Team B-Assignment Zero

Assignment Zero
A Market Survey About Ethyl Acetate: Considerations, Survey Methods,

Forecast, Plant Concerns, and Quality Assessment
Team Members
181142002 – Aybüke AKBULUT
181142012 – Zülal BALIKÇI
181142029 – Kevser Duygu GÜLCÜ
181142058 – Zeynep USLUOĞLU (Leader)
191142401 – Mohamad Samer KANSOU (Editor)
Submitted To:
Prof. Dr. İrfan AR
Res. Asst. Pınar DEĞİRMENCİOĞLU
A market analysis report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the course of

CHE 452 – Chemical Engineering Design II
Gazi University
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
Submission Date:
7th March 2023
LIST OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Methods Use To Construct This Market Survey ...................................................... 2
1.2 Necessity Of The Investment In Ethyl Acetate ........................................................ 3
2. ABOUT ETHYL ACETATE ......................................................................................... 5
2.1 Chemical And Physical Properties Of Ethyl Acetate................................................ 5
2.2 Usage Areas Of Ethyl Acetate ................................................................................. 6
2.3 Usage Of Ethyl Acetate In The World ..................................................................... 6
2.4 Sectors Where Ethyl Acetate Is Used ...................................................................... 7
2.5 Safety Precautions and Toxicity .............................................................................. 9
2.6 Ethyl Acetate Production Methods .......................................................................... 9
2.7 Factors Affecting Ethyl Acetate Prices .................................................................. 11
2.8 Ethyl Acetate Sales ............................................................................................... 11
3. RAW MATERIALS .................................................................................................... 12
4. TURKEY’S POSITION TOWARDS ETHYL ACETATE: STATE INVESTMENT

AND SUPPORT FOR CHEMICALS .................................................................................. 17
5. AN OVERVIEW ON THE GLOBAL MARKET OF ETHYL ACETATE ................... 18
5.1 Asia-Pacific’s Ethyl Acetate Market...................................................................... 18
5.2 Europe’s Ethyl Acetate Market ............................................................................. 19
5.3 Middle East’s Ethyl Acetate Market ...................................................................... 20
6. TURKEY’S ETHYL ACETATE MARKET, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, AND

TRADE BALANCE............................................................................................................ 21
6.1 Turkey’s Market in Nutshell ................................................................................. 21
6.2 To Whom Does Turkey Supply Ethyl Acetate ....................................................... 23
6.3 Who Supplies Turkey with Ethyl Acetate? ............................................................ 25
6.4 Domestic Producers .............................................................................................. 27
7. NEW PLANT’S CAPACITY ....................................................................................... 28
8. LOCATION OF THE PLANT ..................................................................................... 29

i
8.1 Factors Involved ................................................................................................... 29
8.1.1 Availability of materials ................................................................................. 29
8.1.2 Markets .......................................................................................................... 30
8.1.3 Climate .......................................................................................................... 30
8.1.4 Transportation facilities ................................................................................. 30
8.1.5 Earthquakes and the tectonic structure of the region ....................................... 30
8.1.5.1 North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ): ............................................................. 31
8.1.5.2 East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ):................................................................ 32
8.1.5.3 Aegean Region Graben System (EGS): .......................................................... 32
8.1.6 Taxation and legal restrictions........................................................................ 32
8.2 Location Selection Result ...................................................................................... 34
9. ETHYL ACETATE: ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY, SAFETY, AND

SUSTAINABILITY ............................................................................................................ 35
9.1 Carbon Footprint ................................................................................................... 35
9.2 Water Footprint..................................................................................................... 36
9.3 Circular Economy ................................................................................................. 37
9.4 Zero Waste............................................................................................................ 38
9.5 Safety And Sustainability Aspects ......................................................................... 39
10. ETHYL ACETATE’S ALTERNATIVES IN THE INDUSTRY ............................... 41
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 42
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Chemical representation of ethyl acetate ................................................................ 5
Figure 2: The percentage distributions of the sectors used ..................................................... 7
Figure 3: Turkey Earthquake Hazard Map ........................................................................... 31
Figure 4: Incentive values on a provincial basis ................................................................... 33
Figure 5: Product carbon footprint ....................................................................................... 36
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Properties of ethyl acetate ........................................................................................ 5
Table 2: Bioethanol Companies in Turkey........................................................................... 12
Table 3: Turkey's Imports of Bioethanol from 2017 to 2022 Alcohol Degree >= 80%
(Harmonized System Code 220710001011) ........................................................................ 13
(Harmonized System Code 220710001012) ........................................................................ 14
Table 5: Top 15 Exporters of Acetic Acid to Turkey in 2017, 2018, and 2019 ..................... 15
Table 6: Top 15 Exporters of Acetic Acid to Turkey in 2020, 2021, and 2022 ..................... 15
Table 7: Turkey's Export Data of Ethyl Acetate (Harmonized System Code 291531000000)21
Table 8: Turkey's Import Data of Ethyl Acetate (Harmonized System Code 291531000000)22
Table 9: Turkey's Import and Export Difference of Ethyl Acetate........................................ 22
Table 10: Top 15 Importers of Ethyl Acetate From Turkey in 2020, 2021, and 2022 ........... 24
Table 11: Top 15 Importers of Ethyl Acetate From Turkey in 2017, 2018, and 2019 ........... 24
Table 12: Top 15 Exporters of Ethyl Acetate to Turkey in 2020, 2021, and 2022 ................ 26
Table 13: Exporters of Ethyl Acetate to Turkey in 2017, 2018, and 2019 ............................ 26
Table 14: Regional incentive support elements .................................................................... 33
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1. INTRODUCTION
Every chemical engineer knows that it is very crucial to conduct a market analysis when
considering the development of a new product or a process; that is due to the fact that a
market survey will help in identifying the market demand, understanding the competition,
determining prices, potential customers, and new plant’s feasibility. In accordance, with the
scope of our chemical engineering design course, we were asked to prepare a market survey
for a potential product that the Turkish market needs. To determine a potential product, a
selected criteria was established. These criteria include the necessity of the product in turkey
and its market, the position of the Turkish government towards this product, the product’s
international market, its demand in the Turkish lands, the availability of the raw materials
locally, and how environmentally friendly and safe the product is. After deep selective
research, we concluded that ethyl acetate is a potential product used in paints, varnishes,
lacquers, adhesives, coatings, pharmaceuticals, and most commonly as a solvent.
The production and consumption of ethyl acetate in Turkey is driven by a variety of

industries and companies, with both domestic production and imports playing a role in
meeting demand. The main raw materials used for the production of ethyl acetate are ethanol
and acetic acid, which can be sourced domestically or imported. The majority of ethyl acetate
imports come from European countries. These imports supplement domestic production and
help to meet the growing demand for ethyl acetate in Turkey.
In this market survey, we will discuss the methods we used to construct this survey, the
necessity in investing in ethyl acetate’s market, the production methods of ethyl acetate and
the used raw materials, the sectors where ethyl acetate is used, the demand of ethyl acetate
globally and in Turkey, the Turkish imports and exports, whether or not the Turkish
government is willing to invest in or support the production of ethyl acetate, the domestic
producers and their status, the plant location and its capacity, and the sustainability of the
product.
In short, it was concluded that a plant with an annual production capacity of 10,000 tonnes of
ethyl acetate located in Mersin will help in supplying the Turkish and European need of ethyl
acetate with the possibility of producing pure carbon free hydrogen gas which can be used in
fuel cells for the generation of electricity.
1
1.1 Methods Use To Construct This Market Survey
We believe that the person who is interested in investing in a product should know how a
market survey presented to them is conducted. Moreover, conducting a market survey can
provide valuable insights into the current and potential demand for ethyl acetate, as well as
the competitive landscape and pricing trends. Below are some of the methods we used to
conduct this market research for ethyl acetate production:
• Desk Research: This involves gathering information from publicly available sources
such as industry reports, market studies, company websites, and other published data
to gain insight into the ethyl acetate production market. In addition, we earlier visited
TÜİK where we learned how get statistical data from their website. All of the import
and export data available in this report were obtained from TÜİK and KMO.
• Field Visits: Field visits to potential customers and suppliers can provide a first-hand
understanding of the market and the competition. We would love to do a field visit.
However, we could not go because the production sites in our research were in Mersin
and Antalya. As Chemical Engineering students, we were able to go to the Chamber
of Chemical Engineers (KMO) and get some information about our research.
• Telephone Talks: Telephone talks with key stakeholders such as manufacturers can
provide valuable insights into the supply chain and capacity of production. Also, it
can help to gather more detailed information. We contacted Kiraz Group and Adokim,
the manufacturers in our research, by phone. However, they said that they could not
answer the questions we asked due to production confidentiality.
• Data Analyses and Brainstorming: After gathering data and statistics about the
Turkish Market, we found out that the Turkish market is in demand of several
products. However, the main problem starts with the availability of the raw materials
and their import prices. After looking at ethyl acetate’s data, its raw materials,
possible production methods, and more, we examined the data in hand and studied the
possibility of establishing a new plant in Turkey. To enhance our decision making, we
studied what sectors Turkey is willing to support and which sectors the government is
planning to invest in.
• Contacting Experts: We discussed the possibility of a new ethyl acetate plant in
Turkey with several chemical engineers working in various fields and took their kind
notes and suggestions into consideration.
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In conclusion, we believe conducting a market survey using a combination of these methods
help to identify potential growth opportunities, competitive advantages, and barriers to entry
in the ethyl acetate production market.
1.2 Necessity Of The Investment In Ethyl Acetate
The necessity of investment in ethyl acetate production would depend on various factors such
as market demand, competition, pricing, and production costs. Some of the factors that may
make investment in ethyl acetate production necessary or advantageous are:
• Market demand: ethyl acetate is widely used as a solvent in various industries such as
coatings, adhesives, and inks. Therefore, if there is a high demand for ethyl acetate in
the market, it may be necessary to invest in its production to take advantage of the
market opportunity.
• Competitive advantage: if the production of ethyl acetate can be done at a lower cost
compared to competitors or if there is a unique selling proposition, then investing in
ethyl acetate production can give a competitive advantage in the market.
• Product innovation: innovation in ethyl acetate production technology or development
of new products that use ethyl acetate as a key component can create a new market
opportunity, making investment in ethyl acetate production necessary.
• Diversification of product portfolio: if the company is looking to diversify its product
portfolio and expand into new markets, investing in ethyl acetate production can be a
viable option.
• Potential profitability: if the production cost of ethyl acetate is low, and the selling
price is high, the investment can be profitable. However, profitability depends on
various factors such as production scale, production technology, raw material costs,
and market competition.
• Technological advancement: the development of new production technologies can
make ethyl acetate production more efficient and cost-effective, making investment in
production more viable.
• Environmental regulations: depending on the production method used, Ethyl acetate
production may be subject to environmental regulations, which can affect production
costs and profitability. Investing in environmentally friendly production methods can
help comply with regulations and reduce production costs in the long run. Some
3
production methods can help in producing green energy with zero carbon emissions
and others use toxic raw materials.
Overall, the necessity of investment in ethyl acetate production depends on various factors,
and it is important to conduct a thorough market survey and feasibility study before making
any investment decisions which it exactly the main goal of this report.
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2. ABOUT ETHYL ACETATE
Ethyl acetate, also known as ethyl ethanoate, is a significant chemical molecule with the
formula CH3COOCH2CH3 and a distinct sweet odour [1]; it has a strong ether-like scent as
well as a clear fruity wine flavour that is easy to diffuse but not persistent. Ethyl acetate is
slightly soluble in water; however, it is soluble in most organic solvents such as alcohol,
ketone, ether, and chloroform. Due to its excellent solubility and quick-drying property, is a
very important organic chemical raw material and excellent industrial solvent, widely used in
the production of cellulose acetate, ethyl-based fibre, chlorinated rubber, vinyl resins,
cellulose acetate resins, synthetic rubber and paints [3]. Figure 1 depicts the chemical
representation of Ethyl Acetate.
Figure 1: Chemical representation of ethyl acetate [2]
2.1 Chemical And Physical Properties Of Ethyl Acetate
The properties of ethyl acetate are shown in Table 1 [4].

Table 1: Properties of ethyl acetate
Properties Values
Density (g/cm3) 0.902
Boiling Point (°C) 77.1
Melting Point (°C) -83.6
Flash Point (°C) -4
Vapor Pressure (mmHg in water) 73
Solubility (g/mL in water) 8.3 g/100 mL
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2.2 Usage Areas Of Ethyl Acetate
• Ethyl acetate is primarily used as a preferred solvent and diluent due to its low cost, low
toxicity and pleasant odour.
• Coffee beans and tea leaves are decaffeinated with this solvent.
• Also used as an activator or hardener in paints.
• In perfumes, it evaporates quickly, leaving a perfume smell on the skin.
• It can be used as standard material and solvent for analytical reagents and chromatography
analysis.
• It can also be used for environmental protection and analysis of pesticide residues.
• It can also be used for organic synthesis and spice production.
• It can also be used as a solvent and for the synthesis of dyes and some drug intermediates.
• It can also be used for liquid nitrocellulose ink for copying machine.
• In the laboratory, mixtures containing ethyl acetate are widely used in column
chromatography and extractions.
• In a killing jar filled with ethyl acetate, the vapors quickly kill the collected insects without
destroying them. Because it is non-hygroscopic, ethyl acetate keeps the insect soft enough to
allow proper mounting, suitable for a collection.
• Ethyl acetate is also the raw material for dyes, medicines and perfume production. Ethyl
acetate is also a highly effective solvent of many resins and is widely used in the manufacture
of ink and leather [3].
2.3 Usage Of Ethyl Acetate In The World
The use of ethyl acetate in the world is divided into five separate headings [5]. The
percentage distributions of the sectors used are shown in Figure 2.
• 59.8% paint and coating industry

• 15.1% in the adhesive sector
• 12.8% ink and printing industry
• 7.3% pharmaceutical industry
• 5% other sectors
6
Ethyl Acetate In The World
5%
7%
Paint and Coating Industry
13% Adhesive Sector
Ink and Printing Industry
60% Pharmaceutical Industry
15%
Other Sectors
Figure 2: The percentage distributions of the sectors used [5]
2.4 Sectors Where Ethyl Acetate Is Used
The sectors in which ethyl acetate is used are examined under 12 headings [5].
1. The painting industry
Ethyl acetate, which is utilized in the paint industry as a solvent, is also employed as a
hardener. Certain coatings, wood paints and coating varnishes, and plastic items use it as a
solvent.
2. Printing and packaging sector
It is a thinning solvent used in flexography and gravure printing.
3. Printing inks sector
It is utilized as a raw material in the printing ink business, as well as in liquid nitrocellulose
ink and copiers and printer inks.
4. Adhesive industry
It is utilized in the product as a diluent and filler liquid.
5. Diluent and solvent
It is utilized as a low-cost solvent and diluent in a variety of industrial applications.
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6. Laboratory
It is used in laboratories to extract acetic acid and ethyl alcohol by hydrolysis under acidic or
basic conditions. In the laboratory, ethyl acetate mixtures are often used for column
calibration on gas chromatographs. It is employed in organic chemistry. It is utilized for
environmental protection and pesticide residue analysis.
7. Pharmaceutical industry
It is employed as a solvent raw material in various pharmaceutical completed and semi-

finished products.
8. Food industry
It is used for decaffeination in coffee beans and tea leaves.
It is commonly utilized in wine production as an ester and as a volatile organic acid in meals.
9. The leather industry
It is utilized as a solvent in resins used in the manufacture of leather.
10. Cosmetics industry
It is a typical raw ingredient used in the creation of perfume, and it leaves the perfume smell
on the leather and disappears swiftly.
It is found in products like as acetone and acetonitrile, which are used to remove nail polish.
11. Lubricant oils sector
In the industry, several synthetic-based lubricating lubricants are used as diluents and fillers.
12. Other sectors
It's in smokeless powders.
It's utilized as a solvent in nickel plating solutions in the electrolysis process.
It is utilized in semiconductors as a developer.
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2.5 Safety Precautions and Toxicity
In rats, the LD50 value for ethyl acetate is as high as 11.3 g/kg. It is found naturally in a
variety of organisms and fruits. Overexposure can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat. It can
produce weakness, sleepiness, and loss of consciousness at higher doses.
Nonetheless, ethyl acetate is highly flammable, and its fumes can combine with air to
generate explosive combinations. As a result, it should be kept away from fire and heat, and
in well-sealed containers [4].
2.6 Ethyl Acetate Production Methods
Ethyl acetate can be industrially produced using several methods. Some of these methods are
two stage processes; moreover, some processes use toxic raw materials and have high carbon
footprint. Among the production processes of ethyl acetate are:
a) Fisher Esterification:
In the chemical industry, ethyl acetate (EA) is mainly produced through the Fisher
esterification method which uses ethanol (ET) and acetic acid (AA) as substrates with water
(W) being a major by-product. While other reactions can also be used to synthesize esters,
such as using acid anhydrides, acid chlorides, amides, nitriles, unsaturated hydrocarbons,
ethers, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and other esters (transesterification reaction), the classic
Fischer esterification is usually preferred it results in low amounts of undesired by-products.
The reaction is carried out at elevated temperatures, in the presence of catalysts, which can be
either homogenous or heterogeneous. Ionic liquids can also be used as a catalyst, but they are
corrosive and therefore not commonly used on an industrial scale. The process can also take
place in the steam phase, using metal oxides as catalysts.
One disadvantage of the Fischer esterification reaction is the use of acetic acid which in
conventional processes may lead to causes corrosion and leading to the increase of the total
cost of production. Furthermore, water production must be removed during the reaction to
prevent the shift of the reaction equilibrium to the formation of acetic acid instead of ethyl
acetate [8].
For the Fischer esterification, distillation is commonly used to separate components of liquid
mixtures, but it may not be sufficient in some cases, such as in the EA-ET-W mixture. This
mixture forms a ternary azeotrope that cannot be separated by simple distillation. Therefore,
9
other methods like extractive distillation and membrane processes, such as pervaporation, are
used to purify the mixture. Extractive distillation involves adding a solvent or entrainer to
alter the relative volatility of the components and selectively extract the key component.
Membrane processes use pervaporation membranes to selectively separate components.
However, both methods require combination with another method to produce a high purity
product, which can be disadvantageous. Therefore, the classic method of purifying the
reaction mixture by distillation is preferred. The process involves three stages: rectification of
the reaction mixture, extraction, and product rectification. The azeotropic agent is fed to the
column to generate an azeotrope and prevent water accumulation in the reactor. The enriched
phase of ethyl acetate is obtained through washing with water and extraction of ethanol.
Finally, the enriched phase is fed to the rectification column to obtain pure ethyl acetate.
b) Tishchenko reaction:
Another method to produce ethyl acetate is by the Tishchenko reaction using acetaldehyde as
a raw material. Although the reaction only requires one feed of a non-corrosive chemical, this
method is usually not preferred as it is a two-step process; in addition, it is not considered
green due to toxicity and the handling difficulties of acetaldehyde [8].
c) Ethanol Dehydrogenation:
A new competitive and promising production method of ethyl acetate is via ethanol
dehydrogenation. This method is becoming attractive due to the growing production of
bioethanol worldwide. This process takes place on a copper catalyst with an operating
temperature of around 200 °C and an operating pressure between 20 and 30 bars [8]. The
dehydrogenation of ethanol to produce ethyl acetate has distinct features the elimination of
acetic acid as a raw material reducing raw materials and plant maintenance costs, as well as
the ability to yield a highly pure main product in a single step [7]. Although the purity
depends on the catalyst’s selectivity, one primary advantage of this process is the production
of pure hydrogen as a side product without any carbon emissions which can be recovered and
utilized as a fuel source for fuel cells [7,8].
After hydrogen separation, the ethyl acetate separation from ethanol requires at least two
distillation columns for breaking the azeotrope using a pressure swing distillation system [7].
The separation of ethyl acetate−ethanol azeotropic mixture can be also done using
hydrophilic ionic liquids [9].
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2.7 Factors Affecting Ethyl Acetate Prices
The price of EtOH is closely related to the price of the chemical raw materials required in its
synthesis. If the price of acetic acid rises, so will the price of ethyl acetate. Prices will rise
when ethyl alcohol costs rise.
This chemical's price is directly tied to the price of acetaldehyde as acetaldehyde can be used
as a raw material.
Prices are directly proportional to the cost of sulfuric acid. If the price of sulfuric acid rises,
so will the price of ethyl acetate.
EtOH prices vary depending on the stocks of companies selling this chemical. As stocks
increase, ethyl acetate will decrease in price.
Prices depend on the production of this chemical. When a company producing ethyl acetate is
established, prices will decrease.
Ethyl acetate wholesale prices depend on areas of use. Ethyl acetate will increase in price in
case of a new usage area and in case of high usage [10].
2.8 Ethyl Acetate Sales
Chemical substances are packed with packages determined in international standards. These
are sold by the method of pouring, starting with the lowest package, into the largest package
or with a tanker. These can be in 1 gram packaging, 1 ton big tie packaging, or the lowest
drum packaging [10].
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3. RAW MATERIALS
It is important to know the availability and the domestic production status of the raw
materials that will be used to produce ethyl acetate. The main raw materials used for the
production of ethyl acetate in Turkey are ethanol and acetic acid. Ethanol is typically
produced from corn or wheat, which are abundant crops in Turkey. It is important to mention
that we only mean bioethanol when we mention ethanol in this section.
There are several producers of bioethanol in Turkey. Konya Şeker, which is located in Konya
has the biggest production capacity of 84 million litres a year [45]. For the sake of easiness,
we listed all of bioethanol producers with their capacities in Turkey in Table 2.
Table 2: Bioethanol Companies in Turkey [45]
Company name The city in which it is located Capacities (Million/Litre)

