Chapter :2 KeViCwW OF NeRoorn snarysro we EEE dobeatTs There are two techniques @ Mesh analysts/ loop analysis uses KVL @ Noda Analysis Uses keL Qt Finding the wwent 1 and ro ‘one gov 01°: K 1 OM Biven circuit. aov 2 4) a Ti- 12 =3A P= t3-----O a Now, applying Kvi fo the Supermesh crresponding 40 the current Source ,we get do - 21,- 20- Sfg-15 =@ N, ~27)- 51, -25 20 oN, ~25,- St. 22 &, = 2(1213)-stez05 From 40,1421] Oy 2 Ta 6a Sips 25 MN, - 7f22 34 ™ Taz -31 Socaga and, Ta > -4.4345 = 74-430 G2 Find v; and va, if. SI” orn guen circuit > V\- Va za0v v2 dove fo} Now, applying wee 1 the supernode comesponcling fo the voliage sourre, WE ger ‘+ oy, A0-V, “VY, “VQ +eorve 10 2 &, — 40-N, -10V,-10V2 - SO- SV2=0 ot, 4a, “12 = 40 = 11 (so4va) -15¥2 BiG: 2 shen Uteero ad yNet20] or, - 220--1N2 -16V2 = HO wn, - IM6NO = 260 Vg 2 - 10N, and, V; 2-10 #20 = 40¥ gz ffnd 3) and Te so!” \ ove From oop 3°", ies 490 - 4or,- 20(1-t2)=0 oF, peo wor, 207 42072 =O oe, 601-2072 7420 oe, yor 2 6 to 73h F Now, fsom 10°P a, > 80 (12 yseouegse i a or, © 2012-208, +6032 ~6550 oe, gote,-20 76S ‘ov, go(arr-6) ~P27 > 6S (from ato ean 6) 40-9 60-7 om, Mor, -20% > 6SHABO a, 0 > SQS = P48Chapren zy Cntuir aitterennay equanons i (Formulation and solutions ) Becteonic_ deeuit glectsonic craut fs the combination of tbe electronfe fed to form a nekosrk paviding desired ouput] components connec ent. Three major components of draut interme of voltage ov CUNY we iy Sources of energy i> Gyaut elements ii) pechnation ox tad | can also be yncludes) tn Grawt elements] classification ‘of elements Grit elements can be classified a6: > Aclive and passive ii) Enea and non- hineat ji) Unilateral and i lateral D Active _and passive elements: Adive = with the ability fo contso! flow of electson Vacuum Wwbes . Silicon controlled rech fiers) (diode , transisio’ paesive passive electsonic components ave those that don't hove the abilily % conteol curyent by means of another electra) signal &xamples* capacitors, resistors, Inducers ee > _Hneae_and_non - Hnea_ Vile | 4inear :3a petermine the values of the node voltages Va and Vy ial Ue Cong: Va 2-12, VoreV) Cems Tas 21-4670 and 19 =-93-3m07me Gees selaHionship fo inear SME epee we cera ieee e. Current or voltage creases f'n @ constant Proportion with reepect to time. Lr follows ohms jaw (v=ra) Examples: ~ Resistance, capacitor, inductor Non-linear +p” I The output chataderish'cs fs not linear. It does not follow the ohn law. €xamples: p . diode tranaistor, han stermer, tnducier (when the | oy saturated iy Unilatera) and Bilateras Unilateral - anrent flows fn only one direction &4: diode z bilateral Current flows in both direction ey: Pegistan ce et oko 7 Inductance and acttance behaviour! A Tnduckance Behaviour * P33 em N Bil OF tus of cof) Sr pwduces magnetic fer) 4 oH % J, magnehic field, da. Uitosact where,we Know, ys magnetic Flux veo dey aa uv > trduced voltage on of a materia) Fn resrr| OTE: Pavmeabiliy, the degree of mage liza jo a magnet'e field] Where, Magnelfc Flux, .Q Yuat L ts inductance of inductor Now, ye deo cage (tm at Y \ t feo ( L Vdt cw 2 8 af : = Jina +} sve f= io) + iu) Thus, dosing the swith at the frotant f= 0, mania fhe wame Hux linkage before and aftev the awitdh changed - Thus, © current can pot hanged gngtanteneus!Y across inductor i je. pr, tzo” and t= ot, curcent semaine Same: ond closed Fey_example Pris oO” for above drat, Susitch fo open at, t > at tzot ie. j[o) > Guveent at Hme f=07= olzen)| @. G@pauinve benaviour: ahs gels ob Pee ae We have , relationship heoeen charge and eurrent is dq at Bis, = cv where, C= capac tance oO Viffesentiaking on pothside wert t ag > ed da 7 @) E Thus, dv 2 i G froma) dt ie. platens a sai cg at on ve t frat 3 ¢ fier +d [is vay ort % ito) go, “Voltage cannot change Pnolantenedisly e¢Fess acwss dhe capaator * jee Ve CO Me cor)2 dyyrent and charge relattonship dive Sehavfour + “dt ' + voltage and charge velehondup : g = cy 420 isso abe i fee RSG) tava Fes Qpaciter, we have gry TFitferentiating sh respect fo t we get a4. dy a dt a, Po eW dS dvzetdt--- OD at Fer, netanteneous change. dé =o | & (t= 07)-(# 20") = © Now, éuation D becomes, dv > 0 " a Javea Thus," Vostage aces capacitor can not change Fntantenesly he Vitzo) zVit zat ahi i 4 OUR short druwit nt, b207 Let switch fe open ip and, at 120 witch closes T } at £=0% Guutth cdeses = P65 hs at t= (fully energised) ie 7 open deuit . a 5 As. t Prereases Voltage acrss capauiet also ay and acs ae Volage Gource. AL t=, Capoutame 1s fully chasged and acts as open drewt i-e. Ike vottage source. Tnductive Behaviour : f feo FX induced magnetic fred Fer frductor, flux ¢ &% relate! saith Voltage \by the relation‘Where, ys bi Where, b= inductance for K=4, bial dy dt ve Ab 2 edi dt dat ow, diz ¥dt-~-O fox tnstanteneous change dt =0 ond if dt >0 ,di=0 Thus.” Curvent ccwes Inductor con not change fingtanteneously he. ilrsoy= ilpsot) ” Let Suaitth 86 open ab b> o d i@)=o [ I ir 9 i,to)=0 itot)e0 At t 20" . fs, t Tneveases , i,t) alo Increases and acts a6 a Unrent Source and, of t= © Inductor Ps fwly enorgise! and acts 95 short crew? |creaut differential equahon Let ué Consider a Craut with resieiot of resis~ tance R, inductor of Inductance L and capacitor of capaatane cNow, apply KvL fn above drewt we get e= Mery