th a nd s elect ivity a l one , a ll t hese wha t a re k nown a s t he " s
ideband s." p
er c ent. o f wha t c a me t hrough t he
f
a ctors s hou ld b e c on tro lled s o t ha t a I
t i s e viden t t ha t t he r esponse f o r fi
rst s tage , i .
e., 9 0 p er c en t. X 9 0 p er
l
ow r e sistance r e sults i n t he t uned c ir
- t
he 5 95 a nd 6 05 k c. s idebands ( 5000 - cen t
. o r 8 1 p e r c en t. A t hird s tag e
c
uits . However , t he r esistance c an b e c
yc le a ud io n ote ) i s o nly 2 0 p er c en t. wou ld r educe i tt o 8 1 p er c en t
. X 9 0
s
o l ow , a nd t he t uned c i
rcu its made t o a
s l arge a s t he r e sponse o f s idebands per c en t. o r 7 3 p er c en t. A f o ur th
t
une s o s harp , t ha t a n u ndes irab le e f
- n
ear r esonance ( low n o te ). The re fo re s
t age wou ld make i t7 3 p er c ent. X 9 0
f
ect i s p roduced . This i s k nown a s t
his h igh 5 000 -cyc le n ote wou ld h ard ly p
er c en t
. o r 6 6 p er c en t
., e tc. R efer -
c
u tting s idebands . C urve A o f F ig . 9 5 b
e h eard i n t he l oud s peaker . ence t o t he c urve s a t a p o
in t 5k c.
has p urpose ly b een d rawn t o i lus tra te Tun ing c harac teri stics r epresen ted b y of r esonance s hows t he s elective a c-
this c ond ition . c
urve B wou ld b e mo re n ear ly i dea l ton r efe rred t o a bove . Under t hese
C ons ider t ha t a mus ica l s e
lec tion i s s
ince t he r esponse a t 5 45 k c. i s c
ond ition s o f s e
lec t
iv ity, s ince a s ide -
being r eceived f rom a s tation t rans - per c en t. o f t he r esponse a t r esonan ce. b
and o f 5k c. r esonance i s r educed t o
m
i tting a t 6 00 k ilo cyc les ( 500 m etre s), Curve C i s o bviou sly a f urther i m- 6
6 p er c en t. s t
reng th , c ons iderab le s ide -
through t he t uned c ircu it A . I t w ill p
rovemen t i n t h
is r espec t
. Howeve r, b
and s uppre ssion wou ld r e sult, w ith
be r emembered f rom a d i scuss ion i n curves B a nd C i nd ica te b road t un ing c
onsequen t s igna l d istor tion .
an e ar lier l esson t ha t t he c omp le te with p oor s elec tiv ity a nd c onsequen t F
ig. 9 7 s how s i n ap icto rial w ay h ow
r
ange o f mus ica l f requenc ies b roadcas t danger o f s tation i nte rfe rence . I
t c an t
he s igna l s treng th i s i ncreased a nd
be s een t ha t w ith t h
is t ype o f t uned t
he w id th o f t he f requency b and p assed
l
ies b etween a bou t 3 0 a nd 5 000 c ycles .
The re fore a t t he b roadcas ting s ta t
ion c
ircu it s ome c omprom ise mu st b e e f- t
hrough i s d ec rea sed a s t he n umber o f
t
he 6 00,000 -cyc le c arr ier c urren t wave fected . Some c ompen sa tion f or t he t
uned R . F . s tages i s i ncreased . I
t
i
s modu la ted b y t he a ud io f requency l
o ss o f the h igh f requency n ote s d ue t o i
s o bvious t hat t he t un ing o f e ach
c
ur ren ts r ang ing f rom 3 0 t o 5 000 c
u t t
ing t he s idebands b y o ve r- selec tive s
tage mus t b e d esigned t o b e b roader
c
yc le s. Cons ider f irst t ha t o nly a t
un ing c ircu i ts c an b e s ecured i n t he t
han t ha t d esired f rom t he a mpl
if ier
5
000 - cyc le n o
te i sb eing p l ayed b y t he aud io a mp lifier a nd r eproduced b y d e - a
s aw ho le. B y p roper d esign o f t he
o
rches tra . Th is 5 000 -cyc le a ud io c ur - s
i gn ing t hese t o h ave a r ising c harac - (Con tinued o n p age 2 1)
r
en t t hen c omb ines w ith t he 6 00,000 , - t
er istic a t t he h igh f requenc ies . Th is
c
yc le c arrier c urren tp roduc ing t wo c ur - m eans s elec ting t he a ud io a nd r ep ro -
r
en
t
ts
he s
, o
un
ne h
i o f t
av ing a f
hese t
r
wo (
equency e
605,000 c
qua
yc
l t
les)
o
,
d
c
ucer u
harac ter
ni
is
ts t
tics o
o m
f t
atch t
he R .F
he o
. amp
pera
lify
ting
ing
0
3,
a
nd o ne h av ing a f requency e qua l t o s
ys tem . e
c
"
t
he d iference o f t he t wo ( 595 ,000 Obv ious ly t he i dea l r e spon se c urve
c
yc les ) There fore , t o r eceive t hi s wou ld b e t ha t s hown a t D , F ig. 9 5.
n
ot e, t he R .F . amp lifier mu s t p ass The c urve h as s tra igh t v ertica l s ides
e
*
° e
t
hese t wo c urren ts t hrough i t w i th a
nd a f l
at t op, a nd i s1 0 k c. w ide . S ince O

e
qua l s t
reng th . You w ill n otice t ha t t
he p eak o f t he w ave i s n o g rea te r a t t
o

t
hey d ifer i n f requency b y 1 0,000 t
he c arrier t han a t 5k c. a bove o r b e - 1
c
yc les , o r 1 0 k ilocyc les. Now , i f a l
ow t he c ar rie r, e qua l t ran sm ission i s 5
90 b
OO Sk
i

3
000 -cyc le n ote i s p layed , t he c arrier o
b ta ined o n a ll f requenc ie s w ith in t he
wave w ill c on tain a 6 03,00 -cyc le n ote , 1
0 k c. s ide b and r ang e. A f requen cy F
ig. 9
5
.

•
 O
ctober 1
, 1
933
.
P
age S
ixteen 44 l
E
iIRP
i% S

W
ITH T
I
-
IL
ME
GA -C
YCII
NT
C
onduc
ted b
y

CHARLES M
. SCOTT (
VK3CS)
.

Short
- Wave "Loop"
Recept
ion
T i sc urious t o note h ow c us tom a nd B
y HUGO GERNSBACK
. t
ransm iss
ion , et
c. B y as hielded l oop
u
sage s ome times p reven t wo rthwh ile i
s mean t o ne having the w ires e ntirely
developmen ts . I n s hor t-waves , e x- e
ncased i n me tal
, w ith o n
ly a s mal
l
p
er imenters h ave b ecome a ccus tomed Of c ourse , e xisting p resen t -day c ir- s
ection at t he t
op lef
t o pen. S uch l oops
t
o a erial a nd g round when , a s a ma tter c
uits r equ ire s ome mod ifica tion f or g
rea t
ly e nhance t he d i
rec t
iona l e fect
,
o
f f act, i ti sn ow b e
lieved t ha t t here i s l
oop r ecep tion . Th is r efers p art icu la rly a
nd a lso t end to el
imina te interference
s
ome thing b etter . By t his I r efer t o t
o t he i npu t c ircu it o f t he f i
rs t t ube . b
etween t he loop it
self a nd the r eceiv-
l
oop r ecep t ion . Ano ther i mpor tan t p oint i s t hat t he i
ng s et
.
The l oop a er ial, of c ours e, i sn o thing r
ece iver mus t b e s hielded t horough ly One o f the r easons t hat loop r ecepj
n
ew . I t h as b een u sed s ince t he e arly i
n r ela tion t o t he l oop . The r eason i s t
ion i s not more p opular w ith e xperi-
d
ays o f r adio . I
n t he p as t, h owever , t
ha t e xcess ive c apac i ty b etween t he l oop men ters i s t
ha t mos t of them s eem t o
i
ts u se l ay c hiefly i n t he b roadca s t a nd a
nd t he r eceiver u sua lly d es troys t he
t
hink t hat diferen t loops f or diferen t
ship /b ands , a lthough d uring a t rip l
oop 's d irec t:ona l e fec t
. Th is d irec - wave lengths a re r equired. O f c ourse,
t
hrough Con tinen tal Europe l ast s um - t
iona l p roper ty i sv ery i mpor tan t
. Mos t t
hat i s t
he b est a rrangemen t, but i tis
mer Io bserved much more w idespread e
xper imen ters-a lready k now t ha t al oop not a bsolutely n ecessa ry. I
t shou ld
u
sage o f t he l oop t han i n t his c oun try . works b es t when t urned i n t he d irec - b
e p ossib
le to b uild a l oop for al
l w ave-
t
i on f rom wh ich t he s igna ls c ome — l
eng ths, a nd b y u sing a mu l t
iple
Obv ious ly , many a dvan tageous c har -
t
ha t i s
. f acing t he t ransm 't
ter e dgew ise . switch, t he s ame a s i s n ow in u se in
a
c ter is t
ics o f l oop a erials h ave b een
The d irec tiona l e fec t o f t he l oop i s t
he modern s hort -wave s ets
, to s w
itch
ov erlooked d ur ing t he p as t f ew y ears ,
v
a luab le i n e l
im ina ting i nter fe rence f
rom o ne wave b and t o a nother mere ly
par ticu lar ly i n t he d eve lopmen t o f h igh
f
r om o ther r ad io t r ansm itters . I t o f- by t urning a s witch k nob . O f course,
gain t uned r ad io f r
equency , s uperhe te-
t
en h appens t ha t a l ocal s hor t-wave when t ry
ing o ut tapped l oops, iti sne-
r
odyne a nd r egenera tive r ece ivers . t
at o n o r o ne o nly a s hor t d is tance
There i sn o q uestion t hat t he l oop o f- c
essary t o have s h
ielded c onnections,
a way s ends o u t s uch a b road a nd but t h
is p roblem o fers n o unusual o b-
f
e rs g rea t a dvan tages . Here i s a n a l
-
power fu l s igna l t ha t ad istan t s t ation s
tac les.
mos t v irgin f ield t ha t a wai ts d eve lop -
s
evera l t housand m iles a way o n an ea r-
men t b y t he s hor t
-wave e xper imen ter. Those e xperimen ters who a lready
by f requency c anno t b e b rough t i n w i th
The a
dvan tages o
f t
he s
ho rt- own s hor t-wave s ets c an t ry loop r e-
t
he u sua l a eria l a nd g round c omb ina -
wave l
oop a
s c
ompared t
o c
ep tion s imuly b y f i
tting t he u pr
igh t
t
i on. The d irec tiona l q ualities o f t he
the b roadcas t l
oop r
e p
ar ticu lar - s
uppor t o f t he l oop t o t he u sual c o
il
l
oop h elp t o r elieve t his c ond ition . u n-
ly i n i ts s ize, b ecause t he s hor t-wave f
orm s o a s to f i
t into t he c o
il socke t
.
l
ess , o f c our se, t he t wo s tations a re i n
l
oop / illy b e o nly a f r action o f t he s ize For e xperimenta l s uppor ts, o rdinary
exac tly t he s ame d irec tion , wh ich i s
emp loyed f or b roadcas t r ecept ion . A s b
ropms ticks o r dowe l st
icks wo rk v ery
unusua l.
yet, n o s tandard s ho rt-wave l oop h as y
ell. The w ire t o b e used may b e the
been d es igned . The e d
i tors r ecen tly Wh ile w e a re c ons ider 'ng t he p rob -
o
rd inary No . 1 6 or 1 8 f l
exib le
. The
exper im en ted n o t only w ith t he c ustom - l
em o f i nter ference , i t h as b een n oted
wire i s h eld i n p lace b y means o f
ary l oop , b ut a lso w ith s pira l l oops a nd t
ha t as ma ll loop w ill c ut o ut man -made
t
a cks, b rass b rads, o r d iagona lly c ut
other d es igns . s
t atic t o ac ons iderab le d eg ree . This
s
aw s lots.
Then , t here i s still a no ther v arie ty, man -made s tatic i sa lways a b ug -aboo .
the d oub le l oop , where in o ne o f t he and wh ile t he n ew t ypes o f t ranspo sed Loop a erials are e xcellent, and o fer
sec tions i s made movab le s o a s t o a
er ia l l ead -
ins h elp a g rea t d eal, a nd many p o
in ts of a dvan tage b oth for re-
a
re i ndeed a f orward s tep, l oop r ecep - c
eivers a nd t ransm itters, p art
icularly
•,roduce t he f ullest r egenera t
ive e fec t
.
o
r t he t wo l oops may b e s ta tionary a nd t
i on, i n many c ases , i se ven b e tter. t
hose of the p ortable s ho r
t-wave t ypes.
r
eg enera tion c ontrolled b y means o f a Exper imen ters s hou ld t ry c en tre - I
t el
imina tes t he p rob lem o f the l ong
t
apped l oops w ith b alanced i npu t t un- w
ire a nd g round , w i
th t heir uncertain
var iab le c ondenser . F rom t his i tw il
l
i
ng c ircu i ts, wh ich h o
ld s ome e xce llen t c
haracteristics. Short wave s ets w ith
be s een t ha t l oop a eria l r ecep tion
shou ld'p rove t o b e av eritab le p arad ise prom ,
ises . l
oop aerial s can b e l ogged a nd tuned
for t he e xper imen ter , a nd i t i s t o b e We a lso h ave t he s o-ca lled s hie lded v
ery accura tely.
s
i nce re ly h oped t ha t l oop r ecep tion loop . Such l oops h ave b een w ide ly I
t i
s certain that d ur
ing the n ex
t
will b ecome more p opu lar f rom n ow used f or s h
ip d irec tion f i
nders , a rmy f
ew years loop reception w
ill become
on. f
i
e ld s ets, d irec tiona l r ecep tion a nd v
ery popu
lar, and perhaps s
tandard.
 Page S
even
teen
Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
. 44 0
11)1E12 S ET
' S

SHORT W A VES
which t here h ave b een a n umber l ost
d
ur ing t he p as t f ew y ears.
Mr. McDona ld a l
so d escr ibed t he
f
unc tion o f t he Aus tralian, C oas tal
Rad io S ervice , b oth i n r e
la tion t o
s
afe ty o f l i
fe a t s ea a nd g enera l b usi-
n
ess , and q uo ted s o me v ery i nteres t
ing
Notes a
nd Ne ws f
i
n
gures.
umber o
He s t
f words h
ated t
and
hat t
led p
he a
er a
verage
nnu m
during t he p as t f ew y ears a pprox ima ted
f
ive m i
llions , o f wh ich 1 m ill
ions o f
NE W STATIONS REPORTED ON THE A
IR. wo rds were t ransm i
tted f ree o f a l
l
c
harges . I ncluded i n th
is H m il
lions o f
THE S
IA MESE PHONES
. s
i
an S tat
ion wh ich c
an also be heard words were messages r e
la t
ing t o wea -
ali
ttle h
igher u p a
bout 22 metres
. t
her c ond itions a nd n av iga tion wa rn-
A
ll times used in these pages are i
ng s, wh ich w ere t ransm itted f r
om t ime

T
HE C hief Eng ineer of t
he Govern -
ment P ost a nd T e
legraph o f Eas
tern Austra
lian s
tandard t
ime. t
o t ime b y t he v arous s tations . He
Bangkok . S iam, announces t hat a
l so s tated t ha t t he c oas t s tations a t
s
tat
ion HSP , o n 6 .
9 me tres
, i s work- AMATEUR PHONE BANDS EX- Per th, Ade laide , Me lbourne a nd S ydney ,
i
ng B erlin n early every day f rom 7.30 TENDED BY CO M MISSION
. t
ransm it t ime s igna ls d aily, w i thou t
p
.m. to 9 .
30 p .m. HSJ , on 37
.6 me tres charge , s o t ha t n av igators a t s ea a nd
i
su sed irregularly when HSP d oes not s
urveyors o n l and c an c or rec t t heir
W
E
TH a g ene ral a nnouncemen t o f
g
et t hrough t o B erl
in. Ano ther sta- n
ew ama teur r egu lat
ions t o g o chronome te rs
, e xact t ime b eing s o
t
ion, H.S.G .
, i salso ment
ioned a s be
ing i
nto e fec t o n Oc tober 1 , t he necessary f or t h
is work .
u
sed i r
regu larly. Federal R adio C omm iss ion a uthorised
one i mmed ia te c hange i n the e xisting IONISED AT MOSPHERE LAY -
NE W W AVELENGTH FOR r
egu lations, a t the r eques t of the Amer i- ERS M EASURED BY AUTO MA -
RABAT
. c
an Rad io R e
lay -- League , -- n
ationa l TIC:DEVICE , G IVING TI ME AND
ama teur b ody . Th is c hange , wh ich i s FREQUENCY .
TATION CNR a t Rabat, Moroc -
a T
now i n e f
fe ,a, p rov ides f o
r e xtend ing HE I nstittrteerK ludiok Eng ineers,a t-
c
o. announce t hat they a re now t
he t errito ry i n t he r adio s pectru m i
t
s c onven tion , h eard n ew i nfor-
o
n 3 7.33 me tre
s, a nd b roadcast a
u thorised f or t he u se o f ama teur rad io- ma tion o n t he s eries o r i onised
e
ach Monday f rom 5 .
30 a.m. t o 8.00 t
e
lephone s t ations. l
ayers f ormer ly n amed f or Kenne lly
a
.m. This increase i s made i n t wo o f t he a
nd Heavys ide , b ut n ow k nown a s the
They al
so b roadcas
t o n 23
.38 me tres f
requency b ands r eserved f or ama teur i
onoscope . A m eans o f accura te Inca:
f
rom 10.30 p.m. to midnight each S un- u
se , and p rov ides f or t he o pera t
ion o f s
uremen t o f t he l ayer h eigh ts a nd e f
-
d
ay. '
phone i n the r egion f rom 1 800 t o 2000 f
ects was d escribed b y T . R. G ill
iland.
k
c, n ear t he b roadcas t b and, a s we l
l a s o
f t he Bureau o f S tandards , U .S. De -
M ORE STATIONS FOR SWITZER
- f
rom 2 8,000 t o 2 8,500 k c, a nd f rom pa
rtmen t o f C ommerce , wh ile D . M .
LAND. 4
00 ,000 t o 4 0 1
,0 00 k c i n t he u l
tra h igh S
tuar t a nd L . V . B erkner , also o f the.
f
r equency b and . This t erri
tory h as b
ureau , s poke o n the s ame g enera l sub-
TN a ddi
tinn t o HBL o n 31
.27, a nd p
rev ious ly b een a va i
lab le o n
ly f
or j
ect
,
HBP o n 38.47 metres
, wh
ich b road- c
ode t ransm iss ion. The B ureau 's "measur ing r od" g ives
c
ast as pecial programme f rom 8 .00 ah e
igh t-frequency c urve a nd c ompr ises
a
.m. to 8.45 " a
.m. each Monday morn - t
ransm itter a nd r eceiver, a utoma t
ically
i
ng
, t he L eague o f Na f
lons h ave t he WIRELESS ON SMALL SHIPS
. v
aried f rom 2 500 k c
. t o 4400 k c. cycle
f
o
llow ing stations operat
ing on s peech, a
t a u niform r ate o f 2 00 k c. c ycles

A
HBF o n 1 5
.78, HB H o n 16
.25, HBJ MOST i nteres t
ing d e mons tra t
ion e
very m inu te
. The v irtual h e
igh t i s
o
n 2 0
.60, and o ne on 20
.74 whose c a
ll o
f a ppara tus f o r u se o n b oard r
ecorded p hotograph ically b y a n o sci
l-
i
sn o
t k nown . small s hips f or t he p urpose o f l
ograph ic r ecorder a s u sed f or f ixed
s
end ing o ut w ireless messages f rom a f
requency work .
INDIA AGAIN
. s
hip i n d istress was g iven r ecen tly b y
t
he c hief e ngineer o f Ama lgama ted Th
ree L
ayers Measured
.
"
In t he d aytime ," Mr . G illiland s aid,
A
REPORT h as come to hand that Wire less ( A/as ia) L td. (Mr . A . S .
s
tat
ion VUC a t Calcutta i
s now McDona ld ), d uring a l ecture i n S t. "
three d iferen t s trata were u sually i n-
o
n 4 9
.10 me tres. The s chedule J
ohn 's Ha ll
, Wahroonga , N .S . W . d
ica ted . A s ar ule t he E l ayer , w ith a
s
eems t
o b e da
ily, except
ing S undays, He e xpla ined t hat t his a ppara tus i s v
irtua l h e
igh t o f a bout 1 20 k ilome tres,
f
rom -5
.
36 p en
. t o 3.
00 a.m.
, and S un- q
uite a utoma tic i n i ts a ction , a nd c an i
s f ound t o r eturn e nergy f or f re-
d
ays f
rom 1.36 p.m. to 3
.
54 p .m
. b
e s et i n mo tion b y t he s hip 's p erson -- q
uenc ies b elow 3 ,000.000 c ycles . Be-
n
el b y t he c los ing o f t he s wi tch. The tween 3 ,000 ,000 a nd 3 ,600.000 c ycles r e-
W OO OR W OY a
ppara tus a utoma tica lly t r
ansm its t he f
l
ec tions a re l ikely t o c ome f rom t he
d
istress s igna l, " S.O .S .," f o
llowed b y F-1 r egion , w ith a v i
rtua l h eigh t o f
.