Konya Şeker Konya 84
Tarkim A.Ş. Bursa 44
Tezkim A.Ş. Adana 22
Türkşeker A.Ş. Eskişehir 15
As we can conclude, Turkey can produce 165 million litres of bioethanol a year. Moreover,
ethanol production is possible in Eskişehir, Turhal, Malatya and Erzurum enterprises
affiliated to Turkish Sugar Refineries Corporation, and it is calculated that annual production
can be increased up to 200 million litres.
Tables 3 and Table 4 show us the imported amounts of bioethanol in Bulk and Packaged
Shipments with HS codes 220710001011 and 220710001012 respectively. We can clearly see
that the domestic production amounts of bioethanol is way more further than the imports. In
addition, we unit prices given help us know from where we shall import in case import in
needed.
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(Harmonized System Code 220710001011) [18]
Turkey's Imports of Bioethanol from 2017 to 2022 Alcohol Degree >=

80% (Harmonized System Code 220710001011)
Imported Unit Price Unit Price
Year Country value in Kilogram Litre in Dollars in Dollars
Dollars per Kg per L
World 5.74E+06 8.21E+06 8.97E+06 0.70 0.64
Pakistan 2.36E+06 3.09E+06 3.70E+06 0.76 0.64
2017 Bulgaria 1.72E+06 2.53E+06 2.68E+06 0.68 0.64
Moldova 1.32E+06 2.02E+06 2.02E+06 0.65 0.65
Iran 3.36E+05 5.70E+05 5.70E+05 0.59 0.59
World 8.64E+06 1.23E+07 1.36E+07 0.70 0.63
Pakistan 4.46E+06 5.74E+06 6.86E+06 0.78 0.65
2018 Bulgaria 3.11E+06 4.85E+06 4.88E+06 0.64 0.64
İran 5.46E+05 9.66E+05 9.66E+05 0.57 0.57
Moldova 5.32E+05 7.36E+05 9.06E+05 0.72 0.59
World 1.29E+07 1.81E+07 2.09E+07 0.71 0.62
Pakistan 5.34E+06 6.90E+06 8.55E+06 0.77 0.62
Bulgaria 3.77E+06 6.11E+06 6.18E+06 0.62 0.61
2019
USA 2.08E+06 2.81E+06 3.49E+06 0.74 0.60
Russia 9.83E+05 1.23E+06 1.53E+06 0.80 0.64
Moldova 7.53E+05 1.09E+06 1.20E+06 0.69 0.63
World 5.65E+07 5.71E+07 6.97E+07 0.99 0.81
China 1.55E+07 1.70E+07 2.11E+07 0.91 0.73
USA 8.05E+06 1.18E+07 1.49E+07 0.68 0.54
Russia 1.52E+07 1.20E+07 1.48E+07 1.27 1.02
Brazil 9.84E+06 8.47E+06 1.03E+07 1.16 0.96
Bulgaria 2.98E+06 3.03E+06 3.19E+06 0.98 0.93
2020
Pakistan 2.20E+06 1.98E+06 2.46E+06 1.11 0.89
Moldova 1.47E+06 1.63E+06 1.75E+06 0.90 0.84
Netherlands 5.41E+05 5.09E+05 5.09E+05 1.06 1.06
Georgia 5.94E+05 4.44E+05 4.44E+05 1.34 1.34
Ukraine 8.12E+04 9.50E+04 9.50E+04 0.85 0.85
Belarus 7.43E+04 7.92E+04 7.92E+04 0.94 0.94
World 3.22E+07 4.16E+07 5.11E+07 0.77 0.63
USA 1.25E+07 1.91E+07 2.39E+07 0.65 0.52
China 9.99E+06 1.10E+07 1.36E+07 0.91 0.73
Russia 3.96E+06 5.29E+06 6.54E+06 0.75 0.61
Brazil 2.11E+06 2.24E+06 2.67E+06 0.95 0.79
2021
Pakistan 1.62E+06 1.59E+06 1.95E+06 1.02 0.83
Moldova 1.01E+06 1.23E+06 1.23E+06 0.83 0.83
Bulgaria 9.31E+05 1.15E+06 1.16E+06 0.81 0.80
Iran 2.56E+04 3.25E+04 3.25E+04 0.79 0.79
France 2.80E+04 1.90E+04 2.28E+04 1.47 1.23
World 1.43E+07 1.46E+07 1.76E+07 0.98 0.81
USA 5.42E+06 6.00E+06 7.59E+06 0.90 0.71
Brazil 3.78E+06 3.60E+06 4.34E+06 1.05 0.87
Pakistan 2.72E+06 2.47E+06 3.07E+06 1.10 0.89
2022
İran 9.63E+05 1.24E+06 1.34E+06 0.78 0.72
Bulgaria 1.37E+06 1.26E+06 1.26E+06 1.09 1.09
Russia 2.29E+04 1.93E+04 2.40E+04 1.19 0.95
China 7.40E+01 8.10E+01 1.00E+02 0.91 0.74
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(Harmonized System Code 220710001012) [18]
Turkey's Imports of Bioethanol from 2019 to 2022 Alcohol Degree >= 80%
(Harmonized System Code 220710001012)
Imported Unit Price Unit Price
Year Country value in Kilogram Litre in Dollars in Dollars
Dollars per Kg per L
World 3.05E+06 1.99E+06 2.47E+06 1.54 1.24
Canada 1.39E+06 1.17E+06 1.45E+06 1.19 0.96
Bugaria 2.09E+05 3.12E+05 3.87E+05 0.67 0.54
Germany 1.11E+06 3.04E+05 3.78E+05 3.67 2.95
Iran 2.56E+04 3.97E+04 4.95E+04 0.64 0.52
Spain 1.04E+05 3.94E+04 4.89E+04 2.63 2.12
Ukraine 3.10E+04 4.05E+04 4.84E+04 0.77 0.64
2019 Italy 2.45E+04 2.19E+04 2.72E+04 1.12 0.90
France 6.05E+04 2.11E+04 2.58E+04 2.87 2.35
Georgia 2.64E+04 1.60E+04 2.00E+04 1.65 1.32
Moldova 1.38E+04 1.39E+04 1.48E+04 0.99 0.93
Belgium 1.35E+04 4.68E+03 6.00E+03 2.89 2.25
United Kingdom 2.06E+04 4.20E+03 5.29E+03 4.91 3.90
Poland 1.33E+04 1.78E+03 2.11E+03 7.50 6.32
Netherlands 6.27E+03 1.15E+03 1.44E+03 5.44 4.35
World 4.65E+06 2.89E+06 3.54E+06 1.61 1.31
Bugaria 1.53E+06 1.13E+06 1.39E+06 1.35 1.10
Canada 1.39E+06 1.12E+06 1.39E+06 1.24 1.00
Germany 1.15E+06 3.16E+05 3.97E+05 3.64 2.90
Moldova 9.33E+04 7.52E+04 8.95E+04 1.24 1.04
Italy 3.78E+04 6.16E+04 6.16E+04 0.61 0.61
Kyrgyzstan 7.73E+04 4.45E+04 4.76E+04 1.74 1.62
Spain 1.51E+05 3.82E+04 4.72E+04 3.97 3.21
France 8.10E+04 2.70E+04 3.39E+04 3.00 2.39
2020
Belarus 4.25E+04 2.00E+04 2.50E+04 2.13 1.70
Pakistan 1.86E+04 2.18E+04 2.18E+04 0.85 0.85
Iran 1.24E+04 2.00E+04 2.00E+04 0.62 0.62
Belgium 3.11E+04 6.63E+03 8.50E+03 4.69 3.65
Poland 3.05E+04 3.70E+03 4.66E+03 8.23 6.54
United Kingdom 3.32E+03 7.50E+01 7.50E+01 44.23 44.23
Netherlands 2.54E+02 6.00E+00 6.00E+00 42.33 42.33
Brazil 1.85E+02 4.00E+00 4.00E+00 46.25 46.25
South Korea 6.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 6.00 6.00
World 4.19E+06 2.77E+06 3.40E+06 1.51 1.23
Canada 1.71E+06 1.20E+06 1.49E+06 1.42 1.15
Bugaria 1.22E+06 1.09E+06 1.33E+06 1.12 0.92
Germany 9.53E+05 2.67E+05 3.39E+05 3.57 2.81
Brazil 6.23E+04 5.00E+04 6.22E+04 1.25 1.00
Pakistan 5.85E+04 5.00E+04 6.21E+04 1.17 0.94
China 5.42E+04 5.37E+04 5.37E+04 1.01 1.01
2021
Iran 1.56E+04 2.00E+04 2.49E+04 0.78 0.63
Moldova 2.66E+04 2.00E+04 2.47E+04 1.33 1.08
Spain 4.18E+04 6.90E+03 8.96E+03 6.06 4.66
France 1.76E+04 4.52E+03 5.65E+03 3.90 3.12
Belgium 1.52E+04 3.90E+03 5.00E+03 3.91 3.05
Poland 1.29E+04 1.40E+03 1.76E+03 9.16 7.30
USA 5.90E+02 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 590.00 590.00
World 5.81E+06 3.21E+06 3.94E+06 1.81 1.47
Bugaria 2.05E+06 1.57E+06 1.90E+06 1.31 1.08
Canada 2.12E+06 1.27E+06 1.59E+06 1.67 1.33
Germany 1.35E+06 2.22E+05 2.76E+05 6.10 4.89
Brazil 1.03E+05 7.55E+04 9.37E+04 1.36 1.10
2022 Spain 1.02E+05 2.19E+04 2.66E+04 4.63 3.82
Iran 2.09E+04 2.47E+04 2.47E+04 0.85 0.85
China 1.91E+04 1.67E+04 1.94E+04 1.14 0.98
France 4.20E+04 1.23E+04 1.52E+04 3.41 2.77
Poland 9.16E+03 1.18E+03 1.44E+03 7.75 6.36
Netherlands 6.00E+00 4.00E+00 5.00E+00 1.50 1.20
14
Acetic acid, on the other hand, can be produced from methanol or carbon monoxide, which
can be sourced domestically or imported. There are not many companies producing acetic
acid in Turkey. Most companies sell and supply acetic acid. Examples of these companies
are: OKimya, Kiana Kimya, SoleChem, Karadeniz Kimya. The import data of acetic acid can
be summarized in Table 5 and Table 6.
Table 5: Top 15 Exporters of Acetic Acid to Turkey in 2017, 2018, and 2019 [18]
Top 15 Exporters To Turkey in 2019 Top 15 Exporters To Turkey in 2018 Top 15 Exporters To Turkey in 2017
Exporters To Imported value Imported Unit Price in Exporters To Imported value Imported Unit Price in Exporters To Imported value Imported Unit Price in
Turkey in Dollars Quantity in Kg Dollars/Kg Turkey in Dollars Quantity in Kg Dollars/Kg Turkey in Dollars Quantity in Kg Dollars/Kg
World 42304727 87053368 0.49 World 44899801 62711310 0.72 World 29795372 67957477 0.44
USA 14222981 29021633 0.49 China 12199859 16301576 0.75 United Kingdom 14349391 32788831 0.44
United Kingdom 6458459 15243138 0.42 Serbia 11347141 15620298 0.73 Serbia 6456887 15268761 0.42
Russia 6803868 14156316 0.48 Russia 9830241 14895371 0.66 Russia 3923201 8188287 0.48
China 5544431 10290472 0.54 Malaysia 3702213 5196940 0.71 USA 2523915 6761380 0.37
Malaysia 4049784 9383060 0.43 Saudi Arabia 3230467 4210966 0.77 China 2266194 4559032 0.50
Serbia 4877460 8536624 0.57 United Kingdom 1843428 2542145 0.73 Germany 164195 232700 0.71
South Korea 154348 201200 0.77 Taiwan 1275855 2057831 0.62 South Korea 74135 100800 0.74
Germany 78825 103967 0.76 Singapore 940293 1363268 0.69 India 26006 40320 0.64
Romina 47202 48000 0.98 South Korea 332570 320400 1.04 France 3496 6112 0.57
Iraq 29071 28320 1.03 Germany 129230 129017 1.00 Spain 2656 4444 0.60
India 15796 21555 0.73 Iran 15985 23000 0.70 Zionist Entity 1523 2663 0.57
France 5591 9782 0.57 India 23184 20160 1.15 Poland 1325 2315 0.57
Spain 15455 6754 2.29 Syria 10577 7800 1.36 Netherlands 1972 1000 1.97
Belgium 1332 2330 0.57 Netherlands 8245 6547 1.26 Austria 476 832 0.57
Egypt 124 217 0.57 France 3598 6358 0.57
Table 6: Top 15 Exporters of Acetic Acid to Turkey in 2020, 2021, and 2022 [18]
Top 15 Exporters To Turkey in 2022 Top 15 Exporters To Turkey in 2021 Top 15 Exporters To Turkey in 2020
Exporters To Imported value Imported Unit Price in Exporters To Imported value Imported Unit Price in Exporters To Imported value Imported Unit Price in
Turkey in Dollars Quantity in Kg Dollars/Kg Turkey in Dollars Quantity in Kg Dollars/Kg Turkey in Dollars Quantity in Kg Dollars/Kg
China 95495306 109221505 0.87 China 84068354 77677320 1.08 USA 10093546 26868252 0.38
United Kingdom 6122365 5361997 1.14 Iran 14959344 15261482 0.98 United Kingdom 8957891 21272071 0.42
Oman 5249085 4858250 1.08 USA 10247868 14864380 0.69 Serbia 6984849 17874281 0.39
India 2358248 2618179 0.90 Taiwan 8154027 6841918 1.19 Russia 4873095 12314158 0.40
Taiwan 1094547 1042103 1.05 Singapore 1350600 1993600 0.68 China 2682267 8246661 0.33
Iran 780841 851735 0.92 Serbia 556389 1524774 0.36 Malaysia 630000 1400000 0.45
South Korea 223374 141120 1.58 United Kingdom 256561 543713 0.47 South Korea 182637 298460 0.61
Germany 124510 109279 1.14 Russia 542139 504744 1.07 Germany 75496 115701 0.65
Azerbaijan 36686 46559 0.79 Hong Kong 173394 151234 1.15 India 20879 20824 1.00
Spain 81147 31652 2.56 Germany 84596 129423 0.65 Spain 14896 9902 1.50
France 4153 5656 0.73 South Korea 94123 80640 1.17 France 1890 3308 0.57
USA 2824 2454 1.15 Spain 71363 43026 1.66 Belgium 550 963 0.57
The Czech
1277 1643 0.78 France 2633 4612 0.57 Switzerland 388 679 0.57
Republic
Italy 306 650 0.47 Belgium 1207 2114 0.57 Mexico 148 259 0.57
Belgium 2533 504 5.03 Japan 71 124 0.57
15
The reason we consider using bioethanol is that it can reduce the carbon footprint of ethyl
acetate as it prevents the emission of fossil fuels. Also, bioethanol is a type of renewable fuel
produced from biomass, such as corn, sugarcane, or other plant materials. It has several
properties that make it a popular alternative to fossil fuels [46]:
- Renewable: Bioethanol is produced from renewable sources, which makes it a