rve Se: i ii r® eo red th rat known ag Fntegno- differential equation Wis equation 1S equation waith reepect fe €, we get Filferentiahng above ? ozRdigidi , ui at de 5 [kdting pdind sobil» 3 which f&% called differential quahon. itferen Hal_cperator | Po, te J fforentia) equation to the algebsic Tr changes the ai expression and fe defined by. zd PC) d a . ~O For amy function pO) prey = Z fw -@ Simian, a fon). py» @ a? Sfoni tony fiat ile Cony for finite ) Mort: Trverse operator f defined for fnske,tolega! ony | tf, he fide abFifving point operational impedance « The fol Impeclance of creat viewed from volige source *5 called drawing point operahonal impedence (L write the equation for he operat onat impedance for each bianch oF crewt and determine the expression for driving point operational tmpedance shxough terminal pair a-d a wu R € SOL: For btanch aly -» 2¢p) = REE bsanch hd —> 2p) = Rut pry branch bed + @2(p) = Rotdep Thus, diiving Polnt impedance acrves forminad ad 5, Zad = Zp t 21(8) | Zocp) = ate + Hes eear)yceae tsp) } 2 pe la (Rs +41 P)CRarlop) PC Riv LP Ra4ks p Zod = Rat 4 Pike + Redo Py Rebih fh Ry the + Liptlo geIG. Find the differentfal equation that relate v, and e fn the follow: R € * re © soy: Method 1 Applying kvi in the above draut: cfrceut @= Va +Ver Ve De= GR 4M + 2 Sidt -O wle fe 2 fe have, = A Sudt Now, equation @ becomes e= £ fuat avi t be Sitar 2 @ Vif ferentiating eq? @ weetot de = aut diy L fudt & Prelit Again, clifferenbialing 2-1 te F o> Rdbad ys y ier ||| San bay eel | st de sd, Roy. y J Which Be the required differential dee 8G “ref equation a Ee “id 4 Method IL < We have, Z,28 , 2. 2up, 2,2 Now, using Vortage auding ywe, we ger | Vier OF 2+ ZotZ,@ exp Nps, ee a Rteprh PC ody = CLP YPC . Pere RPC + Lepr +4 PLC PRET % PPLeVi + PREV tv = Pe bc a 2 , tt PF lvyj=pe PoE £ Put dove Pe Replaong ,p by gO we ger eo: Applying nodal analyofs at node b iy +i2 tig 20 _v : CMe | B-Yo 4 Be ae Die 4 a+ap > LON) (05%) (2) ap Pre ey N > P(es-V) (342 p) ein P (Pex -PVy)(342P) +P+9)( 300 ~ 3Vy 4 2Pey = 2pVy) “Veh # 2%Q 20 P BPes + 2P ey - 3PVy~ 2PM, 4 BP C2 3PVy TBP x ~2pVy + Ga ~ ON AN Ae. naw Ble || [esa |e on iT» > -3PVy, - 2p2v- { P ~ BPM = PPV n= BPM = 2PW i - bY, “HPV, “VAP - 205 oO -3Pe2 -2p'eo -G6ea+4pes =~ 3p es -2pe, > -4PVy - 14 PVip BV = ~ 24 ( 2743p) - en (2p%aae +6) Sve = er @prrap) tes (2 tdets) ep (342p) 42 2QHEP)CPHE) wpr+iip 48 upr+iie ts Now, using voltage clividing rule , Vo = Maw Gs3p) , cup (ten) res (3120012) pcp) (a+2~) (Bt2) x (up2tise 48) Vo SeP (142) + €2(P HR) 247A) apr4ssp ts 2. &, PV +11 PVo t&Vy = APP, + PKL + CO(aP + SP +2) Ot, UPVg + LPVot&Vg = SPP es TPE. t OMea tS per +2e2 Now, Replacing P by £0 2 2 AO? (Vp) + 11 dM) + B%o = 20 ey td ede , sde ae ie 0 ue? rs + cee Oe 8k Gjeneral formulation of pifferentfa equaton General eyiation for difforenFal Satin ts defined 4, 4 ne n-2 dod” 44d” 4 aed +e HS wo get age 5 id where, n= Order of drat oo . f ale the differen ial equolion. te eared beng equotion - and, if ¢ to, we differentral euairon is calted non homogererus equation for any elect drcuit, Response function = Nekoork funcion » Source fanchon ie. Ver) = Gitpd. A7 a fit) , Where Put) = vesponse Junction . gip) = nekwork function Nw) = Numeyalor funchion dip) = Fenoménator funchon elution of non-homogeneous differential Syvahons: Genera) differen tio) non- homogeneous evation fs. yin = Ged. POD | > yit)= NU). fed Dre > ye) vip) = Nie) FUP ffs @lution consisis of too pavte: @ Perfievay solution | forced solution | steady - stale response @ Gmplementary gelation | Transient solution) Natural solution) Homogeneous solukon. @_forced solution ot _paviftulor _¢olukion her fu) be the applisd source func od yit) be its forced response Er % termed 96 yemains fn existance as long as yhe source function Tr fo cleo called steady cafe response since iF semains tn the cirwt long after the teansienr port disappears jion to the nepwoork forced because it fs applied. _Math review: ren FS form of YH) Exponen Wal nee Dy ae Sinusoidal Asinwl y'sinvwt + Bcosiot A cog wt constant « x Polynomial) 4? A tat. + Igtet---- +OntyForce responge 1 the constant source: 1 YF ean oh Tet us concider fhe given Fuutt- Here, E constant dante “aig net! we Bed force POET eavvent 1» Cowesporeing 1 the conetant source F The driving paint impedance Ag lP) We fee by looking tnjo the dycut through jerminal_g ad d: Zaglt)= [Q+3)uGe2r)]+# et2) , (ate (2) @rer) Ly B12 yan2P : ap +P era pr2tap rep oprapresretsupen , APuraiet apt taps 2, aprayerd Then, ig) = = OP rapt? f ZyiP) pass pas > x 9 > (aptesapes) pin = Oprrape 2E Replace Pp by gu) we geht des qd? Wit) +44 z ae E fs constant $o- &h 42 pte rag d yule By Qe a Let, the ohon of differentia) equation #5 K 4 1¢ pts K Then equahon @ become g . 