UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT

ON

PREVALENCE OF PARASITE CYSTS AND EGGS IN VEGETABLES SOLD IN

AZARE AND GADAU MARKET

BY

MUBARAK INUWA
(BASUG/UG/SCI/ZOO/18/090)

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

FACULTY OF SCEINCE BAUCHI STATA UNIVERSITY GADAU
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE
(BSC) APPLIED ZOOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
FACULTY OF SCEINCE
BAUCHI STATE UNIVERSITY, GADAU

JANUARY, 2023

i
 DECLARATION

I, MUBARAK INUWA, Hereby declare that the work in the project titled ‘PREVALENCE OF

PARASITE CYSTS AND EGGS IN VEGETABLES SOLD IN AZARE AND GADAU

MARKET’ was performed by me in the Department of Biological Sciences under the

supervision of Mrs. Gloria Nyarim Joseph. The information derived from the literature has been

duly acknowledged in the text and list of references provided.

_____________________ _________________________

MUBARAK INUWA DATE

ii
 CERTIFICATION

The project titled PREVALENCE OF PARASITE CYSTS AND EGGS IN VEGETABLES

SOLD IN AZARE AND GADAU MARKET by MUBARAK INUWA in meet the
regulations governing the award (B.sc) Applied Zoology, of Bauchi State University, Gadau and
is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literacy presentation.

__________________________________ ___________________
Mrs. Gloria Nyarim Joseph (PhD in view) Sign & Date
(Supervisor)

_______________________________ ___________________
Dr. Umar Aminu Muhammad (PhD) Sign & Date
(External Examiner)

_______________________________ ___________________
Dr. Haladu Ali Gagman, (Associate Prof) Sign & Date

(Head of Department)

________________________________ ___________________
Sign & Date
(Dean, Faculty of Sciences)

iii
 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Almighty Allah, for his guidance and mercy throughout the course of
my study and to my admired parents, Late Malam Inuwa and Maryam Adamu whose hospitable
and generous gesture in caring me remain unforgettable in my memory, this good gesture has
made me comparable with my my peers. I still pray for my demise father and Beloved mum who
spent their entire like nourishing my future, May Allah Bless you.

I’m also Grateful to Biological partners of my for all the sacrifices they made to help me get this
far and for always believing in me. May you be entitled to an ever expanding blessings
accordingly.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ALHAMDULILLAH, I would like to thanks my esteemed supervisor Mrs. Gloria Nyarim

Joseph for Her valuable and immeasurable support and tutelage during my project. I’m also

thankful to her for her immense enthusiasm and unpredictable insightful comments I have

benefited greatly from her wealth of knowledge, words cannot begin to express my appreciation.

I can’t forget the dozens of limitless talents she splash down. I’m grateful for so expertly guiding

all aspects of my project. I truly appreciate all of the time she put into reading drafts of chapters

and offering helpful comments and suggestions, even while juggling very busy schedules. My

heart goes to my parents Malam (late) Inuwa Hameed and Malama Maryam Adamu for their

love, care and support toward me and my studies, It’s a great pleasure to express my deepest

gratitude to their openness in their expertise and insight through my life, their sundry

perspicacity can’t be over emphasized as I have no sufficient words to define its reality, I cannot

thank you enough. My profound thanks go to my brothers and sisters, Musa Inuwa, Sunusi

Inuwa, Aminu Inuwa, Muhammad Inuwa, Mukhtar Inuwa,Abdulazeez Inuwa, Abdulsalam

Inuwa, Adulkarim Inuwa, Maryam Inuwa, Sumayya Inuwa, and Zahira Inuwa for all the help in

various capacities to making this reality Of course I also want to thank my Uncle Gambo Musa

Yashi, and Hassan Aldulmuminu Shafa for all of the love, prayers and support who believes I

can (and will) do anything I put my mind to. I‘m also indebted to my course mates particularly,

Mubarak Abubakar Dalil, Khuzaifa Danjuma, Sadiq Usman Muhammed and Lilly jullius for

their sacrifices during the course of my study. I truly appreciate and love you. Thank you to the

Department of Biological science, Bauchi state University, Gadau. I am grateful to have

experienced the rigorous and rewarding educational benefits of being a graduate student in this

department.