I T h as been a nnounced t hat stat

ion t
he n ame o f t he s h
ip , a nd b y a n i n- about ' 200 t o 2 40 k ilome tres , wh ile
W OO , a t Ocean G ate
, New J er
- g
en ious d evice t he l a
titude a nd l ong i- a
bove 3 ,600 ,000 c ycles, t he F -2 r egion ,
s
ey, n as P een granted p ermiss
ion t
ude c an b e s et b y t he n aviga ting o fi- a
t 2 80 k i
lome tres a nd h igher , r eturns
t
o work o n 70
.22 metres
, a nd a W OY , c
ers i n a n e xtreme ly s hor t s pace o f e
nergy . These v alues v ary c onsiderab ly
a
t Ocean G ate
, is granted p ermiss
ion t
ime , r epresen t
ing s econds o nly. Mr . f
r om d ay t o day .
t
o operate o n 70
.22 metres, 63
.13, 35
.05
, -
McDona ld a lso d emons trated a n a uto - "Of p articular i nteres t i st he c ha rac-
2
3.36
, a nd 1 7
.52 metres. These waves matic r eceiver w i th a n a l ar m b e ll
, t
er o f t he c hange o bserved when p ass-
a
re n ow u sed b y W OO . which c omes i nto o pera tion o nly when i
ng f rom o ne stratum t o a nother a s t he
t
he i nterna t
iona l d i stress s igna l i s f
requency i s increased . A
l though , a t
LOO K FOR THESE STATIONS
. t
ransm itted . The a l arm c an b e f i
tted t
imes , when p ass 'ng f rom E t o F -I,
on t he b ridge o f a ny s hip o r i n t he r
eflec tions may d roo o u t c omp letely f oi
*
quarters o f t he s hip 's p ersonne l. By a s hor t i nterva l, f requen tly t he c urve
A
STATION b e
lieved t o b
e RAU
Tachkent, Turkestan, has been t
he u se o f t hese t wo p ieces o f a u toma - i
s c on tinuous a nd t he t ime r etarda t
ion
heard fa
irly regular
ly o n 1
9.85 t
ic w ireless e qu ipmen t, a v ery g rea t wil
l r each a h igh y ll
tie j ust b efore t he
m
etres
, 1 5
,10 megacycles
, b e
tween 8
.00 mensure o f s afe ty c an b e e nsured , p ar- appearan-e o f th- F -1 r eflec tion .
t
icularly i n r egard t o sma ll s h
ips o f (Cont inued o r
t •
!e2
. 3.)
p
.m. and 1 .00 p.m
., work ing a Rus-
 7

P
age E
igh
teen Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
.
44
. 0IDIE1
R SI I S

Mak
ing Your O wn Records
A Ne w S
eries o
f Articles which will t
ell you about t
his
Fascinat
ing Hobby
PART V
III
.
:
Commerc ial r ad io l oud s peakers v ary
i
ron s 2t o 1 8 o hms , a nd i f t he c u
tter
u
sed , b ut i f b lank u ncu t r ecords a re
impedance i s o f af ew o hms , t he i m-
d
es ired f or r eco rd ing , t hen i t i s a bso -
p
edance ma tch i s way o f in p ercen tage .
l
ute ly e ssen tia l t ha t a n e xce llen t f eed -
For C ons is ten tly g ood r esu lts a nd f or
s
crew d evice b e u sed . n o rder t o i nsure
t
he p reven tion o f n eed less e xpense ,
ag ood , e ven g roove . As h as b een
on
ly t he h igh i mpedance c ut ters s hould
poin ted o ut, i f t he r ecord 'ng mach ine
b
e u Sed .
make s ap eriod ic g roove — tha t i s, t he
I
f t he s et h as t he o utpu t t r ans former
l
ines a re u neven ly s paced , when t he
Moun ted o n t he s peaker , t hen t he o ut-
r
ecord i s played b ack , t he r e sul ts w ill
put t erm ina ls o n t he c hass is a re h igh
b
e p oor , a nd i f s teps a re n ot t aken
impedance a nd t he c utte r i s c onnec ted
t
o p reven t t his, t he f inished p roduc t
d
irec tly t o t hem . A lso, i ft he s et has
w
i ll o nly s erve t o c a s
t r eflec tion o n
"
phono" t erm ina ls t he i npu t c onnec -
t
he s tud io, w ith a c onsequen t l oss o f
t
iorui a re a s s hown .
b
us 'ness .
S ome r ad io s e
ts u se a p ower d etector F
ig. 53
. C
ircu
it o
f aone stage pre
-
A p iano s hou ld b e p rov ided f or a c-
i
nto t wo p ower t ubes , a nd t he h igh amp
lif
ier f
or use w
ith r
adio rece
iver
.
c
ompan imen t
, a nd i ti s u sua lly a g ood
g
ain o f t his p ower s tage i s n ot s uffi-
policy t o h ave a p erson who i s ap ian -
c
ien t f or r eco rding , n ecess i ta ting t he c
u
stom
er i
s d
i
ssa
tisf
ied
, a
nd t
here
fore
i
s
t r un t he s tud io . Th is w i
l l c u t d own
u
se o f a p re -amp lifier s uch a s s hown a
ny f uture b usiness f rom h im i s l as
t.'
l
abour c osts a nd a t t he s a me t ime a t-
i
n F ig . 5 8
. I
ns tead o f b eco ming a s uppor ter , h e
t
rac t t he s ingers ,. vha u sua lly a re v ery
The b oos ter o ne s tage amp l
ifier, t
urns " knocker ." I n t he w r
i ter 's o pin-
re:cen t a bou t s ing ing i f a ccompan i-
s
hown i n F ig . 5 9 i s manu fac tured b y i
o n
, t he a cid t est f or a ny i ns tan taneous
men t i sn ot e asily p rov ided . F or p lay -
t
he P acent E lectr ic C o. o f New York , r
e cord i s t he a cous tic p honograph . I f
b
ack , t he a cous tic p honog raph i s b es t
.
and c an b e u sed f or r e cord ing b y the t
he r eco rd s ounds w ell o n t his, t hen i t
The r eason why t his t ype o f mach ine
a
dd it
ion o f am icrophone t rans former w
i ll s ound much b e tter o n a ny o ther
i
$ r ecommended i s t ha t i ft he f inished
a
s. s hown . This a dap ter i s p rov ided t
ype o f m ach ine .
r
eco rd p lays b ack s at
is fac tor ily o n i t
,
with a t ogg le s witch s o t ha t when i t Acous tica l T rea t men t o f S tud io s.
t
he c us tomer i s a ssured o f s uccess i n
i
s i n t he " rad io p osition r eco rds c an I
n mos t o f t he s t ud ios t ha t t he w riter
h
is own h ome . Too many o f t hese
b
e made f r om t he r adio. When i tisi n has h ad o ccas ion t o c ome i n c ontact
sma ll s tuc Pos t ha t a re r apid ly s pr ing ing
t
he " reco rd" p osition t he m icrophone w
i th t he a cous tic t r eatmen t o f t he
up a ll o ver t he c oun try u se i nef f
icien t
i
s M ' u
se. s
t udio h as b een s imp ly t o c over t he
appara tus a nd n a tura lly t he ir r esu lts
The b oos ter i sc onnec ted t o t he r adio a
re p oo r
. To c ompensa te f or t hese walls a nd c ei
ling s w ith h eavy d rapes a nd
s
et i n t he f ollow ing manner : The d e- t
he f loor w ith a h eavy c arpe t. A s tud io
poor r esu lts o n p layback , e lec trica l r e-
t
e c
to r t ube i s r emoved f rom t he s et t
ha t i s s o t rea ted w il l p rove u nsa tis-
p
roduc tion i s u sed a nd t he r ecord t hen
and i nser ted i nto t he a dap ter a t t he end f
a ctory f or r ecord ing f r om t he s tand -
s
ounds q u
ite s at:s fac tory i n t he s tud io,
o
f t he c ab le s upp l
ied a s p ar t o f t he poin t o f f ideli ty. The r ecord w ill s ound
but when i ti s r eprodu ced i n t he h ome
"Boos ter Un i t
." The a dap ter w i th t he on t he o ld s ty le p honog raph ( of wh ich "
tubby" a nd v ery u nna tur al. Th is i s
t
ube i n i ti st hen p laced i n t he d etector t
here a re s t
ill many i n e xis tence) , t he due t o t he a bso rption o f a l
l t he h igh
t
ube s ocke t o f t he s et
. f
requenc ies b y t he h eavy d rapes . Fo r
r
esu lts a re v ery p oo r. The r eproducer
may b e t oo h eavy o r t he g roove may p
roper a cous tics t h e s tud io s hou ld b e
RECORDING STUDIOS . s
o c ons tructed t ha t t here i s ac erta in
not b e d eep e nough , w ith t he r esu lt
Commerc ial s tudios f or i nstan taneous t
ha t t here i s d oub le t rack ing . The amoun t o f r e sonance p resen t s o t hat
r
e cord ing c an b e d ivided i nto t wo t
he h igh f requenc ies may b e p roper ly
s
ena t.ite t ypes —f i
rs t
, s tud ios d evo ted r
e co rded . I n t he p roper t r ea tmen t o f
e
xc lus ively t o v oice r ecord ings a nd i n
- r
e cord ing r ooms t wo o b je c ts mus t b e
d
iv idua l i ns trumen t p lay ing , a nd, s ec- k
ep t i n v iew ; f i
rs t
, t he e xc lus ion o f a l
l
ond, s tud:os t ha t h ave f ac
ilities f or unwan ted e xterna l n oises , a nd s econd ,
r
ecced ing c
o mp lete o
rches tras and t
he p roduct ion o f t he r igh t a cous tic
b
and s,' c
ond itions f or g ood r ecord ing .
•In t he f irst t ype o f s tud io o nly o ne The e xclud ing o f e xtraneous n oises
t
rueroPhone i s u sed , a nd t he r eco rding i
s a ccomp l
ished b y b uild ing t he r oom
mach ine , amp l
ifie r, etc., a re a l
l l oca ted o
f d oub le wa lls ( see F ig . 6 0 ) w ith a
M
. t he S a me r oom W ith,t he m icrophone . dead a ir s pace b etween t hem . The d ead
This r eam u sua lly c inta ins a bou t 4 2 a
ir s pace i sa n e xce llen t i nsu la ting me -
s
quare . f eet
, o f f loor s pa ce, a nd t he d
ium a gains t s ound , a nd i sv ery e fec-
o
v er -
all f requen cy c harac teristic o f t he t
ive i n k eep ing o u t e x te rna l n oises.
s
yst em i sn ot made V ery f l
a t
, s ince i ti s Grea t c are mus t b e t aken t o s ee t hat
r
a rely n ecessary t o r ecord a ny f re- t
he wa lls a nd c e i
ling a re a ll a bso lu tely
q
uency a bove 4 000 c yc les . A mode - a
ir t igh t
. I f t his c ons truct ion i s c are-
r
ate ly p riced t wo-bu t
ton c arbon m icro - f
ully f ollowed o ut
, i t w ill b e o bserved
p
hone , u sed i n c on junc tion w ith a s uit- t
hat n o s ound o r
igina ting i n t he s tud io
a
ble , amp lif
ier who se g ain i s a bou t 7 0 will b e h eard o u
ts ide ; a nd , v ice v era ,
1
113
', áqd . a , made -ove r p ickup i sa l
l t ha t no s ound o r
ig ina ting o n t he o uts ide
i
s' neeeSsa ry a s e quipmen t. For t he w
i ll b e h eard i nside t he s t ud io . A s a n
r
ecord ing mach ine a n. o rd inary p hono- a
dded i nsurance a gains t e x terna l n o
ises
g
raph t urntab le i s air :t ha t i s n eces - F
ig. 6
0
. I
nter
ior l
ayout of as
ound r
e
- t
he o utside o f t he o u ter wa ll i sc overed
s
ary i f pre-grooved r eco rds a re t o b e c
ord
ing stud
io. (Con tinued o n p age 2 3.)
 )
c
tober 1
, 1
933
.
M OD ER N S
e E -I- S P
age N
ine
teen

VOLTAGE DO UBLIN G
A
l
terna
te C
harg
ing o
fConden
ser
s B
ui
lds U
p P
oten
tia
l

Why t
h
e 2
5Z5 D
oub
les V
ol
tage
t
o c harge u p
. When t he voltage h as
T
HE v o
ltage d oub ler h as lain d o
r-
mant in radio b ooks f or o ver a a
gain s ubsided to z ero the charge r e-
d
ecade. I t isjus t emerg ing f rom mains o n t hat c ondenser b ecause i t
i
t
s s lumber. J
ust wha t i s a v oltage c
anno t e scape t hrough R2 . I
t i s
d
oubler? Many h ave a sked t hat ques - t
rapped. Hence t here is a p o
ten tial
t
ion
. , How d oes itd ouble? Many h ave d
iference E a cross t ha
tc ondenser. The
a
sked t hat
, e ven a f
ter t hey h ave j ust p
olarit
ies of t he charges are i ndicated
r
ead abou t it
. P erhaps j us
t al i
tt
le b i
t b
y a ppropriate si
gns.
more w r
iting w il
l h elp t o a nswer t he
When t he s upply isr ap id
ly a l
terna t-
(
l
uestions.
i
ng i n direct ion
, b oth c ondensers a re
Re
fer t o Fig. 1, A . L et R I a nd R2 c
harged t o t he potential E, as indica ted F
ig. 2
: This ilus
trates h
ow the pr
in-
b
e t wo e qual rect
ifiers of a ny t ype
, and i
n Fig. 1C . Tho p oten tials a
cross t he c
ip
le o
f v
oltage doub
ling c
an b
e app
lied
l
et t hem b e c onnec ted s o t hat they two condensers a re in t he sa me di rec-
t
ion so that t hey add u p, a nd therefore w
ith a 25Z5 rec
tif
ier tube. Large
w
i l
l c onduc t i n t he d i
rection o f the
t
he voltage a cross the t wo condensers c
apac
ity c
onden
sers are essent
ial for
a
rrows . C onnect t wo equal c ondensers
Cl a nd C 2 in s eries a cross t he two i
s 2E, or t wice the v alue o f t
he amp l
i- g
ood v
oltage r
egu
lat
ion
.
r
ectif
ie rs
. B etween t he junction o f t
he t
ude o f the s upply v o
ltage . Tha t i s
two r ectifiers and t he junction o f t
he why the d ev ice i s c a
lled a v oltage
d
oubler. r
adio s et constitutes a h eavy l e
akage.
two c ondensers , c onnec t a s ource of
In o rder t hat t he v o
ltage s hall be
a
lterna t
ing e . m. f. L et the max imum
Efec
t o
f L
eakage
. maintained when a h eavy c urrent is
v
alue o f t h
is v o
ltage b e E.
d
rawn , i t is n ecessa ry t ha
t t he t wo
F
irst assume t hat t he v oltage isa ct- I
t was a ss-umed t hat t
he c harges w i
ll c
ondensers C l a nd C 2 be of la
rge capa-
i
ng i n the d irection o f t he arrow a . r
e ma
in o n the c ondensers. Th is is not c
ity. In rectif
iers u sing t he v o
ltage
Condenser C l cha rges u p t o avoltage s
tr
ict
ly t rue b ecause o f l eakage , so i f d
oub ler ith as b een r ecommended t hat
E b ecause R I c onduc ts i n the d irec- t
he supp ly v o
ltage were t urned o f the t
he c apacity o f e ach c ondenser b e at
ti
on t hat p erm its t he c ondenser t o p
otential wou ld g radua l
ly d rop t o z
ero. l
east 16 m fd
. i ft he circuit i
st o del
iver
c
harge u p. L et the v o
ltage s ubside t o But when t he v ol
tage i s a lternating ac urrent of 4 0 m i
lliamperes .
z
ero . The c harge o n t he c ondenser r
apid
ly , as i n the case o f 6 0-cycle sup-
p
ly, t
he l eakage b etween c harges i si n
- Ano ther o bjec t of u sing s uch l arge
r
e mains b ecause t here i s n o way i n c
ondensers i s to reduce t he ripp le to
which i t c an e scape . I
t c annot d is- a
ppreciab le. I
t i s the p o tential that
h
as the v a
lue 2E , and i n o rder t o te
st a
s low a v alue a s p ossible. The f r
e-
c
harge t hrough R 1 b ecause i tw i
ll n ot q
uency o f t he r ipple i s t w
ice t hat of
conduc t in the proper d irec t
ion. There - t
he theory i t wou ld b e n ecessary t o
u
se a s tatic v oltme ter o r a v acuum t
he s upply v o
ltage , as i s the case f or
f
ore, a fter t he v oltage h as subsided a
l
l f u
ll-wave r ectif
iers. The amp litude
t
here i s ap o
ten t
ial d iference E a cro ss t
ube v o
ltme ter. Any c urren t-drawing
v
oltme ter wou ld r ead l ess t han t wice o
f the r ipple is a pprox ima tely inverse-
Cl. l
y propor tiona l to the c apacity of e ach
t
he peak o f the s upply v oltage .
Charg
ing S
econd Condenser
. c
ondenser . A s a means o f fur
ther r e-
The vol
tage d oubler would be o f li
t
- d
ucing t he r ipple a c hoke c an be u sed
Now l e
t the vol
tage a
ct in the o
p- t
le va
lue i n ar adio rece
iver u n
less i t i
n series w ith t he load l i
ne, as i sd one
p
osite direct
ion, as s
hown by arrow b c
ould s us
ta in a c ons
iderable leakage. i
n other B s upp ly c i
rcuits.
i
n F ig. 1, B. R2 now c
onducts in t
he The curren t r
equired f or the p lates
,
d
irection t hat permi
ts condenser C2 s
creens, a nd the s peaker fie
ld i n a (
Cont
inued o
n p
age 2
1
.)

R
i
b
4
. C
,

E C
2 E
R2 , 4
- R
2 +C
z

F
ig. 1
: The
se c
i
rcu
its s
how t
he pr
inc
iple i
nvo
lved i n vo
ltage doubl
ing by means of t
wo re
ctif
ier
s. The i
npu
t
i
s a
-c
, a
nd t
he doub
led ou
tput v
oltage i
s about t
wice the p
eak v
alue o
f t
he i
nput
.
 e

P
age T
v,e
nty Oc
tober I
, 1
933
_
44
, 01
ID E R S

THE CATKIN VALVE . Copper -to -glass Un ion .