2 vd Pow yd HK =? Vw? YW z Ley Altemahve - method : we have, yu) = ap apye op apt +11 pts fea, p20, then ile = _Grdusion : Thus, The force response due te constant source can be found as, Yu) = lacP)]p., fw) Gncept : As, F capautor > Open Gradh fnductor => Short Oriul F at, +22, the above ciriuit becomes, bat ie Wee WF £ io _ferced response of the exponential source det us (onsider the following Geowt: tt a 1% tng mail Neve, es soe is the exponentid source defined by equation , ett) > ae @ Pilferentialtnf © saith respect 7 4 dew) 2d pes™ s? ge) zd ne elle Me dt a Spe = seu) ; Pec = seu? re diffeventialing fe exponential function teacks Te algchric muifiphicalion by B. AS, injegsafion % the inverse operaion of differentia:Now. we have @ yuy = Gite fw > yu = et © Zad(P) and, i 2 t ap rie +8 -@ Zygi) = (er B) +f a ar2P)} = —aetaap® trom @ ard @ i 2 o \ fj -ogt iid = ( See _ ) ect) =[ ar? _ ) soe aptriers / (qprrisPrs / ot, (aptaie te) IEW = (aptup) 10€ nie, replace P PY a) dt l 2 -oot -o.9t ad ip + uid pad > 8) = ad, (10€ ) 8 (20¢ ) a? a i we-heve, ye Re ae the forced response. Let Then, 27-08 “oot -o9t f adiCneony © ud ee yas 7 By ie (ne 4PRe = sorte pelle " antoauoe Mail oot oat } or, A(-o2)o2)e + s1n(-02)& +A 2 Caxo sc oynd®? ii ane naone “bat -0-9t -o.at 0. rene 2 086-8 Gagne e-g2€° iil ps - 4-91 Thus, Required solution is, yt) = > bet el Ii) _fiternative method C IN we have, iftt> 22 +e swe 4ypryiipre veplace. by 5 and pa se 0 2 y= as ths ei See ee | NO Prt? wot Geta liscs 2 al YP sstrt) nes 4x [Q-2) hy 14(-0-2)t8 .g 0-08 -0g i ————— x! © 9.16-9.248 oat = OFZ AD ye "S96 -0.9F iptt) =~ $24 Tn general way, 14 Souwe function ts exponeniwal ie fin): ae shen corresponding response funclion Yu) % given by YO) = ace] fu ype a] fn $789 Forced response 70 Ler us a we 1a hie be ge soon at a se due to ginusotda) function 3 Tr Hl) be the fxce respon tosingt then tt) ei) . as from the cit wut, Zag (PP apt) Pre ZagtP) = (rk) of there} = cca 2 = SP FHP y sosinat 4 4. Now, 17th} = PtaP eit) apr+4i +8 apes lip rg : 4 ov, (uptaripse) yw) =P typ) soins wore, (aptyup) sosinat = 2d, (2081031) rad (108ina)) = JOASAS (-SiINB]) + 4ogos 3b = - 1osinaT +120 c0s3T2) @ Thus, we get (apts tap+g) it) = pgnat + Bcos3t be the form of soivtion migosingt +120 cos3h ---- © fet, [ptt) = 2 1 Then, up? if = ise (nsinat + Brosal) = -36Sin 3} -36 BteS3t ALP pth) = Wd (nsinstBe@sat) = 33ACos3r- 338SIN3T Then, qquah on @ becomes, af -33BeIn3st gnsingl + &B cooat = -1g0sin3t +1 20¢053t -\gosnat x20 cesar ov, - 36psinat - 36 BCOSaT +33 A COS ov (- 369 - 338 ran) sinar + (-36BT33A t8B)COS8t = comparing coeffivent of sinat and (osat - 28A- 33B = -180 ~@ - 28% + 33.2 120 ® sowing @ and @, we get A= 48 and B+ 1:38 Thos, ypurd= 4 gginat +138 Cosat Aitemalive methed : 2 We have, ip = SPP so singt” pr + lip +8 ro o% iat)” SP MP x we apt rsip +8 Now, replacing Pby S ard 52 aj ve get 3 eye, 2. ait _% jah (fit A448 ype A Gi) MHI) _ x toe AS THsts 4 (aij rtd (8) $8 1g He ail 3 ait 218 HAL pte 2 Pee eS joe ~ 2g +33) 4g.g 4530-3 j( atte) = o65 C16 * 1043t 2) oe eo tins Inf") = ssin(grtig) = 4eastnat +4-380093+ Iforced response of polynomial source? Consider the following source: iytn) > ett) o qh (P) Wher, Zy(p)= 2 fler8 \yer so} apt tpt 2 Now, e9". © betome s 2 yu = ae are ew 4p +p +E og) ae? ote! “ (4P +1348) jy tH = (apsgp+2) ot at, be the faced eoluion then, tek, WUD? AA ade (att ad (ost at dt 3 ne (nset) + 12 (art) s(pre) = oy =O + 11848Ar BOT = OF BtUT (Gr wren) t(ga)t = Stet comparing consiant ond coeffident of t + 8B=84G DB= Yo J1B4+8A -8 N, SS +BA TE w, 8A = aS az as . = e ° 4 yud> $+ gt fs the forced response due io Souve cll) — najura) Response of | Transient Responses _ Transient response represends tbe chavaciexistic of +he drewit having energy Sioring elements cawent ov volage # The tsansient response fe obtained as the soluhon of homogeneousa +» The source is made fo zew then h a di i te homogeneous VeXsion- oni an one Generalised procedure _for finding ttansient solution: The genera) ferm ok differential % given by Dip) yer) = NUPI fin)---O Equation @ represents jhe pon- homogeneous gifferentia) equation fn ator form / a yension of the differentia equation is objaine! The homogeneous V jee. D(p)-YIH =e by setting fin =0 o Since, Only exponential fanclio differential equahion , the p operatoy tion te the nn qualifies a6 4 Solu: the algobyic can be replaced by malnpher 15! $0, DISYGI=O @ Dis) fs the denominator polyromia) cherishes equahion. of the neneork fonction Oils) and Dis) > 0 vepresents the. chata zet, us coneder the following rewit + u = hi Appying wvL when ssusit ch losed , ve. at t=O c= EPI RY oO Now, y= EXR_ > veep + VR TER > Lvp vk cPTR R aVte @ , which fs non- homogeneous equation > bdv R & Ab steady state (re tee), for constant source _ pur pro 1-0-0 ype & @ il At t=0> i(ojso = h0r) V (oly = LON*R= 0, SO q@’@ is nor for time t sot Thus, equation 6 6 not the solvit on for aie me jeansient sesponse , the homogeneous version of differential wow, fora AV ay =0 ® Since, ony tbe exponen'ia) form walisfies the above condition. so, let, Ve 2keS* be the transient soon. Then from og” @ { £ z Ve spe Then, tolal soluhon would be, V = Ve +¥y Ryt @ Here, k 85 unknown ond it an be found »y using Foitfa) condi ions > E+ ke Unified condition: Bi (t=o) Ifo) = 9 Vioj=0 [ Since switch fs open] at (E= 08), i(or) = ite) = 0 Lsince, Grment bough conduder Tndudor fan not change jnstanteneously | > Viot)=0 Now, fos f= 07, €° O© hetomes 7’ PF vist} Bye PO ey nent Hence, equahon © becomes, al tt wt ve eE- Ge €(1-e ) The 85 the required solution Tritiod) condihons » The caltwation of curent (i) and Hong. oe OF Ln Vogel) and thelr dedvalve at t= 0" ave the initia) 6 . . im oe ae+) sign with ime are used to biffeenirate «| Negative) and positive ( ately before