University of Baghdad

College of engineering
Chemical engineering department

Physical Chemistry Lab

Discussion:-ABDULLAH SAEED
The purpose of experiment is to calculate the specific gravity of iodized CCl4 in
two methods and to compare between these methods and between theoretical
and experimental result.

Hydrometer method:-

Hydrometer method using to calculate specific gravity directly the experimental

SP.gr of CCl4 is 1.586 and the theoretical SP.gr is 1.585, So the percentage
difference between the theoretical and practical value will be 0.001 %, this
means that there is little difference between the two values, and that the
temperature measurement error may be the reason for the difference in values.

Pycnometer method:-

This method using to calculate specific gravity of substance (CCl4) depending of

the density where the specific gravity is calculated by this equation:
 𝐬𝐮𝐛 𝐰𝟐−𝐰𝟏
Sp.gr = = = 1.586
 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐰𝟑−𝐰𝟏

In comparison with SP.gr in hydrometer method, we can see the percentage

difference is 21.06 % this mean that there is a slight difference between two
methods, this difference is the result of several errors in the pycnometer
method that may affect to the result, like not accurately calculating weights, or
not completely dry the pycnometer.

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 University of Baghdad
College of engineering
Chemical engineering department

Physical Chemistry Lab

Discussion:- Abdulrahman Anees -A-

Hydrometers, hydrometers, and digital hydrometers are officially

recognized for their use in determining fluid density. Most of the time,
information such as date, calibration, and temperature is also required
to be recorded. The selection of the appropriate measurement method
depends on several factors, such as the type of sample, the accuracy of
the instrument, the time taken for each measurement, and the level of
user training required. Measurement accuracy and compliance with
any relevant standards and internal requirements can be ensured
through periodic calibration checks of the selected instrumen and We
wear masks if we use CCL4, because of the damage it causes to humans
on the nervous, digestive and respiratory systems, and it may
sometimes reach cancer.and

The principle of action of hydrometers is based on Archimedes’

buoyancy law, which is that if an object floats on top of a liquid, the
weight of the submerged part of the body is equal to the weight of the
displaced liquid

It is a long glass tube closed on both ends and consists of three parts

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