(
Con tinued f rom p age 1 .) O SRA M VALV 1 I
The C atkin v alve i s prac tica lly u n-
t
o t he c athode i n t he c ase o f ma ins a 07
_i
. b
reakab le, a nd may b e dropped f rom a
O
h
Typ. M S 8
v
alves , b u t h as t he a dditiona l a dvan - a
',KEN WITH
SCREEN LI MO VO.TS••4
10 h
eigh t of s evera l feet o n t o ac oncre te
t
age t hat i t embraces t he o utgo ing r s
o
=a
e
c
,
;
1
5 E-
0 f
loor w ith b ut l i
ttle r i
sk o f d amage
2
,
l
eads a t t he b ase. Th is o u ter s creen j
e i
d
. e
:
ther b y f racture, o r b y d erangemen t
i
s p er fora ted t o a ford r eady d issipa - i
z
e—
o
f t he c r
itical s pacing o f t he e lec trodes .
t
ion o f h ea t a nd i t
s o ctagona lly f l
a t- G RI D V OL TS
The c opper -
to -glass u nion i s a n i n
-
tened f
p
ara lle
a
l s
ces p
i ded
reven
, q uan
t i
t
it
tr o
ies o
lling
f v
.
a
Be
lves o
ing
c-
p
r —J t
e
i
res
t i
ting f
s ac
e
red
a
i
ture o
tab
f t
le a ch
he n ew v
ievemk ti
a
lve
t t
, a
o p
nd
ro -
cupy much l ess s pace t han h ither to. d
uce a g as-tigh t s eal u nder mass p ro-
I
n t he e xposed a node t ype a c oating o
U I I d
uc tion me thods . I n o rder t hat t l
.e
o
f b lack e name l i s a pp lied g iv ing s u f- v
acuum may b e w el
l ma inta ined i n a
f
icien t i nsu la tion t o p reven t s hock .
. SCREEN CURRENT £ . - 1
'o
v
alve , e xcess ive t empera turz r ise f or
.
shou ld o ne a cc iden tally t ouch t he h igh - I
tfi f a
ny p rolonged p eriod mus t b e a voided .
O 50 100 150 200
voltage a node . I t w i l
l b e a pprec iated AN O DE VOL TS
A
ll me tal p arts w ithin t he v alve a re.
t
ha t t he g enerous h ea t d i ssipa tion a f
- C
harac
ter
ist
ic cu
rves of t
he O
sram o
f c ourse , g as-freed a t ah igh t emper-
f
orded b y t he C atkin d esign g ives c oo l
- MS4B Valve
. a
ture , h u
t i n the c ourse o f manufac ture
i
ng f o r t he g r
id a s w ell a s t he a node . t
he g lass b ulb i n ac onven tiona l v alve
C ond itions a re v ery d iferen t i n t he position i mmed ia tely b ehind a s ingle i
s ap rolific source o f g as a nd n ecess i-
g
lass t ype , where t he l arge s urround - o
r p erhaps d ual l oud s peakers , i nto t
ates p rolonged d e-gass ing .
i
ng v acuum p resen ts t he d ificu lt p rob - which t he o utpu t v alve d e
livers s evera l Ca tkin e quiva len ts o f t he MS4 13.
l
em o f g e tting t he h ea t away where watts. N
rMS4 , M H4 , a nd MPT4 w ill make
d
i ssipa tion b y c onvec tion o r c onduc tion Wire less i s n ow f inding i t
s p lace a s (Con t
inued o n p age 2 3.)
i
s n on -exis ten t. Efec tiveness o f c ool- p
art o f t he e quipmen t o f t he c ar, a nd
i
ng d oes, o f c ourse , t o av ery l arge e x- the C a tkin v alve, b e
ing u ninfluenced b y
t
en t, g overn t he r ating o f o utpu t vibra tion , wh ils t b e
ing r obus t a nd c om -
valves . p
ac t
, h as a t
trac t
ive p ossibilities f or c ar
P
resen t-day se
ts with e
normous r
adio . I n t his c onnec tion, i n a ddition
overa ll g a
in a re v ery p rone t o wha t i s to d urab ility, i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t a
c
ommon ly c alled " how ling ," wh ich new f orm o f f i
la m en t-cathode d esign
a
rises f rom t he s ound v ibra tions c aus - has b een a dop ted, wh ich p erm its o f a
i
ng movemen t o f t he e lectrodes , u sua l
ly 1
0 p er c en t
, f luctua tion o f hea ter p oten-
i
n t he c ase o f t he d etec tor v alve. By tia
l, t hus a l
low ing f or t he v oltage v aria-
v
i rtue o f i t
s r igidness t he C atkin i s tion o f t he c ar b attery . C ompa c tness The A 1- MetaI
not l ikely t o b e i n
fluenc ed i nt h
is w ay . i
s a no ther i mpor tan t a dvan tage i n t his
S
creen G
rid C
at-
As af urther p recau tion , h owever , t he applica tion . The much r educed s ize o f
v
a lve i s s ecured t o its b ase r i ng b y a t
he me ta l e nve lope a s c ompared w ith k
in
, s
how
ing e
x-
r
ubber c lamp , a nd t he s ound c onduc - t
he g lass c oun terpar t i s a n i mpor tan t t
erna
l s
creen a
t
-
t
ion p ath i s l imited t o t he t hin c on - f
e ature i n t he p reven t
ion o f d irec t
ducting w ires j o
ined t o t he v alve c
oup ling w ith - the s ound o utpu t o f t he t
ached
.
p
ins . I t i s w e
l l k nown t ha t r ubber i s l
oud s peaker .
t
he o nly s ound i nsu la t
ing ma teria l Some v a
lve u ser s h ave e xper ienced
which w ill p rov ide a n on -m icrophon ic t
roub le d ue t o t he g lass b ulb b reak ing
moun ting , a nd w e n ow h ave , f or t he away f rom i ts b ake lite b ase. F rac tur ing
f
i
rs t t ime , a n e ffective ly s prung c lamp , o
f t he c emen t i n t h
is way i s aw eakness
a
nd t his i s i ndependen t o f t he v alve o
f p resen t v alves , a nd i tis i nteres ting
h
o lder. A n on -m icrophon ic moun ting i s t
o n ote t hat n o f orm o f c e men ting i s
o
f v as t i mpor tance when t he s e t
, a s i s emp loyed , a nd a l oose c ap b ecomes a n
n
ow c ommon ly t he c ase , t akes u p a i
mposs ib il
ity.

ALUMINIU M FOR CHASSIS AND SHIELDING W ORK

.
SHEETS
We s
tock a w
ide v
arie
ty i
n Me
tals a
s r
equ
ired i
n Wire less S
et b
ui
lding
, a
nd a
l
so f
or mode
l e
ngineer
ing c
on-
s
truct
ion .
LET US CONSTRUCT YOUR CHASSIS AND SHIELDS
.
We c
an s
upply t
he spec
ial chass
is used in a
l
l the rece
ivers d
escribed in t
his i
s
sue o
f "Modern S
ets
."
"
The Phi
lips Four" C hass
is, 7
/-
, p
lus fr
eight
. A ll p
rices in
clus
ive of S
ale
s Tax
.
ALL DRILLING EXTRA
.
A
ll work c arr
ied o
ut to your spec
ificat
ion. Phosphor b
ronze
, brass, a
nd copper shee
ts. Z
inc shee
ts a
s used f
o
r
b
attery manu
facture
. Send f or pr
ice l
i
st o
f al
uminium, c
op per
, b
rass
, phosphor bronze
, and zi
nc s
hee
ts.

GEORGE W HITE C
S CO
.
METAL MERC HANTS
.

2
80 POST OFFICE PLACE MELBOURNE
, C
.1
.
E
stab
lished 7
9 Y
ears
. '
Phone
: C
entra
l 100
.
 Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
. M OODIE R % SIEl
l- S P
age Twen
ty-one
.

Pract
ica
l H ints and
VOLTAGE DOUBLING .
(Con
tinued f
rom p
age,
19.)
A B S upply Doub ler.

Tips d
es
a
The 2
igned t
ge d oub
5Z5 r
ha
ler
t i
ect
if
tc
. The r
ier t
an b
ube h
e u
as b
sed a
eason why i
een s
s av ol
t may
t
o
-

b
e s o u sed i s tha t it is t wo i ndepen -
d
en t c athodes a nd t wo i ndependen t
AN ARTIFICIAL CENTRE
-TAP
. one may m ake a perman ent s e
tting , a nd a
nodes . Tha t i s
, i t i s t wo i ndepen -
t
he v olume w i
ll c ome u p t o t hat i n d
en t r ectifiers c ontained i n t he s a me
W
HEN t he u sua l r emed ies f or
mains h um i n a n A .C . s e t h ave n
ear ly a ll instances, a t least w ill n ot g
lass e nvelope . The c onnec tions f or a
b
een t r
ied a nd f ound t o b e i nef- e
xceed t he p redeterm ined v a
lue . A voltage d oub ler w ith h
is t ube a re
f
ective i t may b e r e membered t hat a c
lose a pprox ima t
ion t o this c ould b e s
hown i n F ig. 2 . I t w i ll b e n ot
iced
m
isp laced c entre -
tap o n o ne o f t he L .T. made w ith the presen t d uo
-d iode t ubes, t
hat t he c athode o f o ne e lemen t isc on -
w
ind ings o f ap ower t rans former i sn ot u
sing t he rectif
ier f or auxil
ia ry b ias'ng n
ected. t o t he a node o f the o the r
. To
unknown , a nd may b e l arge ly r e spon - o
f e ach t ube ( auto ma t
ic v olume c on- t
his l ead i s c onnec ted t he a -c s upp ly.
s
ible f or t he t roub le . To u nw ind t he t
r ol
), a nd t he amp lif
ier section ( whe- j
ust a s i n Fig . 1 . The o ther s ide o f
t
rans fo rmer , a nd t hen t o e xper i men t t
her t r
iode, q uadrode , o r pentode) f or t
he a -c l i
ne i s connec ted t o t he junc -
w
ith a nother p osition f or t he t app ing, g
a in. However , the c ircuit wou ld b e t
ion o f t he t wo c ondensers . The p osi-
i
s al abor ious t ask, n o
t t o b e r ecom - awkward , a nd n o d oubt t he c ons tant t
ive s ide o f t he o utput l i
ne_ is t hat
mended t o the ama teur , b ut
, f ortuna te- outpu t t ube w i
ll s ee the l ght o f d ay which i s connec ted t o t he c athode n ot
l
y
, t he u se o f a n a d
jus tab le p o ten tio- s
ome t ime. p
rev ious ly u sed, a nd t he n egative o f
meter, whereby a n a r tif
ic ial c entre t
he o u tpu t ist he mode n ot previous ly
p
oin t may b e l ocated a ccura te ly, p ro- u
sed . A c hoke c oi
l i s c onnec ted i n

-
v
ides a s olution o f t he d if icu lty. OH M
'S LA W
. t
he p os it
ive l ead t o the l oad.

O
The c onnec t
ion o f ap oten tiome ter i n HM 'S l aw r e
la tes c urren t, v oltage Ra t
ing o f 2 525 .
p
lace o f t he e xisting c en tre -tapp ing i s and r es
is tance . The c urren t i n
qu
ite s imp le, a nd, i ndeed , i s o nly t he amperes i se qua l t o t he v oltage i n One a dvan tage o f ac i
rcu it l ike t his
work o f a momen t. The e nds • o
f t he v
olts d ivided b y t he r esistance i n o hms . i
s t hat i t i s often p oss ib le t o d ispense
w
i th t he p ower t rans former , f o r i f a
r
e s
is tance w inding a re j oined a cro ss The v oltage i n v olts e qua ls t he r esist-
10 v olt r ile i s connec ted d irec tly t o
t
he t rans former w ind ing , a nd t he w ire a
nce i n o hms mu ltip lied b y the c urren t
t
he r ec tifier t he o utpu t v oltage w ill be
which was o riginally c onnec ted t o t he i
n amperes . The r esistance i n ohms
a
bou t 2 20 v olts. I ndeed , i f the d rain
c
en tre p o
in t i stransferred t o t he p oten- e
qua ls the v oltage i n v olts d iv ided b y
i
sn ot g rea t t he v oltage may b e h igher,
t
iome ter s l
ider t erm ina l
. t
he c urren t i n amperes . Where f rac-
A s uitab le v alue o f r esis tance i s t
iona l values a re t r eated i ti su sual t o b
ecause ..the l imiting v alue i s t wice t he
p
eak o f t he l ine v oltage . Assum ing
a
bou t 2 0 o hm s
, a nd i s b y n o means exp ress t hem i n the ir d ecima l f orm s—
t
ha t t he l ine v oltage i s s i nuso ida l
, t he
cr
itica l. Ready-made p oten t:ome ters, t
ha t i s
, o ne-ten th ampere wou ld b e 0 .
1
s
pec ially i ntended f or t his p urpose , a nd l
imi t i s3 31 v olts. I f t he s e
t d oes n ot
ampere , a nd o ne o ne -
thousand th o f a n
r
equ ire a g rea t d eal o f c urren t t he v o
lt-
which o ccupy v ery l i
t tle s pace , a re ampe re a s 0 .
000 1 ampere . One o f t he
age w il
l b e a t l east 2 20 v olts, a nd t hat
a
va ilab le c ommerc ia lly. fi
rst t hings o ne s hould l e
arn a bou t
i
ss uffe ien t f or mos t p urposes .
e
lec tric
ity i s Ohm 's l aw f or d irec t cur-
The 2 5Z5 t ube i s r a ted a t 1 25 v o
lts
r
en ts. I f y ou w i
ll work o ut af ew e x-
W HERE TO PUT VOLU ME R
.M .S . max imum p er a node a nd a
amp les y ou w ill s oon b ecome f amiliar
CO NTROL
. max imum c urren t o f 1 00 m i
lliamperes .
w
i th t he t hree f orm s o f t he l aw a nd
Thus i t c an b e u sed s afely i n a s et
t
hen w ill n eed n o p rin ted r em inder .
T
HE t ype o f v olume c on tro l a nd i t
s u
sing t wo 4 3 t ubes p rov ided t ha t t he
p
lacemen t w ill d epend c ons ider - 4
8s a re s ligh tly o verb iased a nd t he
ably o n r ece iver d esign . Thus , o
ther t ubes d o n ot t ake a g reat
PUS H
-PULL RESISTANCE
i
f the d etec tor ( or s econd d etec to r i n d
ea l o f c urren t. However , w :th c om-
AUDIO.
s
uperhe terodynes ) i s f ully p rotec ted b
ina tion t here wou ld b e n oth ing w ith
f
r
s
i
c
om d
ble t
hanne
anger o
o p
l
, a
u
l
t t
f o
he c
though t
ver
on
h
load
tro
is s
, i
l i
hou
ti
n t
ld b
s perm
he a
e d
ud
is-
io
one
W HAT i
s
eems t
c
uit, p
s t

ush
he t
o b e a l
-pu l
roub

l r
i
ke
es
le w
ly a
is
i th wha
ud
tance c
io c
oup
ir
t
-
-
wh
s
ich t
peaker
o a
. u
c
n
tua te t
less s
he f
o me o
ield o
f t
f amagne
he a va i
t
lab
ic
le
v
ol tage w ere d ropp ed i n t he f ield , that
i
n a manner n ot t o c onst i tu te c hange l
i
ng? Th is i s ac ommon q uestion a t i
s
, i f the f i
eld c oi
l w ere c onnec ted a s
i
n v olume a c on tro l o f t one a s w el
l. t
he p resen t time .
ac hoke .
One a dvantage o f s uch l o
ca t
ion i s t he A
s y et p ush-pu ll r esis tance c oup ling
A r ectifier o f this k ind i sp ar ticu larly
a
vo idance o f d etun ing e fec ts, o therw ise i
si n t he e xper imen tal s t age, s o d esign -
u
se ful i n m idge t s ets. I f t h
is r ectif
ier
i
nev i
tab ly p resen t. However , i n a e
rs o f k its a n
-1 s ets d o n ot wan t t o i
s u sed o n a2 30 v olt c i-c u it ar esistor
s
uperhe terodyne t hese wou ld n ot b
e i
nclude a c i
rcu :t t ha t i s n ot mo re o r mus t b e p laced i n s eries w i th t he i nput
s
erious i n t he i ntermed iate amp lifier. l
ess f oolproof . T ests o f s uch c ircu i
ts
voltage t o t he r ectifier s o t hat t he v ol
t-
Grid bias v arian ts h ave s hown d e
tun ing made i n o u- l abora to ries s howed v ary -
age i s r educed t o 10 v olts.
t
o a s much a s 20 k c. f or t he c ontro lled i
ng r esul ts, b ut e ven t he b est r esu l
ts
c
ircuit n ear t he h igh f r
equency e nd o f d
id ; not . produce e nough ( s ensitiV'ty .
t
he b roadcas t b and . Theoret ica lly a t The m e
thod , s o fa r
. s ee m s t o c oncern THE THREE R 'S OF RADIO
.
l
east, t he v olume c on tro l s hou ld b e a s
imp ly c oun t
ing f rom o ne s tage t o
- t he
(Con
tinued f
rom p
age 1
5
.)
g
ain c on trol a nd a n i npu t c on trol, b e- o
u tput w i thou t much d •sto rtion, b ut
c
ause t he amoun t o f g ain s hou ld b e t
ha t cou ld b e d one w i th l ess a djustmen t i
ndividua l tuning c ircu'ts i tis possible
c
ut d own t o r educe t he n o ise, a nd t he t
roub le b y t he s ing le -sided c oup l
ing t
o s ecure a n o veral
l r esponse c urve
amoun t o f sgna l i npu t c ut d own t o f
rom - d etec tor t o o utpu t. New p o ssi- a
pproach ing t he f l
at t opped c urve o f
p
reven t c ross -modu lation a nd o ver - b
ilif es a re o f
fered b y t he 5 3 t ube, a nd F
ig. 9 5
.
l
oads o f o ther t ypes . So c ompound no d oub t e xper imen ts w ill b e c arr ied Although e xtreme s electivity i s un-
c
on trols a re s ome t imes u sed . There i s on
. b ut t h e a djustmen t mus t b e e xpe c- d
esirab le from t he p o
in t o f v i
ew o f
no altogether s a t
is fa ctory v olume c on - t
ed t o b e b eyond t he c apab ilities o f t he s
ideband s uppress ion, i ti s usual
ly a d-
t
rol, s o f ar a s we k now , a nd mos t e n- g
enera l r un o f c ons truc to rs, who h ave v
an tageous t o k eep t he r e
sistance o f
g
ineers mus t. f
eel m ild ly s tumped when not t he, d ynam ic i n strumen ts f or e f- t
he t uned c i
rcuits a s l ow a s possible
t
hey c ome t o the c on tro l f ea ture . P er- f
ectua ting p rimer b alance . An u nba l- i
n o rder to s ecure max imum amp lif
ica-
h
aos t he d ay w ill c ome when c ons tan t a
nced a ttemp ted n ush -pu ll a ud :o c ircu it t
ion, a nd s ecure t he r igh t amoun t of
o
u tput t ubes w ill b e d eve lop ed, s o t hat i
s as orry t h
ing i ndeed . (
Con t
inued o n p age 2 4
.)

a
P
age Twenty-T wo O
ctober 1
, 1
933
44 01DIE R 4 S E TS

I
D
I C E

u t Á s u

A DEPART MENT TO HELP SOLVE THE VARIOUS TECHNICAL PROBLE MS W HICH ARE
ENCOUNTERED BY THE RADIO SET BUILDER AND EXPERI MENTER
.
Wi
ll y ou p lease e xplain t he me thod You d o n o
t g ive p articular s a bout o
us c ontribut
ion. I t may b e that t he
o
f i mpregna ting p ower t r ansformers , y
our s et
, b u
t i ft here is al i
tt
le h um i n amplification in t he se t also w il
l b e
a
nd o the r s uch t ransformers , a nd s tate i
tat p resen t, e ven a b arely d iscernible n
o t
iceab ly increased in c onsequence . A
t
he a dvan tage s g a
ined b y d o
ing s o? n
ote when n o s tation i s t uned i n
, y ou p
resen t s et us
ing a 2 80, w ith u p to 8
"S
ta l
loy," G eelong , V ic toria
. c
an reduce t he h um ma te rially b y doub- mfds. n ext to the rect
ifier ( f
i
lam ent t o
When t he t r
ansfo rmer i s b u
ilt i t l
i
ng t he amoun t o f capacity n ext to the B m inus ), may h ave t he c apaci ty
i
s p u
t i n av acuum t ank, a nd a fter a r
ect
ifier, a nd u sing t he 5 Z3 i n
stead o f doubled, a nd ifthe n ewer t nbe is s ub-
c
er ta
in d eg ree o f e vacua t
ion mo l ten t
he 2 80. s
t
itu ted i tw i
ll stand t he d ra
in n icely.
wax o r s im i
lar c ompound i s poured The 5 Z3 h asn '
t a nything p ar t
icular which t he 280 m ight n o
t, b ecause o f
i
nto t he v at p ^ ,l t
hus f i
l
ls t he t rans - t
o d o with t he h um , b ut i td oes s tand t
he h igh d emand o n i t at turning o n
f
ormer p ore :
, n r o pen 'ngs, a s w ell a s a
bou t t wice a s much c urren t d rain as t
he s et.
c
ove r
in7 t he s urface. T he t rans former t
he 2 80
, a nd t he e xtra c ondenser w i
ll
t
hus t rea ted b ecomes r e
la tively f ree p
ut ah igh c ur rent s tarting d rain o n Wou ld you g
ive me d
etai
ls
f
ronit he d eleterious e fects o f mo isture , t
he r ect
ifier t ube, b esides r aising t he o
f both c
oils i
n t
he "Music
a
nd s hou ld h ave a l onger l i
fe a nd g ive Bv oltage a l i
ttle, the l a
tter a c ontinu - Mas ter Batte ry Four?" A
lso i s
b
etter per fo rmance . I ta lso t ightens u p i
t s atisfacto ry t
o work t
he se
t
t
he c ore i ft h
is i sdipped a l
so , a nd p re- f
rom a D .C . ma ins e l
im ina tor, and wha t
v
en ts v ibra tion o f t he l am inations a
re t he B a nd C v o
ltages when u sing
After t he i mpregna tion t he t rans- T
his F r
ee T e
chn i
cal 1
50 v o
l ts as max imum? B .R., B runs-
f
ormer i sc ased i n iron.
I
n
f ormation S e
rvice i s w
ick
F
, V
or b
ic
o
to
th c
r
ia.
oil s w e refer y ou t o the
Afte r const ruc ting a r ece iver, using O
p en t o All " Modern Messrs . A . J . V eall
, 2 47 Swans ton-
t
he 2 87 a s d etector , a , v, c , tube a nd s
treet. The h igh t ension s upply c ould
a
ud io am ef ier, c oup led t o the 2A5 , I S
e
t s" R eade
rs. When b
e o btained f rom a D .C. e l
im inator,
f
i
i
nd t
f t he
hat t
re i
he
s ab
re i s ah
ypass c
igh -pitched n
ondenser a
ote
cross
F
orw arding Your Q ue
s- b
u
t
e
t i
ry f
t wou
or t
ld b
he f i
l
e adv
amen
isab
t l i
le t
gh t
o u
ing
se a b
. Do n
a
t
o
-
t
t
he 2 A5 b iasing r esis tor
. I f Il eave t
i
on B e S u
re t o Give e
arth t he s et.
out t he c ondense r t he s et s eems t o The v oltag es w ill b e a s follow s: B
wo rk a ll right. Wou ld y ou p lease e x- E
very D eta
il P oss
ible p
lus max . 1 50 v ol
ts, B p lus S .G. 7 5
p
lain t he cause o f t his? R .K .S., Ring - v
olts, C— 2 , 1 5 volts, a nd C — I , 3
wood , V ic
tor ia. R
eg ard
ing t h
e T ype of v
olts.

d
T
er s
he om
uch c
iss
i
ion
rcums
t
he c
tances i sn
ondenser u
ot o nly g
n
ood
- R
ec e
iver, M ake a nd
I am a nxious t o b uild a b attery -
p
ra ctice, b ut n ecessary . However , if T
yp e o f Valve
s a nd o
pe rated rece
iv er, using e lectron c oup -
y
ou d esire t o i nclude t he c ondenser , l
ing i n the m ixe r o f the s upe rhe t
ro -
which wou ld b e of l arge c apacity, then S
peak er
, and Al
l Detai
ls dyne, but wou ld d esire to c onfine t his
y
n
ou c
ote b
ould g
y p utt
et r
ing a 0
i
d o
.
f t
002 c
he i
onden
nterfer
ser fr
ing
om
Which Y ou C on s
ider wo
t
rk t
he p
o one t
roper t
ube
ube
, s
? S.T
o w
., F
i
ll y
oo
ou s
tscray
ugges
, V ic
t
-
t
he p l
a te o f the 2 B7 t o e arth. May H elp Us to S o
lve t
oria.
S
ince the receipt o f your i nquiry a
I am r
ebu i
lding my receiver to bring Y
ou r Troubl
e. O n
ly in b
attery t ype o entag rid t ube h as b een
i
t u
t
p t
he 5 2
o d
3 r
ate
ect
, a
if
ie
nd am i
r i
ns
n
tead o
tend
f t
ing u
he p
s
ing
resent
S
pecial C
i
rcumstances a
nnounced
i
n t his i
, a
s
nd y
sue
.
ou w
A
i
lso
ll f
, t
i
nd t
h
e c
he d
ircu
e
i
tai
t i
ls
s
2
80. Wou ld y ou g
ive me y our advice C
an W e A nswer E n- g
iven. T his tube f i
lls an eed, a s y ou
on th
is move? L R .J
., B endigo
, V ic
- i
ntima te
, part
icu lar
ly a s the a- c a nd 6 -
t
oria
. q
u
iriesby Post
. v
olt e qu
ivalents. the 2 A7 a nd t he 6A7 ,
October 1
, 1
933
. n
UIEI
R S E T S P
age Twen
ty-
three

h
ave p roved s o s uccess fu l i n a ctua l s
hou ld b e in a p osition t o s ide w ith a
re in mos t genera l use, a nd i tis the
opera tion . I t i sn't a lways t rue t hat a t
hose who r ealise the s uperior q uality i
ntent
ion o f the manu facturers t o a dd
t
ube r epresen ting a d epar ture f rom a
ttained from t he low -mu o u
tpu t t ubes, t
o this r ange s hortly
. Te e character-
p
rev ious me thods p roves r ead ily u se fu l a
nd , moreover , y ou s hould n ot c on fuse i
s
tics of t he C atk in valves f ollow those
i
n a ctua l c ircu its, s i nce e xper ience h as s
ens i
tivity w ith p ower -handling c apa- o
f the g lass e qu ivalents, a nd for which
t
o d ic ta te t he b es t way t o o pera te t he b
i
lity. S ens
itiv ity re
la tes to the amoun t t
hey s erve a s r eplacemen ts. The f our
t
ube . B ut i n t his i n stance , a s i s true o
f v ol
tage i nput r equired f or a de- t
ypes i s
sued a re t hose a dop ted in t he
i
n r egard t o n ear ly a l
l t he t ubes a n - q
ua te quantity o fsound o utput. P ower - more p opu lar s e
ts, s o t hat i n many
r
ounced d uring t he p as t y ear , c ons ider - h
and ling c apab il
ity r
e
lates t o t he c
ases i mmed ia te a dvan tage c an b e
a
ble e xper ience p receded t he a nnounce - amoun t of v oltage t ha t can b e p ut i n t
aken of t heir u se
.
men t o f t he t ube , a nd r esu lts w ere w
i thout distor ting t he o utput. At al a
ter d ate w e hope t o give a re-
s
uperb . An e xcep tion i s t he 2 B7 , p
ort of o ur own e xperiences w ith t
hese
wh ich r equ ires c are fu l c ho ice o f l o ad IONISED AT MOSPHERE v
alves.
c
ons tan ts a nd v oltages a nd e xper i - LAYERS.
men ters a re f ind ing t ha t s l
igh t d epa r - (Con
tinued f
rom p
age 1
7
.) M AKING YOUR O WN RECORDS .
t
u re f rom wha t t he t ube manu fac turers • ( Con t
inued f rom p age 1 8
.)
r
e commended i mproves r esu l ts, e .g., u se Efec t o f Darkness . with a n i nsula ting ma ter ial such a s
o
f a1 00,000 -ohm p la te l oad , i nstead o f -When p
ass ing f rom F -1 t o F -2, t he Celo tex. The i n
side wa lls a nd c ei
ling
2
50 ,000 o hms , a nd o f al ow s creen v olt - v
irtua l h eigh t f requen tly r eaches 8 00 o r s
hou ld b e p artly c overed w ith h eavy
a
ge i n a udio amp lificat ion , a round 2 0 t o 9
00 k ilome ters , a bou t 50 m iles. d
rapes s o a s t o l ower t he r everbera-
2
5 v olts. • "As e ven ing a pproaches , r eflec tions t
ion c onstant . The amoun t -o
f drapery
I
n u sing my n ew ly -pu rchased s ho rt - no l onger c ome f r om t he E l ayer a nd i
sb es t determ ined b y exper imen t. The
wave s e t Ih ear wha t Ia ssume t o b e t
he l ong r etarda tion b etween F -1 a nd r
oom s hou ld h ave a s ligh t amoun t of
c
ommerc ia l s ta tion s, a l
though t he s et F-2 b ecomes l ess p ronounced . By s un - r
esonance s o t ha t the faith ful recording
i
st uned t o s o me f requency o r f r
equen - s
et t he c urve i s a lmos t s tra igh t a nd o
f t he h igh n otes i s possib le. By a
c
ies i n t he ama teur b and . I s i t af ac t t
here i s l i
tt le c hange o f h eigh t w ith s
l
igh t amoun t o f r esonance i s mean t
t
ha t t here a re c om merc ia l s t ations i n f
requency . L ater a t n igh t t he h ighes t t
ha t t he c ond itions mus t b e such t ha
t
t
he am ateur b ands , a nd i s i t p er m is - f
requenc ies c ease t o b e r e turned a nd a p erson t alking a t t he m icrophone
s
ib le? I t hough t t he ama teur b ands l
ong r etarda tions a ga in o ccur . The w
ill s ound t he s a me a s ap erson t a
lk-
w ere f or ama teur s. A
.R .C .
, Bond i, phenomenon o f d oub le r e frac tion i s i n i
ng i n a n a verage d ining r oom . I
t
N.S . W . e
vidence a t t his t ime . mus t b e b orne i n m ind t hat in c om-
Yes, t here a re c ommerc ia l s t ations "The c urves c on ta in many i mpor tan t merc ial wo rk t he p roper a coustica
l
opera ting i n t he ama teur b ands , p ar - d
e tai
ls wh ich wou ld b e i mpo ss ib le t o t
rea tmen t of t hé r ecording r oom i sj us
t
t
icu lar ly t he 4 0 -me tre b and , where t heir r
ecord b y p resen t me thods o f m anua l a
s i mportan t a n i t
em a s t he a pparatus
l
o ca tion i s o f d oub tfu l l ega l
i ty. The opera tion ." i
t
se lf, and n o e fo rt shou ld b e spared to
ques tion i s l i kely t o c ome t o ah ead Magne tic Wave s. a
ch ieve t hese r esu l
ts, Good r ecords
when t he Madr id c on ference r ecommen - Dr. Kar l A . J ansky , o f t he B ell T ele - mean " repea t b us
iness ."
dation s a re c ons idered b y t he S ena te . phone Labora to r
ie s, d iscussed e lectro -

W
Although t he t op ic i s n ot d irec tly i n magne tic wave s : BLIND W ORKER
'S COURAGE
.
l
ine w ith t he Madr id r epor t, c onf ine - "Elec tro - magne tic waves o f a n u n- HEN a man i s u p a gains t i ta nd
men t o f ama teur p rivi leges t o c ontinen - known o rig in were d etec ted d ur ing a yet s till s t
rugg les o n, f ighting
t
al u se i s o ne o f t he d irect c ons idera - s
e r
ies o f e xper imen ts o n a t mospher ics t
he m isfor tunes t ha t b e se t h im ,
t
ions , a nd n o d oub t t he o ther s ubjec t a
t h igh f requenc ies . Direc tiona l r e- we a dm ire h im f or h is c ourage , d on 't
wi ll b e b roached , a long w i th o ther c
ords h ave b een t aken o f t hese waves we? How much more t hen must we
p
rob lems n et tling ama teurs . There i s f
or a p eriod o f o ver a y ear . The d a ta adm ire t he c ourage , a nd f ort itude , t oo,
t
oo much c onges tion i n t he p r
inc ip al obtained f rom t hese r ecords s how t ha t o
f t he c raf tsmen o f t he V ic tor ian
ama teur b ands b y ama teurs t hemse lves t
he h or izon tal c omponen t o f t he d irec - Blind I nstitu te, who , d esp ite t he ir t re-
(
though u navo idab le a t p resen t), w ith - t
ion o f a rr iva l c hanges 3 00 d egrees i n mendous p hys ica l h and icap , a re t rying
ou t i nter ference a dded b y c ommerc ia l abou t t wen ty -four h ours i n a manner t
o e arn a l iving f or t hemse lves a nd
s
ta tions . * t
ha t i s a ccoun ted f or i n t he d ai ly r o- t
he ir f am i
lies .
,Recen tly I s ubs titu ted a p air o f 2A3 t
ation o f t he e arth . These c ra f tsmen a re p roduc ing c oir
t
ubes f or 2A5 's i n p ush -pu ll, a nd wa s "Fur thermore , t he t ime a t wh ich ma ts a nd ma tting wh ich i so f e qua l, i f
surpr ised t o f i nd t ha t t he v olume t
hese waves a re a t a max imum , a nd not s uper ior , q uality t o t hat manu fac -
dropped t o a bou t o ne -th ird o f i ts f or - t
he d irec tion f r om wh ich t hey c ome a t t
ured b y n ative s i
gh ted l a bour i n other
mer s trength . As t he 2A3 's a re r ated t
ha t t ime , c hanges g radua lly t hrough - c
oun tries . When y ou n eed ma ts, give
a
t 1 5 wat ts u nd is tor ted o utpu t
, h ow i s out t he y ear i n a way t ha t i sa ccoun ted at hough t t o t hese b rave p eop le who
i
s t ha t t he h igh -mu o utpu t t ubes g ave for b y t he r o ta tion o f t he e ar th a bou t a
re k eep ing t hemse lves , a ssis ted b y t he
bet ter r esu lt s? —F . McR . (Kew , V ic - t
he s un . compass iona te a l
lowance wh ich g ene -
t
or ia) . Direc tion I s F ixed Above . r
ous c i
tizens s ubscr ibe t o t he I ns t
itu te
Using a p air o f 2A3 's i n p ush -pu ll, t
o e ncourage t hem i n t he ir. work . The
t
he o utpu t may b e 1 5 wa tts w ithou t a s "These f a cts l e ad t o t he c onc lus ion produc ts o f t hese b lind c raf tsmen a re
much d istor tion a s i s o b ta ined f rom t
ha t t he d irec tion o f a rr iva l o f t hese on s ale t hroughou t V ic tor ia . You c an
2A5 p ush -pu l l a t l eas t l e ss t han h alf waves i s f i
xed i n s pace : t ha t i s
, t hat r
ecogn ise t hem b y t he b rand , " Blind
t
ha t p ower o utpu t
. To b e a ble t o u se t
he waves c ome f rom s o me o ther Ins t
itu te."
source o u tside o f t he s olar s ystem . By O
ther s killed B lind I ns titu te work -
2A3 t ubes i n stead o f 2A5 t ubes i t i s
necessary t o h ave s uf ic ien t d riving noting t he r igh t a scens ion a nd t he d e- men a re e ngaged i n p roduc ing b aske t
-
c
lina tion when t heir i n tens ity i s g rea t
- ware a nd b rushware . Piano t uning ,
vol tage a head o f t he o utpu t s tag e,
wh ich y our r ece iver e viden tly h asn 't, e
s t, the s ource i si nd ica ted t o b e e ither t
oo , i s among t heir a ctivit ies.
for t he work ing mu o f t he n ewer t ubes the c en tre o f t he M ilky Way g alaxy o r
Can You T ie a Kno t —B lindfo lded?
Iso nly a s ma ll f rac tion o f t ha t o f t he from t he d ire ction o f t he movemen t o f I
t i s n ot e asy t o d o e ven s imp le
pen iodes . You m igh t t ry 3 '5 6 ' dr
iver the s olar s ys tem w i th r espec t t o t he manua l t a sk s w ithou t t he u se o f y our
stage . Then , o f c ourse , t he o utpu t i m- naked -eye s tars . The M i
lky Way i s eyes. Therefore , a ll c red i
t i s d ue t o
pedance i s q ui te d ifferen t, b eing a bou t the more l ike ly s ource o f t he t wo ." the c raf tsmen o f t he V ic torian B lind
ha lf a s g rea t f or t he 2A3 's a s f or t he Ins t
itu te , who , f acing a t remendous
THE CATKIN VALVE . phys ica l h and icap , p roduce c oir ma ts
2A5 's. E ither y ou s hou ld g et ap roper
(
Con
tinued f
rom p
age 2
0
.) and ma tting t hat a re e qua l, i f n ot
s
peaker o r i n sta ll a p roper ma tch ing
t
rans fo rmer i n y our p resen t s peaker . t
heir appearance o
n the market a
lmost s
uper io r, t o t hat p roduced b y n ative
When t hese p recau tions a re t aken y ou i
mmed iately
. These a
re t
he types wh
ich sigh ted l abou r i n f oreign c oun trjcs.
 P
age Twen
ty-Four Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
.
/
441DIAL M
e
i
r
i ET'S

