KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING AND PROPERTY
VALUATIONS

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE KCCA HOSTELS ORDINANCE, 2006 ON THE

PROVISION OF QUALITY STUDENTS HOUSING IN KAMPALA CITY.
A CASE OF PRIVATE STUDENTS’ HOSTELS AROUND KYAMBOGO
UNIVERSITY

BY
WANGOLO EMMANUEL
REG NO: 17/U/6015/BLE/PE

SUPERVISED
BY
MR. OBALI GODWIN
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Housing is often regarded as one of the basic human needs. It ranks second after food and
thereafter clothing. It is a pre-requisite for the survival of man (Omole, 2010).
The World Health Organization (WHO) according to Omole (2010), describes housing as
residential environment which includes the physical structure used for shelter, all necessary
services, facilities, equipment and devices needed or desired for the physical and mental
health and social well-being of the family and individuals.
Its essentiality as a need shouldn’t be underestimated as it encompasses essential services and
facilities, which make up a physical environment that link such individuals and families to
the community in which it evolves. As such, what is designated as housing tends to include
environmental amenities like waste disposal, water supply, road access and location services
implied by the special links between necessary economic and social infrastructure like
education, health and recreation.
The need for an effective and conducive student housing facility in a University cannot be
ignored due to the fact that students are expected to be in a sound state of mind to excel in
their academic endeavor which can be achieved by a good student housing system.
Since student housing provides not only physical protection but also a healthy social and
behavioral stability, the productivity of a set of students may be highly influenced by their
student housing condition (Aluko, 2011).
Globally, student enrolment in higher institutions has been increasing in recent times. In
2009, the number of tertiary education students had reached 165 million which was three
times the number only two decades before (Kot & Chien, 2011). This number, according to
UNESCO (2021)had reached about 220 million and is projected to reach 263 million by 2025
(Ghani & Sulaiman, 2016). The expansion is forecasted to continue globally in the upcoming
years especially among middle and low-income countries (Ozoglu, Gur, & Gumus, 2016).
With this, universities and colleges can hardly accommodate all students in their halls or
dormitories, thereby leading to the rise of off-campus student accommodations even in
leading economies like the US (Bekurs, 2007). As a result one of the important issues of
concern to education management is the issue of students' housing globally. This is due to the
fact that while the enrollment rate in tertiary educational institutions has risen drastically, this
has not been matched with corresponding infrastructural development leading to a large
proportion of students not being accommodated within the training institutions (Ayodeji,
2014). As a result, other educational stakeholders have had to support government efforts,
either in partnership with government or by solely providing private housing facilities for
tertiary students on or off-campus.
Over past few decades, governments in many developing countries have involved private
hostel providers to participate in building hostels and halls of residence for students in order
to meet the demand for more housing infrastructure (Kwofie, Anyobodeh, & Abban, 2016).
This has attracted many private individuals into investment in student hostel housing.
In Uganda, the condition of students’ housing in tertiary institutions has generated a great
deal of concerns on the part of government and administrators of higher institutions. The
problems became more pronounced and disturbing when, as Ayodeji (2014) in his study of
students’ housing quality in Ladoke Akintola University of Technology noted, the number of
tertiary institutions and students’ enrolment started increasing without a corresponding
increase in the number of available housing to accommodate them. In Many Ugandan
Universities, students live in off-campus housing, the highest percentage of which is private
hostels. With the demand for off campus accommodation high, the number of private hostels
constructed and under construction is increasing hence necessitating research to establish
whether they conform to the quality standards as sometimes students suffer poor housing
conditions within the neighborhoods. Efforts towards addressing housing problems by the
institutions to make access to decent housing for students often become more difficult, due to
the fact that the private sector provides most housing for students, implying that the
universities have limited control over such accommodation. Besides, the implementation of
the regulating policies in regards to quality of housing and services seems to be so low and as
such, problems associated with security, fires, sanitation keep emerging (Mugambwa, et al.,
2016). For example, on Monday, March 15, 2010, three students were fired at and injured by
a gunman, whereas one Kenyan student was killed at a Makerere University hostel
(Mugambwa, et al., 2016). In that same year, two students of Uganda Christian University
Mukono lost their lives when a fire gutted their hostel room (Abimanyi, 2010).
It is argued that a significant influence from indoor environmental quality can affect and
influence student’s attendance and performance (Salleh, Kamaruzzaman, Sulaiman, &
Mahbob, 2011). Thus, where there is inadequacy of good facilities and services in students’
places of residence, this does not help, but rather limits their academic progress and
encourages poor sanitation and living conditions for students (Ayodeji, 2014).
Problem statement

