Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • c78 Hacker Reading

    Uploaded by

    Quang Nguyen
    16 views45 pages

    Original Title

    c78-hacker-reading

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    16 views45 pages

    c78 Hacker Reading

    Uploaded by

    Quang Nguyen

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 45
    Chit Gia Dua vao oym ttt khéa ctia cau cn dién ti (instructions from the brain) va doan trong bai doc cé lién quan dén cum tir khéa nay ‘the appropriate instructions of the brain will travel along the motor nerves’ nghia la ‘cdc chi thi thich hgp cla nao $6 di doc theo cae day than kinh van déng duéi dang céc xung Iugng" 46 xéo dinh tis can dién la motor nerves. Trong céu nay, ‘appropriate instructions of the brain’ duge dién dat lal thanh ‘instructions from the brain’. hii Gidi Dya vao cum ti khéa cia cau on dién ty (travels through the air) va doan trong bai doc ¢6 lién quan dén cum t khéa nay ‘The sound waves travel through the air, toward the listener’ nghia la ‘Cae séng am thanh truyén qua khong khf, huéng vé phia ngudi ngho’ dé xae dinh ti can dién 14 sound waves. Trong cau nay, ‘The sound waves travel ~ toward the listener’ duge dién dat lal thanh “The communication travels ~ as sound waves before reaching the listener's ear’. 1 Gli Dua vao oym tu khoa cia cau c&n dién tir (check their otatement’s coherence) va doan trong bai doc o6 lién quan dén cum tir khéa nay ‘this creates a feedback link which allows the speaker to check the coherence or accuracy of their own staternent’ nghia la Diu nay tao ra mét lign két phan hdi cho phép ngudt ndi kiém tra sy mach lac ho&c d6 chinh xac trong 101 néi clia chinh ho" dé xac dinh tir cfn dign [a foodback link, Trong cau nay, ‘ooherence or accuracy of their own statement’ dugc din dat lai thanh ‘their statement's coherence’. CHAPTER 06 Summary Completion SNIOWSY SLTZI SUSE ©) mE AB iin) Ievexetbuni Bean agi trong bai de aiip tin cau La i duge in Khe mau va danh dai thoo $6 th ty eta eau ni Wong ting EXAMPLE p86 Theo nha tam ly hoc Tom Gilovich, cdc quyét dinh dya trén cam tinh thudng duge dua ra ngay lap te va nhéing quyét dinh nay khéng phai lic nao cling duge théng tin day dil ho&e khéng phai 1 san phdm cila mét suy nghi ly tri. MOt trong nhUng cach dé nhét dé nh€n ra cae van dé cla viéc ra quyét dinh cam tinh la xem cach moi nguéi hanh déng trong khi chai tro choi. Mac di moi ngudi déu higu ring hau hét cdc tro chgi hoan toan dya trén may man, nhiing ngudi choi thudng dat cugc dua trén cam gidc khéng dya trén ly tri Mat khéc, chuyn vien tu van quan ly, ‘Lyndsay Swinton, chi ra réing viee diva ra quyét din dua tran Wy trie6 chit y s@ cho phép nhiing quyét dinh sat hon véi khudn khé dé sinh ca nhidu ket qua thich hap hon, Bigu nay xay ra bai vi qué trinh ra quyét dinh c6 chil y ddI hdl phal xem xét nhiing k6t qua c6 thé xay ra tu mOt quyt dinh thay vi chi nghi gi vé né Ie nay, Cudi cling, né mang lai nhiing Iva chon phi hgp hen véi it téc dong tidu eye hon, HAGKERS PRACTICE IB Dw SA an 5B BC 7¢ 8B 9¢ 10 A iB i2 B 136 14 A is B 16 A 7B 18 i9 A 20 B 21 B 228 23 B 24 25 16D OD 2B A 0° 20 B 81/-¢ B28 33D LE Mae di duge biét dén chei yéu nhd mat, nhung ong thyc sy quan trong han d6i voi sy tén tai ca con nguti véi vai ti loa thy phéin ctia cc loal cay tréng chinh trong ché dd eta chiing ta. Trén thye té, Cd quan Bao v9 MOi truding Hoa Ky tuyén b6 rang cdc loai thy phn chiu trach nhigm cho gén mét phan ba s6 thyc phdm ban an. Néu diéu nay [a diing, thi thyc té 86 lugng ong mat dang gidm dan sé la mot méi lo ngai ldn, Khong chi déi véi sy séng cdn cla chung ma cdn cla ching ta, Mot nghién citu duge thyc hign bai Nicholas Calderone, phé giao su cén triing hoc tai Bai hoc Cornell, cho théy cay tréng thy phn nhé ong va cdc o6n tring khée da déng gép 29 ty 46 la thu nhap ndng nghigp hang nam & Hoa Ky, cho thay mile dé quan trong otla chiing c& vé 52 néng nghiép In kinh t8. ‘Diém nay duioe nan manh bei Vera | veia Imporalriz-Fonseca, gid SU cip cao tai Dai hgc Sao Paulo, nguidi da tuyén b6 trong mot bao oéo ola Lién Hyp Quéc rang 1 loai thy phéin 6 fin quan tic tiép dén sy hung thinh eda chting ta, Trén thye 18, ae sit sding ¢ ‘mot aghién exiu ota Gido su Simon Polts & Anh da tit 16 rang sy suy giém manh me ota Gan ong mAt da Khién néng nghidp phai phu thude yao sy thu phéin eiia ac Lodi ong hi ma nhidu loal trong s6 ching cing dang bi de doa. 4 Bao ve céc loai sinh vat thy phan cho cay tréng, nhu ong, 06 méi lién h@ tryc tiép, én stic khée con ngudi. 2 Nong nghiép da trd nén phy thuge vao mét loai ong nhat dinh cho vige thy phan. Danh sch cae nha nghién cu A Simon Potts B Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca © Nicholas Calderone Gidi Dya vao cym tis khéa eda cau cén dién ti (connection to human heaith) va doan trong bal doc ¢6 lién quan dén cym ti khéa nay “This point was ‘emphasised by Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca ~ who stated ~ pollinator’s health is directly linked to our own well-being.’ nghia la ‘Biém nay duge nhdn manh bdi Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca ~ ngudi dé tuyén bé ~ sy s6ng cla loai thy phn 6 lién quan tryc tiép dén sy hung thinh cila ching ta’ dé xéc dinh dap an la B Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca. Trong cau nay, ‘directly linked to our own well-being’ dude in dat Iai thanh ‘has a direct connection to human health’. 2. Chit Gidi Dua vo cum tir khéa cia cau can dién ti (Agriculture has become dependent) va doan trong bal dgc cé lin quan dén ym t khda nay ‘a study by je Professor Simon Potts in the UK revealed how a massive decline in honeybee colonies has made agriculture reliant upon pollination by wild bee species’ nghia la ‘'mét nghién ottu cha Giéo su Simon Potts 6 Anh da tiét 16 rang sy suy giam manh mé clia céc din ong mat da khién néng nghiép phai phy thud vao sy thy phén cila cdc loai ong hoang da’ dé xéc dinh dap 4n la A Simon Potts. Trong cau nay, a ‘reliant upon pollination by wild bee species’ dude dién dat Iai thanh ‘dependent on a certain kind of bee for pollination’. | Mac dir chua day 260 nam, Hop ching quée Hoa Ky da 1rd thanh mgt trong nhiing cusng quée kinh 16 thé gidi. Mac dit vi tri dja ly, kich thuée rong Kén va tal nguyén thien nhién phong phi ctia ‘nude My nay dong mot vai tro I6n trong thanh céng clla dt nude nay, nhung nhGng diéu nay 88 kh6ng 06 nhiéu téc dung néu khéng c6 nhting tién bd trong nganh van tai. Cho dén khong nim 1800, quéc gia nay chil yéu dya vao van tal du@ng thdy, nhu tau va thuyén cho nhu edu chuyén chd hang héa. “Vi nude MY ngay dé khé nhd vat hau bol ese yigo dich voi nhau Wa vl e&e di te SNIOUIE SLTZI SUBNOVE Dh dau tien nam 6 BO Hong, thé he nheing nqudi My daw fide C6 thé dd dni CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 15 thucng mai chau Au iia hg bing cach sti dung hinh thife van chuyén nay. Tuy ahién, vao déu thé kj 19, Thuong vy Louisiana dé ting dign tich ban dau ctia nude My Ién gp dai va dan dan ma rong dén Bd Tay. Bidu nay dn dén vide t6n tal cdc khu vuc ndi dia rong 16n ma thuyén be khong thé ti6p cén va do a6 chm diit ky nguyén cia giao théng duéng thiy. Van dé nay da duge gidl quyét bang vige xay dyng he théng dudng sat xuyén luc dla, dua dét nude vio kj nguyén giao théng trén dat lién. Bay [a [4n dau tién cdc tuyén dudng s&t méi cho phép van chuyén quy m6 Idn cdc mat hang céng kénh ty be nay sang b& kia. Sau nay, “khi phat minh ra 6, duang cao t6c da bat chuéc hé théng giao thong xuyén luc dia nay va moi ngudi o6 thé dé dang ty minh lai xe khdp d&t nude. Cac hé théng giao thong trén dat lién nay chi phéi giao théng vgn tai 6 MY cho dén gida nhiing nam 1900. Giai dogn tiép theo chiing kisi st gia tang «éng théi eta du fich hang khong va céng ngho thong fin, “Ki ky nguyon van Wi hang khong bAL eu, Mel NgUB C6 thé didu lich hoae gti buu kign Wen khép dat nud trong vai gid thay vi wai ngay howe vai tuan, va trao di thong tin tré nén tc thoi. ‘A Kj nguyén van tai hang khéng B_ Ky nguyén giao thong trén dat lién C ky nguyén giao théng dudng thuy Téc d6 cia dich vy buu chinh da giam xuéng dudi mot ngay. MOt hinh thuic du lich méi xuat hign cling Iic voi mgt cong nghé méi. MOt hé théng méi dem dén cach ty minh di chuyén trén khdp dt nude. Vj tri oda oc thanh phé trén m6t bd bién lam cho viée giao thudng dé dang. euse 3 Clifi Gidi Dya vao cym tir khéa eda cAu cn dién tir (speed of the postal service) va dogn trong bai dge c6 lién quan dén cum tl: khéa nay ‘As the air-based transportation era began, people could ~ send parcels across the country in a matter of hours rather than days or weeks’ nghia la ‘Khi kj nguyén van tal hang khong bat d4u, mol ngudi cé thé ~ gifi buu kién trén khdp dét nude trong vai gid thay vi vai ngay hode vai tudn’ dé xéc dinh dap An l& A Air-based transportation era. Trong cau nay, ‘in a matter of hours’ duge dién dat lai thanh ‘less than a day’. 