Conjunctions ‘Study the explanations and examples in the chart. Make your own examples. OVERVIEW Conjunctions are used to join clauses into one sentence and show the relationship between them. Coordinating conjunctions join tiwo main (indepencient) clauses. Subordinating conjunctions join a main clause and a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause contains information that is less important than in the main clause, Conjunction Explanation Coordinating conjunctions and ‘adds information but / yet, contrasts information or shows two alternatives 80 links a cause and a resuit ‘Subordinating conjunctions: Cause and result because / introduces a cause since / as 0 that Introduces a result ‘Subordinating conjunctions: Contrast although / introduces a contradictory idea while ‘Subordinating conjunctions: ime sequence ‘as /when/ introduces something that while happens at the same time as another event when / introduces the first in a sequence as sconas/ of two events once / after before / until introduces the second in a sequence of two events ‘Subordinating conjunctions: Condition when / introduces something that enables whenever /if another event to happen (for more ‘about if, see Grammar Unit 6) Example Glaciers are rivers of ica, and (they) are known for their gradual pace. Most glaciers move about 20 centimeters a day, but some move at a much faster rato, Increased glacial speeds can cause earthquakes, or (they can) send large amounts of ice into the ocean, Glacial earthquakes are usually in uninhabited areas, so they do not cause much damage. Glacial earthquakes do not cause mut damage because they are usually located in Uninhabited areas. Giaciors move very slowly so that itis impossible to detect their movement with the naked eye, While glacial earthquakes have limited effect fast-moving glaciers can have a greater impact AAs glaciers move forward, they carve deap holes in the valley floor. After the ice has melted, the holes fil with water to make lakes. Glaciers transport rocks and ice downhill for many miles before they reach the ocean, cebergs do not usually form until the glacier reaches the ocean. When a glacier moves at a fast pace, it loses massive amounts of ice, Notes: 1. With coordinating conjunctions, the subject can be omitted in the second clause i itis the ‘same as in the first. 2. Notice the use of commas with subordinate clauses, 136GRAMMAR: CONJUNCTIONS Practice Exercises ‘A Complete the sentences with a si le conjunction. Sometimes more than one is possible, after although and.» as-—=stbecause but since. «= so. when whenever while Fock erosion is caused by human activities, ___________it s also caused by wind, water, and ice. Rainwater forms pools on the rock surface, __________ i trapped within tiny cracks. water turns to ice, it expands. ‘The water expands and contracts inside them, ________ the rocks start to break up. In desert regions, rocks are rapidly heated up by the sun___________ they expand. the rocks coo! down and contract, small pieces of rock break oft. Dry soil is eroded more easily ____ there is insufficient vegetation to hod it down, erosion is a natural process, it has been dramatically increased by the effects of human activities. B Choose the sentence that best expresses the essential information in the sentence. 1 ‘Since the cultivation of crops requires the clearing of existing vegetation, large areas of land are deprived of plant cover and become vulnerable to erosion. ‘a Clearing land for crops is increasing erosion, 'b Erosion is ocourring because there are too many crops. © There is too much erosion so plants cannot grow. 4 Planting crops will prevent erosion. Although the erosion caused by storms is not as destructive as that produced during hurricanes and tornadoes, the amount of soil loss can be significant, especially when storms repeatedly affect a given region. a When storms occur, they cause soil erosion. bi Storms are not very destructive because they are not strong. © Storms can cause soil erosion over a long time period. Hurricanes cause more erosion than storms. Because metting ice is causing sea levels to rise, habitats of humans as well as muttitudes of other organisms will be in danger of being washed away. a Habitats are being destroyed by melting ice. b Ice is melting because sea levels ar rising © As sea levels rise, habitats are being destroyed. 4 Sea levels are rising so ice is melting DEE The root word habit means five in place, Use your dictionary to find the meaning of these words: habitat, habitable, uninhabitable inhabit, inhabitant 137