In physical planning, development control regulations ensure that buildings are safe and
supplied with the essential services and equipment to support the purpose for which they are
established (Chapin, 1965). In Kampala city, the KCC hostels ordinance outlines the
minimum standards, in terms of facility adequacy, sanitation, security that hostels must meet
before they are licensed. Hostels should therefore meet these standards for the safe and
healthy accommodation of students. It also establishes enforcement mechanisms, such as
inspections, sanctions such as fines, hostel closure for non-compliance to ensure adherence.
These mechanisms ought to have been able to regulate the proliferation of hostels in areas
such as Banda, where almost 90% of Kyambogo University students seek accommodation
(Kyambogo University, 2019).
However, many of the already existing and upcoming hostels are deficient in terms of
firefighting equipment, bathroom and toilet facilities, have poor solid waste management
systems, lack security guards, have poor waste water drainage systems which are perceived a
threat to students. This dispels that the use of these standards has not fostered well-ordered
hostel development, with little being achieved by compliance to development control
standards. Indeed, Avogo, Wedam, & Attakora-Amaniampong (2018) stressed that many
developing countries wait for disasters such as building collapse to happen before they
respond. Failure by authorities to timely put these haphazard developments to a stop exposes
students to diseases, theft, fires which endanger their lives and hamper their effective pursuit
of quality education. In addition, private hostel owners take advantage of students by
charging high rents that do not reflect in the services offered.
There’s need therefore to investigate how effective development control measures have been
with regards to hostel development, so as to propose effective strategies that can be adopted
by authorities to actualize a high level of compliance among hostel developers.
Research objectives
General objectives
The main purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the KCCA Hostels
Ordinance (2006) on the establishment of quality private students’ hostels in Kampala City.
Specific objectives
(i) To establish the quality of Private students’ hostels around Kyambogo University.
(ii) To ascertain the extent to which hostel developers adhere to development control
regulations?
(iii) To identify challenges being encountered in the implementation of
development control mechanisms.

Research Questions
(i) What is the quality of private students’ hostels around Kyambogo University?
(ii) To what extent do hostel developers adhere to development control regulations?
(iii) What challenges are encountered in the implementation of development
control mechanisms regarding hostels?

Significance of the Study

The study will have the following significance:

(i) Guide university management on how to enhance quality of students’ academic life.
(ii) Inform policy-makers on the status of private accommodation facilities.
(iii) Sensitize private housing providers on students’ requirements in relation to
accommodation.
(iv)Alert students on the importance of seeking appropriate housing

Justification of the study

Available literature shows that while some researches have studied students housing, these
studies mostly consider the infrastructure of government educational institutions, neglecting
the role of development control of the private built infrastructure which now houses a greater
percentage of tertiary students in Uganda. Very little attention, if any is given to the
qualitative adequacy of these facilities in meeting the educational needs of students. But
qualitative adequacy evaluations of occupied buildings are required to allow for feedback into
next building delivery cycle. This suggests that building faculties, regulators and designers
must frequently undertake such evaluations to identify building components and services that
require improvement for maximum benefits. This is evidently lacking in the Kyambogo
University hostel market in particular and not regular in higher educational institutions in
Uganda generally. The findings and recommendations of this study may be of great
importance for at least two reasons. First, as long as the government cannot meet the
accommodation needs of tertiary students, the private sector shall continue to partner and fill
that need. Therefore, checking and regulating the activities of the private sector becomes
extremely important. Second, continuous evaluation of these private students’ housing
schemes then becomes essential to guide and regulate the design and construction of such
projects

Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

KCCA Hostels Ordinance, 2006 Private Students

Housing quality

 Inspections of hostel premises Core service quality

 Level of awareness of hostel  Bedroom space

development regulations  Toilet facilities

 Imposition of sanctions for non-  Bathroom facilities

compliance Enabling service quality

 Water
 Electricity
 Security
 Solid Waste management
 Waste water management
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
The Concept of Standards, regulations and housing quality
Systems of building control are core to governments' objectives of developing and
maintaining the quality of the built environment (Meijer & Visscher, 1998).
Building regulations exist in most countries and they have similar objectives, although the
means of regulation range from the use of public agencies to, increasingly, the contracting of
control to private organisations. The procedures and practices of building control in England
and Wales, for example, seek to regulate the construction of buildings in the interests of
public health and safety. As such, it can be noted that building regulations developed in
response to issues about drainage, fire hazard, rights to light, and unstable structures (Imrie,
2004).
Imrie (2004) further explains that they comprise a series of technical or functional
requirements that buildings must adhere to, and government regards them as basic
performance standards. These range from rules about the supply of adequate systems of
drainage for foul water and surface water, to the specification of standards so that buildings
can safely carry the loads expected to be placed on them.
The need for policy instruments and regulations and the concern for the quality of the
existing housing stock are more and more an important subject. In the Netherlands, for
example the Ministry of Housing emphasizes the need for possibilities to carry out specific
quality policy regarding to the quality of the existing housing stock (van der Bos, Visscher, &
Meijer, 2004). Furthermore, the European Parliament also recognizes the need for
instruments and regulations regarding to the quality of existing housing; a directive on the
energy performance of buildings requires a certificate for existing buildings, which contains
the energy performance, advice on how to improve energy performance (Official Journal of
the European communities, 2003).
Various researches into building regulations have been carried out and different approaches
are proposed to raise the quality of the existing housing. Visscher, Sheridan and Meijer have
carried out an international comparative study into building regulations and quality control,
which gives a good insight into the various building regulations in Europe, but it does not
cover regulations regarding to the housing stock (Meijer, Visscher, & Sheridan, 2003). These
international comparisons are a good starting point for housing quality related research. Also
the Dutch Consultation Platform Building Legislation observed the shortcomings and
proposed to introduce a Building File, to set minimal requirements for existing dwellings in
the Building Decree at a higher level, and to strengthen the local authorities’ policy on
compulsory repairs (van der Bos, Visscher, & Meijer, 2004).
The shortcomings regarding to the quality and regulations make it important to explore in
which way it is possible, by means of regulations and quality instruments, to get insight into
the actual quality of existing housing and to improve this housing quality in an effective and
efficient way.
One of the earliest instances of the failure of market forces to protect the interests of the
community arose from the threat posed to collective health emanating from individual
houses. In England, a reform movement enthused by pity for the poor, frightened by
contagion from their crowded courtyards and eager for their healthy labours, won for local
Boards of health the power to close houses where insufficient "privy accommodation, means
of drainage or ventilation" or other nuisances were "such as to render the house or building
unfit for human habitation". The impetus for change was a concern for ill health, whether it
was the poor who suffered it, the middle classes who feared it or the employers who lost
labour from it (Burridge & Ormandy, 1990).
By 1868 the power to intervene in the housing market locally had been extended to "taking
down or improving dwellings occupied by working men and their families which are unfit for
human habitation".
The identification of poor housing and sanitation as a source of epidemics was sufficiently
powerful to subjugate to the control of local sanitary officers a slum owner's right to let unfit
property. Although in England the reform movement met opposition, the thrust of its legal
intervention was the adoption of the penal sanction: owners of unfit property faced the
prospect of compulsory demolition and harbourers of nuisances faced prosecution if they did
not abate them, an implication the free housing market encountered state control (Burridge &
Ormandy, 1990).
The American Codes, as Burridge and Ormandy (1990) further note, evince a similar
collective disapproval of antisocial landlords. At much the same period as the reform