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- i

Declaration--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- ii

Certification------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

Dedication----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v

Acknowledgement-------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv

Table of Contents--------------------------------------------------------------------------- v

List of Tables------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii

List of Abbreviation------------------------------------------------------------------------ viii

Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------ ix

vi
LIST OF TABLES
4.1 Descriptive statistics of studied parameters---------------------------------------------
4.2 Descriptive statistics anthropometric parameters--------------------------------------
4.3 Descriptive statistics Craniometric parameters-----------------------------------------
4.4 Craniometric parameters and academic performance -------------------------------
4.5 Sex and academic performance-----------------------------------------------------------------

vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION

A = Age

BMI = Body Mass Index

HC = Hip circumference

HT = Height

WC = Waist circumference

WT = Weight

NC = Neck circumference

Chest C = Chest circumference

MUAC = mid upper arm circumference

CC = cranial capacity

CB = cranial breadth

CH = cranial height

CL = cranial length

BW = brain weight

CI = cerebral index

viii
 ABSTRACT

The capacity of the cranium has in many studies been used to indirectly reflect the volume of the

brain, predict mental ability and reflects racial characteristics. The Aim of the present work is to

study cranial capacity in relation to other anthropometric parameters and Academic performance

among students of Bauchi state University, Gadau. one hundred (100) students of Basug

students both male and female aged 18 to 30 years old were randomly selected for this study.

Data was analyzed using Sigma Stat version. Data on sex, age ethnic background and department

of participants; cranial dimensions and other anthropometric parameters were taken and

recorded in their respective questionnaires. Craniometric parameters: cranial length (CL), cranial

breadth (CB), cranial height (CH) were measured using spreading calliper and cranial capacity

(CC), brain weight (BW) and cerebral index computed. Other anthropometric parameters

measured include: Height (cm), weight (kg),body circumferences (chest, mid upper arm, waist,

and hip), and body mass index(kg/m²) was calculated. Academic performance was based on first

semester examination result, 2021/2022 academic session. The present study showed that, males

were taller and heavier than females (p ˂ 0.01). The circumferences (neck, mid upper arm and

chest) of males were higher than females (p ˂ 0.01). However, waist and hip circumferences

were higher in females than males (p = 0.96 and p˂ 0.01) respectively. Cranial length, breadth

and height were higher in males than females (p ≤ 0.01). Cranial capacity and brain weight were

higher in the males than females (p ≤ 0.01). However, cerebral index and academic performance

test were higher in females than males (p ≤ 0.05). There was no relationship between

Craniometric parameters and Academic performance.

ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Background of study--------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.2 Statement of Research Problem-----------------------------------------------------------

1.3 Justifications-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.4 Significance --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.5 Study Hypothesis-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.6 Aims and Objectives--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 1.

1.7 Aim of study---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.8 Objective of study----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

1.9 Limitations of study ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

CHAPTER TWO 2.0

Literature Review---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.1 The human skull -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

2.2 Genetic variation in the human skull ------------------------------------------- 11

2.3 Morphological integration in the human skull--------------------------------------- 13

2.4 Sex estimation using the skull------------------------------------------------------------ 15

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods----------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
3.1 Materials-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2 Method----------------------------------------------------------

x
3.2 Test of Academic performance----------------------------------------------
3.2 Cephalometry------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.3 Study location------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 29
3.4 Study duration------------------------------------------------
3.5 Sample size ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
3.6 Ethical approval -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
3.7 Statistical analyses ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.8 Inclusion criteria ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.9 Exclusion criteria ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35

4.1 Analysis of Study Population------------------------------------------------------------ 35

4.2 Association between anthropometric variables and Study population--------- 43

4.5 Association between craniometric variables for male and female--------- 51

4.5.1 Craniometric variables and academic performance in studied population---------------- 51

4.5.2 Craniometric variables and academic performance in females----------------------------- 51

4.5.3 Craniometric variables and academic performance in males------------------------------- 52

4.7.1 Sex and test of intelligence---------------------------------------------------------------- 60

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion, Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations, Reference ---------------------- 70

5.1 Discussions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70

5.2 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75

5.3 Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75

xi
5.4 Recommendations------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75

5.5 References--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

xii