and Immedfatdy after the opaation beroeen the Hime immed? of the cusitch- Tilia conditions in elements _ @ Reo ister: Jarrkenenusly if votlege we TP The went thsough resistance changes ins acwes iF Changes fnetabeneous)y - he i (o) Filo) and, vio) #¥IO") @ _Unrductor_ vetdi dt F The wwent through the inductor can nok change gnstan feneously 50, ito) = itot) © _Gpacitor vee f ie con nor change gpotantonenisy The voltage ybwugh the compactor 98) Yip) = VIO) gquivatent ak t=? Summon y alements and Snitfal conditions equivalent ab t= eg. ni me Wee ont eee nc i: oe __ fs— Oo torsreee —_—? — pe pl ise je _&$—_.» a b al 02930 -——]— ll Wiel ‘ Oe oi pe ba US te Ve a prcedure to _find fnitial condihons D 2 2. Tals, © Daw an equivalent crewt for t= 0% based on the filowing nde: ann taitfad cement or Obes ‘ fide sel,J by curvenr source if there 5 initial cenvent: © Peplace all cpatitor by short ciraut ov by vollage source clepercling on wheather there fs Snilial voltage ov nok } find the values of iniHal envent and votiage ie. at t= of from equivated Grats. } To fird highor derivahves of inilfal values we need to write integra) or differoh’al equation using KvLor Ket for original Srcuite umaricals = “—@ Ththe druit shown below. vz10V, R= 10%, Ltiy, ¢=iOUF, Find ttot), dicot) gPitot) a a pefore tbe eusitch *5 ivi Ho) 20 < ule) 20 BAL £0" , the equivalent drut & i —e-0. gquivdent drut fer tor using, KvL for F po* R en Ty ad ua vz igtedi pee oO E At, t + 0%, 40 = S(t) Rt LIMO) gue tor) de Here, Vv; (ot) = Yio) 20 since, Voltage acrees aapadter cn not change fndiantenecusly plo, io= dito’) a » difot) _ | ca iii 10 OmP Jsec,equation ® con be written as, veigtedin g fot Fifforentiating eq” Qw-rto tb, we ger edi pradig £ ae) |e ||| = -® Ab, p sot R ditot) “ae +i) 26 ah at soxso + Atle oa @® fird the total yesponse for tro fori and moved 10 posit steady siaite ts seached 00 eT +0 70 Hally on + vunlil TE switch was In) ion & at hime t=0- <0)": When the switch fo at posilion 1 8 At t 207 (ie. steady slate condition 5 yeached J, ail decuit *S, = 0 be. 300-3001 3 £>4 amp — 100 Slo) = tamP 0, } itor) = ito) j= samp] doce, cavent though Inductor on not change a Insteuteneaisly- at tro fe Gulch ts at position 2 Applying vb» ies 50= 2007 adi --O 7 at ox, 50 = 1001+ SPT ot: $82 : soot? P for, forced response, Since source i constant + replace p by SO ~ mSamp than iHFor ‘wancient respons. Homogeneous version of quation O fs, tool + adi =o dr cet, (2 ke® + x, tooxe™+ ad ke =O rd . iF ov, spokes +asKes =O ex, Kes! (100495) =0 se. nee zo g0, 0t86=o > gz - SO -ot i, = Ke The fata) response nowd be, eae 7085 tK e using Snitied_condilion =solot) (pot) = Sr ke wi, 17 OS tK Kas : il _rnet fo, ips OF FO-SE Henve, Toia) response , jros(re *)] gout Fan wr ve 2 a) SOY fx cuit Sem TET @ Fird vor), dvlo (o) =D emp goit: At +20", Switch fs dosed ie igi) = Wele= be ae, tot swith fs openecs the equivalent cit Ps = 2 da viet) Then, VON= OA xe a = ne Me 6 LfAt 70, drcwit fs using keL; On = iptkth w, OA = tevtadvel, ---O ar for t =07 & = 16 vet) +4 dvilot) 5 (4 (0") dt oy ge lon ra Aviv) 56 rr a, aut as a Visec Now,. Pifferentfating with respect gO ite ie pjvat] o= t6dy yadv yy dt ee ¢ At b207 0 = Lodvidy SMO) 4 veo? at ar? ‘he 16,4: 2, @ om 0289 + ud viel) +Qxe 9 -3240 viot) ar® Saromary I I sont i % qiven bi, Wh St ne 1. Fe voltage and cawent acres gnducior #5 gh 7 tet Svat Uh % by, ic = eee + The carent and voltage aces capaater Be given by, feo ye tb Side 3. The voltage acwss capacitor and wirent Qos Inductor “can not change instamteneously ae The diving pint operational impedance of a notes & the overall inpadancexpressed interms of p- operator and viewed acwes source: The ci i circuit equation for nehwork having energy storing edlements & non- homogeneous differential equation ard the characterishics of arwit (ie. Gawent and voltage) fe determined by solving ron - homogeneous differential equalion The ution of non homogeneous differentia) equation consists of 0 parts i-e forced soluhon and tsansient solution. forced solution represents jhe steady state behaviour of the circait and nature of the source determines the nalure of the forced response. Tiansient solution f% obtained by solving the homogeneous VOIson of differentia) equation and represents the changing charade Pstics of- current or — -voliage. Toial yl 2 For tansient response,The charactertstic equation for above differential equation fs, Rris=o0 a6+-f .... @ ‘And, homogeneous for of equahon @ *s, tdi HR <0 Then Fvansiont solution, 1,4) ie given by- st -Er juke zke 7 Thus, foi Yesponse bewmes. itr) = pt) + iu) “ht eal ne @ Now, using ential conditions, at t =o , l -£(0') itt) = Lake i R ww A) Ae i ale o>MGK Ket 2 ai > Thus, tow solution fs, ee iwWe M-Me + an eee Time constant At, t= 0, if)= 0 at, (7 2 mez et oft a,t- £, ime ¥-Me bs Rs i= Rg 4 “1 v V(4-€ n° ree ay-£ ¢ ° > Teg % kyon as the lime constant of the circuit and fs defined ac the interval after which cuwent or votiage changes 68-2% of its total change. OR, Time consiant fs defined as time taken by the toa response to yeach 63.2% of the steady state value: it f represented by T Again foc, i ee -ts y pt) Ob de LW “Pe 2 “ve 7 -034 60, ifme constant f also defined ag hme foxen by the ansienT response 40 decoy to 341 of its initia value Settling times At, $20, lt 0.39% t=2b, ittd= -0. 