movement in England, similar sentiments were reflected in the Report of the Sanitary
Commission of Massachusetts 1850 and later in initiatives such as the Tenement House Act
in New York and elsewhere. The American experience reveals a pattern of local regulation
based upon the adoption of detailed housing codes, both to control the standard of new
homes, and the conditions within existing ones. Intervention was prompted by the notion that
national health was too important to be left to the vagaries of market forces.
Regulatory Responses
In English housing regulation, two separate concepts emerged as triggers for intervention.
Both had health as their objective, but they focused upon different community situations.
The 'statutory nuisance' was directed towards hazards in the local environment, whereas
'unfitness for human habitation' concentrated upon unhealthy conditions within the home.
Initially both interventions were reactive and directed towards dealing with the unhealthy
conditions that the market had unleashed in the tenements and rookeries of the industrial
revolution (Burridge & Ormandy, 1990).
A third parallel regulatory mechanism had emerged, directed at the control of the building
process. Bye laws developed, until recently within the framework of the Public Health Acts,
into Building Regulations. These dictated the size of components of new buildings, specified
basic quality standards for materials, and laid down criteria for layout and design.
The principles underlying all three mechanisms were the Victorian conviction in the
wholesomeness of space, light and fresh air. Traces of these concerns are evident in the
modern formulations of all three regulatory approaches (Burridge & Ormandy, 1990).
Uganda has followed the same trajectory; construction of buildings is an aspect that is
regulated by various laws. Thus for one to erect a building, be it commercial or residential, he
or she has to be cautious of various requirements and conditions imposed by different laws.
The laws among others include the Building Control Act 2013, the Physical Planning Act
2010, the National Environment Act 2019, the Land Act and the Occupational Safety and
Health Act. There are also regulations and codes made under the Building Control Act and
these include; the Building Control Regulations 2020, the Building Control (Accessibility
Standards for Persons with Disabilities) Code 2019, the National Building (Building
Standards Code) 2019.
Article 39 of the 1995 constitution accords to every Ugandan a right to a clean and healthy
environment. The National Environmental Act under Section 3 provides that every person
has a right to a clean and healthy environment in accordance with the Constitution and the
principles of sustainable development.
The law requires every developer of a project or any activity that is likely to have significant
adverse impacts on human health or the environment to cause to be conducted environmental
and social impact assessment for the purpose of evaluating environmental and social impacts,
risks or other concerns of a given project or activity taking into account the environmental
principles.
The Physical Planning Act 2010, which applies to the entire country in all respects and
declared the entire country a planning area regulates control of developments, approval of
physical development plans and applications for development permission as well as
providing for the establishment of the physical planning committees which are tasked with
preparing physical development plans, recommending plans for change of land use and
approving development applications relating to housing estates, industrial locations, schools,
petrol stations, dumping sites and sewerage works. The Local Government Act which is
equally important is currently used alongside the Physical Planning Act (2010) and clearly
establishes a district council as the planning authority of the district in its entirety to control
development through approval of building plans and enforcement of the building regulations.
Despite the existence of the various housing planning regulations and controls as tools and
guidelines to be complied with, planning problems and constraints inhibiting their
implementation particularly the application and approval process have some impacts in
creating a poor living environment (Rameli & Johar, 2009). It is therefore generally assumed
that housing issues can be aggravated by the ineffectiveness of housing planning regulations
and the control process. It is of no surprise therefore that various arguments, as (Rameli &
Johar, 2009) note, point out that the main cause of housing quality problems is owing to the
weaknesses and ineffectiveness of the housing planning process by the concerned authorities.
Within planning areas, bad housing is seen to exist for which dwellings have inadequate
lighting, air, toilet and bathing facilities, that are damp and improperly heated among others.
Within such settlements, gross deficiency of sanitation exists among the residents who
specifically have no access to hygienic toilets thereby large amounts of facial waste being
discharged to the environment without adequate treatment which in turn has major
implications on the quality of life.