sustainable fuel option that reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
- Low carbon footprint: The production of bioethanol results in lower greenhouse gas
emissions compared to fossil fuels. This is because the carbon dioxide released during
the combustion of bioethanol is balanced by the carbon dioxide absorbed during the
growth of the feedstock used to produce it.
- Biodegradable: Bioethanol is biodegradable and non-toxic, which makes it safer for
the environment than fossil fuels.
- Oxygenate: Bioethanol is an oxygenate, which means it can help reduce emissions of
harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter from the
combustion of gasoline.
Overall, the properties of bioethanol make it a promising alternative to fossil fuels, and its use
is increasingly being encouraged and incentivized by governments around the world to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.
16
4. TURKEY’S POSITION TOWARDS ETHYL ACETATE: STATE
INVESTMENT AND SUPPORT FOR CHEMICALS
In a new chemical production enterprise, the investments made or to be made by the

government for this product are important for the success of the enterprise. Five-Year
Development Plans, formerly known as the State Planning Organization (DPT) and newly
named the Ministry of Development, are the main policy documents that reveal the long-term
growth that Turkey will achieve in economic, social, and cultural fields [11]. When the
clauses that were realized and planned to be applicated between 2019 and 2023 in the last
published eleventh 5-year development plan are examined, it has been noticed that there is no
investment plan made or to be made for ethyl acetate and its alternatives [12]. It is important
for the success of the investors that the investments that the government plans to make in the
chemical sector do not cover the enterprise they will invest in.
Ethyl acetate can be produced through different raw materials such as acetic acid, ethanol,
and bioethanol, which have different production processes and chemical reactions. When the
clauses planned to be made in the chemical sector under the title of "Competitive Production
and Efficiency" within the scope of the Eleventh 5-Year Development Plan are examined, the
statement "Biomass and wastes will be used efficiently and will be evaluated as an alternative
input in chemical production" stated in clause 360.4 revealed that government investment
will be made in the raw material (bioethanol) required for the production of ethyl acetate.
When the above-mentioned statements are summarized, while there is no government
investment for ethyl acetate, which is intended for production, there is government
investment in the raw material required for the product, and these conditions positively affect
the production enterprise.
Additionally, in the article published in the Official Newspaper with the title of
"Communiqué Amending the Communiqué on the Priority Product List” published on
February 27, 2021, Clause 3 is specified as "in order to increase the value-added production
in Turkey with the Priority Product List, it is aimed to determine the products that will be
prioritized in order to ensure domestic production or increase production capacity in the focus
sectors at medium-high and high technology levels, which are determined in the 11th
Development Plan". With this statement, the scope of the previous product list has been
changed and a new list has been published. Government support is provided for the
production of chemicals described in this list in which ethyl acetate is in [13,14].
17
5. AN OVERVIEW ON THE GLOBAL MARKET OF ETHYL ACETATE
The ethyl acetate market is anticipated to expand as a result of rising consumer demand for
paints and coatings. The bulk of applications for paints and coatings, which rose from 14
percent in 2021 to 22 percent in 2022, were for adorning both new and ageing infrastructure.
The ethyl acetate market is expanding as a result of rising demand for paint and coating
applications. With a CAGR of 8.8%, the market for ethyl acetate is predicted to reach $6.68
billion in 2027. The Asia-Pacific region will be the main driver of this growth, followed by
North America and Europe [15].
5.1 Asia-Pacific’s Ethyl Acetate Market
Asia-Pacific was the largest region in the ethyl acetate market in 2022 and is expected to be
the fastest-growing region in the forecast period. With China, Japan, Taiwan, and India
making up to than 75% of worldwide output, Asia has recently emerged as the world's largest
producer of ethyl acetate. The market's estimated 4 million metric tonnes of annual
manufacturing capacity for ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate is growing steadily in Asia due to this
region's strong economic growth and demand due to increased manufacturing activity [15].
China is the largest consumer of ethyl acetate, followed by Japan and India. China is
estimated to have a 3.5 million metric tonne annual manufacturing capability. Two of the top
companies in the Chinese ethyl acetate market are Jiangosopo and Jiangmen Handsome.
They represent more than 1 million metric tonnes of the nation's total capacity when
combined. Both businesses are in a good position to benefit from future market expansion
[15].
Other notable Asian manufacturers of ethyl acetate include SINOPEC, Mitsui Chemicals, and
Formosa Plastics. These companies have grown by taking advantage of the strong demand for
the chemical in recent years [15].
As the economies of the area continue to expand, it is anticipated that the Asian ethyl acetate
market will expand over the following years. As a result, businesses who can provide high
grade ethyl acetate to fulfil the rising demand will have new opportunities.
18
5.2 Europe’s Ethyl Acetate Market
Europe receives its second largest income share in the market and is expected to maintain its
position in the coming years. Although this is an expected situation, it can be explained as
follows: the use of chemicals in the large automobile industry, continuous technological
developments in the manufacturing sector and flavour, odour, paint and coating and
packaging solutions in the region are increasing. Belgium is the top importer of ethyl acetate
in Europe, with a significant volume of imports from Mexico and the United Kingdom due to
free trade agreements between the regions [15].
Ethyl acetate exports into the European Union increased by 17% in 2021 compared to the
previous year's total. Exports overall showed a small increase. In 2020, when exports rose by
130%, the growth rate seemed to be the fastest. The volume of exports reached a peak in
2021 and is anticipated to continue growing in the near future. The increase of 145% in 2020
marked the fastest rate of growth. The volume of exports reached its high in 2021 and is
forecast to gradually increase in the years to come [16].
Ethyl acetate imports increased by 13% in 2021 compared to the previous year in the
European Union. From 2012 and 2021, the overall volume of imports climbed at an average
yearly rate of 1.7%, however the trend pattern showed that there were some noteworthy
swings during the examined period. The year 2020 saw the highest growth rate, with imports
rising by 26%. Imports for the examined period reached record highs in 2021 and are
anticipated to rise further in the years to come. From 2012 to 2021, total imports showed
noticeable development; their value climbed at an average yearly rate of +4.5% over that
time. Nonetheless, the trend pattern showed that there were some observable changes during
the studied time. Compared to 2019 indices, imports surged by +93.2% based on 2021 data.
As a result, imports have peaked and are expected to keep growing in the near future [16].
19
5.3 Middle East’s Ethyl Acetate Market
Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Iran are three major producers of ethyl acetate in the Middle East.
Turkey is the Middle East’s biggest import followed by United Arab Emirates and Egypt.
However, exports wise, Turkey is the Middle East’s second larger exporter followed by Saudi
Arabia which provides its ethyl acetate mainly with Belgium, United Arab Emirates, Egypt,
Turkey, Italy and Spain [17].
Turkey has achieved the highest growth rate in exports among Middle Eastern countries, with
a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of around 25% between 2012 and 2021. The cost
of exporting goods from the Middle East was $1,080 per ton in 2021, which increased by
21% compared to the previous year. Similarly, the cost of importing goods to the Middle East
was $1,413 per ton in 2021, showing an increase of 69% from the previous year [17].
20
6. TURKEY’S ETHYL ACETATE MARKET, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, AND
TRADE BALANCE
An important parameter to consider while analysing the market of a certain product if there is
domestic production. In case of ethyl acetate, there are two producers with an overall
estimated capacity of 55,000 tonnes a year. However, due to several factors which will we
examine together throughout this report, this domestic production is still not sufficient. A
quick example to mention is that the gap in the market is still high due to demand in the
region. In the following paragraphs, we will discuss the export-import data of Turkey, the
ideal capacity for a new production plant in Turkey, the production and import-export status
of production neighbouring countries, and an analysis for the ethyl acetate market worldwide,
Europe, and the Middle East.
6.1 Turkey’s Market in Nutshell
Up to 2019, the Turkish market of ethyl acetate was totally dependent on imports from
foreign countries. Although there was no local production, Turkey used to have exports by
selling some of its imports to other countries. Table 7 and Table 8 shows us the Turkey’s
exports and imports; the data are obtained from Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT)
locally known as TÜİK and UCTEA Chamber Of Chemical Engineers (TMMOB Kimya
Mühendisleri Odası) [ref].
Table 7: Turkey's Export Data of Ethyl Acetate (Harmonized System Code 291531000000)
[19,20,21]
Turkey's Export Data of Ethyl Acetate (Harmonized System Code 291531000000)