THE THREE R 'S OF RADIO. c

rease t he d i
s tribu ted c apac ity e fect o
ther a t diferen t a ngles . They may b e
(
Con
tinued f
rom p
age 2
1
.) a
nd a l
so t he l o sses. D istributed c apa- p
urchased i n aw ide v a rie ty o f s izes.
c
i
ty i n at uning c o
il isalso a d isadvan t- F
ig . 9 9D s hows a D o r " f
igure 8 "
s
elec t
iv i ty b y p roper c oup ling o f t he
a
ge since i tlowers t he frequency r ang e c
oil, s o c alled b ecause e ach o f i t
s t wo
p
rimary a nd s econdary c oils. The
o
ver wh ich a c oil c an be t uned b y a n h
alves f orm t he l etter D , a nd t he who le
s
um t ota l o f a ll t he l o sses i n at uning
e
xternal c ondenser ; for e ven when t he c
oils f o rms t he f igure 8 .
c
oil a re u sua lly l umped a nd e xpressed
e
xternal c ondenser i s at i t
s m inimum I
t i s wound b y s lotting at ube o r may
a
s t he A . C . r es istance o f t he c oil
.
v
alue, the f ul
l d istributed c apac i
ty i s c
ons ist o f t wo s epara te i n
terconnec ted
W e lih th is i sn o t t echn ica lly c orrec t, i t
s
hunting t he c o i
l. I f high i nduc tance c
oils. The magne tic f i
e lds o f t he t wo
h
as b ecome t he a ccep ted p rac tice , s ince
v
alues, n ecessitat ing t he u se o f mu l
ti- a
id e ach o ther i nside t he t ube , a nd o p-
t
he f ina l e fec t o f t hese l o
sses i s t o re-
l
aver coi
ls , are n ecessary, t he w inding s p
ose e ach o ther o u tside , s o t ha t av ery
duce t he c urren t i n t he t uned c ircu it
,
s
hould b e b ank -wound ( F
ig. 9 9F) t o sma ll e xterna l f i
eld i s p roduced .
j
us t e xac tly a s i ft he t uned c i rcu it h ad
r
educe t he d istribu ted c apac i
ty. Th is r educes s tray magne t
ic c oup ling
no r es istance a nd w e i nser ted r esist-
J
ust a s t he c apaci ty of ac ondenser w
i th o ther c o
ils i n t he r eceiver .
a
nce i n i tb y means o f ar heo sta t.
may b e d ecreased b y d ecreasing t he Fig. 9 9E s hows a b inocu lar c oil
. Th is
One s ource o f l oss, k nown a s. the
s
ize of t he p lates o r increasing t he d i
s- c
ons ists o f t wo s epara te c oils c onnec ted
s
kin e fec t
, i s d ue t o t he f a ct t hat a t
t
ance b e twe en t hem , the d istributed i
n s e r
ies , a nd h av ing magne tic f ie
lds
t
he h igh f requenc ies t he c urren ts t ra-
c
apac ity o f ac oil c an b e reduced b y a
s s hown . Th is a lso h as a v ery r e -
v
el o nly o ver t he s ur face o r " sk in" o f
u
sing a s maller w ire o r b y l eaving a s
tric ted e xterna l magne t
ic f i
eld, i s
t
he w ire , t hus mak ing o nly a s ma ll p ro-
s
pace b e tween t he a d
jacen t t urns o f e
as ier t o c ons truc t, a nd i s more ef i -
portion o f t he t ota l c ro ss -sec tiona l
ac oil
. The s ize o f the w ire c annot c
ien t t han t he D c oi
l.
a
rea o f t he w ire e fect ive i n c arry ing
t
he c urren t
, i ncreas ing t he r es is tance . b
e d ecreased t oo much , f or the r esis
t- Fig . 9 9 F s hows a t wo l ayer b ank
Ano ther i st ha t d ue t o t he e ddy c ur- ance w ill t hen i ncrease, a nd t he d i
s- wound c oil, a nd F ig . 9 9g s hows o ne
r
en ts s et u p in t he w ires o f t he c o
il b y t
ance between t
urns c
anno t b
e o
f f our l ayers . Th is t ype o f w ind ing
t
he v ary ing magne tic f ield. This i n
- made t oo l a
rge , for t he inductance w il
l i
s u sed where a l arge i nduc tance i sr e -
c
reases a s the d iame ter o ft he w ire u sed t
hen b e d ecreased , n ecessitat
ing more quired w i th a sma ll d i stribu ted c apa -
t
urns f or a g iven v alue w ith c onse- c
ity . F ig. 9 9K s hows a t orro ida l c o il.
i
s i ncreased . The t otal r esis tance o f
t
he R . F . c oil i n creases g rea tly a s t he quent i n creased r esistance a nd a dded This h as p rac tica lly n o e xterna l f i
eld .
c
apac ity
. Wh ile these a
nd many o
ther
f
r equency i s i ncreased . The amoun t
o
f r esis tance i n crease d epends o n t he f
o rms o
f coils h
ave been d
e -
shlpe o f t he c oil a nd s :
ze o f w ire . F or v
eloped f
or s
pec ia l purposes ,
1
00

i
n stance , as ingle l ayer s oleno id c oil of t
he f act r ema ins .t ha t f or a g iven
300 m icrohenr ies i nduc tance , s onsis t
- amoun t o f i nduc tance (wi th in t he
broadcas t f r equency r ange ) t he mos t
b
ag o f a bou t 5 8 t urns o f No . 2 8 D . C. C.
efic ien t c o
il i s o ne o f as imp le s o le -
(
doub le c otton c overed ) w ire wound
noid f o rm , F ig. 9 9M h av ing a r atio o f
on a 3 -
inch d iame ter t ube , was m ea -
d
i ame ter t o l eng th o f a bou t 2 .5. Th is
sured a nd f ound t o h ave a r es istance
of 3.15 o hms o n d i rec t c urren t, 6o hms r
a tio c an b e r educed t o a bou t 1w ith -
a
t 5 00 k ilo cyc les ( 600 m etres ), 1 0 o hms out s erious ly a fec ting t he e ficiency o f
t
he c oil. On b roadcast wave leng ths i t
a
t 1 000 k ilocyc les ( 300 me tres ), a nd 1 4
makes l i
ttle d iference whe ther t he c oil
ohms a t 1 500 k ilo cyc les ( 200 m e tres) . • s
ea s
o° 000 l
e o uo
ret P UE NC Y i
s s el
f s uppor ting o
r whe ther i t i s
Distr ibu ted C apac ity . wound o n at hin i nsula ted f o rm . The
F
ig. 9
6
.
Ano ther u ndes irab le c oi l c harac teris - la
t ter i s p referab le f or i t
s mechan ica l
t
i
c i s k nown a s t he d i stribu ted c apa - A s olenoid . o tton c
overed w ire rigid ity. I ti sn ot n eces sary t o u se w ire
c
i
ty . 'S ince t he v ar ious t urns o f ac oil a
round No . 2 4 B a nd S g auge wound larger t han a bou t 2 4 B a nd S g auge .
a
re c onduc t
ing s urfaces s epara ted b y t
ight, a lready h as e nough s pacing b e
- No. 2 6 o r 2 8 c an b e u sed s atisfac tor ily .
i
nsu lating ma teria ls, t hey f orm t iny tween t he c onduc tors d ue t o the d ouble The d esign o f at un ing c o
il o f t his t ype
c
ondensers . The a djacen t t urns a re a t t
hickness o f t he i n sulation . When e n- will b e c ons idered .
d
iferent v oltages , s o t ha t a t h igh f re- ame l
led w ire i s u sed a s pac ing e qual Now i t i s e viden t t ha t f or p rac t
ica l
q
uenc ies, sma l
l a lterna t
ing c urren ts e x- t
o h alf t he d iame ter o f the w ire may b e r
easons c oils mus t b e made o f a d e-
i
s
t i n t hese d i stribu ted c ondensers ( F
ig . emp loyed . The w ire i s u sua lly wound f
inite s i
ze a nd o f p roper r i g
id i ty. S ince
9
8A) . B y i mag in ing a ll t he l i
t tle d is- i
n as p
ira l g roove , mach ine c ut ligh t
ly t
he p os i
tion o f n earby me ta llic o bjec ts
t
r
ibu ted c apac i ties o f t hese c ondensers i
nto t he c oi
l f orm . Th is g ives a ccura te c
auses l osses d ue t oa bso rpfon o fe nergy
l
umped i n to o ne c ondenser , t he c oil s
pac ing . I t is o bv ious t hat t he d istri- d
ue t o t he s ett
ing u p o f e ddy c urren ts,
i
na3T b e c onsidered a s ap ure i nduc tance b
u ted c apac ity i ncreases w ith t he d ia- a
nd i nters tage c oup l
ing i s u ndes irab le,
w
i th a c ondenser C d i n p ara l
le l. A t meter o f t he c oil, s :nce t his i ncreases t
he s izes a nd s hapes o f c oi
ls v ary .
l
ow f requenc ies t he c ondenser e fec t is t
he e fec t
ive s urface a rea. Some c oils a re 3 i nches i n d iame ter .
neglig ible a nd a ll t he c urren t f lows Lorenz d eve loped a c oi
l hwav ing a s
ome 2 i n ches . a nd l ate ly c oils a s s ma ll
t
hrough t he w ire. However , i ft he f re- l
ow d i
stribu ted c anac ity; b y w inding a
s 1i nch i n d iame ter h ave c ome i nto
q
uency i s p rogress ively i n creased , t he t
he w ire o n as e
ries o f pegs a rranged i n e
x tended u se o n a ccm in t o f t he ir l im i-
r
eac tance o f t he i nduc tive p art o f t he a circ le, h e wa s a b
le t o agzag i t a s t
ed e xterna l f i
eld .
c
oil i ncrea ses a nd t hat o f t he d istr ibu - s
hown i n Fig . 99a. No t wo w ires a re
t
ed c apac ity d ecrea ses, u ntil ap o
in t is p
ara lle l t o each o ther f or a ny d istance
r
eaher where p rac tically a ll o f t he c ur-

9
/
-
a
t c lose p rox im ity.
r
ent p asses t hrough t he d istribu ted
c
apac ity, a nd t he c oil behaves l i
ke ac on - Another way o f r
educing capaci
ty is
d
enser . The work ing f requency r ang e by winding t he co
ils on f l
at str
ips
o
f a t uning c oi
l mus t b e n ecessa r
i ly mounted radially l
ike the spokes of a BRINGS YOU
whee
l a s i
n F ig. 99b, and zigzagging

"
Mod
ern S
e
ts",
sma ll i fi t i s t o h ave c ons tan t i nduc t-
t
he wire. Th is isknown a s the s
pider
ance. S ince t here a re l osses i n t hese
sma ll c ondensers d ue t o t he s olid i n
su - web coi
l.
l
ating ma ter ial, t he a pparen t r esis tance The honeycomb c oi
l, Fig. 99c
, i sused
FOR
o
f t he c oil i s i ncreased b y t heir p re- when large v alues o
f inductance a re re
-
s
ence . q
uired. I t is mounted o n ab ase hav- T WELVE M ONTHS
,
I
t isf or t his r eason t ha t t un ing c oils i
ng t wo c ontact p
ins f or plugg ing in POST FREE
.
shou ld n ot b e c oa ted w ith s hellac a nd a recep
tac le. The turns of e ach ad-
o
ther " dope" p repara tions wh ich i n
- j
acent l ayer a re made t o c ross e ach
 P
age Twen
ty-f
ive
Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
. 44
.0C EP S S

THERE'S M ONEY IN TALKIES

. sma ll a s 1i nch i n diame c
en tre t
ter . I ap r
t h as tesis
he tor s a re f loa ted a cross
(Con
tinued f
rom p
age 1
3
.) a
dded a dvan tage t hat f i
lt
heir r
ing a f espec
ter c ut
tive s
ting ocke ts .
i
s u nneeessary . Wir ing .
we r equ ire a wooden f rame -work 4 2 All w iring i s c arr ied o ul i n s hielded
i
nches h igh , 1 8 i nches w ide , a nd h aving You a re n ow r eady t o moun t y our
c
omponen ts. C ommence b a
nd e ar
y p thed 2 a
utt ing t hend g auge b ell w ire , w ith
built o n t o t he b o ttom , ab ox 1 2 i nche s t
he e xcep tion o f f i
lamen t a nd h igh -vo lt-
w
ide a nd 1 2 i nches h igh . The f rame - power p ack i nto o ne e nd o f t he b ox,
t
he p ower t rans fo rmer n age l
eares eads
t t , f
he por wh
ane l ich p urpose 1 6 g auge
work w ill h ave a s treng then ing s t rip twin l e
ad -covered c opper w ire i s u sed ;
a
cross t he m idd le, s o t ha t t he f rame c
hoke n ex t t o p ower t rans former , a nd
t
he t hree f i
lter c t
he l
ondensers n ead c
ex t tover
o t .ng t
he o b e e ar thed a nd a l
l
w
i ll b e r ig id . The t imber u sed i s 3x w
ires made a s s ho rt a s p oss ible. The
1i n
ch , wh ite p ine , f or t he f rame , a nd c
hoke , w i th t he r ecti fying v alve i mme -
d
ia tely i n f ron t o f t p
ane
he p l a nd s
ower t r he
anslves a
- s we ll a s t he b ox
1i nch wh i te p ine f or t he b ox . l
ining s hou ld b e j oined t oge ther w ith
f
ormer . Al
l t he c omponen ts c an b e
The p ane l i s o f 1 6 g auge e ngraver 's heavy g auge c opper w ire t o e nsure
s
ecured w ith wood s c rews t o t he wood
z
:nc , a nd i ss c rewed t o t he f ron t o f t he f
orm ing t he f l
oor o f t gool e
he b ox ar
, t th ing
hrough.
f
rame work w ith s em i-round h eaded holes d rilled i n t he z inc . Wire u T es t
ing a
p t he nd Opera t
ion .
wood s crews . The p ane l i s l e
f t i ts Hav ing w ired u p a nd c hecked o ver
p
ack , w ith t he e xcep tion o f 2 4 a nd 4
n
a tura l c olour , a nd c an b e c overed w i th w
ir ing w ith t he c ircu i t, w e n ow c om -
volt f ilamen ts, i n a ccordance w ith t he
c
lear l acquer t o p reserve i t
s p ol
ish . mence o ur t esting . Wi th t he r ec tifier
c
ircu .t, t aking c are t o t ake o ne e nd o f
Two b racke ts a re s crewed t o t he b ack omi tted , c are fu lly measure v oltages o f
t
he h igh v oltage w ind ing a nd s older
o
f t he f r amewo rk , 7 i n ches f rom t he t
he f i
lamen ts a t t he v alve s ocke ts.
i
t t o t he b ase . Th is f orms y our " B"
t
op , a nd c an b e o rd inary i ron s he l f These s hou ld r ead 2 1 a nd 4 v o
l ts r e-
n
ega tive , a nd i s also e ar thed, a n e ar th
b
racke ts o r wooden o nes 8 i nches w ide . t
erm ina l b eing f i
tted t s
pec
o t tive
he me ly w
ta i
l l th t
i
n- he v alves b urn ing .
"
I
'h e a c tua l s he lf wh ich i s s crewed t o i
ng o f t h
is b ox . C
lo se t he g rid c ircu it o f t he 2 56
t
hese b racke ts i s a no ther p iece o f 1 6 On t he m idd le s he l N
a
f tive w
he ma ith a p
in amp l
ii
-ck -up o r p iece o f w ire ,
gauge z inc 1 8 i nches x 8 i n ches , o n a
nd t he p la te c ircu it o f t he F 410 w ith
f
i
er c omponen ts a re moun ted . F our
wh ich i s moun ted t he g ain amp lif
ier . t
he s peaker . R ep la ce t he 5 Z3 v alve
i
nzhes f r om e i
ther e nd o f the s he lf a nd
Ano ther s he lf i s p laced o n t he f rame - a
nd s w
itch o n t he c urren t. A f
ter a l-
d
irec t
ly e quid is tan t f r om e ither s ide
wo rk i den tica l w i th t he o ne a bove , e x - moun t t he s ocke ts f l
ow
or t ing f
he v a or t
lves , the 2
he 56 t o warm u p, u sua l-
c
ep t tha ti ti s r ein forced w i
th 3 /8 i nch l
y a bou t t en s econds , l i
sten a t t he
s
ocke t f or t he F 410 a t t he e i
ld a bove
p
ine , 1 9 i nches f rom t he t op o f t he t
he p ower p ack , a nd i s
peaker a
n b etween t nd n
he t woote t he h um l eve l
. I t
pane l o r 1 2 i nches b elow t he o ther v
alve s ocke ts t he c hoke a s
hou ld b
nd t rans e p rac
former t
.ica l
ly n on-ex is ten t, a nd
s
he lf. Th is s hel f h ouses t he ma in am - i
fp ronounced i nd ica tes t ha t s ome th ing
These s hou ld b e p laced a t righ t a ng les
p
lifier. The who le o f t he i nter ior o f i
s w rong .
t
o e ach o ther i n o rder t o p reven t in ter-
t
he b ox i s l ined w ith 1 6 g auge z inc Observe t he r ec t
ifier a nd s ee t ha t i t
c
oup ling . ( The c hoke s hou ld b e p ara l-
i
n clud ing t he t op a nd b ottom . Where i
s n ot b lue g low ing . Th is i s a n i nd i-
l
e
l t o t he f r on t p ane l
.) The v oltage
t
he s i des o f t he z i nc l ining j oin , w i th c
ation o f ab roken -down f i
lter c onden -
d
iv ider i s moun ted a long t he b ack o f
t
he e xcep tion o f t he l id
, t hin s trips o f s
e r
. I
f t here i s a ny a pparen t t roub le
t
he s hel f
, t ak ing c are t o i nsula te t he e nd
copper , b en t t o t he s hape o f t he c or - switch o f a nd c heck o ver w ir ing a ga in .
t
ha t g oes t o t he c en tre -tap o f t he 4 v o
lt
ner s
, s hou ld b e s oldered i n o rder t ha t I
f e very th ing s eems i n o rder , o pen t he
f
i
lamen t w :nd ing f r om t he me ta l p or-
s
h ield ing i sa s c omp le te a s p oss ib le, a s p
la te c ircu its o f b oth 2 56 a nd F 410 ,
t
ion o f t he s he lf. The b y-pass c onden -
t
his p or tion h ouses t he p ower s upp ly . s
e' f or t he a uto t ransa
nd m
fo ea
rmer c sure p
an b la
e te c urren t w ith a m i
l li-
The l id o f t he b ox i s t hen t aken , a nd ampme te r
. These v alves s hou ld r ead 5
s
oldered t o t he z inc s he lf d irec tly b e-
two h oles 3 i n ches i n d iame ter a re c ut, nea th t he t r ans former i a
nd 4
t
self 5 m i
. The vlliamps r
o
l- espec tive ly. S ligh tly
both i n t he z i nc a nd l id
, a nd s oldered h
ighe r r ead ings o n b oth v alves i nd ica te
ume c on tro l i s moun ted i n t he c en tre
t
o t he z inc o ver t hese h oles i s e ither a
n e xcess o f p late v oltage a nd v ice v er -
o
f t he p ane l
, i nb etween t he t wo s helves ,
copper o r z inc g auze . This i s t he s
a, b ut, s o l ong a st he r at
io i st he s ame
t
ek ing c are t ha t t he c en tre s ha ft i si n
-
only f law i n a n o therw ise p erfec t s h
ie ld and t he r ead ing n ot more t han 2 o r 3
s
ula ted b y me ans o f f i
bre washers , f rom
and mus t b e d one f or v entila tion p ur - mill:amps h igh o n t he F 410 , t here i s
t
he f r on t p ane l. The r ema in ing b y
-
poses . S ix h oles 3 /8 i n ches i n d iame - noth ing t o worry a bou t. C heck o ver
pass c ondensers c an b e s o
ldered t o t he
ter a re d r
il led 1 i nch a par t b oth i n t he b
ias a nd p la te v o
ltages o f t he t ubes
bottom o f t he s helf a s n ear a s p oss ible
wood a nd z inc o f t he l i
d n ear t he f r on t with a n elec tro - sta t
ic v oltme ter , a nd s ee
t
o t heir r espec tive p oin ts o f d uty. The
pane l t o t ake f i
lamen t a nd D .C . o utpu t (Con tinued o n p age 2 6
.)
wires f rom t he p ower p acks t o t heir r e- +
e”:
••
:•+
•
.̀
e+++?
,
••
:•+ 4:
*
++.
:
•++++4
4+++++++++4 4+++++++++++++++++++++++

Amp
l
ifie
rs
spec tive amp lifiers .
These h ole sçc an b e d rilled w i th a n o r-
dinary wood b it, a s z inc i s q uite s oft
and workab le . A s r egards c u tting t he B
u
iltt
oOrde
r
l
a
t
rger h
ed i n a
oles , ag
ccordance w
adget c
ith t
an b
he f
e c
ol
ons
low
truc-
ing :
o
rfo
r H
i
re
Take a p i ece o f wood o r at in l i
d 3
i
nches r ound a nd d r ill a h o le i n t he
4
. SOUND INSTALLATIONS
c
en tre o f i t 3 /16 i n ches i n d iame ter .
a
nd p ass a 2 i nch b olt t hrough i t; l ock - TALKIE AND PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTE MS
i
ng i to n t he o ther s ide w ith t wo n uts.
9
Make a c lamp t o f it r ound t he l i
d o r 9
b
lo ck o f t hin i ron , b end ing a t r igh t 9 M
icrophones
. P
rec
ision Measur
ing I
nstrumen
ts.
a
ng les t he t wo e nds a nd d rilling h oles
t
o t ake a b ol t ( in a ccordance w ith d ia-
g
ram ). Now c are fu lly b end a h ack - C
onsu
lting R
adio a
nd S
ound Eng
ineers
.
s
aw b lade o r p or tion o f o ne r ound t he
l
id o r b lock , a nd s ecure i to n t o t he l i
d 9
or b lock w ith t he c lamp , l eav ing a bou t
half t he w id th o f t he b lade p rojec ting
4
.
F
. S
. GREGORY
below t he l id o r b lock . P lace t he b o l
t
i
n t he b race a s y ou wou ld a d rill, a nd
"dril
l" o ut t he h ole. Th is me thod c an 3
0 D
avi
s S
t
ree
t S
o
uth Y
ana
, S
.
E.1
.
be a pp lied t o a l
l s izes o f h oles e i
ther
f
or a lum in ium o r t ine e ven d own t o a s
 e

Page Twenty-s
ix 4• 01D E R S Elf S O
ctobe
r 1
. 1
933
.