The under provision of Students Housing Issue

Across the world, as progressively growing populations of students started migrating to new
cities for higher education opportunities, a striking shortage emerged in housing provision as
the student demand for accommodation far exceeded the capacities of Higher Education
Institutions (HEI) supplies (Jones, Rhodes, & Rugg, 2000). In many parts of the world, as the
growth in the supply of housing facilities for students could not match the expansion of
higher education, this caused concerns in advanced and developing countries alike (Ghani &
Sulaiman, 2016).

As revealed by various studies and surveys, when students choose an educational institution,
especially for those with away-from-home status, availability of quality-housing is a key
factor of decision. With regards to the motives underlying higher education expansions, some
HEIs which are constantly in pursuit of new students are well-aware of this preference and
promote housing opportunities among attractive student services they offer, some of them
guaranteeing accommodation to all first-year students (Macintyre, 2003). Even under these
conditions, nowhere in the world, is an HEI on its own able to provide a sufficient housing
for all their students and their accommodation offers mostly fall short.

Evidently, when the majority of students of an HEI are not able to reside directly within the
establishments of their university, they start seeking alternative housing solutions, the most
popular of which is by turning to the local private rental sector (Jones, Rhodes, & Rugg,
2000). Thus, the situation stops being a concern of only the HEIs and their students, but it
becomes a more complex phenomenon with the involvement of more stakeholders such as
planners and developers, private landlords, and locals (Hubbard, 2008).

In Uganda, according to the Education Situational Analysis (ESA) report conducted by the
Ministry of Education and Sports, access to Higher Education (HE) has been boosted through
liberalization of higher education and continued government sponsorships in Public
Universities. Student enrolment in HE institutions increased by 9.1% per year between
2004/05 and 2016/17. Over the past decade, the network of HE institutions (universities and
other degree-awarding institutions) grew by 59% from 148 in 2006/07 to 236 in 2016/17
(National Council for Higher Education, 2019).

The total number of HE institutions increased by four up from 233 in 2017/18 to 237 in
2018/19,Public Universities remained 9, Private Universities remained 44; Other Degree
Awarding Institutions remained 10 and Other Tertiary Institutions increased by four from 172
to 176. The trend has been the same for the number of students enrolling in higher institutes
of learning.
In 2018/19 total student enrolment increased from 261,087 to 275,254 representing a
significant increase of 5.43%. Universities still take the highest number of registered
students, 192,346 representing 69.9%. Enrolment in other categories was as follows: Other
Degree Awarding Institutions: 10,444 representing 3.8% and Other Tertiary Institutions:
72,464 representing 26.3% of the total enrolment.

Year 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/1 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19

6
Institutions 187 202 207 211 224 236 233 237
Enrolment 198066 220201 247473 257855 254043 259027 261087 275254

The above figure shows the positive trend of enrolment in higher institutes of learning in
Uganda and as Kwesiga and Ahikire (2006) noted in their study on student access and equity
in a reforming university, Makerere in the 1990s and beyond, this has been a result of major
reforms that have taken place in Ugandan higher education. However, the apparent gains
have been off-set by lack of necessary investment in facilities with resulting problems of
over-crowding and falling standards.

At Kyambogo University, with an enrolment of about 32,724 students, there are only six halls
of residence. Moreover, these halls host a combined population of about 1,513 students, a
representation of about 4.62% of the entire student population (Kyambogo University, 2019).

Hall Name Location Affiliation No. of Rooms No. of students it can

accommodate
Nanziri Hall
Nanziri Lower East End Female 36 144
Nanziri Upper East End Female 36 144
Kennedy East End Female 36 144
Blue Nile East End Male 36 144
Pearl Hall West End Female 60 304
Kulubya Hall West End Male 76 298
North Hall West End Male and 120 191
Female
Mandela Hall East End Male 36 144

With such a small proportion of the students accommodated by the university, the majority of
the students therefore reside outside the campus either in private hostels or commute from
homes. This is clear evidence that student accommodation delivery has and is still a challenge
for higher education providers as a result of a climb in student enrolments both nationally and
internationally. Consequently, they could not meet the housing demand which drove students
to search for alternative ways of accommodation mostly in the private sector. As the higher
education institutions have given up their position as the primary provider of accommodation
for students, other actors started playing roles in providing students with living environments
in an increasingly competitive situation which requires careful deliberation regarding the
adequacy and level of adherence with student expectations, needs, and preferences from their
accommodation
The private rental sector does not come without risks to students. First, the search for
accommodation is a process made difficult by the high demand from students and many new
students start the semester without having found their permanent accommodation. Second,
the rental agreements are often made through unofficial ways and these unregulated
transactions leave especially the international students susceptible to scams, ejections,
invasion of privacy and withheld deposits (Obeng-Odoom, 2012).

The concept of private students housing quality

The perception of quality associated with student housing in the private rental sector tends to
be quite low. This is partly due to students not being inclined to take care of the general
aesthetic and upkeep of properties as much as the permanent residents in the neighborhood
(Sage et al., 2012) although opposite cases are observed in different places where students
take care of the properties better than locals (Fabula, Boros, Kovacs, Horvath, & Pal, 2017).
But it is partly because the student landlords are generally more likely to exploit the fact that
students tend not to complain about physical conditions of the hostels and neglect the
maintenance of their properties all together (Monroy, 2017). Among complaints from
students are dampness, mold, unsafe environment, and inadequate care from landlords (Jones,
Rhodes, & Rugg, 2000). Their tendency to demand and complain less about the physical
quality of properties may be due to their inexperience in the housing market as tenants and
the short-term nature of student life as well as the pressure to act promptly and not miss an
accommodation opportunity when they find one, especially with large numbers of other
students seeking housing in same scarce markets Findings show that due to their limited
financial resources, students do not look for as many features in the apartments compared to
different groups and have higher tolerances, therefore, they are more likely to settle for
lower-quality housing sometimes in unsanitary conditions (Macintyre, 2003).
Some universities have lists of approved landlords or noticeboards announcing vacancies in
the private rental sector to help students and lessen those risks (Nimako & Bondinuba, 2013),
however, it is not so well-spread and not able to retain all bad practice.

Therefore, after identifying the existing types of accommodation made available to students,
this study aims to look into student housing from a service point of view and understanding
the requirements to ensure the satisfaction and wellbeing of the end-users that are the
students.

The concept of service quality

In understanding service quality dimensions in student accommodation context, this research

will draw on conceptualization of the service product and its components. Normann
(1991)and Gronroos (1990)have that it that the service product could be classified into core
service products and supplementary service elements. Normann has it that ‘‘the core service
is the basic reason for a firm to be in the market.
Core service is that part of the entire service offering that is supposed to meet the most basic
purpose for providing the service.
In the context of student hostel or hall of residence accommodation, the core service refers to
the most basic reason for renting a student accommodation for a time period. Thus, the core
service will include such things as, bedroom, toilet, and bath facilities since these appear to
be so basic that a student seeking hostel accommodation to rent would have to consider them
probably first.
Supplementary Services have been variously described as auxiliary services by Gronroos
(1990) and peripheral by Normann (1991) and relate to the additional benefits that the
customer receives from the service. Gronroos further subdivides supplementary or peripheral
services into enabling (facilitating) and enhancing (supporting) services. Facilitating services
are those which are necessary for the core service to take place. Supporting services do not
facilitate the delivery of the core service but create added value for the client.
In the context of student hostel or hall of residence accommodation, facilitating or enabling
services of supplementary services that are necessary for sound accommodation could
include utility facilities (e.g. water, electricity, etc.), security, rules and regulations, among
others.
Supporting services, on the other hand, may include such value added services desirable at
student hostel or hall accommodation like Junior Common Room, entertainment hall/facility,
reading room, library, ease of transportation to lectures, garage, among other things.
Supporting services are only desirable if they are available but may not be the most important
in renting of student accommodation.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