135% $23t. Ry z= oO ougs Ye Sun, ipthye -O: 048s ‘ t =U, itt) = -0-0069 Yp Since, ak 2 SE Wansient response has almost decay 4o lees than 17. ‘of fnitial value and then arcwh sesrles 60, Seating time for above dwt i 5v gt, Find the expression for itt) for t70 a. wer flso, find time constant ond sealing hme. PH mt At t= 0" equivalent drew 1s, ito) 12v 2 a i(oj > 422 > eamP jestscotcepgwalecirentts, «S(0)= Mo") = 20m? (sive covert onatisshy )using kvi at t>0 [ie 7 12 -4i~ adv oO oO me)” Dn? operator form 12 24i+9py atest atop for forced response. i, cb Bs y= ep Being De source oF 12¥, he. Constant replace Pp by ° ip = Zamp Fer tsansient response, Hormogeneous equalion ys, airadi -6 characierfgh’c equahon vs, 449s 70 3gs-2 . 1 in Thus, ith) = Kee!) ane” Then, jotad sdution fl) = lt yl) 2 rKe?* Now, using qritial condition, art of -2(0°) ox, 1(o'}= STKE we get, V>% Time constant (7) Se iting hme t=stJN, tg 4, o ? Tg 15 KroRN as the Hime constant of the dicuit and fs defined as the interval atier which current or voltage changes 65.24 of tte total change. OR, Time consiant fs deffned as time taken by the total response te reach 63.2% of the steady state value it & sepresented oT Agein for, -ft : R ia) ate de Ee = -e l= vay a : i a’ tt g oP = ost ¥ 0, time wnetant fs also defined ag time taxen by the yronsienT reeponse 40 decay 10 374 of its initia value Settling _time : At, : Vv foe |, ill OSstg = % . 2 = t=4L, J * -0-135% t=3t. kW 77? ouga Ye P24T, ith) + HOeOsRS Ye t +S, iplt) = - 0.0067 %p Since, ak t+ SC aneient response has almost decay to lees than in of Spitial value and jhen arcwt geirles. so, Sem wme for above duwt 6ST gt Find the expreesion for itt) for t70 Lye af ii also, find time constant ond settling time. 420 wey oA sol” 7 A t=O. . equivalent dnwt i, re Ls Ba , Faev ito) = 224 > amp ‘iad ——— =, Bs, Ho) = ifot) = Pomp (since current IN St cea uosea ete_ Step response fo series Rc Grew: Consider the following Orit $0". AE t=07, co} eVo and 10) =0 At, t=0* ytot) = Yl) = Vo VoHage dcx065 copactor can not change Pnstanteneoudly. equivalent drewt At, t>0 teal I using KYL be Lr Ny ve ig + tf rdt a, dH o. z vi igt tL dt ef idt ° t ve Ta wVor 2 [ide Oo a io skep response Fifferentiating with reopect to t, [ be Contant nc call o= Rdi + ork dt c or, Rdiyi =O dt ¢ using Pp -operaior fox, apr+i 20 Cc Ths is the homogeneous eualion forced response. yu = 0Now, for transient solution frespon se; characteris equation fs, Ee ee SRE EO) || = S77 Re Thus, igs ee z last reve, fime consrank wR ke ab. t = Re Total response, iw (B8)e" jie tele iy WwW) 2 0688 (v=¥2) wk t cine Now, using trial condijionseat t =07 ener? ot) = oy, V-Vo 2K — , ~ Re ¢. Thus, total sation, /ilt) = ee € Response of RL drewt to Sinuwidal driving Junchon Consider the follooting chreit * Fa ee om Te) NL. ensinot At, t 207. Moys oamp Ab, 6 207, jfo}zifot) = O Since unvent thydugh indugor cor not change inskantenewsly - Now, Appy vi far to : ier ede Dad i caas CQ Vp sin wh tn p operador form, | || isla ee ten EeVin sino mor @ pale equation wo parts. » fg= Tm Ym '] @ forced response + WwW i R+2P Replace p bys ands bi jo ve gel Then, | 4p = Ton [Yn el¥t] ta (meer lot a+ ° Lae ) ater, 22 PREFWEE an 2 d= tov) R vy dear, > tp tm/ Br) l= = sin(wt-%) @© fs ron- homogeneous equation Ls solution bas @ ansient response ¢ Homagen cous form of equasion @ fs, igt 4di = ee| =2 chavactorishe equaron %, Rees z0 gz- & A Gt ! sh c deine pp Ke Foal respon se» jwe WF yl fe z ith) = = sinlwt- 4) eHE using mia vades, re att =o “ew 1 (or) = Ye ein (oto #) y4ne Vere (int) +% Zz x oF . Thus too) response, clr w sin? vs ~ In finer ~ajasina 64]By 3. Tor eries aL drtuit, vu) = 10.610 Ulta tye) p22, and L 20.04 i : Re . = HY Voltage vliJ te applied at t= 0. coladate fit) for 7>0- Assume i109 ~0 ar At, t= 07 ito) = Oo Now, fot} ito)zo Grvent paough aductot can pot change Sndane- neously. Apply KVL, oF $70 vurye Rie cat dt ox, tosin (10 +B) = a+ oo1di é dt using p-oporator rosin (uot +2) = aivo-0ipi o TO non - homogeneous equation $0, its solwHon contains two pay 18 @ feced adlution fron equation O+0-041P ie Sooke + = Tm [10e “] i Dioblp a Now, Replte Phy Ss and pur § = 10° Row, jao't a he Im | 1oe 2) eyed || coe tui Th INES= wf 10 » gil") j 100 00 4888s iA yore ~ 88-95) + Im fore 4 ip) = 0.1619 (sot 00 - ee-es) © for 1 teonsient sowtion Homogeneous form of equation @ 15, ore rurdl 2g a chavocteristic qqiotion Ps, 940016 =O SS 27 200 ~ 2006 : st Fansient solviion, 0)= KE = Ke Thw, juy= we Yo -200F 2 ousin(ult +2 -aegs) +e at, tzot jfot) > o-1sin( 2 -3ges)+K Kw = 6.08826 _ got Thus, total response » fit o-0Rs26@ +0 4sin sin (204 ot ep response of series RLG Orcwht al i Teo ell | ae) ei L 1h D : eb us consider a series Ric Gruit aS shown in figure above At t 20 i@)= 0 amp at, tot, ilo) zigv) so Guntent dhvoygh Frdu dor otoApply ave fox $70- veiga cdl x fide 0 ats Fifterentiaheh with vespet 104, o- edi pediy t ew a © > di 4 edt fel py at A ee a Pi, tdi, so ~~ Oo wr td te Being _howogancous equasion, Force) response ip) =O for twonsient response. be Mes |h leon Mes Wye ae chavactenisife equation 19 * srbsrt 0 @ i and $3 équotion @ ve quadvatic qqualions and it hos 1100 roots. 