Z̀ W
I N
,W W W W W
.e. "e• We larar M
te e
à "
.... 1 W W
. e. W. W W• e e e MaM em . M
icrophone P
roh
ibi
tion
.
> I
t a ppears t hat t he r egular c aba ret
p
erfo rmances g iven i n E nglish b road-
c
ast p rogrammes a re h aving a d etri-
:
, mental e fec t o n t he f requen ting o f
0
,
%
'
r
d
ea
ers
l" c abare
tand t ha
ts
t t
. A
he m
t any r
anagemen
ate, w
ts o
e u
f s
n
e
-
-
: v
eral b ig E ng l
ish c abare ts h ave d ec i-
,
.
d
ed t o f o
rb id t heir artists t o p erform
>
.
,
.
b
z
t
fore t
emp ts w
he m icrophone
ere made t o a
.
rr
At f
ive a
i
r
t a
s
t a
n a
t
r
-
-

.
r
angemen t w i th t he B.B .C . b y wh ich
.
e
i
t
he l
s
tant
a
t
ia
ter wou
l a nnua
ld h
l amoun
ave t
t
. B
o p
u
ay a s
t t he p
ub
ar
-
-
t
i
es c ould n ot a gree, and a m icrophone
f
r
o
biP
1
11
1
.1
PSR
A
DIO p
rohibition e nsued .
>
. P
R
ESS S
E
RV
1CL
THERE'S MONEY IN TALKIES.
(Con
tinued f
rom p
age 2
5
.)
t
hat t hey c o
rrespond w ith t he c hart
s
hown w ith t his a rtic le, a nd make a d-
j
ustmen ts o f t he c l
ips u ntil they d o
.
A SECOND RADIO -MILANO
. amazing r apidity t hat G ermany h as No d ificu lty s hou ld b e e xper ienced
b
een l e
ft fa r behind , and s t
ill the n um -

I
N p utting i nto s ervice t he n ew M ilan i
p e i
ther mak ing o r o perating t his am -
t
ransm itter, s i
tua ted a t S iziano , t he b
er o f registrations i n E ngland i s i n- p
l
ifier, a nd i f a ny t roub le s hou ld b e
c
reasing more r ap id
ly t han i nany o ther e
xper ienced , an ote t o the w r
iter, c are
o
ld s tation a t V igen tino h as n ot
country. I
n Augus t l as
t y ear t he o
f t h
is o fice, w ill g ive v ou a l
l t he i n
-
b
een p ulled d own , b ut h as b een a l
-
B.B.C. w ere a ble t o
, w elcome t heir
l
owed t o r ema in i n
tac t. The manage - f
orma t
ion y ou r equ ire.
men t o f t he I t al
ian b ro adcas ting c om - f
ive m i
llionth l i
stener, a nd a t t he b e- Our n ex t a r
tic le o n t his s ubjec t w il
l
p
any h ave n ow c once ived t he p ro ject g
inning o f t h
is y ear a nother q uar ter d
eal w ith t he b uild:ng o f t he g a
in am-
o
f o pera ting t he o ld s tation b y t he s ide o
f a m il
lion h ad a lready b een a dded . p
l
ifier a nd s ome f urther d evelopmen ts
o
f t he n ew o ne o n ad iferen t wave - According t o the l atest o ficia
l s tatis- o
f t
he va
lve amp lif
ier, i
nclud ing
t
i
cs. E ngland c an n ow s how t he f or- "The P erfec t P ush -Pu ll Amp lif
ier ."
l
eng th. Now t hat t he mus ic c able c on-
n
ec t
ion b etween Rome a nd M i
lan h as m
idab le f igure o f 5 ,262,953 r adio l i
s-
t
eners. Voltage R ead ings .
b
een e stab lished , i tis i n
tended t o h ave
F
rom p late o f F 410 t o c entre t ap o f
t
he p rogrammes o f t he Rome -Nap les S
tate B
roadcas
ting i
n Norway
.
f
i
lamen t 50 v
olts
.. Cen tre
g
roup o f tr ansm itters b roadcas t b y t he The Norweg ian Nat iona l A ssemb ly t
ap o f F 410 f
i
lamen t t o t he e nd
o
ld s tation , wh i
ls t t he 5 0-kilowa tt r
ecen tly c arried b y 9 1 v otes t o 4 8 a o
f c
hoke 3
4.5 v
olts. End o
f
t
ransm itter a t S iziano w ill a s u sua l g ive
r
eso lu tion t o t he e ffect t hat in f uture choke to c
a thode of 256, 2
51.5
t
he p rog rammes o f t he n orthern g roup . t
he c on trol of b roadcas ting i n No rway v
olts. C athode o f 2 56 t o g round , 1 3.5
I
n t his way l i
stener s a t M i
lan a nd
s
ha ll b e placed e nt
ire ly i n t he h ands v
olts. A cross c oup ling c hoke , 1 .
5 v olts.
Lombardy w ill h ave t he c hoice b etween o
f t he S tate. A lthough n o p articulars
two d iferen t p rogra mmes . The o ld a
re k nown a s y e
t, i t is f air
ly c ertain
t
ransm itter a t V igen tino w il
l o pera te t
hat t he c omn iling o f p rogrammes w il
l
o
n t
me
he i
tres (
nterna
622 k
t
iona l j
c/sec)
o
in
, a
t w ave o
nd t he p
f 4 53.2
ower
b
e e ntrusted t o ac omm ittee t hat w il
l C
ar
, C
yc
le o
r R
ad
io
b
e r e spons ible t o t he M in istry o f I nst
i-
w
ill b e s o g reat t ha t g ood r ecep tion i s
e
nsured t h roughou t t he e ntire r egion .
t
ution a
managemen
nd E
t w
duca
il
t
l f
ion
a
l
.
l w i
The t
thin t
echn
he p
ica
ro
l
-
B
ATTER
IES O
N T
ERMS
Exper imen ta l t ransm issions h ave a l
-
v
ince o f t he t elegraph d epar tmen t
.
r
eady t aken p lace , a nd i ti sn ow a q ues-
which b e
longs t o t he B oard o f T rade. Pay ments a t t he r ate o f 1,- i n
t
ion o f w aiting f o
r t he c onsent o f t he
L
is teners ' l i
cences w ill
, a s a t p resen t
, the £
1 per week . Delivery
Ministry o f C ommun ica tion. Shou ld b
e i ssued b y t he p ost a nd t e
leg raph o f
- guaranteed t he s a me day a s o r-
s
uch c onsen t b e r efused , t he o ld s tation f
i
ces . I
t is stated t hat e fo rts w ill be der is p laced . Every Battery i s
w
ill b e d isman tled . made t o keep t he n ew p rog ramme s e
r- fully c overed by t he Manufac-
Rou man ia. v
ice i mmune f rom d epar tmen tal i nf
lu- t
urer 's Guarantee . Each i nquiry
I
f the r umours i n c irculation a re to e
nces . r
ece ives t he p ersona l and c onfi-
b
e b el
ieved , nego t
iations a re a t present dentia l a ttent ion o f o ne o f t he
Radio -Agen o n t he A ir Aga in
. principa ls. Re me mber ! W e do
go
ing o n between t he Rouman ian Gov - I
n March , 1 930, t he F rench p rivate not a sk y ou t o purchase any p ar-
e
rnmen t a nd a g roup o f f oreign f i
nan- s
tation R adio - Agen c eased o pera ting t
icular make o f battery . You
c
iers w ith a v iew t o b u
ilding i n Rou - a
s ar esult o f f l
oods . I t i s n ow s tated have t he who le r ange t o s e
lect
mania a s uper-power t ransm itter that t
hat t his t ransm itter h as f or s ome f
ro m a t c urrent L ist Prices.
w
ill p ass o n a dvertis
ing p rogrammes . weeks p ast b een h eard a gain o n a
This s tat
ion i s t o be e rec ted i n the wave leng th o f 4 53 m etres . The t rans- e
. For Further Part
iculars
, c ut out
n
eighbourhood o f T emasvar , a t t he mi
t ting t imes a re f rom 1 .
30 t o 2 .30 a.m. 4
. and mail t
his advert
ise ment to —
Rouman ian -Hungar ian f
ron tier; t
he a
nd f rom 8 .30 t o 9 .30 p .m . d a
ily.
t
ransm issions w il
l b e e fected i n al
l the
l
anguages s poken i n t he B alkans a nd Exemp
tions fr
om B roadcas
ting MORGAN & WR
IGHT
a
lso i n French a nd G erman . Licence
,
L
icences i n Eng land. We u nderstand t hat ap roposa l h as 3
5
-39 L
it
tle L
atrobe S
t
.
,
The t ime when E ngland a nd G er
- b
een s ub mit
ted t o the B elgian Na t
iona l
many v ied with e ach o ther i n as ports
- Assemb ly to e xemo t u nemp loyed r ad
io Me
lbourne
, C.1.
manlike manner t o p roduce t he grea
test l
i
steners f rom p aymen t o f t he broad -
I
f unable t
o wr
ite o r c
all
, '
phone
numbe r of radio l i
steners i s l
ong since c
asting l i
cence, wh ich f or v a
lve sets is F 6441
.
p
ast. A s am atter o f fact, the n umber 6
0 B elgian f r
ancs p er y ear
. S uch e x-
o
f l i
steners in Eng land h as increased emption h as a lready b een g ranted i n M
.S.
, Oct
. '
33.
dur
ing t he last f ew y ears w ith s uch Germany a nd o ther c oun tries. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
,CI , DC: r 1
. (
>
33
I. M CID E R S U LS Twen
ty-
seven

Melbourne's Leading Radio

and E
lectrical Stores
T
HE P
HIL
IPS F
OUR V
eal
ls h
ave a r
adio s
e
t o
r ar
ange o
f p
arts t
o s
u
it
e
very p
urse a
nd p
urpo
se —
tha
t i
s why y
ou a
re a
ssured
DESCRIBED I
N THIS I
SSUE
.
o
f s
a
tis
fac
tion when y
ou d
eal w
ith V
eal
ls, Me
l-
T H E PA RTS T H AT A R E N E E D E D
.
b
ourne
, L
ead
ing R
adio a
nd E
lec
trica
l S
tores
.
1 Ph ilips E455 va lve . 18/6 ea.
1 Phil ips E424 va lve . . •• •• 16/6 ea
. Huge s
tocks
, a
n e
fic
ien
t, c
our
teous s
taf
f
; ap
romp
t,
1 Ph ilips E443 N va lve . 22/- ea.
1 Phi lips 1561 va lve • •• •• •• 1s/- ea
. e
xper
t Ma
il O
rder Depa
rtmen
t—every
thing n
ecessary
2 T
.C .C. 7 mid . electrolyt ic c ondensers . 6/- e
a.
1 Filter c hoke ( 30 henry) •• •• •• •• •• 1
0/9 e
a
. t
o b
ack o
ur G
uaran
tee o
f U
tmos
t S
ati
sfac
tion
.
1 Po wer t ransfor mer , h igh t ens
ion s ec-
ondary, 3 50 volts a s
ide , one 4 volt 3
amp f i
la ment wind ing , 2 f our volt 2

I Vo
amp wind
ltage d iv
ings .
ider ( re made) .
1
8/3
4/6 e
a.
B
IG I
L
LUSTRATED C
ATALOGUE
1 Marqu is 10 000 oh ms vo lu me control . 5/9 e
a.
,
‘1 Stro mberg-Car lson Type D c ondenser
1
6/9 e
a. F
REE
1 Velco a er
ia l coil • •• •• •• •• 4/6 ea
.
1 Velco R .F. c o
il, with r eaction 4/6 e
a
.
3 5
-pin valve s ockets . 10d. ea
. F
or t
he b
enef
it o
f t
hose who c
anno
t c
a
ll, V
eal
ls h
ave
1 4
-pin s ocket . • •• •• •• •• •• •• •• 10d. ea
.
1 Rad lokea r adio f requency c hoke . 2/- ea
. p
repared a b
ig c
ata
logue o
f 7
4 p
ages
, w
ith h
undreds
1 W endel e lectric i nput push-pu ll audio
transfor mer . . 2
5/- o
f ilus
trat
ions
. Wr
ite f
or y
our copy —i
t's fr
ee.
1 4
00 oh m b ias r esistor 1
/3 ea
. Mere
ly enc
lose a 2
d
. s
tamp t
o d
efray a
ctua
l pos
tag e
1 7
00 oh m 5 0 mill b ias resistor 1
/6 ea
.
-.
„
1 2 megoh m gr id l eak . . 1
/5 e
a. c
ost
.
'
I 0
.5 mfd . condenser , 250 volt work ing 2
/6 e
a.
2 0
.01 T.C.C. c ondensers 2
/9 ea
.
1 mfd. Chanex c ondenser .. 3
/- e
a.
1
0 mad . e lectro lytic bias by-pass c on-
3
1
/-
/3
e
e
a
a
.
. F
OR C
OUNTRY L
I
STENERS
2 30 oh m
. C
.T. de ment resistors
I Radiokes 23-plate midget condenser . 4/9 ea
.
1 Radiokes full vis
ion Vernier dial . 8
/11 ea
. V
eal
ls h
ave a c
omp
lete r
ange o
f Rad
io S
ets d
esigned
1 Chassis
, 12 i n
. x 1 0 in
. x 2 1 i n
., 16
gauge meta l . 1
0/6 f
or C
oun
try R
ecep
tion
, o
r y
ou c
an b
ui
ld y
our own
.
1 A mpl
ion Per manent Magnet dyna m ic
77/6 Here a
re t
he p
art
s t
o b
ui
ld t
he —

T
he A
ll C
ont
inen
ts B
atte
ry F
ive
FULL CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS ELSE W HERE I
N THIS I
SSUE
.

PARTS RE QUIRED:
I Philips 1 3
443 valve . 2 1/- ea. 1 2 mfd . condenser , 2 50 volt work ing . 4/_ ea.
2 Philips A442 va lves . 2 1/- ea. 1 T.C.C. 0.001 mfd . c ondenser . 2/- ea.
1 5/- ea. 1 T.C.C. 0.006 mfd . c ondenser . 2/3 ea.
2 Philips A415 va lves .
7
5/6 e
a. 1 4 mfd . condenser , 2 50 volt work ing . 6/3 ea.
1 Ferrant i A F5 audio transfor mer .
5 4-pin valve s ockets . 10d. e
a
. 1 T.C.C. 0.02 mfd . c ondenser . 4/- ea.
10d . e
a. 2 15,000 oh m 1 watt c arbon r esistors . 1/3 ea.
2
i 6
-pin av a
valve
lve
1 500,000 oh m 1 watt c arbon r esistor . 1/3 ea.
10d . ea
.
1 6
-pin Marquis plug 10d . e
a. 1 50,000 oh m 1 watt c arbon r es
istor . 1/3 ea.
1 Radiokes t
hree-plate midget c
onden- 1 3000 oh m wire- wound r esistor (Velco) 1
/3 ea .
2
/3 e
a. 2 3 inch c o
il c ans . 1/6 ea.
ser
0
.00025 mid. variable reac .
t
ion con- 3 Ord inary va lve cans 1/4 ea
.
2
/9 ea
. 6 Banana s ockets 2d. ea
.
denser .
2 0
.00015 mfd . variable t un
ing c ondensers 2
/6 ea
. 6 Banana p lugs 3d. ea
.
2
/- ea
. 1 Black panel . 10/6 ea.
I Screened r adio frequency choke .
1
/6 e
a. 2 Or mond Vern ier dials . 11/3 ea.
1 T
.C.C. 0.0001 mfd . gr id c ondenser . .
4 T
.C.C. 0.01 mfd . c ondensers . 2/9 e
a. 1 4 inch dial 5d. ea
.
1 1 mfd. c ondenser, 2 50 volt working . 3
/- e
a. 1 Battery sw itch 2/3 e a
.

2
43-249 SWANSTON STREET , MELBOURNE .

VEALLS
1
63-172 SWANSTO N S TREET, MELBOURNE .
2
99-301 CHAPEL S TREET, PRAHRAN .
3
-5 R IVERSDALE ROAD , CA MBER WELL.
C
ent
. 2058 ( 5 l
ines)
, 1
0524 (
2 l
i
nes
); Wind
. 1
605 a
nd C5160
.
Page Twenty-e
ight m
ket
pur SU U S uc
tober
 Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
. Page Twenty-n
ine
44 CAD E 1
2 S
i S E TS

ALL CONTINENTS F IVE

.
(
Con
tinued f
rom p
age 1
0
.)
On a ctua l t es t n o h and c apac ity o r
f
ringe h ow l w as e xper ienced t hrough -
out t he t un ing r ange , a nd s tations ,
when o nce t uned i n, r ema ined s teady
w h
i le t he h eadphone o r s peaker c ords
we re h eld i n t he h and .
TÈ r fringe h ow l worr ies h ave b een
overcome b y t he u se o f ar e sistance
c
oup led u n:t. T ake p ar t
icu lar n o tice
o
f t he l a you t o f t he c omponen ts
, a nd
when w iring s ee t ha t a ll b attery a nd
e
ar th w ires a re a s n ear t o the c hass is
a
s p oss ib le, wh ile t ho se c arry ing h igh
f
requency c urren ts s hou ld b e k ep t a t
l
ea st h a lf a n i n ch a bove t he m eta l.
Where w ires c ome t hrough t he c hass is,
dr
ill r ather l arg er h oles, s o a s t o r e-
duce c apac ity l osses , a nd p reven t s ho rt
c
ircu its t o t he me ta l c hass is.
Ano ther p oin t t ha t r equ ires s tress-
i
ng i s t ha t e igh teen g auge t inned c op -
p
er w ire w ith s paghe tti s leev ing h as
b
een u sed t hroughou t t o e nsure a bso -
l
ute r igid ity wh ich i s n ecessary when
t
he d etec tor i so n t he v erge o f o sc illa -
t
ion .
P orce la in b ush ings h ave b een u sed
e
ve rywhere where a w ire comes
t
hrough t he c hass is.
To i nsure s hor t, g ood a nd d efin ite
I
n t
h
is s
ub-chass
is v
iew
, no
te how care
fu l
ly the c
omponen t
s h
ave b
een l
a
id
e
a rth c onnec tions a b ra ss c hass is a nd
o
ut t
o p
ermi
t the s
hortest l
e
ads poss
ible
.
p
ane l s hie ld h ave b een u sed.
The p ane l, wh ich c ompr ises a b rass
s
hie ld a nd a p iece o f b ake lite, i se dged
The bias vo
ltages a
re obta
ined f r
om s
‘,itch S i i sm oun ted o n t he p ane l d i
-
w
i th a b ra ss c hanne l a nd h eld f irm ly t
he 1 000 o
hm w ire wound res
istor R 7
. r
e ctly b elow t he r eac tion c onden ser .
t
o t he c hass is b y b ra ss b racke ts. The The C— e nd of R6 shou
ld b e tapped
who le j ob i s n i cke l
-p la ted , wh ich g ives The l ayou t o f t he v a
lve s a nd t he
on near t
he ear
thed end o
f R 7
. coi
ls c an b e clear ly s een f r om t he s ub-
av ery i mpos ing a ppearance a nd l as t-
i
ng f i
nish . The w ave range i s a pproxima tely cha ssis v iew . Note t ha t C 4 i s u sed
f
rom 19 to 85 metres, covered by t hree a
s a n a dd itiona l v e rnier when t un ing
Techn ica l De tails.
s
ix
-pin plug-in coil
s f or t he detector, i
n w eak s tation s.
Brief ly t he r ece iver c ompr ises o ne
s
tage o f u ntuned r ad io f requency am - a
nd three fi
ve-p
in p lug-
in c o
ils fo
r t he At t he b ack o f t he c hass is w e h ave
p
lifica tion , f ollowed b y o ne t uned R
.F. stage
. two s quare w indows a bou t o ne a nd a
s
tage o f R .F ., wh ich i s t rans former - hal
f i nches b y o ne a nd a h alf i nches ,
L
ooking a t the t op view o f t
he c has-
c
oup led t o t he d e tec tor . s
is
, w e h ave n ea
res t to us the t uning and b ehind t hese a re moun ted p ieces
c
ondenser C 2 of the R .F. stage, wh ich o
f e bon ite t o c a rry t he b anana s o cke ts
The d etec to r i s f ol
lowed b y ar esis t-
a
nce -coup led f irs t a udio , wh ich i s i
s fi
tted w ith a 4 i n
ch d ia
l. N ex t to f
o r t he a erial, e arth a nd t wo s ets o f
t
rans former -coup led t o t he o utpu t p en - t
his in the c entre o f the panel i s the headphones a nd s peaker .
t
ode . r
eaction c ondenser C 6
, wh ich i s fi
tted Look ing d own u ndernea th t he c has -
The v alves u sed a re a s f o
llows : V 1 w
ith a v ernier d ia
l. T he furthest c on- s
is t he a eria l a nd e ar th l eads a re
a
nd V2 a re P hilhs A 442 s creen g r
id d
enser a t t he o ther e nd of t he p anel b
rough t i n a t t he l e
ft e nd, a nd t he
v
alves , V 3 a nd V 4 a re A 415's, a nd t he i
s the d etec tor t uning c ondense r C 3
, phones a t t he e xtreme r igh t e nd
o
utpu t p en tode V 5 i s aB 443. which is a l
so c ontrolled b y av ern'er The b attery l eads a re c onnec ted t o
The o u tpu t v alve a nd t he f i
rs t a ud io d
ial
. D
irec tly below t h
is is moun ted as i x-p in Ma rqu is p lug, wh ich p lugs
a
rc p rov ided w ith a utoma tic b ias, wh ich t
he t wo-plate m idget t r
imme r or n o
te i
nto a s ix-p in s ocke t moun ted c en tra lly
d
ispenses w ith t he C b attery. s
p iter c onden ser, C 4
. The b attery i
n t he b ack o f t he c hass is.
The a erial c oup ling c onden ser C l
which a djus t s t he s elec t
iv ity a nd s igna l
s
treng th, i s c ons truc ted i n t he u sua l
way f rom t wo c oppe r o r b ra ss d i scs
a
bou t t he s i
ze o f p enn ies moun ted o n
c
ats' w hiske r a rm s.
The se a rms move t hrough t wo
d
oub le t erm ina ls moun ted o n s tand o f
i
nsu lator s, a nd when t he c or rec t d is-
t
ance b e tween t he p lates i sf ound t hey
a
re c lamped b y m eans o f t he t humb
s
crew o n t op.
The c ols L l a nd L 2 a re wound o n
5
-pin f arme rs, s o t ha t they c anno t g et
m
ixed u p w ith t he s ix-p in d etec tor
c
oils.
No te t hat t he g rid l eak r eturn i s
The s
chematic d
iag
ram o f the "A
ll-C o
ntinents Ba
ttery Five
," which i
skey
- c
onnec ted t o t he A+ , t h
is c onnec t ion
l
e
ttered t
o a gree w
ith other construct
iona
l deta
ils prov
ided. (Con tinued o n p age 3 3.)
 October 1
, 1
933
.
P
age T
hir
ty M A
D D E R % S L
i1 S