Introduction
Research methodology is the path through which researchers need to conduct their research.
This chapter presents the ways that the specific objectives are to be achieved through the
design, approaches, data collection, analysis and presentation methods, etc. Therefore, the
purpose of this methodology is to satisfy the research plan and target devised by the
researcher.

Research Design

A research design may be defined as a scheme or plan that is used to generate answers to the
research problem. The survey type of inquiry will be selected as the most suitable strategy of
inquiry; aimed at assessing the effects of the KCCA Hostels ordinance, 2006 on the
establishment of quality private students’ accommodation in Kampala city. Surveys include
cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that use mostly questionaries, interviews, and
observation for data collection.The cross sectional survey design will be used since the
information to be gathered will be at a single point in time. This design has the advantage of
measuring current attitudes or practices and also provides information in a short period of
time. With this design, the researcher will be able to collect quantitative and qualitative data
from a cross section of respondents around Kyambogo University.
A survey research design will be adopted as it provides a quantitative or numeric description
of trends, attitudes or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population. In a
survey research design, the researcher collects quantitative data from questionnaires or
interviews and statistically analyses the data to describe the trends about the responses to
questions.

Research Approach

The study will employ both qualitative and quantitative approaches to obtain detailed
information. The qualitative analysis will be descriptive in order to obtain the ideal analysis
whereas the quantitative analysis will be used to express figures and statistics to answer
questions. The quantitative research will be in the form of close ended questions in a
questionnaire which will provide numerical evidence and allow statistical analysis. Open-
ended questions, in the questionnaires, and semi-structured in-depth interviews will constitute
the qualitative part of this research.
Study Population

The study population will include technical personnel from KCCA, the city education
officer’s office, hostel wardens or custodians, as well as the students residing within private
hostels around Kyambogo University.

Study area

This research will be conducted within Banda parish, near Kyambogo University. This was
chosen due to the fact that itis close to one of the biggest public universities in the country,
and as such problems related to student life quality are likely to be exhibited the most.

Sampling and sampling techniques

Sampling is the process of identifying the respondents from the study population who will be
part of the research. Sampling aids the acquiring of information about the study area in a
cheaper way and a shorter time compared to the entire population. Sampling also enables
generalization of results from the bigger population.

A simple random sampling and purposive sampling methods will be used to establish the
sample size for the study. The simple random sampling ensures that each member of the
population has an equal chance for the selection or the chance of getting a response which
can be more than equal to the chance depending on the data analysis justification. This
method will be used to select respondents at private hostel level around Kyambogo
University including students and hostel custodians.

The purposive sampling method will be used to select key informants, which key informants
include technical people from local leaders, technical personnel from KCCA. This method
will be used because it helps study certain domains with knowledgeable experts within and
also ensures the quality of data hence ensuring reliability and competence of informants.

Sample size

Regarding the sample size, different researchers derived different formulae for calculating
sample size. For the purpose of this study, Yamane’s (1967) simplified formula to calculate
the sample size will be used, at 95% confidence level and 10% level of precision.
N
n= 2
1+ N ( e)
Where;
N = Total population size,
n = Sample size,
e = Level of precision.

