6.3.1 BCD — to — Decimal Decoder: The BCD to Decimal decoder converts each BCD input character (8421 code) into one of ten possible decimal form. I is also referred to as 4—to— 10 line decoder. The method of implementation is essentially the same as for 4 — 10 ~ 16 line decoder discussed above, with the difference that it has only ten decimal digits 0 through 9. The BCD to Decimal decoder is also available in the form of IC. The ‘most commonly used BCD to decimal decoder TTL IC is 74LS42. It is designed using NAND gates. which therefore gives the active low outputs. Figures 6.19(a) and 6.19(b) ‘and block diagram of BCD to decimal decoder IC 7442 respectively. Table 6.7 shows the truth table of IC 7442, By ol SI I » | 4-to-10 line decoder I by | 3 qe7442 oI oF &) @ Fig 6.19 Given below the list of most commonly used demultiplexer ICs available in the market: Description ICNo, ‘Dual 1:4 DMUX 74155 (2:4 line decoder) 1:8 DMUX, 74138 (3:8 line decoder) 1:16 DMUX (4:16 line decoder) TaLs4Table 6.7 BCD input ABCD I oo 0 0 BCD ooo 1 BOD oo 1 0 BoD oo. BoD o 10 0 BoD o 10 1 BOD o 11 0 BCD or. BCD 100 0 BCD too 1 BOD 1010 None toud None 110 0 None 1101 None 111.0 None riaiid None 6.3.2 BCD — to — Seven — Segment Decoder: A decoder for BCD to 7 - segment will now be discussed. A seven segment display consists of seven display lights (segments) atranged in a pattern shown in figure 6.20. The light emitting gallium arsenide ot phosphide diodes are generally used for the segments of these display devices. These devices, also known as seven — segment LED display devices, are operated at low voltage and low power and hence directly connected to ICs. The segments of the display devices are marked as a. b,c. d. e, fg. The numeric digits 0 through 9 may be displayed if the conesponding segments glow as shown in figure 6.20 by the darken segments. Ma I oO HetThe seven ~ segment LED display devices are of two types. onc is known as common cathode and the other is known as common anode. In the common cathode LED display device, the cathodes of all its LEDs are connected to the common terminal of the device. When the common terminal is grounded and positive voltages are applied to the anodes of the corresponding LEDs of the display device, then the numerals will be displayed on the devices. However. in the common anode LED display devices, the anodes of all its LEDs are connected to the common terminal of the device which is to be connected to the positive supply: and when the low voltages are applied to the anodes of the devices, the numerals are displayed, BCD to seven - segment decoders are available in the form of ICs. The commen cathode LED display devices are connected to such BCD to seven segment decoder ICs which provide active high ourputs and common anode LED display devices to such decoder ICs which provide active low outputs. Other display devices are LCD (Liquid Crystal Devices). ‘The design of a combinational circuit will be discussed. It will decode 4 — bit BCD codes to decimal digits. The logic circuit will have 4 inputs and seven outputs (figure 6.21). Seven outputs will correspond to the segments of the display. 4 b 4-bieBcp | Logic Circuit : Seven Segment Inputs co op urate P g zg Fig. 6.21 A truth table indicating the 4 — bit BCD inputs and seven segment outputs is shown in table 6.8. Seven segments show the output 1 if itis to glow. The K ~ maps for the seven segments a, b. c. d, ef, g are shown in figure 6.22 (a) to (2). From these K — ‘maps the minimal Boolean expressions are obtained for each segment. The expressions are given as: a=A+C+B-D+B-C 6 +0-D+O-D c=B+C+D d=A+B-D+B-C+B-C-D feAst-D+B-C+8-D A+B-CHB-C+O-DThe expressions for the seven segments a through d can be implemented using the AND OR and Not gates as shown in figue 6.23. Table 6.8 ent outputs Seven Se; Serra F KH SeH HBR RRR Re oon noe RRR RRRR merc con ono RRR RRS Horton non BBR ES eon eee RRR RRR Reo ore RRR RBS ron n oe nee BR BARD BOD Inputsop 00 o1 u 10 1 Fig, 6.22(a) Fig. 6.220) AB AB co\ 00 o1 110 ep\ 09 01 11 flo oof Tq # i) F ott e o1 P nfQ_|h |e W - wl o}b fe 10 e Fig. 6.22(0) Fig, 6.22(d) AB eD\_00, or 11 10 of Te ]e]a ofo fo frfo njo |? |erls wlGTT | [4 Fig. 6.2 2(e) Fig.6.22(6) AB co\_00 01 1110 oo} 0 |fa 04] 1 WW 0 10 1 Fig 622)Fig. 6.23 A few ICs are available for BCD to seven segment decoder/driver. ICs 7447 & 7446 are generally used BCD to seven segment decoder/driver. These decoder ICs has four input lines and 7 output lines for each segment of the display device. The both ICs. give active low outputs and their pin configuration is same. The maximmm voltage rating Of IC 7447 is 15 volts where as itis 30 volts for IC 7446. The fimetion of lamp test (LT). Ripple blanking input (RBD, ripple blanking output (RBO) and Blanking inputs are also provided in these decoder ICs, The lamp test is used to check the segments of the display device. If LT is at logic 0 then all the segments of the display device will be ON. For nonmal operation of the decoder LT should be connected to logic 1. For normal operation of the decoder the ripple blanking input (RBI) should be connected to logic 1. For blanking out leading zeros in nmulti — digit display, RBI is to be connected to logic 0. The terminal blanking input and ripple blanking out (BURBO) is also used for blanking out 0s in multiplexed display. The set up for single seven — segment LED display using BCD — to ~seven segment decoder‘driver IC 7447 is shown in figure 6.24,+Vee Current limiting resistor ase) : 2 seo | O— 6 Ba a ° ct], [fb ine] BT} roger § 5 fh : on : ‘lI | e kT 17- segment LED display +¥ee (common anode) Fig. 6.24 6.4 Code converter: Code converter is most commonly used in digital systems Sometimes binary numbers are provided in one type of binary codes and required the numbers in other types of binary codes, So the code converter converts the binary numbers provided in ore type of codes to other type of codes. The process of code converter is illustrated by taking an example, Suppose it is desired 10 convert the digits given in $421 to cyclic code, A truth table is drawn in which four input variables say a.b.ed are taken for the given code and flour output variables for output variables say X.Y.Z.W are taken for the required code, The binary numbers in the given code are ‘written for the input variables and their conresponding binary numbers in the required code are written for the cutput variables (table 6.9). Using the K ~ mep, simplified Boolean functions for each variable in the required code is obtained in tenus of the variable of the given code, In the above example of conversion of $421 code to cyclic code, the Boolean function of the variables of cyclic Codes are obtained in terms of the Variables of 8421 code. These expressions are given as Xaatbdtbe a Zabte Weabedthcdthedtad Fignre 6 75 shows the K map foreach expression The realization of these expressions using NAND gates is shown in figure 6.26.Table 6.9 w Zz Cyelie Code ¥ x ean coconno) enna aanece locoonsancel eeccocosn4 ab 10 u a1 00. oy 2 . 6 -edX00 91 10 ed\ 00 ot oo} 0 | fr | # |} o oo] o | o alay fi 7 olla [is [+ [Te] edtbedtad Xaatbdtbe abedtbhed+bhedtad Fig. 626