42,54 2 be their roots $e SSe = tele) °° Then, wonsient equation ¥%s, * st st itr) = ¥1@ rige rae -t-fejos farm thle’ be > kse + kg € . @ The cient in equotion © clepends upon the valve of Ss ands, which might be — ~ Gmplex - conjygate ~ Real on) equalThe system which has real and aqual voots {5 called ofticat damped system: The value of resistance which manes ole oniticauly damped 15 called uriticad resistance and dented by R od i Feom equation @) yoots vill bs equa) if, By? 7 (gc) -Ge) =e Then, Orilfca) resistance R¢ is given by Re yP lb al fo ea ' Th order #0 pur the second order system in slandaxrd form, we define 4wo parameters called damping rato and damped noduro) Frequency. “‘Yamping atin &5 deffned as she ralio of acua) reéistance fo antai resistance of the crwit and denoked by zeia (§) then, Sle Ble Se : Ro NU 4 é ® The second ‘parameter ts defined a5 the frcquenty of which response a scillotes and & dencied by Wn I rele Ae He The Now, LE oe 8 2 Sn= ank Je tet fiom equation @.8 and ® we can represent second order differential equation in elandord form as; dtl 4 9 Snpdi + pris O - @ dt? dt now, Characteristic equation for above differential equation %s, at aa MH ilsyée 2 PSF IKON OL gu, afte) 2 - Sy +n,fS =a @ casel + a Se are veal and dishinch and such system ore, for, S >t Toots Then, 7) fe given by, cared over damped syst - sat itt) = ell +ko& $$ wr A }g & 6Wpthnf Sea SE = Ka © ako € - @ Sigg jnifal condition, _ © Nov, Value Of , and Ka ave determined bY itot) = 0 Amp. we have, and, for dilo) from equation ®, V sinttdiys fiat dt a ¢ at toot v= itot) eR +2910), v, 10%) dt » dio) . v ite = @ From equation (3), at tco? it) = Kyeltee® DP Rye" Ke respect fot, pe ger Now, differentiating equation @ with " (Sun - Gon SSEJE digs . (= Son -#IS, biel Ii ra + (S80 Hn SF ) de 7 f- Shn4 wa SEES St k2e ab, po Gtdi(ot) Phe 6 ah = (¢ Sn br [eo dre +(- SwntbyJSr-a fkse? © Raph, an [EEaa ky + SOA - ones [eae oxy, Ses Wa (-aonf 2) L ao Vi ee KD oT ly a Bt ot mn fet There fore, (- Sv sande) t (Shyla Jt s = e v We phim eta. | += iG Ne rae eee) e (sem If S24, ie. i es, for G24, tots ave veal ond equal. Then itt) becom stare” i oi ot tus ke! reste Now, yoot will be, foorn equation 12, Sums > 7h “ida F Then, jud= (Kitket) @ - WM @ Fifforentiaging #17 t aT di). cuop(ureote + KOE La ee ee dt using fritial condition at t * -bphd ito*) = fu, +40) e o= Ka Then, dio) - ~vopf Hy +H 9tO)S e +KOe re D Miz OFky D ke aa Phe @Hence, total solution, Tu d— (kya) a Case TF $ Kithe =o oF MG ake and, dilod, ¢ rt ie Kady ef frau] = Bn bare]. oo seatl (o) le = ne geal 2 ia) = jet ~jrat ye form ° Hence, +4) _ ~ Swit fv ¢€ il Mu. ¢ dd Ae i= e Big jun al hf ry se i ar& for tbe given cirut calatre flr) for t70- Assume fi eal et in charges and wrrent zero: £ cee aig - 68 10v tbyough fndugar can vot since, Current Here, spgranteors!] 0): Stoy= 0 =!l0) change Novo, apply kVL ot 70 swe hav € 102 giy udia 4 (ide oO a ¢ i Fit ferentiating & vto r We sales ~ pda cere OF Pari) (ane |e cus setord order gifferenttal equation $0, ation .@ fe jpomogene: Equi forced respons? pecames 2e80- 30. 5 Tus, weit i, = Aw 2 4120 Now, for twansient qesponse, is aS chavacrertshe equator fa, 8 49st 5 =O * s4iSa 7 22k Wl 2 -2dN z u t Tus, pus wae” 4 Kye" G14ai) & Cita) t = K€ 4K3e ak pig, atl - ait e [ke +e i 5 alent), using SpiHad condtton, a 1 ot fo) = e°/ Ka oot k er] BOF Ki tke a wisFrom equation @ aind @ : P it Ig tins otf, e% amet], itt) ~ ot ait =a iW-ke le ue out], differentiating wy-to t, dit ctf. dit 7 ae iil t) [sie saie +b )m e'[e ih “eL ® Now, from @quoaton @ ot t=ot o = Rilot) 42d! sv, tot) cy to = o + diloY dt chi tod 240 camp bee a ar t tot ey). © gives, di) . 4, [aves ]- "2 04) dt Liao heck) Cagend) > Run e2 = «i 3 ; ai Lup neasy eh POM NE L Req ives Solynon at 7 “]] +aci @ e Ds [r= e + [ses ae"Be eee Se mer erE enor ene ws A GApeAce tTansform is moathemodfq@l tool that & veidely used 40 find the solution of differentfal equahons vwithowk exactly Solving the differential equolion by dassial method Mothemalially, Lf fit) be the given function which fs define for 120 the laplace transform fs given by L [fa] = Foe fPme Ma --® Where, S= oo, 6 aie Complex frequenyy Sirolovly transfom is Fis) and fs. given by. U[fts] = fe = [risettas @ _Hlowsheet for_baplace tsansform :_ i LT ’ Differential equation lacértransfom} Transform Initia) ‘ il condition i tt Algebric_manipwation Inverse taplac Analysis Sorce' Laplace | Revised solunon 1c tecunsfor Transform Time domain i frequeny domain zi if & steps: 1. We gjatt with an Integwo~ differential eqvalion and find @wecpordin haplace transform Transform fs manipula applied - 3. We perfoun an inverse laplace transfor to fire) the G@mplete soWiion Advan tages: : © G& yields whe wmplere Wformation about the sustained (steady) and ‘teansient Solution yatbex than 4be tree part solion paocedure of daesi@} method - . i ® Soution gets highy simplified @ Gres a Single sdulon (G@wplete solwion ) rather than Tn povis. | ed algebrilly after the inifal Grdilions ave &) nitfal condilions ave automaticany ‘Spec fied on transformed equation and ave applied in Pret step rather than in lash step Laplace iansform of come bacie function D vnit step function we have, ult)= { uur) L for t=O 1 o otherwise hen, 0 lf 2 ue st Mi -st _ -5t 1 Lump = f eC uw-de f ||| [= | ile All J ! L.t ZL ay EE 3 D _Gypononlfat_fanction e™ where : ‘ oo 2 _¢s-q) cet] = fetta - ri a ul ul © -G-a) )_Ramp function function at) we have, rinef t fx tz0 i 0 otherwise T Then, Lf = fe* at 2 [1a - Sferar ar] t ) Gimilarly , s? gtk 2 sinwt and coswt rile ° “ [fay = {eo 'sinot at > a wr 4 we have, @! # desi +Hisinwe Then, £ fel] = [ coswr + isinwt] 4 vt : orate seo SHW_ = L feast] rie Lomvt] exw? All sil = Mle - fC fesar] ri Line] eae st? s and, 1 [cost] = Sat L [sinwt] = [24,52 ® unit “irmpulse furciion. Trnpulse function 16 defined as, Sir) 0 for + #0 oo for +70 Unit impulse function, Sins 0 for t Fe 5? 