Based on the Kyambogo University Fact book 2018/19 statistics (Fact bookfigures formed
the basis of the sample of this research because it is the most reliable source of statistics on
the population of the students residing outside the university), Kyambogo University is
estimated to have a total of 32,724 students ( (Kyambogo University, 2019)). It must however
be noted that about 1,513 studentslive in the university halls of residence and will therefore
be eliminated from the study population as they do not represent those living in private
students’ hostels (Kyambogo University, 2019). Thus, a population of about 30,000, which
population will include informants from KCCA, local leaders, Inspectorate of schools, hostel
custodians as well as local leaders will be used to determine the sample size.

Based on Yamane (1967)therefore;

30,000
n= 2
=99.66 respondents ≈ 100 respondents
1+30,000(0.1)

S/N CATEGORY SAMPLE SAMPLING PROCEDURE

1 KCCA officials 1 Purposive sampling

2 Local leader 1 Purposive sampling

3 Hostel Custodians 8 Simple random sampling
4 University students 90 Simple random sampling
  TOTAL 100  

Data collection

This study will employ three types of research instruments, questionnaires, interview guides
and observation schedule.
Questionnaires
Questionnaires will be used to gather data from the students. A questionnaire has a diverse
number of merits upon that make it a desirable instrument to collect data. Questionnaires will
be used to collect data from the students as they are appropriate in descriptive survey where
the number of respondents is high (Orodho, 2009). Gay (1992) maintains that questionnaires
give respondents freedom to express their views or opinions and to make suggestions.

Under this, a set of close and open ended questions in a Likert scale will be set and
administered to students to provide information on the adequacy of the private hostels, the
impact of students’ accommodation on their educational outcomes, as well as the intervention
measures that they would propose in order to come up with suitable policies that would
regulate the private hostels industry. The questionnaires will also be made simple clear and
brief in order to maximize results.

Interview guide
This study will use interview guides to gather information from private hostel custodians,
KCCA personnel, and local leaders. Interview schedules are considered appropriate when the
sample is small since a researcher is able to get more information from respondents than
when using a questionnaire (Keiss & Bloomquist, 1985). This is because questionnaires tend
to limit more data. The hostel wardens will be interviewed as they have first-hand
information on the lifestyles of the students who have rented their hostels. KCCA personnel
will provide key information as regards to registration and licensing of hostels, enforcement
strategies as well as challenges faced when executing their duties.

Observation
An observation schedule will be used to generate information on the adequacy of the private
accommodation hostels. Independent variables looked at under the observation schedule
include accessibility from the main road and the University, security within and around the
private hostels, safety standards in the private hostels, service adequacy and quality as well as
an overall impression of the private hostel in relation to what is stipulated in the KCCA
Hostels Ordinance.
 Secondary data
Secondary data used will be collected through the review of literature both published and
unpublished. This data will be obtained through internet, journals, textbooks etc. Through the
above sources, relevant information will be abstracted and used to enhance the research.

Data collection matrix

Research questions Critical information Sources of data Data collection tools
What is the quality of Service Quality in  University  Questionnaire
private students’ hostels private students’ students  Interview
around Kyambogo hostels  Local leaders guide
university?  Hostel  Observation
custodians
What is the level of State and adequacy of  KCCA officials  Observation
development control services available  Local leaders  Interview
regulations compliance in  Researcher guides
private hostels around
Kyambogo University?

What are the factors Reasons for the  Hostel  Interview

affecting compliance with existing adherence Custodians guides
hostel development control levels to the  KCCA officials  Questionnaire
regulations in private development controls
hostels around Kyambogo
University?

Data analysis
Data collected from the field will be coded and entered into the computer for analysis using
Excel Software. Data collected were both qualitative and quantitative in nature. Qualitative
data were analyzed thematically. Descriptive statistics including percentages and frequency
counts were used to analyze the obtained quantitative data. Bell (1993)maintains that when
making results known to a variety of readers, simple descriptive statistics such as percentages
have a considerable advantage over more complex statistics.

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