BU
ILD YOUR O WN
MIDGET S
ET!
To
-day i
s t
he d
ay o
f t
he "m
idge
t" s
et —a r
adio t
hat c
an b
e c
arr
ied
f
rom r
oom t
o r
oo m
, h
ome t
o h
ome
, when y
ou v
is
it y
our f
r
iends
. ...
S
ee t
he M
idget R
ece
iver d
escr
ibed i
n t
h
is i
s
sue —bu
ild o
ne f
or y
our
own c
onven
ience
.

PARTS RE QUIRED:
A MI DG ET SU P E R
. FO R THE HO ME CO NST R UC TO R
.

1 S
tro mberg-Carlson 2 -gang c
ondenser
, 11
00,000 oh m 1 watt c arbon resistor . 1
/3 ea
.
.
0005 mfd, per sect
ion . 6/9 e
1 a. 12
50,000 oh m 1 watt c arbon resistor . 1
/3 ea
.
Velco padder condenser . 4/0
3 ea
.
11
00,000 oh m 1 watt c arbon resistor . 1
/3 ea
.
1 400 oh m wire- wound r esistor . 1/- ea
.
1 T
.C .C . 0.002 mfd . condenser . 2
/- e
a. 1'Velco Aer ial Co il and c an . 4
/6 ea
.
2 0
.5 mfd . paper non-induct ive c onden- 1 Velco Osc i
llator Co il and c an . . 4
/6 ea
.
s
ers , 4 00 vo lt working 4
/8 e
a
. 2 Velco I .F. t ransfor mers with c onden-
3 0
.1 mfd . paper non-Inductive c onden- s
ers, L5 , L6 (can) . 2
7/- e
a.
sers, 4 00 vo lt work ing 1
/2 ea
. 1 Jensen Midget 1300 oh m dyna m ic
2 0
.01 mfd . mica c ondensers, C14 2/9 e
a
. s
peaker FC (To m atch 2A5 va lve) . 2
6/6 e
a
1 0
.001 mfd . mica c ondenser 2
/- ea
. 1 Po wer Transfor mer 22/6 ea.
2 8 mfd .. 4 50 volt e lectrolytic c onden- 4 Velco 6 -p in s ockets . 10d. ea.
ers (
s Concourse) 6
/6 ea
. 1 Velco 4 -p in s ocket 10d. ea.
15000 oh m r esistor (carb.) . 1
/3 ea
. 2 5
7 va lves, either Ken -Rad o r Rad iotrons 17/- ea.
14 00 oh m r esistor (Velco) 1
/- ea
. 1 5 8 valve , either Ken -Rad o r Rad iotron 17/- ea.
11 0
,000 oh ms pot , volu me c ontrol . . 4
/9 ea
. 1 2A5 va lve, either Ken -Rad o r Rad iotron 17/6 ea.
1 10,000 oh m 1 watt c arbon r esistor . 1/3 ea
. 1 280 valve , either Ken -Rad or Rad iotron 14/- ea.
11 0
,000 oh m 1 watt c arbon r esistor . . 1
/3 ea
. 1 Chass is, 1 2 in. x 6 8 I. x 2 8 in. 9/6 ea.
11 5
,000 oh m 1 watt c arbon r esistor . 1
/3 ea
. 1 Rad. R .F . c hoke . • 2/- ea.
12 50,000 oh m 1 watt c arbon r esistor . 1
/3 e
a
. 1 Essanay 6-p in v alve shield and t op 1/9 ea.

Here a
re t
he P
art
s Requ
ired fo
r t
he
COSSOR One Valver
V
IS
IT V
EALLS
Every o ne o f Vea l
ls Four B ig Stores is packed
T
HE C
OSSOR O
NE V
ALVER
w
ith t housands o f Rad io and Electrica
l ite ms o
f T H E PA RTS T H AT A R E N E E D E D
.
i
nteres
t. Visit Veal
ls —inspect t
he e
nor mous
r
ange t hat awaits y our choice —a
ll brand new , up
- 1 Cossor 4 10 L .F. va lve
, V1 1
9/- e
a.
1 Velco 0 .0005 mfd . c ondenser . 6
/11 ea.
t
o-date stock, b ought by experts to su
it your most 1 54. e
a.
e
xacting n eeds. I Marqu is 4 -pin s ocket . 1
/- ea.
1 Marquis r ibbed c o
il f or mer /3 e
1 a.
C
all a
t your c
onven
ience
. You w
il
l n
ot b
e p
ressed I H. & H. battery switch . /3 e
2 a.
t
o buy
. T
.C.C. 0 .00025 mfd . grid c ondenser . 1/6 e
a.
1 2 megoh m grid l eak . /5 e
1 a.
1 2o z
. r eel No . 32 gauge d .s .c
. 2/2 e a
.

VEALLS
1 Meta l c hass is, 6in. x 5 i n. x 2 in
. 6/6 ea.
1 Bake lite panel , 6 8 x 5 i nches . 1/9 e a
.
4 Banana p lugs . . e
3d a
.
4 Banana s ockets . . e
2d a
.
1 Doz. 8 i n
. nuts and bolts . ad. doz
.
1 Radiokes 2 3-p late midget c ondenser . 4/9 e a
.
1 Radiokes r ad io frequency c hoke . . 2/- e a
.

(
ART H UR J VEALL PTY
. LTD
.)

2
43-249 S WANST O N STREET
, M ELB O URNE
, Cl
.
1
68-172 S WA NSTO N STREET
, M ELB O URNE
, Cl
. F
OUR B
IG
2
99-301 CHAPEL STREET
, PRA HRAN
, S
.1
.
3
-5 R
IVERSDALE ROAD
, CA MBER WELL
. C
ASH S
TORES
'
Phones
: C
ent
. 2
058
, 1
0524; Wind
. 1
605
, W 5
160
.
 Oc
tober 1
,1933
. 441
1DIDIE U N P
age Th
irty
-One

BUILD YOUR O WN MIDGET .

(Continued f rom p age 5 .
)
c
ondenser t o a bou t 15 d eg rees i n
, and
t
hen a djust t he o sci
llato r t r
immer t o
b
ring i n 3A W , f o
llow ing u p w ith a d
-
j
ustmen t of t he R .F. t r
immer f or best
r
esu lts. Now t urn t o t he t op o f the
c
ondenser a nd a d
just t he p adder f o
r
b
es t r eception o f 2 CO 3 r ock ing t he
c
ondenser wh ile a d
jus t
ing t he p adder.
F
ina lly, r e
turn t o 3A W a nd r e
connect
t
he o sc i
llator t r
immer i fn ecessary . For
t
ho se who h ave a n o scillator , it may
b
e m en tioned t hat the 1 F f requency i s
4
60 k .c
.
For more c omp lete s pecifica t
ions o f
t
he c omponen ts s pecif
ied , w r
i te to the
Essanay Manu facturers a t 5 4-60 B uck-
hurs t-street
, S outh Me lbourne .
S
ince a ny s et is n ot r eally c omple-
t
ed u nkil f i
tted i nto a c abine t
, t he
b
uilder c an o btain a v ery n eat E ssanay
c
abine t to f
inish t he job .
ore mo ww
-r me
ame
. w
.r.r
.r.
rw-
in,
THE PHILIPS FOUR .
(
Con t
inued f r
om p age 9 .) Look
ing d
own o
n t
he c
omp
leted mid g
et
. No
te h
ow c
ompact a
nd n
eat t
he
l
oudest v o
lume . Now t urn t o 3 AR compone n
ts a
re
.
o
r 2 CO3 at a bout 9 0 on t he d ial
, a nd
a
djust the v o
lume c on
trol u nti
l y ou r
esult of wh ich s hould be t o tune st
a- b
est o
f t he i
nter-S
tate s ta
tions can
c
an hear station q u
ite com fortab ly. Re- t
ions at f u
ll v o
lume t o any p osi
tion on a
l
so be h
eard a
tg ood speaker st
reng
th.
a
djust tr
immers f or maximum s igna
ls. t
he d ia
l.
Next tu
rn b ack t o 3A W a nd a gain ad- Opera ted i n t he suburbs a nd near I
fl o
ca ted in t
he c ountry
, t
he set wi
ll
j
ust t
rimers o n the c ondensers, C l and c
oun try d i
sfricts
, t h
is o u
tfi
t w ill s
epa- d
ef
initely r ece
ive al
l A class s
ta
tion s a
t
C2. Do o ne a t at ime, a nd b e sure r
ate a nd b r
ing i n all the local broad- g
ood s peake r s
treng th if a
n e f
fic
ient
you get s ame a d
jus ted c orrectly, the c
asters a t fu
l l speaker streng th. T he a
er
ial is u sed.

"
0" a
nd "L" t
y
pe Pe
rmanent
4
4
11
1
-M
0m
agn
et Dyn
amic Sp
eaker
s
F
o
r u
se w
i
th alty
pes o
fBat
tery-Ope
rat
ed and A
l
l-E
lec
tri
c
Re
ceiver
s
Thousands a l
ready S old are giving Reproduction from SMALL BATTERY
SETS c omparable i
n Vo lume a nd Quali
ty to P owe r
ful A.C. Se
ts. Modern
ise
y
our set b y f
it
ting t
his S peaker and ob
taining p er
fect dynamic rep
roduction
.
The fi
tting of Amp l
ion "0" o r " L" S peakers d ef
ini
tely and p ermanen
tly
e
l
im inates the h um problem.

PRICE :
T
ype "
0", £
3/17/6
T
ype "
L", £5/0/0
Write for free c opy of Bullet
in No. 1 2
, giving d e
tails of Amp lion Permanen t
Magnet Dyna m ic S peakers
; a lso c har
t s how ing Amp lion Ma tch
ing T rans-
f
ormers r equired t o match up with any type of o u
tpu t valve on the Aus
tralian
market
.
Descr
ip t
ive Bu lletins a
lso gladly f
orwarded , giving d e
tails of Amp l
ion Electro
Dynam ic S peakers, Gian t Exponential Horn S peakers, etc
.
VICTORIAN DISTRIBUTORS :
AUSTRALASIAN ENGINEERING EQUIP MENT CO . PTY . LTD.,
4
15 Bourke S treet
, Me lbourne, C .1
. "
L" TYPE
.

)
-

ADVERTISE MENT OF S
PEAKERS (
A/s
ia) LTD
., 7
0 CLARENCE ST
.
, SYDNEY
.
 e

Page Th
irty-two 4
4fo
luu
lk s E-r s Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
.

Spanning Proble m As
Affect
ing S. W. Rece
ivers
A
n A
r
tic
le Wh
ich S
hou
ld be o
fIn
ter
est t
oAl
l S
hor
t- Wave
L
i
stene
rs
By WILLIA M H
. EASTLAKE
. c
on trary t o t he p rinc ip le o f e qua l f re-
T
HE d iverse s pans o f f requenc ies i n
s
hor t-wave t
un ing h
ave b een q
uency d iference , a nd g ives mos t
g
iven c ons iderab le a tten tion b y s
preadou t where l eas t i s n eeded , b ut
ama teurs , who b uild o r b uy b and- f
requency r at
io , a nd a s t he l ow-f re- does p erm i t p ara lle l c apac i ty p add ing
s
pread ing s e
ts, s o t hat t he p art:cu lar q
uency e x treme i sa lways a h igher f re- t
hroughou t, a nd t he u se o f t he p hys i-
b
ands t hey a re i n
teres ted i n may b e quency a s s maller c o
ils a re u sed, t he c
ally s mall t un ing c ondensers n ow s o
t
uned i n more c onven ien tly , b ecause df erenze moun ts r apidly. p
opu lar f or s hor t waves .
b
eing s pread o ver a l arge p art o f t he Use o f 1 0 C o
ils per C ircuit. S
ing le C alibra tion o f D ia l
.
d
ial. Certainly i t wou ld b e a dvisable t o If f requency c alibra tion i s t o b e a d-
I
n s hor t-wave s ets g enera lly, where h
ave a b etter s pread t han t hat deno ted h
ered t o
, n atura lly t he p rob lem b e-
f
our c oils are u sed f o r e ach c ircu it, a nd by t he t abu la t
ion , wh ich i s close t o c
omes a l i
ttle more d if i cu lt
, b ut ab uilt-
t
he c ondenser i s a round 0 .00014 m fd.
, wha t e xists i n a ctua l practice. i
n o sc i
lla tor wou ld f a cilita te t his . It
t
he f r equency r atio i st he s ame f or a l
l One l imi ta t
ion i sthe n umber o f coils, wou ld o scilla te a t o ne f requency a nd
b
ands , u sua l
ly a bou t 2 . 2
. Thus t he whe ther p lug -in c oi
ls o r s w
itching i s b
e u sed o n i t
s f undamen ta l a nd h ar -
f
requency s pan f or t he l owes t-frequency u
sed . mon ics f or s etting t he p ara lle l o r s pan -
s
pec trum i s 1 500 t o 3 300 k c, ad ifer- I
ns tead o f h av ing a f ixed f r
equency n
ing c ondenser t o t he a ccura te p os i-
e
nce o f 1 800 k c, whereas i n t he h ighes t- r
atio, t he d iference b etween max imum t
ion , wh ich wou ld b e s omewhere c lose
f
requency b and , s an ie r atio o f f r
e- a
nd m inimum f r equenc ies may b e f i
xed . t
o a marker p os ition . Even t he mark -
q
uency , t he a bso lu te e xtremes a re This i sequ iva len t to b andspread o n a l
l e
r s c ould b e wo rked o ut t o af air d e-
1
5,972 a nd 3 5,138 k c, a d iference o f b
ands . A c ompu ted i nstance i ndicates g
ree o f a ccuracy , w ithou t t he e x tra o s-
1
9,166 k c, o r t he f r equenc ies c overed t
ha t t en coi ls wou ld b e needed f or e ach c
i
lla tor .
a
re n early 1 0.7 t imes a s g rea t a s i n c
ircu i
t, a nd , o f c ourse, at such a h and i- If t he e ven - frequency -span me thod
t
he f irst i nstance . c
ap t he c ircu its wou ld b e l imi
ted t o i
sa dhered t o
, t he s igna l f requency a nd
As t he h and - est a id t o h elping t o two. o
sc il
la tor f requency d ials may b e c ali-
a
tone f or this a d ial o f large r educ tion S
ince t he f requency s pan i sf i
xed, s ay, b
ra ted w ith a s i ng le s cale , s ay t he l ow -
r
atio may b e u sed , s ay 3 0-to -1 , i ns tead a
t 3 000 k c., t he r a
tios w ill h ave to d if- e
st f r equency , w ith a r eference t ab le
o
f t he u sual 5 -to- 1. Paralle l c onden - f
er. L et u s s ee f rom a t able wha t t he g
iv ing t he mu l tip lica tion f a ctor . Th is
s
ers may b e i n ser ted , u sual ly t he a d- c
hange wou ld b e: wou ld b e t r ue e ven i n t he c ase o f g ang -
j
ustab le t ype , t o r educe t he c apac ity Extreme S i-na l i
ng . Thus f or t he 1 500 t o 4 500 k c b and
r
a t
io , h ence f r equency r at io, b ut i f Ra tio
Frequenc ies . t
he f a ctor wou ld b e 1 ,f or t he 4 500 t o
c
alibra t
ion i s o f i
mpor tance t h
is 1
,
500 t o 4 ,500 k c 3
. 7
500 k c b and i t wou ld b e 3 , f or t he
method i s n ot s o g ood , b ecause y ou 4
,
500 t o 7 ,500 k c 1
.67 7
500 t o 1 0
,500 k c b and i t wou ld b e 5 ,
c
an't h ave a s atisfac tory c alibra tion o f 7
,
500 t o 1 0
,500 k c 1
.43 f
o r t he 1 0,500 t o 1 3,50Q k c b and i t
a
n u nknown , c an y ou? 1
0,500 t o 1 3
,500kc 1
.29 wou ld b e 7 , e tc., a nd f or t he l ast o r
I
jadd ing o n Two B ands. 1
3,500 t o 1 6
,500 k c 1
.222 h
ighes t f requency b and i t wou ld b e
1
6,500 t o 1 9
,500 k c 1
.18 1
9. Any s plit ting u p o f t he l ow -f re-
I
f t he s ett
ing o f a ny b and -spread ing
19,500 t o 2 2
,500 k c 1
.154 q
uency b and a s c ompared t o t he t ab le
e
ffect c apac ity i sd eterm ined b y as cale
2
2,500 t o 2 5,500 k c 1
.133 wou ld u pse t t his h andy c a libra tion f or
p
osi t
ion , t hen i t wou ld b e n ecessary ,
2
5,500 t o 2 8
,500 k c 1
.118 two b ands .
f
or e xac titude , t o h ave a b ui
lt-in s i
ng le
2
3,500 t o 3 1,500 k c 1
.1 Low F ixed R atios .
f
requency s epara te o sci
llator, s o t hat
a
ny v ariation f rom t he scale p oint may Series a nd P arallel C apac ities. Ano ther w ay o ut wou ld b e t o u se a
b
e c ompensa ted b y t r
immer s etting. The r a
tio a s b etween t he f i
rs t a nd f
ixed r ato o f f requency , b ut . h
ave i t
The l oca l o scil
la tor o f as hort-wave s
econd e xamp les o f t he v ar
iab le -ra t
io al ow r atio, s o a s t o e fec tua te a c om -
s
uperhe terodyne wou ld h ave t o be p ad- t
able i s p rac t
ica lly h alved, b ut t here- p
rom ise . Thus , t he n umer ica l a verage
d
ed f or t he f i
rst o r l owes t-frequency a
fter t he ratio r educ tion i sg radua l
. The o
f t he r at
ios o f t he p reced ing t ab le o f
b
and , p erhaps a lso f or t he n ext, b ut s
i
tua t:on s ugges ts t ha t ar egular b road - f
requenc ies ( t he s um o f t he r atio s d i
-
not f or t he s ucceed ing o nes, i f popu - c
ast c apac ;ty , 0.00035 •m fd. o r s o, b e v
ided b y t he n umber o f b ands) i s v ery
l
ar i ntermed iate f requenc ies l ower t han u
sed f or the l owes t-
frequency b and , r e
- n
ear ly 1 .3
. Th is wou ld d i spense w ith
t
he l owes t b roadca s t f r
equency a re t o d
uced b y s e r
ies c apac i
ty f or t he n ext t
he c omp lica tion o f s eries o f p aralle l
b
e u sed. s
tep, t o reduce t he ratio, a nd t herea fter p
add ing , b u t wou ld n o t b e a b and -
t
hat t he r atio r educ tion b e atta ined b y s
pread a
pprox ima t
ion . Also , t here
The s itua t
ion w ith t he f our-co i
l s ys-
ap arallel c apac ity , be manua lly o pera - wou ld h ave t o b e as epara te c alibra tion
t
em may b e v i
sua lised f rom t he f ol-
l
ow ing t ab le f or t he f i
xed r atio f re- t
ed, a nd t o make a f requency -ca libra ted f
or e ach c oil, a s t he d iference i n f re-
q
uency , n orma l ly 2 .2: d
ial e fective , the b ult-in e xtra o scil- q
uency w ill i n cren s e a s t he f requen -
l
ator wou ld b e v i
rtua l
ly i mpera tive , t o c
ies o f t he b ands i ncrease .
Extreme Signa l Frequency c
heck u p e ach t ime o n the c orrec t e x
- The f requency r atio o f 1 .3 wou ld r e-
Frequencies D
ifference t
ra p arallel c apac ity. q
u ire a c apac ity r atio t he s quare t here -
1
,500 to 3 .300 k
c 1
,
800 kc Instead o f t he awkward c apac ity o
f, o r 1 .69, o r
, a ssum ing a m in imum
3
,300 to 7 ,260 k
c 3
,960 kc j
umo f rom t he first to the s econd b ands, c
aoac ity o f 3 0 mm fd .
, t he m ax imum
7
.260 to 15
,972 kc 8
,712 kc t
he e ven d istribu tion o f spans b y 3 ,000 wou ld h ave t o b e 0 . 0000507 m fd .
, o r
1
5,972 to
. 351 ,
1
38 kc 1
9,166 kc k
c c ou ld b e d isregarded i n the o ne i n
- a
pprox i ma te ly 5 0 mm fd. Thus , t he
The frequency s pan i
s equal t o the s
tance , a nd t he l ow-frequency b and t
abu la t
ion wou ld s how t ha t t he l owes t
l
ow -
frequency s e
tting mu
ltip
lied b y the s
pli
t i nto t wo b ands , wh ich i s e ntirely b
and wou ld b e 1 500 t o 2 900 k c,
 Page Th
irty-three
Oc
tober 1
, 1
933
. 44 01DIE R S UT
'S

