Speech and Theater

Arts
Second Semester
 My Friend’s Fictional Life
In this activity, what you do is you get up in front of
people (you can do it home by yourself as well) and you
take one of your friends and you introduce them.
However, instead of introducing them in the normal way
you make up a fictional life for them.

So you say, hi this is Jane Smith, and she actually moonlights as a jazz
pianist for the underground mafia. And you talk about her life, whatever
it may be. This is fun because it makes you been creative, it’s very easy to
think of these things on the spot and just roll with it. It’s generally pretty
funny as well.
Communication
"Communication is the process
of sharing meaning through
continuous flow of symbolic
messages." (Froemling 5)
Communication
Communicator
(Sender/receiver) -
the participants in
communication.
Typically the roles
reverse regularly.
 Communicator
(Sender/receiver) -
the participants in
communication.
Typically the roles
reverse regularly.
The Elements of
Communication
SENDER

THE
PERSON
WHO
SENDS A
MESSAGE
 Another name for the sender is the
“SPEAKER”
● Speaker-The person or persons responsible for
creating a message to be sent.
●
Ex. A politician giving a speech…

● A parent lecturing a child…

● A divorced middle age women writing a
love letter to her favorite soap opera
star…
● …All these people are sending messages.
MESSAGE

This is what
needs to be
delivered or
imparted to
somebody
else.
 Message
● It is the central to the process because the
point of communicating is to say
“something”
RECEIVER
It pertains
to “to
whom” a
message is
directed
Another term for the Receiver is
“Listener”
Receiver- The person or persons who are
receiving the created messages.

Ex. An audience receives the politician’s

speech…
The unfortunate child is the recipient of the
parents lecture…
The soap opera star is the lucky receiver of
our divorcee’s romantic letter.
CHANNEL

It helps to
carry the
message to
its desired
destination
Channel
It is the medium, mean, manner or
method through which a message is
sent to its intended receiver.
**Channels may be verbal or
nonverbal**
Ex.
● Speech is a channel…
● Writing is a channel…
● Non-verbal gestures are
channels…
● Voice Tones are channels…and so
on.
RESPONSE

It is the
Interpretati
on of the
Message by
the
Listener.
Response
● It is the only way the Speaker knows that the
Message has been received. Whether the
Listener responds or not is the central to the
communication process.
● It is based on the Interpretation of the
Message by the Listener.
Ex. (positive)Say yes, nod their heads, smile, or
clap their hands.
(negative) Frown, boo, refuse to clap (or clap
just out of politeness) even walk out, or walk
away
NOISE

refers to
influences on
effective commu
nication that
influence the
interpretation of
conversations
Noise
● Any force that hampers and with effective communication.

PHYSICAL

PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL
Noise
Physical Noise- Refers to any external
phenomenon that might impair a receiver’s
ability to decode a message.

● Ex. Loud music

● Irritating Engine of a Motorcycle
● Gym, Elevator Music Blaring…
● Bodybuilders grunting…
● Treadmills running…
● She was paying attention, just couldn’t hear
my name…that why call me “Phil,” not
“Paul.”
Noise
● Physiological Noise- Involves
biological (body) factors in the
receiver or sender that interfere
with accurate reception.
● Ex. Because of headache or a
toothache, one may not be able to
effectively listen to a friend, listen
to a music, or do anything for that
matter.
 Noise

● Psychological Noise- Involves mental forces within a receiver

or sender that might inhibit his or her ability to either encode
or decode a message correctly.
● Ex. When one is thinking deeply about something or is
suffering from an emotional condition (sadness, depression,
confusion)
● If a receiver suffers from low-self esteem, might interpret a
sincere compliment as sarcastic or condescending even
though it wasn’t.
ENVIRONMENT
(part of context)
- that which
surrounds and
provides a basis
for the meaning
of a message
Environment
● Physical (surroundings)
● Temporal (point in time)
● Relational (the existing relationship
between communicators - friends,
strangers, etc.)
● Cultural (language and behavior
community the communicator(s) come
from)
FEEDBACK

It is the result of
monitoring by the
Speaker of the
Listener’s
Response either
positively or
negatively.
Feedback
● The Speaker needs to watch
out for this Response to
know if the Message was
effectively imparted or not.
This will help the Speaker in
continuing with the next
Message.
Models of Communication

● The best way to understand

communication is to see it
graphically.
● the models of
communication will
introduce the elements of
communication.
 01
Aristotle
a teacher of Rhetoric and
even put up an academy
to produce good speaker.
He said that the most
important part in his model
is the Setting where the
Listener is situated. It
indicates the message.
The 3 Setting in Aristotle’s time
● Legal (court) – where ordinary people defended
themselves (there were no lawyers then)
● Deliberative (political assemblies) – the highest
of which the Roman Senate.
● Ceremonial (celebration held) – when they won
a war, when they loss a leader or had a new one,
and when they welcomed visiting leader from
another kingdom or country. Such occasions
called for speeches of welcome, poems of
tribute or of eulogies and poems of laments.
 02
Claude Shannon and
Warren Weaver
they introduce the
concept of “noise”
often called
“Telephone Model”
They assert that the Message sent by the Source (speaker) is not
necessarily the Message received by the Destination(Listener)
due to intervention of “noise” or anything that hampers
communication.
 03
Wilbur Schramm
Model
Wilbur Schramm
the father of Mass Communication
● He is concern why communication breakdown occurs.
● He assert that communication can take place if and
only if there is an overlap between the Field of
Experience of the Speaker and the Field of Experience
of the Listener.

The Field of Experience- is everything that has happened

and learned by a person in her life.
It is used to interpret the Message and create Response
which can only happen when the two fields have
commonalities.
 04
Helical Model
proposed by Frank Dance in
1967 to throw some more
light on communication
process.
A Helix is nothing but a smooth curve just like a spring
which if goes upwards also comes downwards. The
Helical model of communication was designed by Frank
Dance keeping the simple Helix in mind.
According to the Helical model of communication,
the process of communication evolves from the
very birth of an individual and continues till the
existing moment. All living entities start
communicating from the very first day of their
origin. When seeds are planted, they convey the
message to the gardener that they need to be
watered daily and should be treated well with
fertilizers and manure. When a plant emerges from
the seed it also starts communicating its need for
water, sunlight, manure and fertilizers, thus
supporting the Helical model of communication.
The same also applies for animals, birds, fishes and
all living creatures.
The way the child is communicating to his
parents that he is alive, absolutely hale
and hearty and ready to face the
challenges of the world. As the child grows
up, he cries whenever he is hungry or
expects something from his parents and Scenario 1
sometimes simply for his parent’s
attention. It is again a child’s own way of
conveying his message to the whole
world. When the same child grows up and
starts going to school, he soon interacts
with his parents, teachers, friends in the
form of words. Now crying actually gets
replaced by words or his speech but one
thing which is common is the process of
communication which existed since the
child’s birth.
An individual in his elementary classes
learns to pronounce a particular word or
react to a particular situation. It has
been observed that even though the
child grows up, he continues to
pronounce that particular word in the Scenario 2
same way as he did during his growing
up days or for that matter, if the same
situation arises again he would under all
circumstances react in the same way as
he did in the past. The fear of the child
when suddenly the light goes off at night
resulting in a complete blackout is
present in his younger days as well as
when he grows up.
Helical Model of Communication
Child (Day 1) communication evolves
↓
Communication continues
↓↑
(Communication depends on past
activities)
↓
(Current day) communication
continues with modifications