1 for t>0 t “fw = feted se 3 ftzo A @ lace tonsform of derivatives raft] . (Tdkw oye = (a tied -[ se dt » fuav for, u ze ond, dv: aft) Then, du=-se®” and v =f] baw c fave oi S udv = [uv],? feu], Then, [dee oe = Leet] + [27 toa). 2 FO + bee Hoa]- [act] = gis) - FI = fs) - Flo) sen where, fro) 1% the value of fur) at & 70% and given by Initial of the cfr F - 3, Hod Rey = S fig) — 5 Floy- FLO Similorly, & [ten] 8 Fie) 0, a : 4 AFCO) ) gr gcs) - sh Flo) — 5 Pode f° (0) de?§_taplace dsansform of integrals mie : L [fae] ~ £S) and t © t L [f feat ] 2 [float + [ Fiat = Fo) , Fis) ae eu L eli were Some formulas _ Fu Fu) ts Fu) FIs) z 1 “5 tet sa) (8-9 & i, Is® ee a) é watt tsinat 905 un er +a®) i ue t (osat gtat e (stay © Beimot | est T_T wsat (S10) 7+ Sur & ost ste (sta) Pot iu -at sinhat ‘ sta - at oshat s ue 4 (Sta) * s?-a® YU Solve for Pt) acing & T method. 99 : SF gud! 43h 20, Mol +3 dil = 4 ae at at 301 We have, ef . 7 a + ag +3120 Tariing rapiace transform on both side, er 4 a Je Lf] yep} +30 eo esd ilbend erie) = ONT wa ee =% [s2tus+3] 1g) -$¥ 3-41-42 20 oy, (St+ust3) f1s) = 35913” > 1s) = 3stis = SErls ny 2 Jest Sti a Bp Bo s?4us+5 (43) t1) - St3 tt A= 28H5 yeis)) 9, Beas 2 (G4) (st) orela, ark ® + _3Stis wort) ] ~ Stess |) 2) 10 2s Gta) (St) gc-4 ~4143 2 2 Ss Tis)> 7-4 Sp e) sts 6 t4 Now, tering Tnverse LT ° ~ ae Tu) =L {inf = -2e set 84 Solve by Laplace tsansform method Big adi ysgizo, itoy~ 2 MOr-4 are dt ar. we have, Oi 49di ysi zo a? dt Taxing Aaplace jransform on both side, Lg] sf] stoi a [et - gitoy- io)] +2 (sntsi— ftol] ¢ S779 wn, gtris)- 2544 + 9Stis)~ 4 FS 11S) = O a, (@2rasts) Us) > 2S w, 16) = #5 zs 95 mw ee $2495+5 (jt) ee? 1g) > 2{st) ert) 24a)? tnuind inverae Laplace tsansformis - i= LL} = 9.6 loser - ev tsinat 35 soe by &-T method. : ly OF yrodt paspzo itt) =a, Jilgd Geetha 420 ! eso Taxing Faplace tsans 1a, j 4 sof 2H] +a5 [1] ) 4105715) ~ 401(0*) #25 IIs) =O Joon on both side, 3 9 2U5) - Silo) - Fo ? (<2 106 125) qs) - 25 “#0 © > @rtostes) I) > 95770 = D Ie) = _2st20 ‘ (S45) (S15) HOW, | B)-| STEP xer8)'| = 10 (sts) (StS) ss and, a6+20 > @tS)A*® ov, ast20> AS+SMIB comparing coeffident of S, At? So, 2 aol TO) * Sis * ergy" Using ‘Inverse faplace qsansfoam, we get | il eles ~st ela ni ; If Lf) = Fils) and Lffptv] = lS? Then, efafwe bfatp] = ahi bb F915) where a and b are concrants.@ Change Tr LAW. L fan} = + F(3) ts) then, @_shi tt _'m lime domain Te £ [Ful] = Fis) then, £[pu-al] = er) Examples wlt-a) verso) o pre © | @ 7 — ae Ie a 1 ess at i ifaw) == zfva-a) = 4% ifutra)] + 2— © shifting in _s-domain: il rf fuy +455 Fis) then L fe“ eu) 2 flea) & find 4.1 OF oe 'Sinsot we have, & [singot] = 2a * FY? S$? +10? Pp Then, ¢ feb] = Fist) > FOlessty —~ Gru) Be100 TF L[ft] = fils) then, L(tfuw] = - Fs) and ¢ ferfin] = ey)" "Ps ds™ Q° Find, 2-t oF tsing t we have, Lf{sinai] = srg Then, Lftsinat] = ca)‘ d ($z ) = tebe 2s = 63 ase td est4g)? (stagy?theorem - and Fal value theovwem: vale Tf Pu) and tts first derivakve FU) are baplace transformable yhen, fio) hie fur) = lim sfis) g7260 Fina) value theovern, Te fw) an its first derivalive 74) ave ¢aplace ‘pansformable then, f 2 ay il tr) = Jim 5 Fes) fee) = i Ye f= US Assignment: giate and prove initial and fin) value theorem. + 9. find the Laplace tansform of 5+ 6e? e106". And verify tpitial and fined value theorem. gor: Here we ha fis 5#5e ot 108 ansform on both ofde, ve Taxing Laplace te 7 Lepugs Les) + bse +e [208 ] ger ts) = e F S512 Sty Now, @ inihial value theorem | im fli) = Hime lstse* lee = Sr§4I0 +20 to lim sFés)~ a S § ,197]. lim [5+ 42 $360 le feta cial i Us| i, 14y = §+S4t10 =20 Here, eae fli = lim 6 Fis). Hence, fnifial value theorem Ps ~ s320 ver | fied. Again, O__ find) value theorem _, sie fy» vim [5+ Se" 1060]. Srse we 25 be ie lim SFIS) > heats +e ] = im [s+ BS +2087 2.5ve, lim f= bmg fisy: i He ot sa0° (5% Hence, final value theorem fs Verified. _Ineise_laplace transform ; kle use parifal Fraction expansion to find fi) from Fis) taplace tyansform equation f% polynomial of 6. ie. Fis) ~ NIS) DIS) for partial expansion , order oF wis) should be alioay s less jhan 315), othera’se we divide Nts) by o1s)- Next, We factorize (6) Iwherms of to voots. Dis) = 64 +01 6% nn = Ao(S-S1) (S52) (S-5g) Case 4 Tf voors ave reat and disiiner Nis) a LIN sZt ay + Ga) Ss) Gay ES!) 5) ss idh ere, > MD 4¢5-5,) BIS) S284 2 BE TF soos ove equal and real. Laas UM | | Li Me, + Kn (s-8u* ($1) (6-51)? (S- 53) * here, Ky = 4 ia fa Y + ES) 6-53) or) l asi? xi) © ° i g2 S14 a3 iF so0ts are complex conjugate Mes ee (S-« 4jp) C$-«-ip) (s-~ 7) Where, hr or wo ee PiecesPraysis oF R bic, nework using haplace transform: Gjenera!