ACHEET HroBLEhR

HEROD YNAMTCS
Ke ynolds Tunsport Theorem 7 Navien- Stokes equafon
newtomlon
eqvatfon for a

S p b d + +b(VA)dA|
Momertum

C.S ftutd

Stress tems
Mass connufby Tntegral fom

CS
CV Tyy AV+ a
3y Momentum conservattgm-

dC-v
+SVP VA]dA -Enbhd
C.S
Cbntents
Cy Lxy=lyx =M V
Aout
Vout

Tye Ty Ml+Y)
DHoendial fovn

4Conthuty equatfon- coeff.

Mmoleculon Vstosthy
+{PV) =o A bulk vstosty Cot

Fror a Newtonian tutd wtth constart

5Lylndrtcal coDrdnate Continutby e denshy4 viscostby

4)* vo)r o ,-A -

Mom entum Cons estvatton a-

8Y Matertal Detvatfve.

DD (V)
 N
ve dftt
NACA Q3013
the dlslgn
1s dfgt multtpled by 3 ves
VF CDefPtderdt tn tênth
9 L Ncoe n a t mal Exx 3 =
03
-Asm AArfal
D - Nstna Acos Face
dtrtded & ges he
se dg by
locadton e moximvm chmben almg the
10 Aerodynomfc CoePfredents chard frarn the leadng edge h hundredths

e chord. Ext-3012 = 0- 15c

LFE coe, CN moximvm thickness

Lagt a dtgts qver
h hurdredth e o chord
Drog cae, Ca Gx c 1ac
S

Moment coeffcfent, M Sx-dfaftserfes-

SL
NACA 65-31o|
NOTE- fnCd,Ra, Macn)
Tdend ftes sertes6

Symmabte alrtoll and dfaft- localtbn mnhnm p essue

Cam bead ofrfof
.9) fn tonths e chord fron leadng edge
amben In.
Design 1ltt coeficfent n terths

Lost a drgits - Max #htkness h hundred ths

chord
- 0 18.18% thtck.

1ay NACA Nomencatune -

13 Pressure Cocticlent -
reur df' Applfcalbe from
nccmpresstble to
NACA 41
Zoo hypersente Haw)
Rrst dfgft Mofmun comben n hndredths
et chord, e m.comben 0:0ac.
Secnd d'qt locatfon e mamvm camber
P- o ncampesslble]
LPiow only
dng he chord tran the leodng edge
n tenths bord NUTE
x04c here +p s non -dimenoorol anty 4 as
Last& dighs Mox htckness fn homdhelthe g
long aa flonu CondEns de smilan, we

chord 1c wll get game Cp

 POTENTECAL FuTD HoN
DHAssnmptions y LPrculaltgn iga
>lne întgral
trtegr

Flow ks fmcompresslble . -Vas -(zvaa

A
V-V=o
Flow is înyfstd tthereby rotattonal
57 Unfform Flow
Voertfohy, 1f-Vw20
x -veloctfy, Vo
chosen 03 to
NOTE)-OPotentfol tntlen wos
Voox= Varcose
make vortictby zeno
Potentas fncttm,
Sheom mckon, /-Vy =Voo T she
8tmfloaly, sBerecm fncBon wcs chosen
So ato scdfsy contnufty eq
T-
=lninte at ovtgn
Polenta imeantLopdee_
.V=o Soura ) t Shk (-) Flow-
By mathemctes Vshould e gradtent of Rodtal velochy, Ve-bd
Scalcn inctfm,then

v(vo-o Sounue hergth, |A--?rm

tlow
Satsiees laplaco eom , then only
s possbe as t sats Pes cortnuPty eg
8mflonly, =o for strom fimcktan.
7Doublet fne -

NOTE
Dolublet shength reo
rrotodonal, honreasiblk llbd hs a
Any
functa (for D) TT
veloctty potenttal shreont
thatbothsas laslaa eg Shreanline =V =tmst= sng =
Y Covensely, laplace equotton
any solutfon oP
Tepresents he velochy potenifal ar stream she she da ef lobe
funcfm (&T) fir an trotational, hampressble
ftow we add thefr dertratfreu too,
cun

e , velacetes (obsee elomenteg ° Vortex Flow

fHus cbred
37 Feadures o aplac equaton Vontx Shrength Tt (<edctfon)

-++++n Vo-C TE C
taken along any sheam F
Lombnfng a numben of poBenttal tlow
Avort pastthe
gtves vs a new poBental flow 2T Shenyth C otates
6) Eadh et he potental tlow s called elernerdtmy clockwfse dinecton
Plow.
 ype o Flow
Velocty
Onton lor m x- detlon
Vo

SoUTa Hoo
Y2TT
o-o
2T
VaT lex flo
Ve 2T
,V=o
Doublet flow
TTOsO

9 Doue+ Untftvm flow ow oven ynden-

kre half
body 1y Nm-1tng
Rorn

Y=VTsfne
2 -rsfne +e
2T

eNo APpfcabe fral Voo rshe 1-

polcn coordrato

whou, R
Stagnatn pohis,|.8) =(

Stognatfom strecmre - Veo coo1

P-A =(ns
V-Vo sine
wfdth e ronk/ne halB bddy,
b-A
Vos Btagnalon pofnds, R,0) + (RT)
&tagnaton sheomhe, y -o
10y Source+ &nk + Unfform -Flow
At all pofnts =R, lom eylndlen sunfac

V0 Ve=-aVsnen r
Romkie oral
p 1-4she oefof presse
Vo ene - 2T fo

NoTE
Stagnatiern ponts, +b |4 (=o,T yThe moxlmum velocfhy Ys o at top f bottom
V
ofHhe cynde (A
ognatton sheornlie, y-0 V VOo

KMaxtmm accelencutton (flow L-> RJ

OCC at 35,
Mancimum lecol inccttn ocuuoy m
a
45,315°
 1 Ufttng Flow ove ylnd e
Vorlex 1ow
Non Ifftng flow oron llnden + stognalon pohl R
P= (V»tsfno) [ i - )
velocflfea of non-1fDng -Mow 4 oes t5
VVe Con be adhfeved smphy by addng

staqnabon ponk
[R,)
4voop. stagnaltor poe e fts
d
cPhe sotaucyiien
1spofrt
T>4VaR istg poht Pnside sylhder,

13 KutaJavkowsk Theorem
Lt penunlt sponl, L'=AvT RV

R
ylnder-
14 Mox velocfhy fr JFLnq_tlow oeh
stg porct
because o ns9|
Also, V [1-vcose
-

Va
- Vo T ve

, tn cow velocfhy s
TR N G - R
en cw drectton

Lncompresstble Flouw Oven Arfotls

crculon
Afofl leading edge is usualhy YCs)= d
wfth radus ot aPpTO. 0-0Rc.

* Hghen the mox, lowen t h e

The locod tangentfal velocty
Jump in
stall ng speed aa CL- AVS C) across he yorlex sheet s equal to local
- of the arden -3/-3° shet stegtn
Uft slope a, fs not tnfvenad by Re., -4-
but Lmee nortosea wth momse in Re.
*The momert cocftcrt ts also fnaersfteto Re N0TE|- The stength t varte sheet Y9 is
xcept at la1ge . calculated sudh that ,the comben line becomu

*q k snsftve to Re f decreades at hghen ReSheam ne the fiow.

fr the orden ot R- 1o.
Kutta Condltfon
*Aerodlynamfe cesdhe, Gmac =0 n

9Yorte sheet- SS
S
0)-ords YV 0
dV=-Yds Fintle amgle
|r ds T CUSped
hy Kelns Crculaton heorem
.C2
TT uft slope dC =
al t d
Ft slope fs r rod- or o 11 de
hotad
Dentratve, 0

The Cene 9nole tt Mamenk cocRtefent

charge c crculafon oound a
closed
cunve Consfsrq same Hutd elerntrds ts
Zno Crm,le -CL

ThnAirfol Tegry Cm,= o pt derodyrem

Certe 1fe ar
C
FEn the wmben lra to be a streomline c
flow, net normal velocby most be zeno Cnculakn
Voo,n+ wcs) =o
LAMBERED

ArRFOLL C CVooAoA,)|

VmnV stn to(dE)

ApUatmstng fe, Vo,n =V«(-d
ws) 0o),
wl)-( G)dg T

(x-) + os9-1)da.]
Fundamental ewedipn of thn alrfoll
theory,
T (K-)
(co,-s)de,|
TT

W
:C («-2

m,le
NGTE or 6yrmetrc a-fof), cmbtn liro
wlith chord lPne,
cohcddes
L rA)]
te.d=d
y m m e t r t

Atrfof
Cm
YCo)= V»+Ose)
sne ysually, A>Ag
dockwtse & heu
TT

TT CV
1TCL (A-Aa)
 7 AERODyNAMIC (eniER
Mac

Xac

Xac - TMo+ 0- 25 wheu, a, ddol mdng

Fourfn oefttctents
|A - 2 dz de,

TP d os n.e d

K Cortnufty en tor mompressfble Hew

7 Eqvatton oB Shreom Lfne -

Vdso fe no volumetrto dfalatfon ponuni volume.

ne
Dfenenttol eq csteam
dx-dy-dzW KBy Shream fynctfon
for eah 'C.value, weget(
r=c a streom ne
NOTE-T steady stute, path he, sheak
Lne streom lne ou somne
Pu a

Inea strafns e Aufd elenerd

x

2
For ncampreustble tlaa -
tRale et angulan deformetfon
u-|4
fy
NorE
For conmpre.sstble flau, AY- -9,
gves the massflow smate butwen the
Votchy -v
Drrotcaifona tupo shreomlines 4P 2
For ncorm preasible flouy AY AeprU ents
Vdme How nade.
6Angulon velothy
Shreanm fncbton vclfd for D lus ony
CT
9 Velofty PotcntHol fundton- Y Helmholtzs Vartex thearems

blan
te, The strength of a
ts censtant aleng ts
vagrtx
Dength
Plamert

(- A vortex felamert cannot end n a fifdy

Sphenfcel TnUst extend to the boundcony ef the
V Ve Flutd (whth con be t ) or -torm a
rsfne olosed pedh
OTEVelocy poterttal fundlon ts defined 5yDeftntHons-
tor trotuttonal flow enly eometstt tuolst - s deFferent a
dffferent sponuwtse loccdtens
-1
do =tonst petonst lashodt - the tp s ata10we
than the noot
Stredom me s qvadtent line
wash mn the ttp s at a
hfghen
Equtpotentfal Ine fs solne
than he root
9
Hesiodynamte totst Dffesnent alrfot]
sectona along the span , wtth dtfesent
Ffew even
Incompresstble ng* values e Xzb

Pp - nondtl fttng ne Theony

Freetratl ng vonttx
wnd Boumdvort

w-daunuwash ,D +hducad eoraq L sn

For arfol, ( n), Fir uwng m-a

Fre ralinq vorttx

Btot -Savat Lazo

dv dlzr| a
4T 3

2 yelocy mduad at a pofnt P by

an mnete slratght vontex lament
NOTE At traling edge,y=+2,
V doumuush s Inffnty S this modat
was not accnate

3 Semf-tn tn tle yoJnex -

V
4Th
 Tly) Dlstrtbutfon
bl2
Gren eal LfE
A

dr
dr Cot (1t
TAR
6)
Te AR
dr
=eostwalds spon effrcfony tactor
bla
w%) dAyydy 1+S

-b/
Taper rato =
Cr TOot

Cy5) tori (-wys)) L(y)

V

bla Le curve slope TnFm lk

o y)= aaydy For anfotl, do = d
a
Y-9 dol

FtmPte wmg, a-

***

)Elllptfcal LftDistribution
Cruladtrmf

rop a-(* 1ft dtshfbudfon

do n radtom)
Ly)= AV -(y ao

TeAR
COsant
Doumuagh, downuash
for ellfptlc
d'sttbutt om
Induced cole NoTE
G atock, CIP we vse ePP Ce, - ), calculate
bV
L Ustng slope ao
Lft, L- Veo o T CL oNetf -

VL-o)
At T F we Use qeomcbtc AOA , then
Induad onge ot
ctacde Slope used s a
TTAR

Induced denag,
CL a Ca- L-)
Cpt =
CU
TTAR

MSTE For ellfptte tft dtstrtb udfon,

he wng plonform. fs ellpttcal
Ellfpte
EIpe
wing
7
W - ( s t
 Bundcony Loye S Totad dtn frtctfon coetffcent,

1Dsplactment hfckncsS,
Re
Tunbulent Boundary laye
Momentm thickness
yBandany layen thfckneas,

6- 0-31z R02
Re
37 EneqY htcknes C O- 0592

(Re
C e = O:04
NOTE(Pressue across Bsumdauny loye Pe2
doesnt hamge in
y-direcHen o,
S®y oden ef magnftud nalysts NOTE-Ratto e shean force m the
nean punt p a t * h e plabe en EL
T ditdfon of x, he pressue con be
tovnd vsing inistçd ftoo oistde BL ushq
Beungulls eqh P+U=c -
4Wall shean stress,
Lamnan, Re=) less tan 3x10 extond
low s
b Less thon 30o or înternal
flws
numben at ony locatfon'*".
37 Reynoldi
ronsftfn, Re = 3*10< Re < 5xo et
Rex 2Vx
300< Re < 3S00 t

dv flomnan < for tnbdent flos Tunbulent, Re- 79XI0, ext

Hrw dy yo >300 , fnt

Lornfnan Bamdany Lay

Boumdeny Jayen thftknese, | 5.ax

S k n fridfon toefPrcfent
0 66
 BASLC HERMODYNAMICS
4oS-Cpln (T)- Rn
WOTk done (Pdv wok):
1 Consdamt Prussu, w-PlVa-VA) 157 S - = Cy (n(T)+ R m[)
W 0
Ti V
Constamt voluma
Conslant tempenaha, |W=Pv,}n) 14 Sag-So1 R hn (PoL Adfabafe pr
RT
Po To Toz=To
PN wP, n()
yPolybrople proces,We PaV4-PaVe\
-n

U-dT hcpT T

CyR heU+P

Steady flow enengqy ecuaton,

h a t g ) +d
dE
=h++3g)4dt:
dw
op

hat+9) +
ds
Cdm
(ha+ +29)+ dw
dm
aCve)
-Me)w
yshom sfan
> g-ve)

Wwe)
3Theaol ettctenyHecbt engre) -
Lhea
OWaet LHE - Q2
LHE sUpplted
92 heg ecte
T27 sh
9 Refgenotor (Coet operkormanc) -

CoP
Re-wel

107 Heat pUmp

COP
- 2

1 Lonot efftcleny,
1-Ta
cainot
C,T) T
 IAS ynMIS
a) Fquadfon of state
Tsentopfe nelalfons
PV-mRT P-PRT
R:94J}kyk (aln) o 1+ -1
R 3.31y Jnol R R/mo) moes

Contfnurty equattom, Cp
PAV Cons 1D,stuty frouj
dV 4da +dpo f-1+ M*]r-
A

$7 lorentum equatton, (Eulenk euaim), 8 Flow of cormpreastble Hutd trgm a

Mesnvor .
t+vdv-+gdz =o
To
Enegy eqvoon, (Bennouls eqm)
Tn umpress/be
++9 Z -omst

Vrasi
Yrmnaoe9CpT
mPTessfbe flau
yFosn fnompreacfbe Haws
Isathenmd þrecess Vmo (By Bernol
egn
PIn+ Y+gz =cons
normp
Adtooote proce
+ g z - Cons 10 Maximum mags fow nele at
choking
NOTE Incomprensfble l M0-3) moyA Pb
Denstty charnge o-0

5ySped Sound- 41y Caftal mach nmmben:

(M M D/2
Adtobake, CrL 1+)
Isothenmd As M - , M
,
C RT
|137 Area-Mach No nelcdton
6Mach omgle,
1+(M 7r-)
A M /
 Normal Shouk Oave
13At - 1-4 3hok ujore thfckn as -10cm

A
Across shock - ITo lonstemt
Pot constent
14 Area -velocthy nelaton
Unorenninq eqs
AV Pav C6ndnuPhy
A
Mmentum
15 C-D Nozzle

Pe
pPT+ =pTat EnaIY

-RT E f shete.
o 523. Pey
FPes 2rd
Pe 3rdshock srength
throdt

Pez 1st crêtcal PL

Pea nd cttfcal
TeG3rd ctttcal Rernkfra -Hugontot Eauatfn-
1cntHcoal - Ext pressue at whth mach
no

kut stfl) subsomle

wl neadh Unthy at throat
*n dfregent pontiom (Tsendopfe moughot J

xft pressure at whfch omal

tHcal
shock stqmd prectsey at exit plone.
Ett þressue a whfch flow FShock me) auttors
3cretkcal -

Pn dêrengent po0ntirn uofthout

fs supensmlc
ony shock [fe, Aow ts Rully lsendropte
2 QTM-Cr-1)
(+1)

Ovaiexpan dad Unden expamcled

oblqveshoc
Ex panston
P 1+ Y (M1)
wavel
Pa T+1

Pe7) - T)M
Mi (r-l4)
= 6
T-1)M+ 2

Ma Q+ (r-1)M
YTM(r-1)
1anti ladn

(Y) M
3D Come 9D Wecege
M

3D nelle rtng
ePlect
Oblhue shock Wove
OSW
TNOTETotal tempenatune chamqes
y-WaJ
- acoss mOyny shock
na
Mn2
n a n d t - Meyen Expomslon

P e o mm a h ( n

Mnd= MshB M

2
n2 Msn (p-e)
-Fm omge
lim? c obllave shockwane mg.le,
Aeh ) Msh)

