Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What is a flower?
A flower is a functional unit concerned with reproduction. A flower can be pictured as a very
short stem (the receptacle) which holds the components of the flower in sequence at the very
tip of this stem, so they appear in the centre of the flower, c/a female organs (the gynoecium).
Next to them are the male organs (the androecium) and next to them are the petals (corolla)
and sepals (calyx).
Flower Structure
Gynoecium-(=pistil)- collective term for all the female reproductive organs of a flower
comprising one or more free or fused carpels
Perianth-the floral envelop usually divisible into an outer whorl (calyx) of sepals and inner
whorl of petals (corolla).
{A complete flower is one with all parts (calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium)
present. A flower lacking one or more of these parts is said to be incomplete. A perfect
flower is one with both androecium and gynoecium present. If either are lacking, the
flower is said to be imperfect.}
2. PLANT BREEDERS KIT
USE: It is used for incising the floral buds and for removing the anthers from it. E.g.
Tobacco, Sesamum etc.
USE: It is used for protecting the individual flowers or small twigs during selfing or crossing
e.g. Mungbean, Tur, Cotton, Okra, Brinjal and Earheads of Sorghum, Bajra, Wheat and
Maize.
Being white and semi-transparent it is more suitable than paper bags even enthesis or
blooming can be seen from outside
SMALL/ CURVED SCISSOR
USE: For cutting the small florest in cereals and small flowers in the crops like Lucerne,
Guar etc.
USE: It is used for clipping, cutting the vegetable parts and large size floral parts in cereals
like Wheta, Sorghum, Bajra and Tobacco.
SHARP POINTER
USE: It is used for incising the floral parts and for removing the anthers from the crops like
bajra.
USE: For observing the reproductive parts to confirm that there should not be any part of the
anther left on the stigma or stigma is free from any foreign pollens.
AUTOMIZER
USE: It is used for spraying the gametocides during emasculation of flowers e.g. 57% ethyl
alcohol can be filled in it for killing the pollens of Lucerne.
U-PINS(U- CLIPS)
USE: It is used for fasting the bags on earheads or flowers to keep the bag in proper position.
HAIR BRUSH
USE: It is used for transferring the pollen grains in crops like Castor, Sorghum etc.
WASHING BOTTLE
USE : It is used for filling sterilizing agent like alcohol or spirit to sterilize the scissors,
pointers, forceps and brush during crossing work.
SMALL WHITE TAG
USE : It is used for identifying the internal flower or a small twig during crossing
programme. The detailed information about crossing is written on it with pencil and then it is
inserted on pedicel or peduncle e.g. Cotton, Bajra, Wheat, Sorghum, Sesamum etc.
USE : It is used for tagging the flowers in fruit crops or tree species after crossing. It
is also used for identification of selected trees.
MUSLIN CLOTH BAG (LARGE SIZE)
USE : To cover the whole plant while selfing or crossing in the crops like Chillies,
Brinjal etc. In large sized plants like Tur it can be used for protecting individual branch also.
Methods of Emasculation
HAND EMASCULATION
In species with large flowers, removal of anthers is possible with the help of forceps.
It is done before anther dehiscence. It is generally done between 4 and 6 PM one day
before anthers dehisce. The corolla of the selected flower is opened with the help of
forceps and the anthers are carefully removed with the help of forceps. Sometimes
corolla may be totally removed along with epipetalous stamens e.g. gingelly. In
cereals, one third of the empty glumes will be clipped off with scissors to expose
anthers.
SUCTION METHOD
It is useful in species with small flowers. A thin rubber or a glass tube attached to a
suction hose is used to suck the anthers from the flowers. The amount of suction used
is very important which should be sufficient to suck the pollen and anthers but not
gynoecium.
HOT WATER TREATMENT
In case of hot water emasculation, the temperature of water and duration of treatment
vary from crop to crop. It is determined for every species. For sorghum 42-48OC for
10 minutes is found to be suitable. In the case of rice, 10 minutes treatments with 40-
44OC is adequate.
ALCOHOL TREATMENT
In Lucerne the inflorescence immersed in 57% alcohol for10 second was highly
effective. It is better method of emasculation than suction method.