4 ‘il Dua vao cum tt khoa cla cau céin aign tu (at the same time as a new technology) va doan trong bai dgc 6 lién quan dén oym tu khéa nay ‘The following period saw the simultaneous tise of air travel and information technology’ nghia 1a ‘Giai doan tiép theo ching kién sy gia tng déng théi cla du lich hang khéng va céng nghé théng tin’ dé xéc dinh dp an la A Air-based transportation era. Trong cau nay, ‘simultaneous rise’ duge din dat lai thanh ‘emerged at the same time as’. 5 Chit Gidi Dya vao cum tis khéa eda cau can dién tir (travelling alone across the country) va doan trong bai doc c6 1ién quan dn cym tir khéa nay ‘after the invention of the automobile ~ people could easily drive across the country on their ‘own’ nghia 4 ‘sau khi phat minh ra 6 t6 ~ moi ngudi ¢6 thé dé dang ty minh lai xe khap dét nude’ dé xac dinh dap An [& B Land-based transportation era. Trong cau nay, ‘drive ~ on their own’ duige din dat lai thanh “travelling alone’. 454 (Chit Gii Dua vao cum tirkhéa cia cau cdn dién ti (made trade easy) va doan trong bal doc 06 lién quan dén cum tu Kh6a nay ‘Since ~ most early cities were on the East Coast, early Americans could easily trade ~ using this form of transportation’ nghfa la Vi ~ hau hét cdc thanh phé dau tién nam 4 B& Bong, thé hg nhGing nuvi MY dau tién 06 thé d& dang giao dich v6i nhau ~ béing cach si dung hinh thie van chuyén nay’ dé xac din dap an 1a C Water-based transportation era. Trong cau nay, ‘most early cities ~ on the East Coast’ duidc din dat lai thanh ‘location of cities. on one coast. {a Gio ngi [& cn thiét cho tat ¢& cdc lo’i dong vat, theo mét s6 nha khoa hoc, né ¢6 thé tiét 6 diéu 91 d6 v6 t6 tién tidn hoa chung cia chting ta. Vi tinh phé bién eda né, nhiéu nha nghién ecu vé Gide ngii thd ky d4u cm thay réng né phai xay xa tir rét sém trong qué tinh tién ha ca dong vat. Tuy nhién, quan aiém nay duge trann Ivan bd mot s6 nha khoa hge, chang han nhu Jerry Siegel tis Dai hoc California, ngudi cho rang nhu cdu ngii 6 thé phat trién riéng biét 6 mdi loai. “N6 06 thé gidng nhu mot trudng hoy ‘mdt sy thich nghi vi mdi truing cia foal dong val’, chit khong phai la mot dae diém duige thifa hung ti mot (6 tien tid héa thong thudng. Ly thuyét cla Siegel duge ting ho dya trén sy khdc biét Kin trong kiéu ngii gida cae loal khéc nhau, tir nhiing b6 chén possum o6 thé ngi tai 18 gids méi ngay, cho dén nhiing con chim ngé hang trim giéc ngu ngén méi ngay. Ong cing da phat hign ra rang c& heo, vén néi tiéng véi kha nang tam ngung hoat dong cla mot bén nao vao mot IKic Nao do, o6 mOt kiéu ngit dc déo khée. Sau khi mgt con c& heo truBng thanh sinh con, c& cé me ln ed con déu khéng ngii trong mét khoang thé gian dai. Vige nay, trai ngugc voi nhing gi xdy ra 8 dong vat 06 vii trén can, cho thay rang déng vat thich nghi véi hé théng gic ngit cia riéng minh, thay Vi thifa huding mét hé théng chung. Tuy nhién, nhiéu nha khoa hoc vén hy vong tim thay mot ly thuyét bao quat cho Iy do tai sao tat c& céc loal dong vat déu cén ngd. °Paul Shaw, mot nha ighién ctiu tai Bai hoc Was! do su tii 10 néu bi cai Sn hda ho! ty’, “ng n6i, cho rang gic ng fA tuyén bd ring W 'gide ngti eb mdb c: gl eat ait \5n phai c6 idl ly do tién héa ean ban cho loa dong wat k c ngii. Shaw trich dn Idi ca nha tién phong nghién ctu vé gide ngd Alan Rechtschatfen, ngudi dé tuyén bé rang 'Néu giéc ngii khéng o6 chic ning vd cing quan trong, thi dé la sy tién héa sal tam lén nha tung xay ra? 7 Lodi vat phat tién théi quen ngii dc do dé phii hgp vai mdi tru’ng s6ng dc this cia ching, thay vi thifa hudng mét dac diém chung, 8} Tém quan trong cia giéc ngd la diéu hién nhién khi ching ta xem xét vige mot con vat dang ngii dé bj t&n cdng hon ty k8 san méi, hae phuc kich linh phé bién ctia vig Danh sach cée nha nghién cttu A Alan Rechtschatten B Paul Shaw © Jerry Siege! CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 45 SNIOWSE S2731 SUBNOVH Dya vao cum tit khéa cia céu cén din tit (specific surroundings, rather than ~ a general trait) va doan trong bai doc ¢6 lién quan dén oym ti khéa nay ‘he states, suggesting that sleep is ‘an adaptation to an animal's environment’ rather than a trait inherited from a common evolutionary ancestor’ nghia fa ‘ng néi, cho ng gic ngii la ‘mot su thich nghi v6i méi truing ota loal dong vat’, chit khong phai la mOt dae diém duge tha hudng tir mot t6 tien tién hda thong thudng’ dé xéc dinh dap an la C Jerry Siegel. Trong céu nay, ‘adaptation to an animals’ environment’ duge dign dat lai thanh ‘match their specific surroundings’, va ‘inherited from @ common evolutionary ancestor’ dugc din dat lal thanh ‘inheriting a general trait. 8 Gh Giai Dua vao cum tirkhéa cia cau cn dién ti (open to altack from a predator) va dogn trong bai dge c6 lién quan dén eym tis Khéa nay ‘Paul Shaw ~ claims that because ‘sleep is costly’ in terms of vulnerability to ambush from other animals, there must be an underlying evolutionary reason for its universality’ nghia fa ‘Paul Shaw ~ tuyén b6 rng vi ‘gic ngii o6 mot o&i gid r&t dat’ do sy rii ro néu bj edo loai dong vat khée phyc kich, nén phai 66 mot ly do tién héa can ban cho tinh phd bién ciia viée ngi dé x4c dinh dép an la B Paul Shaw. Trong cau nay, ‘vulnerability to ambush from other animals’ duge din dat lal thanh ‘much more open to altack from a predator’, 9 nhdng tht 66 vi dng. Biéu nay xy ra, theo na “Frong ty nhién, hau hét dong vat trénh nghién edu 6 dai hee Oxlord, Ong J. Zhang, vi vi déing thudng [& dau higu eta doe tinh, Do 46, dng vat 06 thé kéo dai sinh mang cla chiing bang céch trénh the &n c6 vi dang. Van dung hidu biét nay, mot s6 nha sn xudt da bit déu sit dung vi dang nhu mot c&ch chéng sau bo/ con tring. Trén thye t6, “nha nghion etiu A. L. Riley da cho thay trong nghién ety eta minh ring bbdi cae hop chat 66 vj dang vao val thé c6 thé hudin luyén foal chien trdnh chéing ca. That thd vi, ‘con ngudi duding nhu d& khOng cdn &e ¢dm véi vj déng, Khdng nh cdc foal dong vat knac. Biéu nay ¢6 thé duge thay thong qua vige chung ta st dung vi dang trong s4n xuatt thc phm thuong mal. Cac nha sn xuat thyc phém d& phét trién cae ‘chat gay dng’ dac biét 4 thém hudng v| nay vao nhting loai thye phém nhat dinh. Mot vi dy dién hinh vé vige sir dung cde chét gay dang nay la trong nganh i bia. Cay hoa bia ma céc nha san xuét bia thém vao san phém cila ho la dé dem dén mot vj dang nh&m can bang vj ngot ea duéing ten men trong mach nha, Bay cling l& ly do ma caffeine dugc them vao cola. Khi caffeine cia cola dugc loal b3, cola chi dan gidn la nudc nggt 66 ga va phai dude can bang V6i mt chat dng khée. M6t trong 36 dé la ‘chat ding’ dang Kéng, dug lam ti c&c loal thdo moc thom va cae nguyén ligu thyc vat khde. Nhing chat ling cé gia tf thuong mai nay hién dang duge sit dung rng rai trong ché bién thyc phdm va cocktail, nhung ching da tung c6 mot cach sif dung rat hac. Ching da duge coi la thuéc bé cho stfc khde. Diu nay chinh xéc véi trudng hgp oa ‘chat ding’ ndi tiéng duge s&n xudt b&i House of Angostura, "Ticn si Johann Goilict Benjamin Siegort da phil Wién loai thude pha ché dé gid say séng va bn sn phdm cho céic thily thi, Theo thai gian, sn phém cila dng da duoc sit dung dé lam giém 46 ngot cla dé udng Ahu nude chanh hoac cocktail Sazerac. 