Year Exported Amount in Tons Value of Exported Amount in Dollars Unit Price in Dollars/Kg
2015 1,474 1,777,756 1.21
2016 2,467 2,442,688 0.99
2017 6,394 6,356,664 0.99
2018 8,353 9,946,834 1.19
2019 7,286 7,389,646 1.01
2020 15,478 14,005,000 0.90
2021 30,724 50,545,000 1.65
2022 29,931 46,648,000 1.56
21
Table 8: Turkey's Import Data of Ethyl Acetate (Harmonized System Code 291531000000)
[18]
Turkey's Import Data of Ethyl Acetate (Harmonized System Code 291531000000)

Year Imported Amount in Tons Value of Imported Amount in Dollars Unit Price in Dollars/Kg
2015 59,939 52,354,834 0.87
2016 65,312 51,155,145 0.78
2017 51,533 44,051,425 0.85
2018 69,995 65,042,614 0.93
2019 62,313 55,599,262 0.89
2020 48,947 38,528,910 0.79
2021 39,517 57,909,536 1.47
2022 58,730 75,543,101 1.29
As we can abstract from the tables above, Turkey’s exports are increasing annually from
2015 to 2021 which a slight decrease in 2022. On the other hand, the imports fluctuated
between 2015 and 2019. In 2020 and 2021, in synchronization which the local production,
the imports decreased by 22% and 37% respectively compared with the importers of 2019.
With the increased demand in Greece, Italy, Bulgaria and Ukraine, the Turkish imports
showed a solid increase. That is due to the fact the Turkish producers and importers of ethyl
acetate prefer to have deals and transactions with foreign customers as it is more profitable.
This can clearly be seen from the imports and exports unit prices throughout the years as the
average export unit price is always higher than the import unit price with the average
difference being 20 cents per kilogram.
In order to analyse the market further, Table 9 shows us the imports and exports difference.
Table 9: Turkey's Import and Export Difference of Ethyl Acetate [18,19,20,21]
Turkey's Import and Export Difference of Ethyl Acetate

Year Import - Export Difference in Tons Import - Export Difference in Dollars
2015 58,466 50,577,078
2016 62,845 48,712,457
2017 45,139 37,694,761
2018 61,642 55,095,780
2019 55,027 48,209,616
2020 33,469 24,523,910
2021 8,793 7,364,536
2022 28,799 28,895,101
22
We can clearly see that the sudden drop that happened in 2020 and 2021. Although the
domestic production plays a huge role in this drop, COVID-19 had a potential effect on
Turkey’s ethyl acetate market due to lockdowns, restriction movements, and decline in
demand for coatings and paints. The COVID effect can be also seen by the unnormal unit
prices changes in 2020 and 2021. Yet, as the market of ethyl acetate got healed by the end of
2021, the demand on ethyl acetate went up back high due to huge demand in the region
surrounding Turkey and Europe.
6.2 To Whom Does Turkey Supply Ethyl Acetate
If we jump deeper in the imports and exports ocean, as it can be summarized from Table 10
and Table 11, we can see that the Italian demand on the Turkish exported ethyl acetate had
dramatically increased specially in the last three years after the domestic production started. It
is worth mentioning that from 2012 to 2021, Turkey had a CAGR of approximately +66%
recording the highest growth rate of Italy’s imports of ethyl acetate [22].
The green coloured boxes indicate which countries had a unit price point higher than or equal
to that of the World’s average of that year. It is promising to see that Italy buys ethyl acetate
at a high unit price point from Turkey in the last three years buying it at a higher rate
compared to its other suppliers such Belgium, the Netherlands, India and Saudi Arabia [22].
Among the top three importers from Turkey, Greece has a big share as its ethyl acetate
market inclined in the past 5 years with a 33% export rise between 2020 and 2021 and 565%
between 2017 and 2018 [23]. Turkey is Greece’s number one supplier of ethyl acetate with at
least 52% of the overall imports coming from Turkey followed by Belgium and Bulgaria
which has been among the top 3 importers from Turkey in the last four years with the average
annual rate of growth in terms of value from Turkey stood at around +46% and +43% by
volume in the period from 2012 to 2021 [24]. In addition, as the case is for Greece, Turkey is
Bulgaria’s, Georgia’s and Ukraine’s number one exporter of ethyl acetate due to critical
geographical location and the lack of production in these countries [25].
As Turkey’s demand on ethyl acetate is high with no to limited production in North Africa,
the Balkans, and south Europe, and with consideration of Turkeys strategic location on the
world’s map giving it access to the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, the Marmara Sea, the
Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Levantine Sea, Turkey is a major exporter of ethyl
acetate to these regions. The strategic location of Turkey will enable Turkey to spread its
ethyl acetate production across different time zones.
23
Table 10: Top 15 Importers of Ethyl Acetate From Turkey in 2020, 2021, and 2022 [18]
Top 15 Importers of Ethyl Acetate from Turkey in 2022 Top 15 Importers of Ethyl Acetate from Turkey in 2021 Top 15 Importers of Ethyl Acetate from Turkey in 2020
Exported value Exported Exported value Exported Exported value Exported
Importers from Unit Price in Importers from Unit Price in Importers from Unit Price in
in Dollars (×10^- Quantity in in Dollars (×10^- Quantity in in Dollars Quantity in
Turkey Dollars/Kg Turkey Dollars/Kg Turkey Dollars/Kg
3) Tons 3) Tons (×10^-3) Tons
Italy 14754 9442 1.56 Italy 13642 8047 1.70 Greece 3921 4449 0.88
Greece 7659 4889 1.57 Greece 8315 4972 1.67 Bulgaria 3591 4164 0.86
Bulgaria 6454 4224 1.53 Bulgaria 7435 4749 1.57 Italy 1294 1185 1.09
Ukraine 3400 2441 1.39 Netherlands 6265 3854 1.63 Egypt 801 1001 0.80
Netherlands 3764 2323 1.62 Ukraine 2891 1787 1.62 Belgium 492 541 0.91
Area Nes 1527 1044 1.46 Austria 1442 836 1.72 Serbia 473 517 0.91
Poland 1465 885 1.66 Serbia 1331 825 1.61 Romania 435 510 0.85
Belgium 1105 673 1.64 Egypt 1154 752 1.53 Ukraine 411 523 0.79
Romania 720 475 1.52 Poland 1061 651 1.63 Switzerland 268 204 1.31
Germany 690 430 1.60 Belgium 994 547 1.82 Algeria 238 202 1.18
Spain 570 363 1.57 Spain 925 550 1.68 Area Nes 235 273 0.86
Russian
597 360 1.66 Romania 913 606 1.51 Germany 226 246 0.92
Federation
Hungary 573 360 1.59 Switzerland 740 389 1.90 Azerbaijan 205 201 1.02
Slovakia 394 240 1.64 Hungary 595 415 1.43 Netherlands 196 242 0.81
Serbia 353 216 1.63 Area Nes 416 294 1.41 Hungary 174 197 0.88
Table 11: Top 15 Importers of Ethyl Acetate From Turkey in 2017, 2018, and 2019 [18]
Top 15 Importers of Ethyl Acetate from Turkey in 2019 Top 15 Importers of Ethyl Acetate from Turkey in 2018 Top 15 Importers of Ethyl Acetate from Turkey in 2017
Exported value Exported Exported value Exported Exported value Exported
Importers from Unit Price in Importers from Unit Price in Importers From Unit Price in
in Dollars Quantity in in Dollars (×10^- Quantity in in Dollars (×10^- Quantity in
Turkey Dollars/Kg Turkey Dollars/Kg Turkey Dollars/Kg
(×10^-3) Tons 3) Tons 3) Tons
Greece 3805 3683 1.03 Greece 4832 4138 1.17 Greece 3432 3566 0.96
Bulgaria 1793 1889 0.95 Netherlands 1091 942 1.16 Italy 893 921 0.97
Romania 382 406 0.94 Italy 1061 889 1.19 Bulgaria 685 682 1.00
Area Nes 247 282 0.88 Bulgaria 1011 847 1.19 Romania 375 397 0.94
Uzbekistan 238 234 1.02 Free Zones 601 467 1.29 Free Zones 395 346 1.14
Azerbaijan 203 179 1.13 Romania 494 412 1.20 Georgia 179 144 1.24
Georgia 162 126 1.29 Georgia 173 119 1.45 Azerbaijan 93 85 1.09
Netherlands 151 153 0.99 Uzbekistan 92 66 1.39 Iraq 61 53 1.15
Germany 81 66 1.23 Serbia 82 71 1.15 Uzbekistan 56 40 1.40