Selfing
1. Bag the tassel before anthesis with a paper cover. Bagging of tassels should be done
in the previous day evening to avoid contamination from foreign pollen.
2. Cut the tip of the cob before the silks emerge and cover with a paper cover.
3. After 3-4 days, the silks will emerge in the form of a ‘saving brush’ in which the silks
will be of same height and stand erect.
4. Remove the cover of the tassel containing pollen and insert it over the cob after
removing the cob-cover. The inserted cover is then tied.
Crossing technique
Female parent
a. Detassel
b. Cut the tip of the cob before the silks emerge and cover with a butter paper cover.
Male parent
a. Cover the tassel before anthesis begins or as soon as the tassel emerges.
When the silks emerges in the female parent in the form of a brush, pollination is done by
transferring the freshly shed pollen cover form the male parent and inserting it over the cob of
the female parent after removing the cover from the cob.
The details like date of pollination, parentage and breeding programme to be carried out are
clearly written by water proof pencil. The date or pollination will be one day later than the
date of tasselling. Pollination should be completed within one week of silk
emergence. Isolation distance for maize = 400M.
4. BREEDING OBJECTIVES FLORAL BIOLOGY, SELFING-
EMASCULATION CROSSING TECHNIQUES IN TOMATO, BHENDI
AND CHILLIES.
BRINJAL
Floral biology
Brinjal flowers are large, violet coloured and solitary or in clusters of two or
more.
• The perfect flowers are borne singly and opposite to the leaves. In brinjal,
heterostyly is a common feature. Four types of flowers have been reported
depending on the length of styles, viz. (i) long-styled with large ovary, (ii)
medium-styled with medium size ovary, (iii) Pseudoshort-styled with
rudimentary ovary and (iv) true short-styled with very rudimentary ovary
(Krishnamurthi and Subramaniam, 1954).
CHILLI
Habit: Casicum annnum (Capsicum and Chilli) is a perennial herb but grown as
annual.
Root: Tap root numerous profusely branched lateral roots develop. Height
extending to 1 meter.
Flowers: Flower of capsicum species are pentamerous but large fruited cultivars
have 5-7 corolla lobes. Usually borne singly and are terminal but dueto
branching they appear to be auxillary, pedicels upto 1.5 cm long.
Fruit: Indehiscent, many seeded bery. Variable in size, shape, colour, and degree
of pungency.
Pollination:
Crossing time: any time of day light hours but best times are in early morning or
in late afternoon. Anthers with two pollen sacs, pollen release is from lateral
sutures longitudinally.
Out crossing: less in bell pepper types and more in chilli types.
Floral characters:
Flower: The flowers are yellow or white, unisexual (rarely bisexual), actinomorphic,
pentamerous and epigynous. The thalamus forms a cup above the ovary.
Calyx: The calyx is of 5 sepals forming a tube, which is wholly adnate to the ovary in
female flowers. The aestivation is valvate.
Corolla: The corolla consists of 5 petals which are united to form a tube
(Trichosanthes). The corolla is campanulate (Coccinia, Cucurbita) form. Petals are
white or yellow in color. The petals are free in Luffa, Trichosanthes.
Androecium: The Androecium is present in the male flowers only. In female flowers it
may be represented by staminodes. The Androecium shows much variation. The
simplest condition is where 5 free stamens are present (Luffa cylindrica) with
dithecous/monothecous anthers.
In Lagenaria, Cucumis and Citrullus there are three stamens with one monothecous
anther and other two as dithecous anthers.
Gynoecium: The gynoecium is present only in the female flowers. It consists of 3
syncarpous carpels with completely inferior ovary. Ovary becomes spuriously three
loculed. They have only one style with three stigmas.
Fruit: The fruit is fleshy-berry with soft or hard pericarp. This type of fruit is called
pepo.
Seed: The seeds are compressed and non-endospermic.
1. Average heterosis:
MP = ---------- P2 = Parent 2
This type of heterosis is of no use in agriculture since the superiority is below the
2. Heterobeltiosis:
3. Economic heterosis:
crop.
F1 - CV
--------- x 100
CV
Where CV = Mean of Commercial Variety.
4. Negative heterosis: