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com
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Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Available
Available onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com
online www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia148 (2018) 000–000
00 (2017) 758–765
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
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monitoring; up to
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planning.
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
Keywords: Sustainable Energy Action Plan; SEAP; Covent of Mayors; SEAP monitoring; Energy planning.
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-339-0820-1129.
Peer-review under
E-mail address: responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
andrea.cinocca@univaq.it
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-339-0820-1129.
Cooling.
E-mail address: andrea.cinocca@univaq.it
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords:
This Heat
is an open demand;
access Forecast; Climate change license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
1876-6102 © 2018 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee of the 73rd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Association
Selection and(ATI 2018). under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 73rd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering
peer-review
Association (ATI 2018).
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 73rd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines
Engineering Association (ATI 2018).
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.135
 Andrea Cinocca et al. / Energy Procedia 148 (2018) 758–765 759
2 Andrea Cinocca / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

1. Introduction

The evident climate alterations, supported by several scientific confirmations (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere,
temperature increase of Earth and seas, severe meteorological rainfalls, etc.) need political actions to constrain these
evidences. The current atmospheric CO2 concentration is 407,5 ppm, [1], and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) identifies the maximum atmospheric concentration of 450 ppm as maximum allowable not-returning
value for the predictable and expected repercussions, [2]. The intention is to limit to +2 °C the average global
temperature of the Earth compared to the pre-industrial value. From 1750, conventional beginning of the Industrial
Revolution, the consumption of fossil energy sources, the increase in the global population, the deforestation and many
other energy related activities have generated the irrefutable scientific evidence generally called as Global Warming
(GW). Past and future scenarios of the energy consumption match in a really close way with the temperature increase
and CO2 concentration in the Atmosphere to leave few doubts about the correlation to fossil fuel use, [3]. Energy
sustainability became a concept which calls for a multi-disciplinary approach.
The mitigation of Climate Change effects is the most important and one of the future real challenge. EU (World leader
for the development of a sustainable global society) is facing the GW concern with a stronger interest than any other
Countries. Both the global and local plane must be considered: a winning concept is that which invites to think globally
and act locally with the intention of respecting a high-geographical scale planning but also of leaving to the smaller
energy consumption nucleus the responsibility of the actions. The principle of subsidiarity still leaves to the higher
governmental levels the role of interventions but the lower levels must express their wills and decisional capabilities.
The GW challenge justifies the implementation of shared programs with common rules in order to guide our society
towards a Sustainable Development that respects environment, economic and social dimensions.
The European Union issued, in 2008, the "20-20-20 Climate-Energy Package", [4]. This Directive, active from June
2009, is valid from January 2013 until 2020 and aims to achieve the following goals:
‐ 20% reduction in energy consumption compared to Business As Usual (BAU) 2020 projection;
‐ increase up to 20% in the use of renewable sources in energy consumption in 2020;
‐ 20% reduction in CO2 emissions in 2020 compared to the 2005 value.
The principle of “glocalization” calls the smallest responsible political government to put in place actions in order to
participate to the reduction of GW. These nucleuses are represented by the Municipalities which are directly addressed
by EU to act. In 2008, the European Commission sets up the "Covenant of Mayors" inviting the Mayors to link together
in order to share different experiences and possibilities to reduce energy consumptions and favor renewable energy
productions, [5]. So, Municipal Administrations are strongly invited to adopt a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP)
in order to produce a diagnosis of the energy consumption, to put in evidence the role for energy saving, to favor the
use of renewable sources: all these aspects are aimed at reducing the CO2 emissions. The implementation of voluntary
actions aimed to achieve CO2 targets of, at least, 20% by 2020 is the quantitative goal. SEAPs must be reviewed and,
eventually, modified respect to the first formulation through a monitoring phase drafted every two years, [6].
In 2012, the 305 Municipalities of Abruzzo Region (Italy) and, in particular, the 108 Municipalities of the Province of
L'Aquila joined the "Covenant of Mayors", drafting specific SEAPs, [7]. In addition, economic funds have been
allocated, coming from the "POR FESR 2007 - 2013, Axis II - Energy", towards the 108 Municipalities of the Province
of L'Aquila, assigned in relation to the resident population, for the preparation of the municipal SEAPs and for the
implementation of efficiency measures in particularly energy-intensive sectors, [8].
In order to answer to this strong political will, a methodology was developed by the Department of Industrial and
Information Engineering and Economics of the University of L'Aquila (DIIIE) appointed by the Province of L'Aquila
through a technical-scientific cooperation. A subsequent aspect was the implementation of a monitoring phase which
gave the quantitative dimension of the CO 2 emissions and, consequently, the reduction targets, coordinated by DIIIE.
Both for the implementation of the SEAPs and the management of the monitoring phase, the Authors developed an
operational guideline presented in this paper, so participating to reduce the lack of the specific literature on the subject.

2. Sustainable Energy Action Plans in the Province of L’Aquila

The Province of L'Aquila, Territorial Coordinator of the local Covenant of Mayors, aimed to reach the EU target
of reducing CO2 emissions of about 20% by 2020. The 108 Municipalities and DIIIE have drawn up the municipal
760 Andrea Cinocca et al. / Energy Procedia 148 (2018) 758–765
Andrea Cinocca / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

SEAPs. In order to promote the development of real territorial energy saving actions, SEAPs focus only on
interventions within the competence of the local authority, both on the public and private sectors. The project transmits
to the population a conscious spirit about global environmental problems and sensitizes citizens to live their daily lives
in a more sustainable way, persuaded by a continuous activity of information on good energy practices.
The drafting of SEAPs requires the implementation of a specific methodology that includes political consultation,
energy territorial planning, application and updating the document produced and territorial customization. In fact,
SEAP should not be interpreted as a rigid and binding document, but rather as a flexible tool, open to changes: any
variations must be reported in this document in order to update the pre-fixed goals of the plan and to redefine the
actions to reach the objectives. Table 1 describes a SEAP process.

Table 1. Sustainable Energy Action Plan phases.

Phases Activity Phases Activity
Commitment and Covenant signature
Activation Implementation
Adaptation of the Municipality structures Implementation of the planned actions
[A] [C]
Support to stakeholders
Evaluation of the current situation SEAP Monitoring
Planning Monitoring
Definition of long-term vision Sending the Monitoring report
[B] [D]
Plan drafting and approval SEAP review

2.1. SEAP drafting methodology and data analysis

The SEAP is a document that reveals how the “Covenant” signatories intend to pursue the goals of reducing carbon
dioxide emissions, pre-set for 2020, associated to energy consumptions for a specific base year (2005). The collected
data in the Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) represent the reference situations: these represent the base from which
to carry out the interventions. In fact, BEIs establish the amount of equivalent CO2 emitted by the energy flows in the
geographical area of the signatory Municipalities, broken down by sector and by energy vector and sources: this level
of knowledge identifies the sectors with high emission reduction potentials. BEIs implementation provided an in-
depth study of the energy flows for all the Municipalities of the Province.
For the data processing, various methodologies have been developed following the approach suggested by the
European Commission guidelines referring the BEI items in the transport, residential and tertiary sector [9]. Industrial
sectors, as indicated also by the EC, were not considered as not directly influenced or guided by Municipalities. In the
followings, some guidelines developed for generalizing the drafting of a SEAP are presented. CO2 emissions in the
transport sector have two contributions: private and commercial. For private transport, the CO2 accounting was
obtained starting from the provincial fuel sales data (gasoline, diesel, natural gas and LPG) and the provincial fuel
vehicular distribution in each Municipality. These data allowed to evaluate the quantity of fuel consumed on every
municipal area so, knowing the emission factors by fuels, was obtained the CO2 emitted. For commercial transport
(public and private), the regional estimates relating to wheeled goods handling and the average fuel consumption of
truck permitted the accounting of the fuels consumed on the local road network. This value, divided by regional
population, allowed calculating fuels tonnes and CO2 emissions for each Municipality. For residential sector, a specific
thermal consumption modeling software has been used to evaluate the energy requests that change with geographical
position, construction materials and age of the buildings. Various energy carriers (natural gas, LPG, diesel, wood) met
the estimated energy requirements, so, for each Municipality, CO2 emissions can be evaluated by fuel emission factors.
Electricity consumptions have been determined by estimating average consumption per inhabitant in the specific
geographical area, starting from statistics of TERNA (Italian energy TSO) and considering the national electric
emission factor. Energy consumption in the tertiary sector was estimated by knowing the number of people employed
through statistics of TERNA and ISTAT (National Institute of Statistics) that reveal the average accounting of
electrical and thermal consumption. Public consumptions are evaluated by analyses of economic budget, energy bills
and fuel cards for each Municipalities, accounting CO2 tonnes by specific emission factors. The collecting and
implementation data analysis allow the compilation of the BEI, [10], specific for each Municipality. A summary of
the total provincial emissions, calculated from the previously exposed activities, is expressed in Table 2.
 Andrea Cinocca et al. / Energy Procedia 148 (2018) 758–765 761
4 Andrea Cinocca / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Table 2. Total territorial consumptions and emissions by sector.

Energy consumptions
Sectors Electrical Liquid Diesel/ CO2 emissions
Natural gas Biomass Total
consumption gas Gasoline
[MWh] [tCO2] [%]
Municipal Buildings 20.311,7 71.832,0 448,5 18.158,6 6,6 110.757,4 21.999,0 2,2
Tertiary Buildings 133.026,8 230.122,2 - - - 363.149,0 179.511,5 17,9
Residential Buildings 314.118,1 1.700.781,8 51.530,8 225.858,5 346.493,0 2.638.782,2 567.484,8 56,8
Public Lighting 50.120,6 - - - - 50.120,6 23.426,3 2,3
Transports - - 8.730,4 789.823,7 - 798.554,1 207.695,6 20,8
Total 517.577,2 2.002.736,0 60.709,7 1.003.840,8 346.499,6 3.961.363,3 1.000.117,2 100,0

The percentage of the residential, tertiary and transport sectors emissions are comparable with the Italian value, [11].
Nevertheless, in the Province of L’Aquila, residential sector has a high percentage, 56%, that highlights the social,
economic, climate and urban dynamics of the area. The weather conditions more oriented to lower temperatures and
the relatively old quality of the building (more pronounced in small and medium cities which characterize the structure
of the Province) justify this greater percentage.

Figure 1. (a) Municipal emissions percentage on total emissions; (b) BEI Municipal emissions per capita.

Figure 1 shows the specific emissions and emissions per capita for all the Municipalities of the Province, for a total
emission of 968.143,9 tCO2, the 46,4% of which is concentrated in the main urban cities: L’Aquila, Avezzano and
Sulmona that have 136.825 inhabitants for a total of 311.391 in the Province. High values of the emissions per capita,
instead, is concentrated in the “Gran Sasso” area and in proximity of “Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park”,
with values between 4 and 6 tCO2 per capita: this is due to the altimetry of the urban areas and, above all, for the low
energy standards of the buildings, infrastructures and the foreign number of inhabitants. Provincial average emissions
are about 3,3 tCO2 per capita, lower than national values (7,5 tCO2 per capita) and European (about 9,1 tCO2 per
capita), [12]. The carbon dioxide emissions, related to each high-energy sector, highlight critical issues which outline
some directions of interventions. The aim of the BEI is to outline main directions of the planning phase with the
definition of saving actions. According to the local “external” situations (weather, roads, transportation needs, etc.)
and knowing the economic, social and political opportunities, the DIIIE’s planning methodology defines six
interventions for public and private sectors. In order to set up most significant actions to reduce fossil fuel energy use
(CO2 emissions) and energy consumption, two main direction have been outlined: the first oriented to the energy
saving and the other to the use of renewable sources for the thermal and electrical needs. The sector referred to the
energy needs of buildings is surely the most sensitive to develop actions. Most significant interventions chosen were:
1. thermal insulation of the residential houses (for total of interventions referred to 14.134 buildings);
2. replacement of the fixtures of private houses (16.160 buildings).
Among the second aspect, the interventions considered were:
762 Andrea Cinocca et al. / Energy Procedia 148 (2018) 758–765
Andrea Cinocca / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

3. replacement of fossil fuel boilers with biomass boilers (for a total of 42.314 buildings);
4. installation of low temperature solar thermal collectors (for the same buildings with biomass boilers);
5. installation of photovoltaic plants on public and private buildings (for total 34.599 kWp installed).
An additional action was done considering:
6. replacement of traditional methane boilers with condensing methane boilers (for a total of 17.063 buildings).
Actions 1 and 2 were done realigning the old thermal performances (U1 = 0,83 W/m2K, U2 = 6,81 W/m2K) to new
values (U1 = 0,27 W/m2K, U2 = 1,94 W/m2K) in line with what is reported in the current technical regulation, despite
the interventions planned in 2012. Solar plants were respectively installed for a total surface of 135.405 m2 (action 4)
and 397.889 m2 (action 5). Actions n. 6 produced an effective efficiency improvement producing an average fuel
reduction close to 7-8 %. A synergic effect concerning the CO2 reduction was produced when the energy demand was
reduced and the renewable sources were implemented both for thermal and electrical needs. These actions are
quantified and customized for every Municipality in order to satisfy political choices (European Commitments
referred to the Province) and economical capitalization (need to sustain the actions from a financial point of view).
The total avoided emissions of the actions already outlined equals 559,8 ktCO2. Figure 2 resumes the distribution
among different areas of interventions. It shows that about 56% of the reductions of CO2 is obtained from substitution
of fossil fuels boilers with biomass ones. In addition to the actions defined according to this scenario, specific actions
are added for specific urban policies, urban characteristics and private photovoltaic installations, in a variable
percentage from 1-10%, for an average of 2%. In the "Complete Report" of the Monitoring phase, the implementation
status of the six actions will be analyzed.

Figure 2. Percentage distribution of the Provincial emissions related to standard actions.

Beyond the planned actions, the regional program “POR FESR 2007 – 2013, Axis II - Energy” allowed to sustain from
a financial point of view the realization of saving actions for the Public Administration: this was conditioned to the
submission of the “Covenant”, thus producing an incentive mechanism to adhere to the Covenant. The program funded
these actions with contributions from 50.000 € to 400.000 €, according to the number of inhabitants of each
Municipality. 97 Municipalities, with less than 5.000 inhabs, received 50.000€, 8 Municipalities 100.000 € (5.000 ÷
15000 inhabs), 2 Municipalities 200.000 € (15.000 ÷ 50.000 inhabs) and Municipality of L’Aquila 400.000 € (more
than 50.000 inhabs). 4.000 45 50
ton CO2 reduced Investment [k€] Numbers of actions 45
3.500
Table 3. Actions and investment financed from regional funds 2.999 40
3.000
tCO2 n. of 35
Actions Investments
reduced actions 2.500 30
Public lighting 2.999.007 € 614,8 45 2.000
23
25
Transparent surfaces 1.422.266 € 87,8 23 1.422 17 20
1.500 15
Opaque surfaces 350.000 € 33,1 7 859 15
850
Thermal plants 850.000 € 237,3 17 1.000 614,8 7 10
350
Photovoltaic plants 50.000 € 6,4 1 500 87,8
237,3 1 176,6 5
33,1 6,4 50
Combined actions 858.877 € 176,6 15 0 0
Total 6.530.150 € 1.156,0 108 Public Transp. Op. surfaces Term. plants Photovoltaic Combined
lighting surfaces plants actions

Figure 3. Numbers of actions, investments and tonnes of CO2 reduced.

 Andrea Cinocca et al. / Energy Procedia 148 (2018) 758–765 763
6 Andrea Cinocca / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Table 3 and Figure 3 highlights the specific actions and the economic distribution of funds for the 108 Municipalities
of the Province, spent for saving actions in 2012. As it can be seen, for total 1.156,0 tCO2 reduced, about 614,8 tCO2
(about 53% of total) come from interventions concerning public lighting energy saving.
Figure 4 shows the specific emission saving (for each financing action), per unit cost of the intervention: it is evident
how the investments related to the thermal plants are the more efficient: 0,279 tCO2/k€ while the worse action in term
of relationship between emissions and investments is the thermal insulation of buildings (0,061 tCO2/k€). These values
of investment efficiency are comparable to what is reported in literature, [13].

Figure 4. Investment efficiency for CO2 reduction [tCO2/k€].

3. Monitoring of Sustainable Energy Action Plan

The subscription of the "Covenant" from all the 108 Municipalities in the Province expressed a clear political,
economic and environmental decision to achieve the goals set by the European Union by 2020. This choice required
a continuous and detailed campaign of monitoring actions, consumption and implementation scenarios. In fact, during
the implementation period of the interventions (2013-2020), the SEAP guidelines provide a monitoring phase, every
two-years, that verifies and validates the energy and environmental planning tools. The “SEAP Monitoring phase”
requires the implementation of two different procedures, an “Intervention Report” and a “Complete Report”,
mandatory for all signatories of the “Covenant” and a necessary condition to maintain adhesion to the project, Table
4. For the implementation of this phase, DIIIE has stipulated, for each Municipality, a specific collaboration agreement
for the development of the necessary procedures, [14]: 40 Municipalities have stipulated this collaboration, including
L’Aquila (about 70.000 inhab) and Avezzano (about 42.000 inhab), the principal cities of the territory.

Table 4. SEAP Monitoring methodology

Methodology Period Part Activity
Part I. General strategy Changes made to the general strategy and updated data on
Intervention At least every human and financial resources.
Report 2 years Part II. Sustainable Energy Action Plan Status of implementation of the actions and any revisions.

Part I. General strategy Changes made to the general strategy and updated data on
human and financial resources.
Complete At least every
Report 4 years Part II. Emission Inventory Monitoring Emissions Inventory (MEI).
Part III. Sustainable Energy Action Plan Status of implementation of the actions and any revisions.

3.1. The SEAP monitoring process

The SEAP monitoring involves specific implementation steps to optimally fulfill the activities envisaged for the
preparation of the "Intervention Report". This document analyzes from a qualitative-executive point of view the
actions present in the municipal SEAP and, eventually, update the planning process. An implementation methodology
for the Monitoring phase that provides various consequential activities to draft necessary documents has been
developed. The mentioned activities are: a) SEAP check and online update: identify and analyze the situation as a
764 Andrea Cinocca et al. / Energy Procedia 148 (2018) 758–765
Andrea Cinocca / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 7

reference state; b) Start monitoring phase: implementation, reporting and monitoring check-list for Municipalities; c)
Data collection: from check-list with the state of implementation of the actions; d) Elaboration and loading data on
official “Covenant of Mayors” website; e) Monitoring report: quantitative framework for Municipalities which
summarizes the progresses. This phase provides statistical information and graphic elaborations, concerning the
energy flows of each Municipality that ensures, to the signatory municipality, the condition to keep the adhesion to
the “Covenant”.

3.2. Monitoring data analysis

The analysis of the data revealed the state of the implementation of the actions during the period 2013-2015: it
permits to have a global analysis of municipal interventions and to verify the correct planning process. Figure 5 and
Table 5 show statistical elaborations concerning the 38 Municipalities in terms of total tCO2 reductions and number
of saving actions: some of these Municipalities have no saving actions for this time-lapse.
4.000 tCO2 reduced (left scale) n. of saving actions (right scale) 30
26
Table 5. Monitoring actions. 3.500
25
tCO2 n. of 3.000
Actions
reduced actions 20
2.500
Public lighting 1.024,6 3
Transparent surfaces 1,1 1 2.000 1.805,1 15
Opaque surfaces 136,2 4 1.500
10
Thermal plants 21,7 4 1.024,6
1.000
Photovoltaic plants 1.805,1 26
4 4 5
Solar thermal plants 1,5 1 500 3
1 1
136,2 21,7
Total 2990,2 39 1,1 1,5
0 0
Public Transparent Opaque Thermal Photovoltaic Solar thermal
lighting surfaces surfaces plants plants plants

Figure 5. Numbers of actions and tonnes of CO2 reduced.

The energy accounting of the communicated actions during the monitoring phase, allowed the quantification of the
CO2 avoided emissions which ranked at 2.990,2 tCO2, [15]. These data allowed to compare the results obtained with
the goals of the EC: in 2020 UE expects a reduction of emission per capita of about 2,0 tCO2: with this contribution,
the average emission per capita at European level reaches the pre-fixed target of 8,1 tCO2.
Unrealized Ongoing Completed
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%

Fig. 6. (a) Avoided emissions per capita; (b) Municipalities status of implementation (names in the x-axis are referred to specific Municipalities).
 Andrea Cinocca et al. / Energy Procedia 148 (2018) 758–765 765
8 Andrea Cinocca / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

The analysis of the data highlights a good emission condition for the Province of L’Aquila, with reductions of 0,5-1,1
tCO2 per capita, Figure 6 (a) with an average of 0,76 tCO2 per capita by 2020. This monitoring analysis performed a
comparison between 38 Municipalities. Even though this good specific result, the percentage of completed actions in
2015 for all the Province is below the 5% of realization: a strong territorial effort must be done from a political point
of view. It must be observed, moreover, that two “singularities” occur in the Province which invite to consider two
separate analyses: the Avezzano’s and the L’Aquila’s Municipalities having those two different dynamics of
development: in these two Municipalities, in fact, almost 35% of the overall inhabitants of the Province are
concentrated and they should deserve a specific attention. For Avezzano, the target of CO2 reduction by 2020 is
defined at 31.191,8 tCO2 with 2.163,8 tCO2, about 7% of the target like provincial situation. For L’Aquila, the dramatic
earthquake of 2009 has forced to restructure and rebuild almost all the structures and facilities of the city and the target
of CO2 reduction by 2020 is defined at 51.717,8 tCO2, with 24.185,3 tCO2 avoided in 3 years: about 50% of the target,
Figure 6 (b), [16].

4. Conclusion

The editing of a Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAP) is the first step for a correct planning and energy
management of the territory. Being the plan referred to single Municipalities, this appears as the most suitable tool to
think globally and adopt locally specific actions. The planning instrument requires a continuous monitoring of the
actions carried out by the Administrations, with different degree of detail until the end of the SEAPs programs, by
2020. A methodological description and a data analysis for 108 SEAPs of the Municipalities of the Province of
L’Aquila was presented in this paper in order to reach a territorial goal of 20% in terms of CO2 reduction, by 2020.
Furthermore, a first step of the SEAP monitoring is presented for about 40 municipalities, regarding emissions per
capita and status of action implementations. This analysis shows the dynamic development of the planning process,
updating the local emission goals. It is important to remark that the completion of the Monitoring phase allows to
maintain “Covenant” adhesion of all the Mayors which signed it. The work is the starting point of an important new
future planning action requested by the European Commission after the “Covenant of Mayors” project: it is referred
as SECAP (Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan) that will lead the Society by 2030 to be resilient to Climate
Changes by implementing on the Territory mitigation and adaptation actions.

5. References

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[5]. Official website of “Covenant of Mayors”: (https://www.eumayors.eu/).
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L’Aquila and Avezzano” (2017), L'Aquila.