Iran, Islamic
Iraq 70 58 1.21 Azerbaijan 82 99 0.83 46 36 1.28
Republic of
Serbia 63 67 0.94 Iraq 63 47 1.34 Serbia 36 35 1.03
Bosnia and
Turkmenistan 63 32 1.97 Hungary 62 49 1.27 22 24 0.92
Herzegovina
Ukraine 41 48 0.85 Switzerland 59 48 1.23 Cyprus 25 20 1.25
Bosnia and
23 24 0.96 Egypt 39 26 1.50 Egypt 15 18 0.83
Herzegovina
Libya, State of 22 11 2.00 Cyprus 30 19 1.58 Turkmenistan 16 10 1.60
24
6.3 Who Supplies Turkey with Ethyl Acetate?
Turkey imports its need of ethyl acetate usually from world leading producers such as China,
Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and Europe’s biggest producers The United Kingdom followed by
India and South Korea. As it can be interpreted from Table 12 and Table 13, the majority of
Ethyl Acetate suppliers to Turkey are way far away from Turkey geographically.
Saudi Arabia and China might be considered to be the easiest and fastest suppliers of ethyl
acetate due to the new Silk Road between China and Turkey and Suez Canal that links Saudi
Arabia with the Turkish sea ports. However, we should keep in consideration the Saudi
petrochemical production facilities take place in the east of Saudi Arabia in cities like Al
Jubail which means that Saudi ships will ship through Bab-el-Mandeb strait first then through
the Suez Canal. Moreover, the rail link between Turkey and China has no direct link between
the Chinese exporters and the Turkish receivers. Therefore, shipments from India and China
take from 4 to 6 weeks on average to reach Turkey, shipments from Saudi Arabia takes about
3 weeks and around 2 weeks from the United Kingdom. These long shipment durations might
affect the quality of ethyl acetate due to moisture and several climate changes.
The prices of imported ethyl acetate have increased throughout the past 6 years with the
prices being affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. Saudi Arabia is
considered as the cheapest major supplier to Turkey from 2017 to 2022. The imported
amounts from the United Kingdom had been majorly affected after the Turkish domestic
production and the high increase in the English ethyl acetate prices.
A new production facility in Turkey will effectively help in reducing imports resulting in
faster supply in the regions of MENA, south Europe, and the Black Sea where demand is
increasing annually.
25
Table 12: Top 15 Exporters of Ethyl Acetate to Turkey in 2020, 2021, and 2022 [20,21]
Top 15 Exporters of Ethyl Acetate to Turkey in 2022 Top 15 Exporters of Ethyl Acetate to Turkey in 2021 Top 15 Exporters of Ethyl Acetate to Turkey in 2020
Exporters of Imported value Imported Exporters of Imported value Imported Exporters of Imported value Imported
Unit Price in Unit Price in Unit Price in
Ethyl Acetate in Dollars (×10^- Quantity in Ethyl Acetate in Dollars (×10^- Quantity in Ethyl Acetate in Dollars (×10^- Quantity in
Dollars Dollars Dollars
to Turkey 3) Tons to Turkey 3) Tons to Turkey 3) Tons
World 75,543 58,730 1.29 World 57,910 39,517 1.47 World 38,529 48,947 0.79
China 37,253 29,584 1.26 China 17,547 11,930 1.47 United Kingdom 20,564 26,239 0.78
Saudi Arabia 9,417 7,541 1.25 United Kingdom 12,244 8,986 1.36 Saudi Arabia 9,588 12,251 0.78
India 9,390 7,335 1.28 Saudi Arabia 11,015 7,596 1.45 Mexico 3,656 4,457 0.82
Mexico 7,809 5,191 1.50 Mexico 7,194 5,259 1.37 China 2,328 3,021 0.77
United Kingdom 5,030 3,690 1.36 India 6,571 3,593 1.83 South Korea 793 992 0.80
South Korea 4,295 3,488 1.23 South Korea 1,475 1,001 1.47 South Africa 638 800 0.80
Iran 575 606 0.95 Singapore 756 534 1.41 Brazil 338 520 0.65
Singapore 674 563 1.20 Iran 778 393 1.98 USA 421 514 0.82
South Africa 595 506 1.18 Switzerland 93 52 1.79 Singapore 51 42 1.22
Switzerland 159 53 2.99 Germany 46 47 0.98 Germany 41 42 0.98
Germany 73 49 1.48 Belgium 71 29 2.48 Belgium 42 24 1.74
Belgium 112 48 2.36 Serbia 39 24 1.62 India 40 16 2.46
Ukraine 45 24 1.92 Zionist Entity 16 16 0.95 France 11 11 0.97
France 23 17 1.40 Sweden 15 15 0.96 Sweden 5 6 0.97
Sweden 12 12 0.97 France 20 12 1.63 Spain 7 5 1.46
Table 13: Exporters of Ethyl Acetate to Turkey in 2017, 2018, and 2019 [20,21]
Top 15 Exporters of Ethyl Acetate to Turkey in 2019 Top 15 Exporters of Ethyl Acetate to Turkey in 2018 Top 15 Exporters of Ethyl Acetate to Turkey in 2017
Exporters of Imported value Imported Exporters of Imported value Imported Exporters of Imported value Imported
Unit Price in Unit Price in Unit Price in
Ethyl Acetate in Dollars Quantity in Ethyl Acetate in Dollars (×10^- Quantity in Ethyl Acetate in Dollars (×10^- Quantity in
Dollars Dollars Dollars
to Turkey (×10^-3) Tons to Turkey 3) Tons to Turkey 3) Tons
World 55,599 62,313 0.89 World 69,995 65,043 1.08 World 44,051 51,533 0.85
United Kingdom 17,814 19,766 0.90 United Kingdom 23,569 22,673 1.04 United Kingdom 15,694 18,652 0.84
Saudi Arabia 13,101 15,200 0.86 Saudi Arabia 14,805 13,705 1.08 China 14,684 17,004 0.86
China 11,641 13,132 0.89 India 11,423 10,105 1.13 Saudi Arabia 7,880 9,547 0.83
India 7,002 7,903 0.89 China 10,638 9,977 1.07 India 1,981 2,423 0.82
Mexico 3,776 3,904 0.97 Mexico 5,517 4,848 1.14 Mexico 1,658 1,553 1.07
USA 1,001 1,049 0.95 Iran 1,376 1,285 1.07 Belgium 893 1,032 0.87
South Africa 407 515 0.79 Singapore 1,170 1,024 1.14 South Africa 711 864 0.82
Brazil 364 416 0.88 Brazil 1,020 1,000 1.02 Netherlands 368 315 1.17
Greece 252 237 1.06 Netherlands 251 211 1.19 Germany 58 54 1.06
Belgium 107 82 1.30 Switzerland 90 112 0.80 France 83 48 1.74
Germany 33 34 0.97 Germany 43 43 1.01 Switzerland 15 20 0.74
Netherlands 45 24 1.88 France 41 21 2.00 Sweden 9 9 0.98
France 23 19 1.21 Spain 22 15 1.40 Spain 10 6 1.79
Spain 19 16 1.17 Sweden 12 12 0.94 Italy 3 3 1.00
Sweden 10 10 0.97 Italy 15 8 1.88 USA 4 1 6.37
26
6.4 Domestic Producers
Until 2019, most of Turkey's ethyl acetate demand was met by importing it from INEOS
Private Limited Company, headquartered in London, by Arkem Chemical Industry and Trade
Inc. (ARKEM) and Ak-Tas Foreign Trade Inc. (AKTAŞ). Although these two companies are
not manufacturers, their work is as follows: ARKEM is a company operating in the fields of
supply, storage, and distribution of packaged chemicals, and AKTAŞ supplies many
packaged petrochemical products and distributes these raw materials to various sectors in
Turkey and nearby countries [26].
Ethyl Acetate product, which Turkey is foreign-dependent and strategically important, is

produced by two companies in Turkey. These companies are Adokim Chemical Industry and
Trade Inc., which is part of the ADO Group companies and Kiraz Group.
1. Kiraz Group:
KIRAZ Group of Companies operates in Mersin, a Mediterranean logistics port city. TACO
Chemical, which was established with the partnership of Kiraz Group and Costachem, started
production in 2019 by commissioning Turkey's first and only high-tech Ethyl Acetate
Integrated Production Facility [27].
2. Adokim Chemical Industry and Trade Inc.
Adokim Chemical Industry and Trade Inc. was established in Antalya within the body of
ADO Group companies in 2018 and its production facilities became operational in March
2020. It is the first domestic company to produce ethyl and butyl acetate in Turkey [28]. This
company, which produces 150 tons of ethyl acetate on a daily basis, produces approximately
49500 tons of ethyl acetate annually [29].
27
7. NEW PLANT’S CAPACITY
We mentioned earlier in the sections where we analysed Turkey's import and export data that
the production amount of the above-mentioned two producers, whose total production
capacity is estimated to be 55,000 tons per year, is not sufficient. In addition, we analysed
that the Turkish imports showed a strong increase with the increasing demand in Greece,
Italy, Bulgaria and Ukraine, and we stated that the reason for this is that Turkish ethyl acetate
producers and importers prefer to trade with foreign customers because it is more profitable.
In line with these data, it can be deduced that the gap in the market is still high due to the
demand in the region, but we can say that the producers in the region cannot fully fill this
gap.
After having a closer look, we suggest that a new plant with a capacity of 10,000 tonnes per
year is the most ideal. This decision takes into consideration the local competition and the
exports demand where the new plant to be can help in decreasing the Turkish imports,
economy augment, and be a safe place for investors.
28
8. LOCATION OF THE PLANT
The plant's location can have a significant impact on the success of an industrial venture. The
location of the plant must be chosen with great care where a variety of factors must be
considered. The plant should be located primarily to obtain the lowest possible cost of
production and distribution; however, other factors such as room for expansion and safe
living conditions for plant operation as well as the surrounding community are also important
[30].
8.1 Factors Involved
Before a design project reaches the detailed-estimate stage, a general consensus on the plant
location should be obtained, and a firm location should be established upon completion of the
detailed-estimate design. The final site should be chosen after a thorough examination of the
benefits and drawbacks of various geographic areas and, finally, the benefits and drawbacks
of available real estate [30]. The criteria we set when choosing a factory location was as
follows:
• Raw materials availability