-a+-a
10 9-B-M relecttvn, 1a nomctl meyen fmctton (v):-

|tane aCot Misne-a

M(T+ Cas 2p)+2
otodhed wioe
Detached w a r e

M Tsentoptc xpensfiyn -degrt

weak solutn Shhong soludén
M) (M,) +©
C9 munx) ( e moax).
Tsenropfc Crmpreason,
NOTE
B Ta tone-o Nomal shotle)
EM2)=v(M,) -e
B-M sfn tom -o (Madh wor)
Mar (), |na-marx
 aylelgh Flor
bioveinng M (u]Ln

momenv
whou, f - Rtcton facdor
-

f= 4Cu
9CpCToa-To)- hey Ror
D - equkvalent
dfamehen Pe HA
Temp
entholy
M M
Temp
MZ
(h)
Coolg M
4-(FL)-( D M.

coolng
Heoding

Cnhropy (s)

7Fano Hne
Gio/mfng e
Th-PAvz Constamt

Ftotd wall frtcton fore

3ho1- hov= h +

ho bsint
M-)
Fretfvn fses Mo1(sonlc potnk)

riton Se

S u p e s n i

M7
 STABELET 6 Longttudnal Cmrol-
Se e

OSe+ve
4 mac, w
C

Cmo,w (macw +Lo,w

a
dese*o de <o dCLE levdo
de eFPettenes

n g conttbulfon s genorally destalbfl 2fng dCLE

dse dge
Tar

dCr
dse elevador
dSe Contro powen

VrA LSe
ST
dSe

Elevator amgle to dtm-

Cmot nV«LtCothw-f)| Strm -Crm CL+ CmLr

CmyC (mLgejJ

Hm6e, + 9Se Ltin

WARW TTAR tAR
whoo, Se Cm
Cmse
3 Sitck fAxed Neu pont
( - Cm

XNP
CLdw
NOE SM

m Se
SHk Pxed Static Mungn Cm,se

8M
3 Hnge momen Frea elevctor

Cm -Slükc Moyn ne hE + s e Se
dCL
6 - Ca
Ch se
 Maneuven Pofnt
Noe-Usually Chat 4 hse CU

Mcqdve. Sp tleva/t wf floct vp Maneurv point locatfon e cq whee.

when mgle eateuce fs ncreagedl

ltt slope of tufl due JSe = « Nn,Nofhooys

$ Chamae n On Po stttre
to fre elevatov

CLt CL. +
Le be re >aneuren pofrt lfes behfnd Neutal pofrt

Cuse h
Cat Chse Dfrecttanal Stabirty
4 fusle
L,uing
CLCLe testabtlfrD

CLt - C 1- CLse Cno

+
Lnt Cnse
-Q,Sv
cam be leas han 1 r Arecten
yB+T
10 Stck freu neuhrel pont,

-n Vy "y e B+

stabl
Cn
eCne 0)
SHRck fog1ces for stabllty

6s
F Effect e wng sweap-
C-ve) Vtos (-p)
Ce

F o H e oe

SH F-e
Drectfona Comtrol,

F ev'she Sr
sick r e
SHck fora qradltent,
> far spee
,Cnor -1V
F O stalsrify, Velodhy
Jd Sttck forc
qradren mu
d d8r Cs,
b e Negattc TrOm
 Roll toblhy OS snp 0

Actua
O,-sny CosP
0Z
Dhedrcl dfect,
|A B sh o

Ca(oNng,
mamunt coefPj
sta
7.P,g,r >
Angulen veloePtfes
0, na ttvde nades
snptam castome
Stable)
Coso -sin pna
sind sus cosdsec
Roll uhe
Dhera Stabfllzea.
spa
High wng Stabflzes
Longftudnal ynamfcs
utng sep>Stabtlfzes
Harfaontal ta Upwand Sabtltees Chanachofsttc equadbn,
AB+ cS+Ds4E =o4h orden)
DynAmsc dnanY|
Body Axes to EooTth Axes -
lal3, Coas+ c2
|-o
Poll, Pttth, Yano

y Eanth Axes to Body Axes

-eas[aGq5s+uio
Short Pentod mode
Yan, Pttch , Koll. - o charnmge

- V re mahs constemt
y V, w for aht is 9tven tne þentod ts smalA f w 's hgh

u4w e Ve=Vo COe Cas Pe CompanaArely

Ve- Vo ctm pe
Phugofd mode
We Vo snave cosBe remahs mctot
vo h hmge
kulen modstees,

sin
(osp Vo
Y2
o-sn ost 07
ALalnal -Dncctfonad Dynomfcs
wind s (L> or dulth rol)
Case
-sine o
1

03 sme O Co se
02,
s tfane pentod et spial meda
 NOTE
For Body axea me mre rost S-0
ts presmnt whfdh upres ents neutral
stabtl'ty 4 eq be comes sh arde

Spfonad Mode-
Lwhon dfhedral etc ls qreakoi,the
the
spend mode s stable

when the ton efPec qreaen, the

Sploal mode undable /neudrally stoble