9 — Ba phat trién mot sn pham dé giam nhe mét tinh trang enh. 10 BA gidi thich tai sao dong vat trénh thi’e &n c6 mgt hung vi nao dé, 41 BA tién hanh nghién ci si dyng vat phdm dang 4é hun luyén dong vat Danh séch ede nha nghién edu A Zhang B Riley © Siegert 9 Chit Gidi Dya vo eym td khéa ca cau cn dién tu (relieve a medical condition) va doan trong bai doc 6 lién quan dén cum ti khéa nay ‘Dr Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert developed the concoction to ease seasickness' nghia la 'Tién sf Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert da phat tin loai thuéc pha ché dé gidm say séng’ dé xc dinh dap 4n la C Siegort, Trong cau nay, ‘ease seasickness’ duge didn dat Ial thanh ‘relieve a medical condition’. 10 Chit Gift Dua vao cum ti khéa cita cau Gdn dién ti (animals avoid ~ certain taste) va doan trong bai doc cé én quan dén cym ti khéa nay ‘In nature, most animals avoid eating things that have a biller taste. This occurs, according to Oxford rsearcher J. Zhang, because bitterness often indicates toxicity’ nghia lé ‘Trong tu nhién, héu hét déng vat tranh an nhding the 6 vj dang. Diéu nay xay ra, theo nha nghién cttu 6 dai hgc Oxford, ng J. Zhang, vi vi ding thudng la dau higu cita doe tinh’ dé xdc dinh dap 4n la A Zhang. Trong cau nay, ‘avoid eating things that have a bitter taste’ duige din dat lai thanh ‘avoid food with a certain taste’. 11 Cini G2 Dua vao oym tir khéa eda cau cén dién tr (train animals) va doan trong bai doc of lién quan dén cym tis khéa nay ‘researcher A. L. Riley showed in his research that applying bitter compounds to objects could train birds to avoid them’ ghia la ‘nha nghién ot A. L. Riley d& cho thay trong nghién cétu eda minh ring bdi cdc hgp chat ¢6 vi dang vao vat thé 66 thé hudn luyén loal chim trénh chang ra’ dé xc dinh dap an la B Riley. Trong cau nay, ‘applying bitter compounds to objects’ duge din dat lai thanh ‘using bitter items’ Khu vye gitta cdc con séng Tigris va Euphrates 6 Trung 8dng duge biét dén !& noi sinh s6ng ca ngudi nguyén thély trong hang tréim hoe tham chi hang ngan n&m trudc khi cd sy phat trién eta con ngudi séng dinh eu. “ikhu vic nay, cide dill fan la ‘Vong Idi lids mau MO" DO AHa Khia co hoc daw thé ley 19, Jaros Broasted, vi do mau mo cita ng, N6 G& cung eép déi dao cdc vat phém ti dat dai, s6ng ngdi va dong vat hoang dé, cho phép nhiing cu dan dau tién nay ty nugi séng ban than va gia dinh. Cu6i cing, diéu nay da mang lai sy sn xual lvcng thu higu qua dau tien, vva két qua la, nén van minh dinh cu thyc sy d4u tién. Theo thai gian, kha ning cdo nén van minh nay san xudt Vong thyc déu dan da dan d&n sy gia tang sO lugng ngudi trong khu vyo va kho&ng CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 57 4500 trudo Cong Nguyén, mot diéu thai vi dé xay ra. Nguoi dan da xay dying mot khu dinh cu lén, dong dan eu goi a Uruk, ma chting ta biét dén ngay nay la thanh phé dau tién. 0 Fa hodn loan Ae toa nha khdie dug ti Thanh phé méi Urvk 66 mot ngdi dén én, nha cita va. bing gach phoi kho bai mat fre. BiBu nay, theo Nha su hge Stophon Bertman, fa do thicu go va nai thing duse sit dung Wong xy dung 6 noi khae, ChUng ta bist rng vige st dyng nhting vien gach nay cho phép ho tao ra céc cu tru t6n véi cdc e6t, khung vom va tung thanh Kin dau tién, nhung n6 khong gidi thich duge tai sao mot Khu dinh cu nhu vay lai duge hinh thanh. Trong nhdng cau chuyén truyén miéng dan gian nhy Si thi Gilgamesh, Kanh dao cia nén vain minh da ra Ignh xay dung thanh phé va cée phéo dai cho thanh phé nay. Tuy nhién, nghién cu eta nha nhan ching hoc Jason Ur fai dat ra nghi van vé didu nay. "I ieo aghidn edu cla Tidn ST Ur, vide do thi ha xa xa 66 Kkhd nang xay ra LY nhién eher khong phai do mt nha cém quyén nao. Ong cho rng céc nén vain minh khéc nhau trong ciing khu vy¢ thi dinh cu xung quanh mot 90 dat trung tam. Cée cym nay cho phép cdc nén van minh kidc nhau s6ng gan nhau, nhung v4n gif khoaing cach xa hdl thich hgp. Thdi gian ti qua, ho da cing nhau tao thanh mot thanh hé duge hop lai véi chi mot ngudi ding dau. 12 Ong quyét dinh ly do cho viée mét x hdi s¢ khai st dung gach nung. 13 Ong khm phé ra rang sy tang ttudng eta ede thanh pho déu tién di xy ra mot coh ty nhién. 14 Ong d&t ra mot thuat ngG dai dign cho ste manh néng nghigp ca mot Khu vuc. [ Danh séch cae nha nghién ctu A James Breasted B_ Stephen Beriman Jason Ur ° Chit Gidi Dya vao cym ti khéa ola cau on dién tir (sun-dried bricks) va doan trong bai doc ¢6 lién quan dén cym WW khéa nay ‘The new cily of Uruk had ~ buildings created entirely with sun-dried bricks.’ nghia la ‘Thanh ph6 méi Uruk c6 ~ ‘cdc tOa nha khac duge tao ra hoain toan baing gach phat khd bdi mat Wai, va ‘This, according to historian Stephen Bortman, was duo to tho lack of timber and stone commonly used in construction elsewhere’ nghia la ‘Biéu nay, theo nha sit hoc Stephen Bertman, lé do thiéu g6 va da ma thudng duge sit dung trong xay dung & nai khée' dé xc dinh dap an la B Stephen Bertman. 19 Chi Gil Dya vao cum tirkhéa eda céu cén aién te (first cities happened naturally) va dogn trong bal dec 66 lién quan dén cum tis khéa nay ‘According to Dr Ur's research, early urbanisation likely occurred organically’ nghfa l& ‘Theo nghién edu clia Tin si Ur, vige dé thj héa xa xua c6 khé n&ing xy ra ty nhién' dé xéc dinh dap n [a C Jason Ur. Trong cau nay, ‘early urbanisation likely occurred organically* Cini Gili Dya vao eum tit khéa cla cau cén dién ty (idea lying beneath words) va doan trong bai doc c6 lin quan dén cym ti khéa nay ‘Genevieve Calbris suggests that gesture variants reveal how ‘gesture is not a word illustrator but represents an underlying thought’ nghia la ‘Genevidve Calbris ggi y rang cdo bién thé cdf chl tiét 16 cach ‘cit chi khéng phai lA dé minh hoa cho mot tte ma la dién ta mét y nghi 4n chia trong dé’ dé xac dinh dap 4n la B Geneviéve Calbris. Trong ‘cau nay, ‘represents an underlying thought’ duge dién dat lai thanh ‘stood for an idea lying beneath words’ Chit Gidi Dya vao cym tir khéa ca céu cn dién ti (distinguish different types of gestures) va dogn trong bai doc c6 lién quan dén cum tit khéa nay ‘Adam Kendon ~ has developed a categorisation system for differentiating various gestures’ nghia la ‘Adam Kendon ~ da phat trign mot hé théng phan loai dé phan bigt céc cif chi khac nhau' dé xac dinh dap an la A Adam Kendon. Trong cau nay, ‘differentiating various gestures’ duge di&n dat lai thanh ‘distinguish different types of gestures’. Ch Gia Dya vao eum ti khéa ctia cau cn dién ti (say ~ things about time) va doan trong bai dgc ¢6 lién quan dén cum tif khéa nay ‘This is apparent Calbris's analysis of gestures related to time, which can express ~ meanings about duration without the use of verbal communication’ nghia la ‘Didu nay 1a 6 CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 463 SNIGVIY SLT3I SYBNOVH ang trong phan tich ea Calbris vé cdc cit chi lién quan dén thai gian, né c6 thé didn t€y nghia ~ vé thai lugng ma khéng can sti dung giao tiép bang Idi nd dé xac dinh dap an 14 B Genevidve Calbris. Trong cau nay, ‘express ~ meanings about duration’ duge dién dat lai thanh ‘say many different things about time’. Chui Giai Dya vao cym tit khéa cia ou cn dién ti (gesture preceded language) va doan trong bai doc o6 lién quan dén cym tir khéa nay ‘Cognitive soientist Philip Lieberman has suggested that ~ it originated in the pre-linguistic stage of human evolution’ nghia la ‘Nha khoa hoc nghién cau vé nhan thc, Philip Lieberman 4 cho ring oi! chi thyc ra la ~ né bat ngudn tw giai doan tién ngdn ngd olla sy tién hda cila loai ngudi’ dé xée dinh dap an la C Philip Lieberman. Trong cau nay, ‘originated in the pre-linguistic stage’ duge din dat lai thanh ‘preceded language’. 25 Gli Giéi Dya vao cum ti kh6a ofa cau edn dién ti (gestures by apes) va doan trong bai doo 06 lién quan dén oum tit khéa nay ‘Licborman hae carried out research into the use of gesture by both primates and infants’ nghia la ‘Lieberman 8 ti6n hanh nghién cu vé viée sit dung off chi & oa bo dong vat linh truéng va 18 0 sinh dé ching minh cho ly thuyét cla minh’ dé xéc dinh dap an la € Philip Lieberman. Trong cau nay, ‘primates’ duge didn dat lai thanh ‘apes’. C6 phai tiéu thuyét trinh thém 1a mét thé loai vain hoc? Khi Edgar Allen Poe gidi thigu C. Auguste Dupin trong cusn tigu thuyét nam 1841 Ké sat nhan & Rue Morgue, tl ‘thém tir chua tiing duge nghe thay trude d6. Tuy nhién, ¥ tung vé mot tay tai {W théng minh vugt mat cdnh sét da thu hét nhiéu nha van, nhGng ngudi bat dau séng tao ra tiéu thuyét t6i pham cila riéng ho. Song, xét dén kha nang dé dodn vé c6t truyén va nhan vat trong nhGing cau chuyén dau tién théi nay, déc gid bat dau dat cau hdi rang ligu cudn tidu thuyét trinh tham tham chi ¢6 phai la mét thé loai hay khong. Ngay nay, khong thé phd nhdn rang tiéu thuyét 161 pham phic tap hon nhiéu so véi trude day. Nha vin trinh tham, Simon Breit dita ra quan diém rng t6i Ac trong ec eAu chuyén thai hién dai khong cdn duge xem [a trang den r6 rang va céc tham tif eting hiém khi duge miéu ta la chudn myc vé mat dao dic na. “Ong cing bac bd nhiing ¥ kid Kang nhiing cu chuysn teinh Urdan lain thoo mot dng thie bei vi cde vu An khong phai Mie Nao eting duige gidi quyét gon gang vo phil cusi, didu nay cho thay e6t ruyn eo thd khé dy clodin. Vay thi, nhing gi am nén mot euén tigu thuyét t9i pham? it nhét thi, sy that f& luén e6 mét bf &n trong méi con ngutt. Nhung tiéu thuy€t gia trinh thdm, Nicholas Blincoe tin rang nhiing diém tudng déng trong truyén rin thém cdn nhiéu hon nda, khién thé logi nay d& dang duge nhan ra; mdi cau chuyén déu 66 mét 191 4c va gIdi phdp giai quyét (hodic khéng gidi phép) ca nd, mot cdng déng noi ma toi Ac da duge thyc hign va cae nhan vat trung tam. “*Nivting de diém nery la can thidt dé xée din {nd loai nhuing dmg gidi han nd, Blinooo vain 66 mot mic d6 ly 1. Theo Ong, tiéu thuyét 191 pham ‘dA tao ra sy da dang nhat otia cée nguyén mau va sy ngdu hing séng tao nhat trong e6t truyén hodie nhan val” do sang (ao én nhidu khia canh ctia Kie ph 464 Vigc cdc nha van chinh théng néi tiéng trong viée tich hop cdc yéu té thugc vé phong cach cia tiéu thuyét {61 pham vao tac ham ota ho dé lam tang thém sie néing cho tinh khac biét cia thé lidu thuy6t gia tinh tham Phyllis Dorothy James, di khi ef edt teuyén trinh 1 hanh cot ruygn ma rong hen nhieu it ede thé loai Hu thuyét khée, Ba ly vi dy vé tidu thuyét Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy nam 1974 cila John le Carré. Trong cu chuyén nay, vé ban chat la mot tigu thuyét gidn digp, nhan vat chinh xudt hién tilde nghi huu dé pha mot vy an xay ra lién quan dén mot chil dé phé bién trong tiéu thuyét ti pham - mOt cue chay dua thdi gian dé xc dinh mét ké pham toi. Theo nguei hém mé nhigt thanh tiéu thuyét Ii pham, éng George Demko, mét dae diém kha lam cho tiéu thuyél t6i phan ¢ biét a cach si dung béi canh. Cy thé, ahting bi An trinh tham thuting didn va 6 mot dia diém va thél gian thu, va digu nay £6 tae dong dang Ké dén vy an. Ong thao luan vé diéu nay trong mét bai tiéu lun, dua ra vi du vé nan tham nhGng phé bién thubng duge nhén manh trong eéc tiéu thuyét t6i pham ly béi c&nh & Mexico trong nhiing néim 1940. Bling cfich gidi thich rng méi tru@ing xung quanh hung thi mét phan ly do cia tOi de duge thyc hign, dgc gid sé phai suy ngdm liu xa hdi o6 phai cling chju teéch nhiém cho nhting hAnh dong khing khiép ca mt cé nhan hay khong. C6 [6 lap luan don gin nhét cho vide tiéu thuyét trinh tham xting dang duge coi la mét thé loai riéng 8 ché moi ngudi thuge mol tang Ip déu doc nd. Chinh bai sy via hp déin Iai vita hoi hop iia tiéu thuyét trinh tham ma chae chan né 1a mot sUic ht dé véi nhiéu ngudi ham m6 trung thanh, nhung c6 16 sy phé bién cla tiéu thuyét tdi pham edn bat nguén sau xa hon thé, né tac ‘dng d6n khao khat thém kin eta con ngudt fa 1udn mudn biét duge su that. Nha the hién dei, T.S.Eliot, ban than 6ng la mot fan ham m6 I6n cba tigu thuyét tinh thém, tin rang ste hap dn tia chting n&m 8 cai hay mang tinh chinh xéc ca bing chiing cho nhing bi én. Cudi cling, bang cach dua ra nhting bi 4n ma chi nhiing ngudi gidi Nhat mdi c6 thé gidi quyét dude, truygn trinh thém da hp din ban chat ty nhién cia con ngués. 26 L6i ké truyén dc trung cia truyén trinh thém 46i khi 06 thé duce tim thay trong cae thé loai tiéu thuyét khac. 27 Truyén trinh thém phai tuan theo mét s6 quy tac nhét dinh nhung cfc nha van c6 thé ty do sang tao trong tat c& cae khia canh khdc. figc céc cau chuyén trinh tham khong phai lic nao cling dude giai quyét vao héi két da chiing {8 rang chting c6 thé khéng dé dodn trudc tinh tiét. 29° Vigc cac nha van si dyny mot giai down lich sit howe thyc té xa hgi lam béi c&nh Khién cho tiéu thuyét tdi pham nhu mét thé loai van hoc. 28 Danh séch tén Simon Brett Phyllis Dorothy James George Demko Nicholas Blincoe TS. Eliot moou> CHAPTER 07 Matching Features A685 SHINE 4 S113 26 i Git Dya vao oym tir khéa ctia cau cfn dién ta (Narratives ~ found in other types of fiction) va doan trong bai doc cé lién quan dén cum ti khéa nay ‘According to the detective novelist Phyllis Dorothy James, sometimes detective story plots are found weaved into the much broader plots of other genres of fiction’ nghfa 14 ‘Theo tigu thuyét gia trinh tham Phyllis Dorothy James, déi khi céc o6t truyén trinh tham duge dét én thanh cét truyén mé rong hon nhiéu tir cdc thé loai tiéu thuyét khde’ dé xéc dinh dap an la B Phyllis Dorothy James. Trong cau nay, ‘detective story plots’ dugc dién dat lai thanh ‘narratives that are characteristic of detective stories’ i Dua vao oym ti khéa otia cau cén dién ti (follow certain rules but Ts are free) va doan trong bai doc 6 lién quan dén cum tir khéa nay ‘These characteristics are necessary to define the genre but do not, argues Biincoe, limit it, suggesting thal wiilers have a degree of freedom in inany facets of their work nghia la ‘NhGing dic diém nay 1a can thiét dé xac dinh thé loai nhung ding han n6, Blincoe lap lan, éng cho rang cae nha van cé mot mic do ty do s4ng tao trén nhiéu khia canh cila tae phém’ dé xéc dinh dap an [a D Nicholas Blincoe. Trong cau nay, freedom in many facets’ duge din dat lai thanh ree ~ in all other aspects’, Chi Citi Dya vao cym ti khéa cia cu cén dién tt (not always solved in the end) va doan trong bai dgc cé lién quan dén cym ti khéa nay ‘He also refutes claims that detective stories follow a formula as cases are not always neatly resolved by the end, which shows that plotlines can be hard to predict’ nghfa la ‘Ong cling bac bé nhiing y kién rng nhng cau chuyén trinh tham tuan theo mgt cong thie béi vi ‘de vy n khéng phai Ic ndo fing duge gidi quyét gon gang vao phiit cusi, digu nay cho théy cét truygn 6 thé khé dy doan’ dé xéc dinh dép 4n lA A Simon Brett. Trong cu nay, ‘neatly resolved" duge dién dat lal thanh ‘solved’, va ‘hard to predict” dug din dat lai thanh ‘unpredictable’ Chit © Dya vao cum tit khéa ca cau edn dién ti (actual social or historical period) va doan trong bai doc 06 lién quan dén cum Ww khéa nay ‘According to crime fiction aficionado George Demko, another characteristic that sets crime fiction apart is how the setting is used. Specifically, detective mysteries offen take place in a real place and time, and this has a significant impact on the case’ nghfa 8 "Theo ngudi ham m6 nhigt thanh tiéu thuyét 161 pham, 6ng George Demko, mot dc diém khac lam cho tiéu thuyét 61 pham kha biét la cach si dyng béi canh. Cy thé, nhiing bi an trinh thdm thudng din ra 4 mét dia diém va thdi gian thuc, va. diéu nay c6 tac dong dang ké dén vy An’ dé xac dinh dap An lé C George Demko. Trong cau nay, ‘sets ~ apart’ duge di&n dat Iai thanh ‘distinguishes’. Bién déi khi hau va xung d6t chia con ngudi TU lu, cc hoe gid da nghién ctu vé bién déi khi hau, ngudi ta da dua ra gid thuyét rang sy thay d6i thoi tiét 88 dan dén thiéu mua va thoai héa dat. Trong khi nhiéu ngudi trong ching ta nght ngay dén hau qua vé sinh thai, thi chi it ngudi trong chting ta nhén ra ring viée mét dét canh tac va nang suat cay tréng kém sé dn dén ty 18 ngh&o déi cao hon, bat én chinh tri, nan déi, chién tranh va cudi cling la sy dit vong cla nhan foal ‘Tat nhidn, lam khi hgu & mgt ving 48 xéc dinh xem diéu nay 6 thye su xAy ra hay khéng la vugt qua kha nang cla céc nha nghién cilu. Tuy nhién, bang cach nghién tu cae tal tigu hin 6 vé r6i loan thai tiét va méi lién hé oa ching véi xung dot etla con ngud trong suét lich st, cc nha nghién citu c6 thé rit ra mot 66 két luan va suy dodn vé nhUng gi cé thé xay ra trong tudng lai. Mot nhém do Solomon Hsiang thude Bai hc California tai Berkeley diing du o6 16 48 gan nhu lam dug viée dy doan xem thay déi khi hau sé anh hudng dén hanh vi clia con nguai nhu thé nao. Theo nghién ctiu cita ho, thdl tét khéic nghiét c6 méi tuong quan manh mé vdi su xung dot gia ‘tang cia con ngudi, Cy thé, tan suét bao ly giffa cdc c4 nhan va trong ede nhém vdi nhau ting Jn lugt 4% va 14%, ting véi mBi thay déi d6 I@ch chudn trong khi hau theo huéng nhiét do dm han ho&c mua nhiéu hon. Két 1uan céa Tién sf Hsiang lam moi ngudi phai siing s6t. Ong lip ludn rng Vi cde khu we trén thé gidi ma ed ngudi & thi duge dy kign IA s8 néng lén dang kb ‘vao nam 2050, sti thay didi kh hau nay se dan dén sy gia lang eae ou rong 20 nin ti © xuing d6L etla con NgUEL Ligu 6 tinh hung nao gan day chting minh cho két lun ca Tién sf Hslang hay khéng? Bang buén thay, [& ¢6, Vang Darlur 06 16 la vi dy t6t nhat, Nam 2007, "”Achiin Stcinor, gidm 8c diéu hanh Chugng trinh M6itruding Lién Hep Quée, «a dia ra. mot ‘cude chin tranh bién déi khi hu d4u lién’. Quée gia nay da trai qua Ivong mua glam 30% trong 40 nam qua va du nhing nam 2000, tinh trang thiéu mua & phia bic cila d&t nude khién sin xu&t néng nghiép gidm manh. Khéng c6 thifc &n va nude udng dé duy te cude séng, hon hai trigu 44 ngudi di cu dén cdc tral ti nan 4 mién nam, noi c&ing thang bat dau gia tang, va xung dot cudi cing da né ra vao nam 2003. Uée tinh c6 Khodng 500.000 dan thudng da chét, khong bao gém nhUng ngudi da bd mang vi cdn di cto nghién etiu gol Daur ki shall Gut Cac hoe gia khc, nhu nha kinh 18 néng nghigp * ive thude Bai hoe California lai cho rang Darfur hau nhu khong thé 1a cude chin tanh bién déi khi hau dau in. Ong chi ra rng ving chau Phi ha Sahara da Wing lili qua cae eude ndi chién do nhiél dé néng [én. Somalia, vE dy, da lu6n trong tinh trang chién tranh trong hon hai thap ky. Va mot s6 hoc gid, nhu gido su Edward Carr cita Bai hge Nam Carolina, da chi trich nghién ou cia Tién si Hsiang. “Garis mani réng chi fp trung vao khi hau nhit mot nguyen nha xing GOL hi vita this SOU fal vila ngUy hiém, cho thay né c6 thé anh huding khong ting xiing dén ode quyét dinh dé ra chinh sch thoo hung khong hid qui hoae tham chi 6 van dé ‘Theo Tigh st Carl Schloussner thuge Vign nghién edu téc dong khi hu Potsdam, ‘hii hoa {hién nhidn 66 stic tan pha ghé gém lién quan adn kh hu thi 6 kid naing Gey Fa hua qua the Khe ma dudng nhu s6 xay ra trong ede xa hoi bi phan hda ve m livin’. Vé co ban, béi vi toan b6 dat nude dang phai d6i mat véi nan déi do bi6n ddi khi hau va CHAPTER 07 Matching Features age kh6ng ¢6 nh6m t6n nao inh thanh 1 rang, c4c lién minh hinh thanh trong thing phe canh tvong {ing ctla ho. Va bai vi mBi phe cAnh e6 cling mot muc tiéu- gianh duge nhiéu d&t han dé t6n tai- ‘nén tranh chp bao Ie gia céc nhom [a khong thé tranh khdi. 30 TY 18 xung dot cia lodi ngudi sé tng dng ké trong vai thap kj téi. 31 Darfur la dia diém dau tién ma xung d6t né ra do bién dé Khi hau. 32 Cc cude chién khac & chau Phi trudc cude chién 6 Darfur xay ra do nhigt do tang, 33 Xung dét lién quan dén bién déi khi hau c6 nhidu kha nang xay ra 6 cdc quéc gia cé nhiéu sde tc. 34 Tap trung vao mét nguyén nhan gay ra xung d6t c6 thé d&n dén nhiéu van dé rc 16i cho céc nha hoach dinh chinh sch. Danh sach cae nha nghién ciiu Marshall Burke Solomon Hsiang Achim Steiner Carl Schleussner Edward Carr >it Gil Dya vao eym ty khéa ota cdu cén dién ty (human conflict will Increase ~ next few decades) va doan trong bai doc c6 lién quan dn cum tir khéa nay ‘He argues that ~ this climate change will result in an increase in human conflicts in the Next 80 years’ nghfa la ‘Ong lap luan rang ~ sy thay déi khi hau nay sé d&n dén sy gia tang céc cudc xung dot cla con ngudi trong 30 nam téi’ dé xéc dinh dap an la B Solomon Hsiang. Trong cu nay, ‘resull in an increase’ duge din dat lai thanh ‘increase significantly’, va '30 years’ duge dién dat tai thanh ‘few decades’. A B c D E Chit Gidi Dya vao cum ti khéa eda cau can dién tif (Darfur is the first location) va doan trong bai dgc ¢é lién quan dén cum tu khda nay ‘Achim Steiner ~ published a research report calling Darfur ‘the frst climate change war’ nghfa la ‘Achim Steiner ~ da dua ra m6t bao cao nghién ettu goi Darfur ta ‘cudc chién tranh bién déi kh hau déu tien” dé xéc dinh d4p dn la G Achim Steines. Trony eau nay, ‘climate change war’ duge dién dat Iai thanh ‘conflict has erupted due to climate change’. Chit Gidi Dya vo cum tir khéa ca cau cén dién ti (wars in Africa before the one in Darfur) va doan trong bai doc ¢6 lién quan dén cum tir khéa nay ‘Marshall Burke ~ contend that Darfur is hardly the first climate change war. He points to ‘sub-Saharan Africa as having a history of civil wars due to warmer temperatures’ nghia la ‘Marshall Burke ~ cho rang Darfur héu nhu khong thé [& cude chién tranh bi6n A6i khi hau déu tién. Ong chT ra ring viing chau Phi ha Sahara da tiing trai qua cae cube ndi chién do nhiét dO néng lén dé xée dinh dap An la A Marshall Burke. Trong cau nay, ‘warmer temperatures’ duge di8n det Iai thanh ‘increases in temperature’ Chit Giéi Dya vao cym tir khéa cia cau cn dién ti (multiple ethnicities) va doan trong bai doc 06 lién quan d&n cym tir khéa nay ‘According to Dr Carl Schteussner ~ ‘Devastating climate-related natural disasters have a disruptive potential that seems to play out in ethnically fractionalised societies in a particularly tragic way’ nghia [a ‘Theo Tién si Carl Schleussner ~ ‘Tham hoa thién nhién 66 sie tan pha gh8 gém lién quan dén khi hau thi c6 kha nang gay ra hau qua tham khéc ma dudng nhu s6 xay ra trong cae x& hoi bi phan héa vé mat sc {9c theo cach vo cling bi tham” dé xéc dinh dap an la D Carl Schleussner, Trong cau nay, ‘ethnically fractionalised societies’ duge din dat lai thanh ‘countries with multiple ethnicities’ 54 Chi Giti Dya vao oym ti khéa cla cau can dién ti (policy makers) va doan trong bai doc ¢6 fién quan d&n cum tit khéa nay ‘Carr emphasised that focusing solely on climate as a conflict cause Is both reductive and dangerous, suggesting that it might disproportionately influence policy decisions in unproductive or even problomatio dircotions’ nghia la ‘Carr nhéin manh rang ht tép tung vao khi héu hu mOt nguyén nhan xung d6t thi via thiéu sét lai via nguy hiém, cho thay n6 co thé anh hudng khéng tudng xting dén cac quyét dinh dé ra chinh sach theo huéng khéng higu qua hoe tham chi c6 vdn dé" dé xe dinh dap dn ka E Edward Carr, Trong cau nay, ‘focusing solely on climate as a conflict cause’ duge din dat lai thanh ‘Concentrating on one cause for conflicts’ E A 3B 40 5c B AD) a — io H | True True 18 False CAY CO TRI TUE HAY KHONG? Trong cuén sach n&m 1973 Cudc séng bi 4n fia thyc vat, Peter Tompkins va Christopher Bird da cho rang thye vat 66 cam gide, c6 thé doc duge cAm xtc va suy nghi cila con ngudi, va 66 sy yéu thich dic biét cho 4m nhac o6 dién. “Whig khang dinh eta hp da gay ra sy én Ao gitta ede thanh vien Vong cong déng khow hoe, vOi nhidu ¥ Kién cho rng suy nght va c&m gléc efin ¢6 SU t6n tai ciia nao bd; nhung cay o6i lai khéng c6 gi, c& bén trong Idn bén ngoai, gan gidng voi Ro di chi mot chat. Tuy nhién, "nahin doe gi ma tin rng the vat phil trién manh khi ehting | Mec di phan ln cdc bang chiing trong cudn sach Tompkins-Bird bi nghi ngd, nhung nhiéu bai bdo va nghién edu cho ring thyc vat khéng chi la nhiing co thé séng v6 cam nhu da duge céng bé. sige déi xr you thuicng thi fal ral nhanh chong Ging ho eudn Mt thi nghiém néi tiéng duge thuc hign bai nhém nghién ctu ca Monica Gagliano tai Dai hoe ‘Tay Uc va dude ghi lai trén tap chi Oecologia thi rat dang dé cap t6i, B thi! nghiém, ‘cic nh kkhoa hoe da chon cay mimosa, phan ting g&p 14 cia Nd Nhe! MOL su thich nahi ly Nin kh cay CHAPTER 07 Matching Features “0° SITET SUNY ‘SNOWY 8) hao thay nguy hiém. &Ho da nghi ra mat dung mimosa [rong chau e6 thé {rvgl xudng tude khi ha enh trén nén x6p, va sau dé khién mot so lugng I6n ey bj séc khi roi tir d6 cao khong 15 om. Céc cay nay khéng bi tén hai theo bat ky ech nao vi cic chau chi roi mot doan ngain {ruse Khi ha cénh tén mot b6 mat mém mai, nhung eG séc 1a dé dang ké dé lam cho I4 cay déng Iai. Nhung nhém Gagliano dang thi nghigm tri thong minh ca cay, vi vay “ho dang tin kiém nhi6u hon fa phan xq-ngay lap life Uf ee nikting loai cay nay: ho mudn xéc dinh xem cay c6 thé nhé lai nhiing gi ching da Wai qua va tham cht hoc hai tty d6 hay khong, 6 dung ray thang dking, lrong do eae cay Dé kiém tra gia thiét cla minh, ho da th cay 60 Kn trong khong thdi gian vai giay méi lan, va ‘mot chubi gém ¢6 60 1én rai thi mBi chudi Rip lal t8ng cong bay In, Nhém nghién cfu quan sat thay ring dén cusi ngay, 14 cay ngting déng lai. Biéu nay cho thay réing ching da ‘diéu chink” trai nghiém ca ching va khong cdn dm thay vide roi la mot méi de doa na. Céc ofl cAy sau 46 da khéng bi téc dong trong gan mét tudn trude khi bj dua ra lam this nghigm tiép, Lan nay, mét s6 cy mimosa hoan todn khong gép [4 cila chiing dé dép Iai khi bi roi, trong Khi hing cay khde efing thoi déng Ia etia chting chi sau vai lan rai ‘Gagliano cho ring © ij dew nhting 4, vi ring co tn Kgl mot tht gl 46 cay nay 66 mat a xily ra trong thi nghigim trudie cho ring éng vi bO nhs, 'Nghién cu cba Gagliano, duge cong bé rong rai, a bi chi irich vi ling ghép Ip’ voi ‘vide thich nghi’, Fred Sack, mét nha thyc vat hoc tai Dal hoc British Columbia, cho ring su khae bi il 19 rang; thule val ién héa, dong val hee hei. Mot nghién ottu khée dua ra y tuang rang thye vat 66 thé ‘ngh? thi t@p trung vao cach cay ¢6 thé ty sp x€p 16 chile. “Suzanne Simard, mot nha sinh thai rUing tai Dai hoe British Columbia, GA khém ph ra each cay edi Wrong ring ty phan b6 Wong ede mang koi rng kip theo each ma cho phép ede cay chia Ho da tiém cho cay mét Iugng ‘carbon phéng xa va theo ddi dong chay dinh duéng cling nhu tin higu hoa hoc cila cae cay db bang b6 dém Geiger. Sd dé ho tao ra dia wen cac chuyén déng nay cho thay nhGng cay lau dbi nhat déng vai trd trung tam va ¢6 ti 47 két n6i véi cc cay khéc. S¢ d4, dude di fa trong giéng Nhu mOt ban d6 dung bay eva héing hang khdng. Thong qua céo mang ludi, cay o6 thé chia sé théng tin vé trong Ive, do Am, anh sang, 4p suét, thé tich, khi, mudi, vi khudn va nhiing mdi nguy hiém tiém tang, va thyc vat nhn duge théng tin o6 thé thay déi hung tang trudng, han ch6 sy phat trién cla chung hoge chuyén I8i canh bao dén cae cay khéc, i nguyen valbao ve che cay Tuy nhién, nhding ngudi hoa nghi vé tri thong minh thye vat tim thay ly 1é phan bac minh qua nhiéu thi nghiém aguy khoa hoc ky qudi, chang han nhu mot ed ca rét duge bude vao ban kim tra cla nha thyc vat hgc va nha sinh vat hoe dang kinh Sir Jagandish Chandra Bose. Bose, sau hi nhan théy rang may méc két néi véi efi ca r6t da ghi nhan ‘ nhiing nhiie nhich, git va ring minh’, da két luan, ‘Hod ra khoa hge tham chi o6 thé cho thay cam xtc cia mot loai rau ct v6 Wi hu cic rét.' Mot thi nghiém dang dé ng&m nghi cla Cleve Backster, mot cyu nhan vién CIA ‘ma sau d6 da chuyén sang lam ngudi hudng dn phat hign néi déi, ngudi da “Kit ndi mol may phal hion noi di voi mol chiée ki eta cay tng (rong van phong cha minh. Backster pit Nin ra y khi anh ta c6 tinh nghi vé vide dét cay, bo rnéiy nay da gh nhan dot bién trong hoa dong edia n6, GDIbu on c6 thé dod Jong chi thyc vat c6 thé nghi n yy din anh dén ket tad F tise suy nghi, Trong mt thi nghigm khée, anh ta da tuyén chon n&im tinh nguyén vién va bao mét trong 86 ho nhé Fé, ddm nat va phd hiy di mét trong hai cy trong phng. Sau dé, “Back cho phép cAc tinh nguyén vién di vao, ting ngudi mot, va éng ndi rang may phat hidn ndi dai phi Hidn len’ khi hung tho vao phong, khién anh ta tuyén bé cing cay con sng dA xe dink 470 Bat ké vigc thuc vat c6 suy nghi hay la chi phan dng véi céc kich thich mdi truéng theo mot cach Aguyén so, bang chiing thc nghigm d& cho thay rang thy vat, cing giéng nhu déng vat, c6 kha nang thich nghi, Nhuing ligu diéu nay 66 nghia la thyc vat c6 bG nao hay kh6ng? Céc tir nhu cm ‘nhan, nhan thie, hoc héi va ghi nhé thudng duge sit dung cho cdc sinh vat c6 bé no va nhang Aguol Ung hé phai ching minh duge ring mot b6 nao, cing véi céc té bao thdn kinh va khép than kinh ca né, thi khéng cén thiét cho viée thu nap kién thie, “Stefano Mancuso, mét nhan vat hang du trong linh vyc ‘sinh hoc thén kinh thye vat’, tuyén bé ring ‘néu ban la thyc vat, thi £6 no khéng phai l& m@t Igi thé’, va. do dé cinting ta non ngting suy nghi ¥é pian ing cba nao Khin6i vé tr thong mink thy val, Do 46, nhiing nud ting he nhu Mancuso sé ti6p tye tién hanh nghién ctu véi hy vong mot ngay n&o dé 88 c6 minh chting m@t céich thuyét phuc rng cdc céch xih IY th6ng tin va kich thich khéc, nhu véi céc t& bao dc biét va mang {6 bao, va tin higu hoae héa hgo, thye sy lé mét chi sé 16 rang vé ti! thong minh cia lai cay. Tu vung Predilection n. sy yéu thuong dc biét uproar a, sy én Ao reading public phr. gibi déc oid discredit ». Pahi ng insentiant ar vs edm mimosa a, ey hos mimosa apparatus. thigt Ui, sy knee-jerk 2d). phan x9 ngay lip tie, v8 diéu kign Interval o, khotng, qung pastulate v. chordng akin adj. giéng ‘si, tuong ty conflate v. Ibn ghép botanist n. ahs thyc vat hee Gelger counter phr. 6 démn Geiger hub n.trung tam microbe n. vi khudn sceptic », agubi hodi nghi,nghi hose ammunition n.4jté céng ich, bo cha bizarre adj. by, kj quai pseudoscientiic adj. nguy Khon hoe abound . nhiéu, dy ry {witch n, nhue nhich start. (co) gist tremor n, xing minh stolid adj. v6 tri provocative adj dang désuynghi, khiéukhiehpolygraph n, surge n.traolén, déylén, d6tbién rootup phy. nhdré stompon phy. dm lén/em len habituation n. khS nang thich nahi Vide thye vat thich nghi khéng nén nham Kn véi vige hoe hai ‘Cay xde dinh vj tri cho chting dé tang cudng sy chia sé va sy bao vé. ‘Thy vat 06 thé xac dinh ai d6 da thyc hign mét hanh dong bao lye. Sy hi tudng lai cde sy kién ca thyc vat trong mét thi nghiém truéc day cho thdy rng ching c6 bd nhé. ‘That sai lm khi nghi vé tr théng minh thyc vat trén khia canh b6 nao. Cay c6 thé hiéu duge suy nghi cia con ngubl, Rone oo Danh séch cae nha nghién edu Suzanne Simard Cleve Backster Stefano Mancuso Monica Gagliano Fred Sack |moou> CHAPTER 07 Matching Features art SWIQWSY STII SY2NOVH 472 Chit Gidi Dya vao cum tu khéa efia cau cn dién ti (not be confused with learning) ‘va doan trong bai doe c6 lién quan dén cym ti khéa nay ‘Gagliano’s research ~ was criticised for contlating ‘learning’ with ‘adapting’. Fred Sack ~ suggested that the distinction was very clear; plants evolve, animals learn’ nghia 1a ‘Nghién cu iia Gagliano ~ da bi chi trch vi I6ng ghép ‘vig hoe tap’ vai ‘vige thich nghi’. Fred Sack ~ cho ring sy khdc biét rat r6 rang; thc vat tién héa, dong vat hoc héi' dé xae dinh dap an la E Fred Sack Trong cau nay, ‘distinction was very clear’ duge dién dat lai thanh ‘should not be confused’. Chit Gli Dua vao cum tu khéa cia cau cn dién tis (Trees ~ sharing and protection) va doan trong bal doc ¢6 lién quan dén cum tt khéa nay ‘Suzanne Simard ~ discovered how trees in a forest arrange themselves in widely distributed networks ina manner that allows the trees to share resources and protect fellow trees’ nghia a ‘Suzanne Simard ~ dé khdm pha ra céch ey c6i trong riing ty phan b6 trong cac ‘mang luéi rong khp theo céch ma cho phép cée cay chia sé tai nguyén va bao ve cc cay khéo’ dé xéc dinh dap &n la A Suzanne Simard. Trong cau nay, ‘allows the trees to share resources and protect fellow trees’ duge din dat lal thanh ‘promote sharing and protection’, ii Gil Dya vao eum ti khéa ofa eau on dién ti: (Plants can identify ~ violent act) va doan trong bal dgc ¢6 lién quan dén cum tir khéa nay ‘Backster ~ claimed that polygraph metre ‘went wild' when the perpetrator entered the room, leading him to declare that the surviving plant had identified the killer’ nghia la ‘Backster ~ n6i ring may phat hign néi d6i da ‘phat dién én’ Khi hung thd vao phdng, khién anh ta tuyén bé ring cay cdn séng da xéc dinh duge ai la ké pha hoa’ dé xéc dinh dp 4n [a B Cleve Backster. Trong cau nay, ‘killer duge din dat lai thanh ‘who had done a violent act’. hit ial Dya vao cum tir khéa cia céu en dién tl (recall of events in a previous experiment) va doan trong bai doc ¢6 lién quan dén cym ti! Khoa nay ‘Gagliano reasoned that the plants had a recollection of what had happened in the prior experiment, and postulated they had something akin to memory’ nghia la ‘Gagliano cho ring cée cai cay nay 66 mot héi Ue vé nhing gi da xay ra trong thi nghigm trude 6, va cho ring chiing c6 tén tai mOt thit gi dé gidng véi bé nhé' dé xéc dinh dap an 1a D Monica Gagliano. Trong cau nay, ‘a recollection of what had happened in the prior experiment’ dude dién dat lai thanh ‘recall of events in a previous experiment, va ‘something akin to memory’ duge di&n dat lai thanh ‘some form of memory’. Chit Cli Dye vao eym tit khéa eda cau edn dién ti (misleading ~ in terms of brains) va doan trong bal doc cé lién quan dén cum ti khéa nay ‘Stefano Mancuso ~ states that ~ we should stop thinking in terms of brain responses when it comes to plant intelligence" nghia Ia ‘Stefano Mancuso ~ ching ta nén ngling suy nghi vé phan dng cia nao khi ndi vé tri théng minh thye vat’ dé xéc dinh dap an la C ‘Stefano Mancuso. Trong cau nay, ‘we should stop thinking’ duge dién dat Iai thanh ‘itis misleading to think’, 8 Chi Giti Dya vao cum tirkhéa cia cau cd dién ti (understand people's thoughts) va doan trong bai doc ¢6 lién quan dén cum tt khéa nay “This led him to the conclusion that not only can plants think, but they can also read minds’ aghia la ‘Biéu nay dan anh dén két luan ring khong chi thyc vat c6 thé nghi ma cdn ¢6 thé Ge duge suy nghir 48 xéc din dap én B Clove Backster. Trong cau nay, ‘road ‘minds’ duge din dat lai thanh ‘understand people's thoughts’. [ri0] Kiém tra tri théng minh 6 thy vat Nhém nghién edu eda Monica Gagliano a bat du thir nghigm ti thong minh ba thue vat théng qua cée phan Ying eda ching truée nguy hiém. Ho d& chon cay mimosa vi né 0 phat trién mot 7... qua d n6 46i mA vél sy de doa bling céch ‘fp 14 cla nd. Nm nghién ctu da kiém ta alu nay ang cAch dy ody xudng mot ‘Vow: Vide rol nay khong gay nguy hel, nhung cy dé gap lé khi chiing bf ra Tuy nhién, nhém ciia Gagliano dé tap trung vao caw hat vé tr thong minh va khong mun chi don thudn kiém tra 9... ngay lp tte ca cay. Hanh dong nay do dé duge '§p di lap lai dé xem ligu thuc vat c6 héi tudng fai 10... eda ching hay khong va hiéu rang hanh déng dé khong gay hal. Cusi cing, lé cdy da khéng con d6ng lal, digu nay ‘cho phép Gagliano két lugn ring cay da biét day khong phai la mot m6i nguy hiém A nhting b@c thang = BB tén hai Cc trinhé D sythich nghi E phan xa F su chap thuan @ bot Ho tringhiem = 1 dueng ray (Ci Gis| Dla veo eum tt khéa cia cau cn dién ty (developed ~ through which it Counters threats by folding its leaves) va doan trong bai dge ¢é llén quan dén oy UU kha nay “the scientists selected the mimosa plant, which reactively folds iis leaves ae natural protective adaptation when the plant percelves danger’ ngha a ‘cde nha khoa hoo da chon cay mimosa, phan dng gdp ti cla n6 nhu mot sy thich Aghi ty nhién khi cay nhén thay nguy hiém' dé xée dinh dap an 1a D adaptation. Trong cu nay, ‘reactively folds its leaves as a natural protective adaptation’ dude ién dat lai thanh ‘an adaptation through which it counters threats by folding its leaves’ Phil C14i Dya vo cum tr khéa alia edu cén din i (pushing the plants down) vA doan trong bai dec ¢6 lién quan dén cum ti khéa nay ‘They came up with an pPparalus with a vertical ral, which potted mimosa plants could slide down’ nghfa [a Ho da nghira mét dung cu c6 duding ray thang ding, trong dé cdc cay mimosa trong chau 06 thé tugt xuéng’ dé xde dinh dép an la rail Trong cau nay, ‘plants Could slide down’ duge dién dat lai thanh ‘pushing the plants down" CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 4/3 ‘SMOWSY $173) S¥aNgyY ara 10 | Dya vao cum tir khéa ota cau cén dién ti (did not want to simply test the plant's immediate) va doan trong bai doe c6 lién quan dén oym tis Khoa nay ‘they were seeking more than a knee-lerk reaction from the plants’ nghia Ia ‘he dang tim kim nhidu hon la phan xa ngay lap tif tu cac nhiing loai cay nay’ ‘dé xac dinh dap an IA reaction, Trong cau nay, ‘seeking more than a knee-jerk reaction from the plants’ ude din dat lai thanh ‘did not want to simply test the plant's immediate reaction’ chit ¢ Chit Gil Dua vao cum ti kha cla cau cén dién tir (if the plants would recollect their) va doan trong bai doc cé lién quan dén cym tir khéa nay ‘they wanted to determine if the plants would be able to recall their experience’ nghia la ‘ho mudn xe dinh xem cay cé thé nhé lai ning gi ching da trai qua’ dé xc dinh dap an 1a H experience. Trong cau nay, ‘determine if the plants would be able to recall’ dugc din dat lai thanh ‘determine if the plants would be able to recall’. hing tuyén b6 cia Tompkins va Bird da gay ratranh cl trong gid céc nha khoa hoo. Mot 6 déc gid c6 58 hiu cay cling déng ¥ v6i céc ¥ tung trong cudn séch cba Tompkins- Bird. 13. Khi duge két ndi véi mot may phat hign nét déi, c@y Khéng c6 phan Ung véi kich thich. hii Gidi Cum ti khéa ca cau cho sén la (claims of Tompkins and Bird) va doan trong bai doe ¢6 lién quan dén cum ti khéa nay la "Their assertions generated an uproar among members of the scientific community’ nghia la ‘NhGng khang dinh lia ho da gay ra su én ao gia cdc thanh vién trong céng déng khoa hoc’. Vi nol ‘dung cau cho sn déng nhét véi doan trong bai doc 66 lién quan dén cum ty khéa nén dap An ld True, Trong cau nay, ‘generated an uproar among members of tho scientitic community’ duge dién dat lai thanh ‘caused controversy among scientists’. ‘hii GIA Cum tis khéa cita cau cho s&n & (Some readers who owned plants) va oan trong bai dgc 6 lién quan dén cum ti khéa nay Ia ‘members of the reading public who believed that their plants thrived when dealt with affectionately were quick to give their suppor!’ nghia la ‘nhiing ngudi doc ma tin rang thyo vat phat trién manh khi ching duge d6i xi yu thuong thi lal rét ng hd cudn sach nay’ vi gi dung cau cho sin déng nhat véi doan trong bai doe cé lién quan dén cum ty khéa nén dap an fa True. Trong cu nay, ‘members of the reading public’ duge dién dat lal thanh ‘Some readers’, va ‘give their support’ duge dién dat lai thanh ‘agreed with the ideas’ Chit G41 Cym ty khéa ca eu cho sin la (Connected to a polygraph machine) va Goan trong bai doe ¢é lién quan dén cym ti khéa nay la ‘connected a polygraph machine to a loaf of the houseplant in his office’ nghia la “két ndi mot may phat hign néi déi véi mot chiée la cia cay trdng trong van phong cua minh’, va ‘Backstor found out that ~ the machine registered a surge of activity’ nghia la ‘Backster phat hign ra rang ~ b6 méy nay da ghi nhan dét bién trong hoat dong ella no". Vi nol ‘dung cau cho s&n d6i lap véi doan trong bai doc ¢6 lién quan dn cum ti khéa nén dap an ta False. HU) AER ' ' oon goi¥ trong biti doc tip Tin edu Wa Bi dug In Khe miu va Binh cw thao s6 i ea cA HG HANG ting. EXAMPLE pel ‘A Mac dui dong vat dot bién khéng phai la chua tiing dude biét dén trong mél trudng ty nhién, 86 lugng c4 map hai dau duge phat hign gn day cao hon nhiéu so véi dy dodn- ft nhat nam con di duge tim thay trong mudi nam qua. Hon n@a, Kin dau tién, nha nghién ctu Valentin ‘Sans-Coma tham chi da tim thay m@t con nhu thé trong mét loai ca map dB tring. Nhang phat hién nay da khign cdc nha khoa hoc hoang mang, B_Béi vi nhGng conc map hai dau nay vén cdn tung d6i hiém, r&t kh6 xéc dinh nguyén nhan chinh xév via sy dot bién. “Tuy nnien, 66 gL 16! yi thich age dao eho Fang sy danh bal ea Gay nen 86 lvang 4 nap dol bién neay cang gia ing. Theo Aha hoa hoc bién Nicolas Ehemann, hoat dong danh bat cia con ngudl dé Knién s6 lugng c& map trong dai dudng giam manh, va do d6, dan dén mét nguén gen nhd hon. Ong cho ring digu nay da dan dén vige c€n huyét tang Ién, gay ra nhiéu su bat thudng vé gen. qua itis la nguyén al HAGKERS PRI A. Nady nay, c6 hon 350 loai vet dn tén tai. Loai chim théng minh nay ¢6 nhiéu kich 68 va mau se r¥o 13. Méic di chting duge coi nhu la thé cung trén khap thé gidi vi kha nding bat chudc Idi néi, nhung chiing khong phai Iie ndo eting duge yéu thich & vung dat qué husng cita minh, B M6t