THE ALL CONTINENTS BAT -

TERY FIVE.
(
Cont
inued f
rom p
age 2
9
.)
g
ives g reater s :gna l s treng th t han a d i-
THE NE W
r
ec t e arth.

SUPER
-PHONIC
R 1 i s a3 000 o hm r esistor c onnec ted
b
e tween t he g rid o f V 1 a nd e ar th. Th is
a
rrangemen t makes a n on -resonan t
aeria l c i
rcu i
t wh ich g reatly i mproves
t
he g enera l s tability n ear t he v erge o f
o

l
i
sci
R
ng r
lla
3 a
t

e
ion

s
is
.
nd R 4 a
tors c
-
re 1
onnec
5,000 o
ted i
hm d
n t
ecoup
he h igh
- RADIOTRO NS
t
ens ion p la te l eads o f V I a nd V2 .
A v alue o f a pprox ima tely 5 0,000
ohms was f ound b es t for t he p la te r e- B
RING 2
66 T
ONES O
F R
ADIO T
O L
I
FE!
sistor R 5
, a nd 5 00,000 o hm s f or t he
g
rid l eak R6 .
I
t i s i n teres t
ing t o n ote t hat when
t
he p r
imary o f t he F erran ti t rans former
was c onnec ted a s s pecified b y t he
manu fac turers , s evere mo tor b oating
r
esu l ted , b ut o n r evers ing t he c onnec -
t
ions e ve ry th ing worked w ell, a nd n o
f
eed -back was a pparen t.
Screen ing t he Co ils.
A f ew o ther p oin ts wh ich w ill b e o f
a
ss is tance t o t hose who i ntend t o c on -
s
truc t as im ilar r ece iver a re :
The c hass is measures 1 31 i nches i n
l
eng th , 1 2 i nches i n w id th, a nd 3 1
i
nches i n d ep th. The c oil s creens a re
made o f a lu m in ium , a nd a re t hree
i
nches i n d iame ter a nd 4 1 i nches i n
heigh t.
I
t m igh t b e t hough t t ha t t hese
s
creens wou ld n ot b e n ecessary o n a
shor t wave r ece iver . However , t hey
help i n the g enera l s tabi
lity q uite a l ot
,
and a l so p reven t i nduced l ow f requency
R.F . ( power l ine i nterference ) f rom To-day —hear a t las
t what y ou have m issed —hear REAL M USIC o n
gett ing i n to t he g rid c ircu its , s hou ld the Rad io! Hear the amaz ing diference ! 266 t
ones o
f the o
rches
tra,
the s e t b e u sed n ear a n AC l ine. f
orme r
ly " los
t i n the air," b r
ing t heir added ri
chness
, me l
lowness,
The t wo R .F . v a
lves a nd t he f i
rst t
hrills a nd g
lamour t o s
tirring mus ic produced b y t
he l
atest a
udio ci
r-
aud io v alve a re p rov ided w ith s hields cui
ts made p ossible by the c omp lete line of new SUPER -P HONIC
a
lso . RADIOTRONS .
The s hie ld o n t he f i
rst a ud io v alve
wa s n ecessary t o p reven t i nterac tion THESE 2
66 "
SILENT TONES" BROUG HT TO L
IFE BY THE
between i t a nd t he d etec tor . I f t he NE W SUPER
-PHONIC RADIOTRONS
.
detec to r i s s creened a l oss i n s igna l
streng th i s n oted . 2
9 "
Silen
t Tones" o f the P iano .
3
5 "
Silen
t Tones" o f the T rombones .
C oil Da ta.
2
9 "
Silent Tones" of the Harp .
All c oils a re wound o n Marqu is
1
9 "
Silen
t Tones" o f the S axophones .
r
ibbed f ormers , f ive p ins b eing u sed f or 8"
Silent Tones" of t
he ' Cello.
t
he R .F. c o
ils, L l, L 2, a nd s ix p ins f or
3
0 "S
ilent Tones" o f t he B assoons
.
t
he d etector c oi
ls, L 3, L 4, L 5,
7"
Silent Tones" of the P icco lo.
Wind ;ng s L 2 a nd L 4 c ons ist o f 2 4
3
0 "
Silent Tones" o f the Tubas .
g
auge d oub le s ilk c overed w ire, wh ile
7"
Silent Tones" o f t he Ket tle Drums .
L
l , 1 .
3, a nd L 5 a re wound w ith 3 0
1
7 "
Silent Tones" o f the B ass V io
l —and 55 "
Silen
t
g
auge d .s
.c. w ire. S pac ing b etween t he Tones" of other musical i nstruments
.
w
:nd ings L 4 a nd L 5 i s1 /8 i n ch.
The c oupling p r
imary L l i s wound EQUIP YOUR RECEIVER WITH THE AMAZING NE W
a
long side L 2, a bout 1 /32 i nch away .
The c oupling p rimary L 3 i s wound SUPER
-PHONIC RADIOTRONS
.
one h a
lf a longs ide t he g rid c oi
l L 4
,
and t he o ther h a
lf b etween t he e nd
t
urns o
c
oup l
f t
ing.
he g rid c oil, f orm ing a t ight
I
R 4ID1
1 01
11R O N 4
Number o f t urns.
ASSOCI ATE D G EN E RAL EL ECT RIC SU PPLI ES CO
. LT D
.,
Wave B and Ll L 2 L 3 L 4 L 5
9
3-95 C
larence Street
, Sydney
.
4
5 t o 4 8 me tres 1
2 1
6 1
2 1
6 9 Corner Queen and L
itt
le Coll
ins Streets
, Melbourne
, C
.1.
2
6 t o 45 m etre s 8 1 0 8 9 1 7
A M ALG A M A TE D W I R EL ESS (A/SI A) L TD
.,
1
8 t o 30 me tres 5 5 à 5 5 5
47 York S treet
, Sydney.
Opera tion . 1
67-9 Queen S
treet
, Me
lbourne
.
Tuning i s d one o n t he c ondensers
C2 a nd C 3
, t he mos t c ritical b eing C 3
. (
Adver
tis
emen
t o
f Ama
lgama
ted Wire
less Va
lve Company L
td.)
Both c ondensers a re t urned t oge ther
(
Con tinued o n p ag e 3 4
.)
 P
age T
hir
ty-Four O
ctober 1
, 1
933
.
44 01D EIR S UL S

ALL CONTINENTS F
IVE
. TUNING METER "
BACK WARDS
. r
esistor c urren t a lone may b e r ead,
a
nd t he calibration r un thatw ay, where -
(
Con
tinued f
rom p
age 3
.) N as e
t t hat Ib uil
t Ih ave p ut a
t
uning m eter, b u t itreads t he w rong a
s f or l ower v oltage s t he t r
iode m ay
s
o t ha t the t wo t uning c ircu its a re k ept b
e c ut in, d ue t o i t
s a mplif
ication, a nd
way . The re i s ad irec t
ion p rinted
i
n r esonance . Tun n g o n C 2, h ow - aplate c ircuit m eter u sed. I t does n ot
e
ver , i s broad a nd n ot a t a l
l c ritica l
, on t he me ter s ca le s aying , " Tune f or
max imum d eflection ," a nd t he a rrow make much d iference whe ther t he
s
o t hat i t becomes more o f av olume d
iode i s u sed a lone o r in connection
points o ne w ay , b ut Ih ave t he me te r in
c
on tro l
. w
ith t he t r
iode, s o l ong as the coupling
t
he p l a
te c ircu it o f a5 , a nd t he me ter
When l o
ok ing f or s tations t urn t he i
s d irect ( non-reac tive). The triode
s
hou ld b e t uned f or m inimum d eflection.
r
eac t ion c ondenser C 6 u n t
il t he d etec - i
s no t linear, o f c ourse, b ut even t hat
Ic anno t r ever se t he m e ter, a s i t wou ld
t
or j u s
t b egins t o o sci
lla te
. A fter t he i
r
. n ot so i mpo rtan t, because t he c a
li-
not r ead ( goes f rom 0 t o l ess t han 0 )
.
s
ta t
ion i sl ocated , r educe t he a moun t o f b
ration wou ld t ake i n
to a ccoun t t he
r
egenera tion u nt
il t he r
ecep tion b e- Wha t s hall Id o? .
n
on- o
r t o p u t i tdiferently,t he
c
omes c lear
, t hen c entre u p t he c arr ier You may r emove the r im o f t he a
verage v ol
tage s r ead wou ld b e c a
li-
by mean s o f t he t wo p late t ri mmer . meter a nd s l
ide t he " wo rks" o ut o f b
rated i n t erms o f r -m-s inpu t values,
F or o ur t ests w e u sed 1 20 v olts o f t
he c ase, g et s ome C hine se wh i te a nd a
nd t hese wou ld b e the v a
lues e ven
Ev er -Ready B b atteries, t he f ul
l v olt- efective ly h ide t he h ead a nd t ai
l o f the t
hough t he c urve when p lot
ted w il
l n ot
age b eing a pplied t o the B max . t er- a
rrow , a nd w ith a s harp p enc il d raw i n b
e as traigh t line.
m
ina l. ah ead where t he t a
il w as, a nd a t a
il
The B+ h alf m ax . term ina l r eceived where t he h ead w as. Then t he a rrow
6
0 v olts a nd t he d etector v arious v alues w
ill i ndica te c orrec tly t he d irec tion o f WE 4
.
b
etween 6 0 a nd 9 0 v ol
ts. n
eed le movemen t f o r grea tes t v o
lume , +
a
nd t he word "max imum" m ay b e read f SHALL 4
.
After a f ew w eeks ' e xperience w ith 4
.
t
his r ece
ivr, l i
steners s hou ld h ave n o i
n t hat l igh t w ithou t sl
igh t t ax o n the BE +
d
ifficu lty i n b ring ing i n t he p ower ful i
mag ina tion .
o
ve r sea s s tations d uring t heir m axi- PLEASED i
mum p er
iods . GRID CURRENT
. f TO
Opera ted a t E ast Me lbourne , n o i n
- 4
. î

W
t
er ference f r om t he l ocal b roadcas ters HEN g rid c urrent i s flowing , is WRITE 1
.
w as e xperienced . t
here s econda ry e m
ission i n a f 4
.
t
ube f rom i t
s p l
ate c ircuit
, o r is f PERSONALLY 4
*
4
.
t
he grid supp lied d irect
ly f r om c athode TO 4
.
a
nd a cting a s a node o f ar ectif
ier? .
2
*
f THOSE OF OUR :
THE COSSOR ONE VALVER . There m ay b e s ome o f b oth a ctions
, 4
. f
(
Con
tinued f
rom p
age 7
.
) b
u t the u sual c ond it
ion mean t i s that READERS 4
.
t
he g rid b ecomes l i
ke t he a node i n a + 4
.
l
y and nea
tly
, otherw
ise you w
il
l n
ot • W HO 4
.
r
ectif
ier, the p osit
ive ly-charged e lement
b
e able to get a
ll t
he tu
rns on t
he d
uring t he r ectif
ica t
ion c yc
le . When f
4
.
f REQUIRE
:
f
f
ormer. t
hat g rid i s negative a nd t he c athode 4
. 4
.
Opera
ting t
he S
et
. p
ositive n o c urren t flows a nd n o r ec
- f A W ORTHY
, LENGTHY *
t
if
ication t ake s place.
A
fter c onnecting u p t he 6 0 volt " B" 4
. ANS WER TO THEIR
b
a t
tery a nd t he 4 v o
lt " A" b attery , 4
. +
t
he a erial
, earth a nd ' phones a re p lug - 4
* PROBLE MS +
5
5 AS V
.T.V
.M. +
g
ed i n
, and t he f i
lamen t s w
itch t urned + THAN SPACE :
o
n. Now t urn t he r eaction c ondenser TSi
tposs
ible to u se a 5 i n connec - 4
.
t
ion w ith a v acuu m t ube v oltme ter, 4
.
unt
il t he d e
tec tor v a
lve i s o sci
lla ting , 4
. ALLO WS IN THESE i
Then t urn t he t uning d
i a
l u ntil a s
o that Ic an u se t he device fo r a-
c 4
. 4
.
measuremen ts, and i f s o s hou ld t he f COLU MNS
. 4
*
whistle i s heard . Turn t he r eac tion 4
* *
c
onden ser b ack u nti
l t he wh ist
le d is- t
r
iode u ni
t b e used o r not? 4
. SEND 1
/
- 4
.
a
ppea rs, a nd t he s tat
ion w ill come i n f 4
.
I
t i s q u
ite p ra ctica l to u se t he 5 , 4
. 4
*
c
learly w ith a s l
igh t alteration o f t he a
s t he d iode u nits p rov ide l i
nea r recti
- f IN POSTAL NOTES 4
.
s
etting o f t he t un ing c ondenser . f
i
ca t
ion . Th is t akes p lace n o
t i n the 4
. 4
.
T o a void i nterfering w ith n eigh - e
ntire r egion , but o ver a g ood p art of 4
. OR STA MPS 4
.
.
3
. *
b
our ing r eceivers, d o n ot l e
t t he s et i
t
, say, f rom 5 t o 2 0 v o
lts, which wou ld 4
. TO COVER NECESSARY f
h
ow l; i t is ag ood p lan t o b r
ing t he b
e s uff
icien t f or c a
l ibration f or a -c 1
.
v
alve o ut o f oscillation when y ou j ust w
ithin t hose r ang es. For t he h igher 4
* EXPENSES
. ..
4

+ 4.
s
tart t o tune t he s tation i n
. v
oltage p arts o f t h
is s cale t he l oad 4 + + + + + + + ++ ++ + + + + ++ ++ +++ + +4

BUILT FOR RELIABILITY AND PERFOR MANCE

.

"WENDEL TRANSFOR MERS"

QUALITY PRODUCTS
.
P
ower
, B C
lass
, 0
.P.
, a
nd I
.P.P
.P. T
ran
sformers
.
F
i
lter a
nd C
oup
ling C
hokes
. Power L
amina
tions a
nd
P
ress Wo
rk.
C
onsu
lt u
s f
or s
pec
ial w
ind
ings o
f a
l k
inds
, i
nc
lud
ing
R
esis
tances
.
The I
.P
.P.P. T
rans
-
f
ormer
.

W ENDEL ELEC
. CO
. P
ty. L
td.
1
4 S
t
. F
ranc
is S
t
., Me
lbourne
. F6
917
.
Opp
. Myer
's, L
onsda
le S
t
.
1
1
... WPI W ~ M M M•l
ar e
ii W W WW W
."•.... 1 1
...
. W W W ~ M N....... 1 1 W W
• e en "
...
a.m. Me
lem Wm W eL W
 P
age T
hir
ty-f
ive
.
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tober 1
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t, 1
933
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441DID E R S
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imfu
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ubl
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P
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MODERN S
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or wh
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otes u
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S
tamps.

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h e st u m ps s c o r- i
r e w o n b u

'D ai n t 9 G i rl a t 1 0 to r

!H
l
1
, 1Yr-

Ipr
obably h appels t o you
. J u
st
a
sy ou a
r e l
i
stening to some piece
I
o
f i
n
teres
ting n
ews a
nother
s
t
ation
, w hich y ou h ave not quite
s
u
cceeded i ntuning r i
ght ou
t, s u
d-
d
enly i n
creases i n v olume a nd
'
Crowns" what you w antt ohear
.
W
IlDn t hat o ccurs it
's t ime y ou
L
harard y ou
r v a
lves. Wo rn o ut o
r
i
ne
ff
icient valves ci
re g eneral
ly the
c
ause of " c
ross m odu
la t
ion" i n a
r
e
ceiver
, and iti st
his "
cross m odu
la-
t
i
on" w hich r e
sult
s i n overlapping
s
ta
tions and dificu
lt tuning.
R
eploce tho
se in
eficient va
lves with
Co
ssois — the m odern v a
lves d e-
s
i
gned f o
r m odern b r
oadca st
ing
c
ondit
ion3. Cossor
s w i
l
l re
store your
s
et
's efic
iency a
nd e nd y
our wi
reless
w
orr
ies.

V
or t
h'
"C OSS O R ON E VALVER"
d
escr
ibed i n t
his i
s
sue of "Modern S ets"
t
he f o
llo w
ing Cossor Valve i
s spec
ified.
T H E COSSO R 4
10LF . 1
5
, -
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lesa
le D
istr
ibu
tor
-?:

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