• Markets
• Climate
• Transportation facilities
• Earthquakes and tectonic structure of the region
• Taxation and legal restrictions
8.1.1 Availability of materials

One of the most important factors influencing the location of a plant is the source of raw
materials. This is especially true if large quantities of raw materials are consumed; being
close to the source of raw materials allows for significant reductions in transportation and
storage costs. The purchased price of raw materials, distance from the source of supply,
freight or transportation expenses, availability, and reliability of supply should all be
considered. The purity of the raw materials, as well as the storage requirements [30].
Antalya, Adana, Mersin, Hatay, and Muğla provinces are suitable options for the production
of the product due to their proximity to raw material supply points and easier transportation
by land, rail, and sea routes.
29
8.1.2 Markets
The location of markets or intermediate distribution centers influences the cost of product
distribution and shipping time. The buyer usually finds it advantageous to purchase from
nearby sources, so proximity to major markets is an important consideration in the selection
of a plant site [30].
Ethyl acetate, which is used in many different sectors, is a demanded product in Europe. Due
to its geographical location, Turkey is considered to be a suitable location due to its proximity
to countries with high demand for ethyl acetate such as Greece, Bulgaria, and Italy.
8.1.3 Climate
If the plant is located in a cold climate, the cost of constructing protective shelters around the
process equipment may be increased, and special cooling towers or air conditioning
equipment may be required if the prevailing temperatures are high. Moreover, cold climate
tends to increase the energy consumption needed for distillation which is a major step in the
ethyl acetate production. Excessive humidity or extremes of hot or cold weather can have a
significant impact on the economic operation of a plant, and these factors should be
considered when selecting a plant location.
8.1.4 Transportation facilities

Most industrial concerns use transportation facilities such as water, railroads, and highways
to move products and raw materials. The kind of transportation facilities that is best suited for
a particular plant depends on the products and raw materials that the company produces. In
addition, the company should consider freight rates, existing railroad lines, and transportation
options near the plant, such as motor trucking. It is also important to have convenient air and
rail transportation facilities between the plant and the company's headquarters.
Istanbul, Mersin, Izmit, Izmir and Adana provinces are suitable for rail transport. Adana and
Mersin are suitable options because they are in the Mediterranean region [34].
8.1.5 Earthquakes and the tectonic structure of the region

Earthquakes that happen in industrial regions may have a lot of negative effects on the
environment, the economy, and society. Several infrastructures in the area sustained damage
of varying proportions because of the Marmara earthquake on August 17 of the 1999. In
research completed and made public as part of an EU initiative following the earthquake, a
project team visited 19 firms in Kocaeli that were impacted by the quake and looked at its
impacts [31]. In the prepared report, it is stated that a problematic situation, such as
30
inadequate cooling of the tanks, developed in one of these facilities following the earthquake
and that there are solutions that we do not want, such as releasing 200 tonnes of anhydrous
ammonia into the atmosphere to stop an excessive pressure increase. In order to avoid such
undesirable situations, the location of the facility to be established is very important [32].
An earthquake is a rapid release of energy caused by seismic waves, which are the result of
strain building up in the rocks. In terms of total loss of life in earthquakes, Turkey comes
after China, Japan, and Italy, but it ranks first with a value of 0.9 in the annual recurrence of
earthquakes that cause loss of life. Turkey's geological location is the primary cause of the
country's ongoing and significant ground shaking. Turkey is situated above one of the earth's
crust's most active fracture zones, the North Anatolian Fault [33].
Figure 3: Turkey Earthquake Hazard Map [38]
As we can see from the Figure 3, the geological structure of Turkey divides the country into
three main earthquake zones.
8.1.5.1 North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ):

Since Turkey is located on the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt; The North Anatolian Fault
Line lies on this tectonic belt as a very active region. The most active and significant fault
zone in the world, the North Anatolian Fault Zone, stretches like an arc from Karlıova in the
east to Mudurnu in the west. Its breadth ranges from 100 m to 10 km, and its length is around
31
1200 km [32]. Many cities are situated in this fault zone, including Tekirdağ, İstanbul,
Kocaeli, Yalova, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Ankara, Karabük, Kastamonu, Çorum, Amasya,
Tokat, Sivas, Erzincan, Bingöl, and Muş.
8.1.5.2 East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ):

Beginning in the Antakya-Amik Plain, the East Anatolian Fault joins the North Anatolian
Zone Fault at the Karl Plain. The Eastern Anatolian Fault Line extends from Hatay to Bingöl
via Kahramanmaraş, Adıyaman, Malatya, and Elazığ. In the Karlıova district of Bingöl, it
connects with the North Anatolian Fault Line, while its western end stretches to the Ölüdeniz
Fissure in the Western Mediterranean [33].
8.1.5.3 Aegean Region Graben System (EGS):

The fault system, called the Aegean Region Graben System, is located in an area of
approximately 120 thousand square kilometers in Western Anatolia and includes the cities of
Kütahya, Manisa, İzmir, Aydın, Denizli, Muğla, and Burdur [33].
As seen in Figure 3, Turkey is a country with a high earthquake risk. For this reason, it is
important that the factory to be established is not in an earthquake zone. Regions with high
earthquake risk such as Hatay and Muğla were not deemed suitable for factory establishment.
8.1.6 Taxation and legal restrictions

According to the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology, each project that satisfies
specified capacity requirements and the following minimum fixed investment amount is
supported within the context of the General Investment Incentive Policy of the Republic of
Turkey, regardless of the location in which the investment is made. In Regions 1 and 2, the
minimum fixed investment is 1 million TL, while in Regions 3, 4, 5, and 6, it is 500 thousand
TL. Furthermore, the industries that need help in each province are chosen based on their
potential and economies of scale, and the support's intensity is varied based on the level of
development in the various areas. The regions are numbered 1 through 6 and these regions
are shown in Figure 4 [35].
32
Figure 4: Incentive values on a provincial basis [36]
For the six regions indicated in Figure 4, the amount of government incentives differs
depending on the amount of capacity. The state supports such as tax relief, interest or profit
share allowance are summarized in Table 14. When incentive values were also looked at,
Mersin ranked third among the provinces possessing marine transportation facilities, with
incentive values ranging from 1 to 6.
Table 14: Regional incentive support elements [37]
33
8.2 Location Selection Result
Considering the above-mentioned features and restrictions, it was decided that Mersin is a
suitable location. This location has been chosen due to conditions such as the province is not
in a high-risk earthquake zone, being in a suitable location for sea and rail transport, weather
conditions do not create an extra cost for heating activity, and investment incentives given by
the government being sufficient.
34
9. ETHYL ACETATE: ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY, SAFETY, AND
SUSTAINABILITY
As chemical engineers, we need to consider the effects that a product to be used or produced
have on the work environment, consumers, and the environment. In this section, we will
discuss the effects of ethyl acetate on the environment and its safety and sustainability
aspects.
9.1 Carbon Footprint
The carbon footprint of ethyl acetate can vary depending on several factors, such as the
method of production, the energy sources used in production, and the transportation methods
used for distribution.
In general, the production of ethyl acetate involves the reaction of ethanol and acetic acid,
which can be derived from various sources such as petroleum, natural gas, coal, or bio-based
feedstocks like corn or sugarcane. The use of bio-based feedstocks can reduce the carbon
footprint of ethyl acetate as it avoids the emission of fossil fuels.
The manufacturing process also involves various stages, including fermentation, distillation,
and separation, which require energy. The type of energy used and its carbon intensity can
have a significant impact on the carbon footprint of ethyl acetate.
Transportation is another factor that can contribute to the carbon footprint of ethyl acetate.
The mode of transportation, distance travelled, and fuel efficiency of the transport vehicles
can all influence the final carbon footprint.
However, we can estimate the carbon footprint of ethyl acetate using a life cycle assessment
(LCA) approach. An LCA considers the carbon emissions associated with each stage of the
product's life cycle, including the production of raw materials, transportation, manufacturing,
and end-of-life disposal as in Figure 5.
35
Figure 5: Product carbon footprint [39]
According to an LCA study conducted by the European Solvents Industry Group (ESIG), the
average carbon footprint of ethyl acetate produced in Europe through bio-ethanol gives a
much lower carbon footprint of 2.29 (CO2 per ton of chemical) as against 5.66 (CO2 per ton
of chemical) through the petro route. This estimate includes the emissions associated with
raw material production, manufacturing, and distribution [40].
9.2 Water Footprint
The water footprint of a product is a measure of the amount of water used to produce that
product throughout its entire life cycle, including the water used to produce the raw materials,
manufacture the product, and transport it to the end-user. The water footprint is measured in
terms of the volume of water consumed (evaporated or incorporated into the product) and the
volume of water polluted (contaminated with pollutants or chemicals) [41].
The water footprint of ethyl acetate is determined by the amount of water used in its
production, which includes the water required for the production of its raw materials, as well
as the water used during the manufacturing process itself. The water used in the
manufacturing process is typically consumed as part of the reaction or evaporated as a solvent
during the final product purification.
The water footprint of ethyl acetate is influenced by several factors, including the production
process, the efficiency of the water management system, and the availability of water
resources in the production region. For example, if the production process uses water-
intensive raw materials, such as agricultural crops or wood, then the water footprint of ethyl
36
acetate may be higher. On the other hand, if the production process is designed to minimize
water use, such as through the use of closed-loop recycling systems, the water footprint of
ethyl acetate may be lower.
It's also important to note that the water footprint is not the same as the volume of water used.
In some cases, a product with a high water footprint may use less water than a product with a
lower water footprint, but that water may be sourced from regions with water scarcity,
causing negative impacts on local communities and ecosystems. Therefore, it's essential to
evaluate both the volume and the quality of the water used in a product's production when
considering its water footprint.
In general, the water footprint of ethyl acetate is relatively low compared to other chemical
products. However, it's important to note that the water footprint can vary depending on the
specific production processes and water sources used in different regions. Additionally, the
water footprint can be reduced through the implementation of water conservation measures
and the use of more water-efficient production methods.
9.3 Circular Economy
The circular economy is a framework that aims to keep resources in use for as long as
possible, extracting the maximum value from them before recovering and regenerating
them[42]. Applying circular economy principles to ethyl acetate can involve several
strategies, including:
• Reducing waste: One way to promote a circular economy for ethyl acetate is to reduce
waste generation by implementing cleaner production methods and maximizing
resource efficiency. For example, using green chemistry principles can minimize the
use of hazardous chemicals and reduce waste in the production process.
• Reuse and recycling: Another strategy for promoting a circular economy for ethyl
acetate is to reuse and recycle the chemical. Ethyl acetate can be recovered from
waste streams and purified to be used again as a solvent or chemical intermediate.
Additionally, by implementing closed-loop systems, where waste is collected and
reused within the production process, the need for clean materials and associated
resource use can be reduced.
37
• Recovery of energy and resources: Ethyl acetate can be used as a fuel source. In
addition, by-products of the production process can be used to produce other valuable
products, contributing to a more circular use of resources.
• Collaborative approaches: To encourage circularity in the ethyl acetate industry,
collaboration is crucial. Sharing information about production processes, waste
streams, and best practices can lead to innovations that increase the circularity of ethyl
acetate and help to minimize its environmental impact.
Overall, promoting a circular economy for ethyl acetate can contribute to reducing waste
generation, conserving natural resources, and minimizing the environmental impact of its
production and use.
9.4 Zero Waste
Zero waste is an approach to waste management that aims to reduce waste generation,
maximize recycling, and minimize the use of natural resources [43]. Applying the principles
of zero waste to the production and use of ethyl acetate involves rethinking the entire
production process, from sourcing of raw materials to disposal of waste.
Here are some more detailed strategies for achieving zero waste in the production and use of
ethyl acetate:
• Redesign the production process: The first step towards achieving zero waste is to
redesign the production process to eliminate waste generation altogether. This can
involve using green chemistry principles to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals
and reduce waste in the production process. Additionally, by implementing closed-
loop systems, where waste is collected and reused within the production process, the
need for clean materials and associated resource use can be reduced.
• Use of non-toxic, biodegradable materials: The use of non-toxic and biodegradable
materials in the production process can help to reduce the environmental impact of
ethyl acetate. Biodegradable solvents and raw materials can be used to replace
hazardous chemicals, minimizing the environmental impact of production and
disposal.
• Reuse and recycling: Ethyl acetate can be recovered from waste streams and purified
to be used again as a solvent or chemical intermediate. Additionally, by implementing
38
closed-loop systems, where waste is collected and reused within the production
process, the need for clean materials and associated resource use can be reduced.
• Composting: Ethyl acetate waste can be transformed into compost, which can be used
as a soil amendment or fertilizer. This strategy can help to reduce the environmental
impact of waste disposal and contribute to the circular use of resources.
• Energy recovery: Ethyl acetate waste can be used as a fuel source. This strategy can
help to reduce the environmental impact of waste disposal.
By adopting these strategies, it is possible to achieve zero waste in the production and use of
ethyl acetate, minimizing the environmental impact of its production and use and contributing
to a more sustainable future.
9.5 Safety And Sustainability Aspects
Adopting a safe and sustainable design approach during the pre-market design phase of
products can enhance product safety, decrease health and environmental risks posed by
pollution, and facilitate Europe's shift towards a circular and low-carbon economy. By
integrating health and safety into sustainability plans, organizations can develop into entities
that aim to safeguard the environment for future generations, ensure long-term economic
viability, and promote well-being for all [44].
While ethyl acetate is typically considered safe if managed and employed appropriately, like
any chemical substance, there are specific sustainability and safety considerations that should
be taken into account while using it.
Safety Aspects:
• Flammability: Ethyl acetate is flammable and can form explosive mixtures with air. It
is important to store and handle ethyl acetate properly to prevent the risk of fire or
explosion.
• Toxicity: Ethyl acetate is generally considered to have low toxicity. However,
exposure to high concentrations of ethyl acetate vapor can cause irritation of the eyes,
nose, throat, and lungs. Long-term exposure to ethyl acetate can cause damage to the
liver and kidneys.
• Skin and eye irritation: Ethyl acetate can cause skin and eye irritation upon contact. It
is important to wear appropriate personal protective equipment when handling ethyl
acetate to prevent skin and eye exposure.
39
Sustainability Aspects:
• Resource use: Ethyl acetate is typically produced from petrochemical feedstocks,