vi dy dién hinh cia vige nay f& Uc, nai sinh séng cita loai vet mao vang, mot loai vet I6n ¢6 long mau vang rye 18 trén dau. NhGing con chim nay di chuyén theo dan |dn va gay phién toi cho cu dan dja phuong. Khéng chi ‘ici int «fu vit vai nhing fiéng gol tale binky minhy tla ehting [em phién con ngui6i, ma ching edn réte6 hai. Nhting ngudi ndng dan va chi nha thudng phan nan rng ching dang pha hoal mia mang va lam hu dng gé duge sif dyng CHAPTER 08 Matching Information 4/55 SNIGVIY SET3I SU3NDVH 406 trong vige xAy nha bang eéch nhai n6, Ching cling dang mé réng Hanh thé cia minh, chiém nai 8 cla cdc loai chim ban dia khde. C__bé gidi quyét nhang van dé nay, loai vet mao vang da duge tuyén bé lA mot loa gay hal & mots6 khu vue, 'bidu nay ngan khong cho oi uy dinh vé quyén sd hitu loai chim nay. 6 mot s6 ving, cling c6 nhing sy sang loc thuding xuyén dé kiém soat sé Iugng quan thé va ngain chan loai vet may lam hu hal hé sinh thai dia phucng. Mic di cdc chinh sach nay c6 thé cé higu qua, nhung khong 16 liu cchiing 86 gip gidi quyét van dé hay khong. ny duge mang dén cae ki vulc méi cing nhs dat rac 1B cap dén vide céim mot loai chim d mot s6 Khu vue Nhat dinh. 2 NhGing théng tin chi tiét v8 cach loai vet tac dong dén con ngudi vé tiéng én. >1nfi Git Dya vao eum tit khéa cia cau cho sn (banning a bird species) va doan trong bai dgc 6 lién quan dén cym tit khéa nay 4 doan C “This prevents them from being imported into new areas and puts regulations on their ownership" nghia 1a “Bidu nay ngain khéng cho chéing dugc mang dén c&c khu vc méi ofing nhu dat ra cc quy dinh vé quyén sd hau loai chim nay’ dé xéc dinh dap dn la dogn C. 2 Clif Gif Dya vao cym tif khéa ota cau cho séin (in terms of noise) va doan trong bai doe 66 lién quan dén cum tir khéa nay 8 doan B ‘their chatter and pro-dawn calls disturb humans’ nghia [a ‘tiéng hét riu rit va nhiing tiéng gol trudo binh minh tia chéing lam phién con ngudi dé xéc dinh dap an la doan B. ‘A Nba gid kim ngudi Bile, Hennig Brandt da thyc hign mot kham phé quan trong vao gitta nhiing nam 1600. Bang cach lam bay hoi nudc tiéu va lam néng can thu duge, éng ta da ‘chung cét ra mét loal chat lang mdi, thir ma Ong nghT la Ba Gia Kim - mt chat giip ong ob thé bién kim loai co ban thanh vang. That khéng may cho Brandt, Da Gid Kim chi l& mot huyén thoai va nhGng gi éng ta thyc sy phat hién ra la mét dang cia nguyén t6 phét pho. B Qua thif nghiém sau dé, cde nha khoa hoc da o6 thém nhing khém pha vé cdc dang khdc nhau ota khogng chat Brandl. Vi dy, 8 trang thai tinh khigt nhét, phét pho trang, “khioang hal dé chy «in mite nd s& bd chay néu tiép xXe v6 Khong kil, VL-VaY NO pha duge gid ‘dUdi nuéc, Ngoai ra, né chi ¢6 thé duge xitIy bang céc eéng cy, vi n6 déc hal va 66 thé gay béng nang. Nhtng die diém nay cé thé lam cho phét pho trang tuéng ching nhu vo dung, hung ching thuc su khién né quan trong trong mét linh vue khac- dan diigo. Mt 86 vl Khi gay chay n6 da duge phat tién bing cach sil dung dang nguyén 5 nay. CC Déivéi hu h&t cdc mye dich str dung khac, phét pho trang phai duge chuyén déi thanh dang ‘mau dé 6n dinh hen bang céch dun néng. Phét pho dé sé kh6ng ty béc chéy nhy dang mau trang, nhung né khéng phai la kh6ng gay ra nguy hiém, chdng han nhu tao ra khi déc khi dun néng. Tuy nhién, vige sit dung né lai khé phé bién. Chting ta cé thé théy diéu nay trong chinh ngéi nha cita minh. Vat chét mau dé trén dau diém la mét dang phét pho dd, ‘Pht pho Gd cing 66 thé due nghién thanh bot va si! dung im phan 6 © Ch Gisi Dla vao cum tu khéa cita céu cho Sn (agricultural uses) va doan trong bal doc c6 ten quan dén cum tir khéa nay & doan C ‘Red phosphorous can also be ~ used as a fertiliser’ nghia 1a ‘Phot ho a6 cting c6 thé duge ~ sir dung lam phan bon’ d8 xéc dinh dép an la doanc, Carbon duige tim thay xung quanh ching ta gay nay - trong khéng khi, trai dt va trong tat a cée sinh vat sng - nhung né- kh6ng duge tao ra ting khéng thé bj pha hiy. Diéu nay ta do m6t chu tinh goif& chu trinh carbon, Khong 99% carbon trén Trai Bat bi gia lal trong nhGing phié da ten t6p v6 eda né, nhung {hong qua qué trinh nay, carbon dén dn duge gia Phéng vao khi quyén. Thyc vat sau 96 06 thé hap thu carbon, dudi dang carbon dioxide, a8 Suang hap va truyén lai carbon dioxide cho dong vat khi né duge tiéu thy. Cudi cing, ‘Kini NUE Con val ny chs v8 e6 thé chung by pian uy, carbon duige dua és tai tong dt Mot Khia can thuding bi dS qua tron la mol yeu 16x quan trong tong ve xa dh néng dd casoen rong kh quyén. Bai dung cia ching a Wi luu tri. Biéu nay xay ra bdi vi phan ting héa gc va bj mac ket la hoat dong niw dioxide duge hoa tan vao nuée bién tam alm 46 pH ota nude trén b8 mat. Qua trinn axil hoa nay lam cham su phéttrién clia cde sinh “At bign cy nhé nhu sinh vt phi du va san FO. *Nhiing sinh vat bd bé nay tao non nén 4 ing etia mang iui tht iA N62 66 th6 66 tae dong lidu cue dén oan bo he ‘eho ney. Va, WE chang ta ting séng dya vao mang Iuéi thuc ain bién, nguén cung thue phém otta chéing ta ‘cling bj de doa, €n bisa, do G6 qué tink 5 Motif do tai sao mgt chu tinh o6 tnd anh hung dén toan b6 he théng, Vai tr ciia dai duong trong chu tinh carbon, 7 Carbon duge dua té tai tai dat nhu thé do. CHAPTER 08 Matching Information art ‘SNIOUSE $1731 suayoyy Ate 5 chi Git Dya vao cum Ws Khéa ota cau cho sé (Influence & whole system) va doan trong bat doc c6 lien quan dén oym ti Khéa nay & doan C ‘These tiny organisms form the base of the marine food web, 60 the acidification can have @ negative impact on the entire system’ nghia A Nindng sinh vat nh bé nay tgo nén nén tang eta mang lu6i the an bién, do d6 qua trinh axit héa CO thé 06 tac dong tléu cue déin toan bo he théng nay’ dé xée dinh dp dn fa doan C. 6 Chi Gidi Dya vao oum ti khéa ota cau cho s&n (oceans ~ carbon-cycle) va oan trong bai dge c6 Nien quan én cum ty Khéa nay 6 doan B AN often overlooked aspect of the carbon cycle is that oceans are a highly significant factor in determining the level of carbon in the atmosphere, Our ooeans act 2S large carbon sinks’ nga le “Mot Khia cant thung bi bd qua trong chu tinh carbon [a vige xét ‘ibn dat duong la mot yéu t6 12 quan trong trong vie xéc din néng do carbon trong khi quyén. Dai duong cia ching ta hoat dong nhu ode bé chifa carbon \én' 48 xéc dinh dap dn la doan B. 7 chi tdi Dya vao ym tirkhéa ota cau cho sén (carbon ~ back into the earth) va doan trong bal dgc 06 lien quan dén oun ts khGa nay 8 doan A ‘as these animals die and their bodies decompose, the carbon is returned to the soil! nghfa 18 “khi nhGing con vat nay chét di va co thé chuing bi phan hiy, carbon duoc dua tré lat tong dév' 48 xéc dinh d4p An la doan A. Trong c&u nay, ‘is returned to the soll’ duge dién dat Iai thanh ‘gets put back into earth’. \V6i dan 86 dang gia hod ngay nay, cude tranh Iuan vé vai tr eta ngudi cao tudi trong lye Iugng lao dong 68 bat d&u néng fen. Mét s6 ngual tn ring tah Wang fam vige kéo dai ca ho trong luc lgng lao dong co thé gay anh hudng x€u cho x hoi. Nhding ngudi khae nghi rang vide lam cho ngudi cao tudi c6 thé dem Iai nhiing két qua tich eye cho sy gin két x4 hdl va ting trudng kinh t6. Nhung ngudi phan déi vige sit dung ngudi cao tuéi qué tuéi nghi huu hign nay: thuding néu len, Ij 16 ring luc lvong lao dong gla se Kem rng sual, bai vi ee van a8 sife khée va st thi6u cae tanh d@ kf thuét sé lam han ché Kha ning eta ngui cao tudi trong mot s6 cong vie nnhdt din, Mae di digu nay c6 thé xay ra v6 ngudi gl, MhuN &Hoa Ky, thé he trén 60 tudi hign tal 6 trinh a hee van cao va tong ai Khde mann, de bist la 60 v6l cde thé he trudc. Nhing ngudi khéc phan nan ring qua Khé 46 dao tao nguai cao tuéi. Ho néi, ban khong thé day cho mt cha ché gia thi thud mot. Tuy nhiOn, day cong Ja mot fap lua sai l@ch. Ngudt cao tuéi c6 nhiéu kinh nghiém, voi sy quan If ding dan, c6 thé dem dén higu qua cao trong Ol c&nh thich hgp. *Nhisw nqvei da 68 hitw eae Ky nang tng dung ce mE AY thé nau ich trong th tring vige an vat dng tigo ce hoat dng eta 6 gid Kin Goan, gid di nhu cau cho vige dio kao ndi chung, Mot quan diém phan déi lai vige lam cho ngudi cao tudi ma van cdn nguyén gid tri cho dén

    You might also like