which can have a significant environmental impact. To minimize this impact, it is
important to use resource-efficient production methods and to explore alternative
feedstocks, such as bio-based materials.
• Waste management: Ethyl acetate waste can have a negative impact on the
environment if not managed properly. To minimize this impact, it is important to
implement strategies such as recycling and energy recovery, as well as proper
disposal of any waste that cannot be recycled or recovered.
• Environmental impact: The production and use of ethyl acetate can have an impact on
the environment, including air and water pollution. To minimize this impact, it is
important to use best practices in production and to minimize emissions and releases
of ethyl acetate into the environment.
Overall, by following best practices for handling and using ethyl acetate, and by
implementing strategies to minimize its environmental impact, it is possible to use this
chemical in a safe and sustainable way.
40
10. ETHYL ACETATE’S ALTERNATIVES IN THE INDUSTRY
While planning a production enterprise for a new chemical, it is important to examine other
alternative products to the product and compare them with the product planned to be
produced, in terms of the look bright of the enterprise plan. When making comparisons,
parameters such as the diversity of sectors in which it can be used, and the environmental and
technological appropriateness of the production process should be taken into account.
Alternative product variety can negatively affect the demand for the product intended to be
produced. In this report, alternative products have been researched for ethyl acetate, for
which market analysis has been carried out.
Ethyl lactate is an alternative solvent for ethyl acetate in the pharmaceutical and food
industry. Plants can be used as prospective additives in drugs and foods, and any solvents or
chemicals that are in direct contact with the plant materials during extraction must be
harmless for human consumption. As complete removal cannot be guaranteed, any trace
amount of chemicals left behind may incur the risk of causing long-term health effects with
prolonged utilization. Hence, instead of a complicated separation process, it is better still to
avoid the use of harmful chemicals altogether. Ethyl lactate is a suitable alternative solvent to
hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and methanol, as it has minimal toxicity,
flammability, and vaporization for safe working conditions or for nutrient extraction from
industrial wastes. EL is non-carcinogenic for use as a food-grade solvent, and applicable as
soluble/dispersant excipients for different bioactive components without affecting their
pharmacological activities. It is highly effective in dissolving bioactive compounds that are
not easily dissolved in normal solvents [47,48].
In addition to the importance of having a few alternative products to the product, it is also
important that the product to be produced is an alternative for different products. Being an
alternative to different products can positively affect the demand for the product. For
example, ethyl acetate can be a potential alternative to dichloromethane, which is used for
chromatography and extraction. Classification of dichloromethane as a hazardous airborne
pollutant and carcinogen reduces the preferability of dichloromethane [49].
41
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Assignment Zero

A Market Survey About Ethyl Acetate: Considerations, Survey Methods,

A market analysis report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the course of

1.1 Methods Use To Construct This Market Survey ...................................................... 2

1.2 Necessity Of The Investment In Ethyl Acetate ........................................................ 3

2. ABOUT ETHYL ACETATE ......................................................................................... 5

2.1 Chemical And Physical Properties Of Ethyl Acetate................................................ 5

2.2 Usage Areas Of Ethyl Acetate ................................................................................. 6

2.3 Usage Of Ethyl Acetate In The World ..................................................................... 6

2.4 Sectors Where Ethyl Acetate Is Used ...................................................................... 7

2.5 Safety Precautions and Toxicity .............................................................................. 9

2.6 Ethyl Acetate Production Methods .......................................................................... 9

2.7 Factors Affecting Ethyl Acetate Prices .................................................................. 11

2.8 Ethyl Acetate Sales ............................................................................................... 11

3. RAW MATERIALS .................................................................................................... 12

4. TURKEY’S POSITION TOWARDS ETHYL ACETATE: STATE INVESTMENT

5. AN OVERVIEW ON THE GLOBAL MARKET OF ETHYL ACETATE ................... 18

5.1 Asia-Pacific’s Ethyl Acetate Market...................................................................... 18

5.2 Europe’s Ethyl Acetate Market ............................................................................. 19

5.3 Middle East’s Ethyl Acetate Market ...................................................................... 20

6. TURKEY’S ETHYL ACETATE MARKET, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, AND

6.1 Turkey’s Market in Nutshell ................................................................................. 21

6.2 To Whom Does Turkey Supply Ethyl Acetate ....................................................... 23

6.3 Who Supplies Turkey with Ethyl Acetate? ............................................................ 25

6.4 Domestic Producers .............................................................................................. 27

7. NEW PLANT’S CAPACITY ....................................................................................... 28

8. LOCATION OF THE PLANT ..................................................................................... 29

8.1.1 Availability of materials ................................................................................. 29

8.1.2 Markets .......................................................................................................... 30

8.1.3 Climate .......................................................................................................... 30

8.1.4 Transportation facilities ................................................................................. 30

8.1.5 Earthquakes and the tectonic structure of the region ....................................... 30

8.1.5.1 North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ): ............................................................. 31

8.1.5.2 East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ):................................................................ 32

8.1.5.3 Aegean Region Graben System (EGS): .......................................................... 32

8.1.6 Taxation and legal restrictions........................................................................ 32

8.2 Location Selection Result ...................................................................................... 34

9. ETHYL ACETATE: ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY, SAFETY, AND

9.1 Carbon Footprint ................................................................................................... 35

9.2 Water Footprint..................................................................................................... 36

9.3 Circular Economy ................................................................................................. 37

9.4 Zero Waste............................................................................................................ 38

9.5 Safety And Sustainability Aspects ......................................................................... 39

10. ETHYL ACETATE’S ALTERNATIVES IN THE INDUSTRY ............................... 41

Figure 1: Chemical representation of ethyl acetate ................................................................ 5

Figure 2: The percentage distributions of the sectors used ..................................................... 7

Figure 3: Turkey Earthquake Hazard Map ........................................................................... 31

Figure 4: Incentive values on a provincial basis ................................................................... 33

Figure 5: Product carbon footprint ....................................................................................... 36

Table 1: Properties of ethyl acetate ........................................................................................ 5

Table 2: Bioethanol Companies in Turkey........................................................................... 12

Table 9: Turkey's Import and Export Difference of Ethyl Acetate........................................ 22

Table 14: Regional incentive support elements .................................................................... 33

The production and consumption of ethyl acetate in Turkey is driven by a variety of

1.2 Necessity Of The Investment In Ethyl Acetate

Figure 1: Chemical representation of ethyl acetate [2]

2.1 Chemical And Physical Properties Of Ethyl Acetate

The properties of ethyl acetate are shown in Table 1 [4].

• Also used as an activator or hardener in paints.

• In perfumes, it evaporates quickly, leaving a perfume smell on the skin.

• It can also be used for organic synthesis and spice production.

2.3 Usage Of Ethyl Acetate In The World

• 59.8% paint and coating industry

Figure 2: The percentage distributions of the sectors used [5]