_methoals : Slept: Pad triad condition fom the cirectit use kv oy KCL to form differentia) equation M Step2. steps: Use laplace tsansferm to find polynomial in 6 -domain step4, : Use Inverse laplace transform to oclstain solution ‘n time domain. 4 Solve for 1) for the following drewt 0": ag peo" hoy = ; (ot) = to) = 0 [+s Cument Yrough Frductor can not change ‘nsiarteneousy] for. t > 0. veing KvL, at? = soi +Sdins z Taking Japlace tsans form on both sicle, 27. ; ality £917] = Lfroiw] l/s 7 | : 40 lis) + § [sris)- 16)] ies or, 4S = yolts) +5815) ~ 5 40 5? a, m9 [10rss]= 4, Ss oy ov, Tis) = s3(s +2) using pariial feaction, Ns- His || ao s3yst 2)w ns%(542) + Q5(542) + C542) + DS3 okt mb = aske oth + ste 4 as rsctaet OD 6 2 “4 ao, % 2 HAD) S?+ GAB) S + GRAS TAC s comparing coef fii enk, ark Ber Ss eae garcs0 2 O=-$2 7S | 2P1B=0 ap--8 > 20 1 ArD =O => De-A ee #] iD SONE for iW for the following Grew! rie i ay ore R, S00 for t=07 equivalent Gxt fs, GBA 2005 fall 300), io) = + d ior) = i[o) = . ( Gayvent through Inductor an nol change Fnglanteneaudy_, Hl Now, using Avi for tO . scat is i i pt, t>0, @quivdent omar 1% RTI + Poi + Edit Al dt oN Ll aN Upaea | au ne || 74 Sing, Laplace tsansform we get (Ry+Ps) Tis) + £516) -LTt0) = 0>ms)= bv Ri CR, +PoreS) Taveirg Snverse taplace sansform , We get ims ve Cw/t Ry Zo 5 #8005 spring In the Gytuit shown, 2 outitch ts moved from posidions to 2 at 4-0. find the solution for ili. sof” ab t=0% io) =-3 8 Fnstantencously ] iO} ilo) =-2n [2 Cavvent tbsbugh indudo Gan not change using kv, for PRO. we get adil 4 s00ilt) =O rv Taxing us TIS) - YO) + Joo Tts) > © baplace jransform, Wve get HG) (ust 10g) > 42 >-8 MS) e| eB ||| Pel 4tst 2s) St 25° fanny? ‘inverse *aplace transform, we get 2 oS ny - ae" Z G4, 2006 faut fev cories Gnuit having R= 4.2, > 4.6, sith wo Initial voltage at - a) F| BL aims ents shesS expreeion for the Ie anvenk tn the civiwt for +>0. use taplace Peansform ee Py ost ony ii) i tp OP AE b= Om Vito) = 0 it a nen Vetot) = Veto = 0 (© Volkage ocwas capacitor can not a ail i for, b> oO. using kve soe? Tuy £ Stiwde t 8 0 t 9 pF dt i de > 10€ ity 2 fawdt + fina 4? >? we® jy titel es ftinde cw Taring laplace transform, we get = ztsy¢4—t TY Sra eral 10 3 La oe? aA2 ery fir 2] PAO - 18) / $42 She ae S ) a 119 > 10s (S41) (St2) Now, using partial fract'on, U)- _105 Fe bs 8 Sty (sta) pes She = 108 yor) | =| el) eae (Sti) (sf20 seat o> S305. ,e] | 2-20 2 pd geris(sry ise? in Then, LIS) ~ AD 4 22 St) | SF2 Favinn Seimeon | satura aennatumibe ela. | aacttatnat .dnalysis of © for capacitor Votlage acwss capa citor is given 1, : eal MN MN ll ee apt vee pflie + 4 fide + tf iat ‘ avo) +2 [ide Now, I TaKing --T of Ve, we ges LIM poy + ) Fe _inducterr wz edi ond, ecyg = E75) - 10%] a D for ve sistance Va > Ri and, Llve] = etyTran stom tmpdance and wan sformal rewit + The valio of votiage and curtent in ¢ domain fs calla tansfomed impedance 7 2 > MS) ie. Transformed impalance, Zs) “ istance fh Time domain we have v= iz owe Taking. Laplace transform we have vk L fwedie VsJ= R16) de> MD Its) Tnductor (hitb po Initial canent) Sy time domain, v = ud ome. Taking. T, We ger “ vb ae ie wisp sig) - Le” Lg = Nis) Its) (wath initial canvent) vig)s bS 15)- £310") Lapacitance (wath no tnifial chovge ) Tn time domatn, v= 4 fidt 3? cav de ‘faving, &:T we ge- , ral is) = es ve - eres” ie nt av ie le vis) he Ty be (usith ini Had chovge) tis) tes Vin~ evo")when, at the elements in time domain along vith Source ave converted fo G-domain then newly formed ciruit % casled ssansformed circuit SX4 Gd tty by transformed ciwt method. wi ii [ney ae 10V ath ainie oxtwet’ becomes ot : 2" En s-domain , using, KVL io 42 = Jot) + Ls s atts Sd m9 fiord]-2 2 1) [ doses]. 40 25 ‘Ss Pea rea 5) ay “* ro ‘Taking. inverse bt. we ger © «gt iw: ee : *2 Pind vid using transformed dvcwt | [6 Garvent trough Gnductor can nor change Tor) = tl) 244 Fngrandeneaushy Fer, b= 07nove, | equivalent, cfrewe %, ie bs -SV L now, TaXdng-KvL, fn s-domain, Cis | 5 he [=siet using voHage dividing rue Vighe| Blo (Pele. 1 SS 10tss S64) a) (LS ee e sth TaKing inverse 4.1 we get vive bo eon" Fenster Fincion_ We i] Transfer function gs a mathematic) expression fn s-damey chara iovisties of twansfow Grit put and autput o of Aaplace joansfor of owput me ed 05 qhe Yah f the inpul _ under the assumphion thet ol) which volares in an algo be defin' the Laplace 4eansform 0 Baitfad conditions ae en Nathomakealy, FoF xc? be the input function dion His) fe given bf. and yor) be He output function . Then nek0ovx fan Ws) = Lh). Ys) tix | eS for any electronic drew wo terminals ore agsovated y. on one. por the driving force. for + of the nw. idhich ave calles! Fermninal pair ov por + nepook jerminal por f6 comected to Gn energy source lieth fe 4 : jhe nehoork,60 that pall of termira) fs cubed) chiving poin ! 7 seal snd ~ |] 1 port nia if? 2 port nis a 4 ; 41Th wo port nebo , 4-1" port Pe connected to daving fore and port 2-8 Ps connected to the load Fer one port nekasrk the funciion that relates the Voltage and cuvvent ab yhe Some port fe called driving point tmpedance ZS) ov driving point admittance Yts) fe ze> VII ,y~j= D9 Tis) vis) uthere, vis) (VoHage) fs the response parameter an 15) (carvent) #5 sorree or vice -VveXsa. Fox_o0__port _nerosrs There are two pairs of driving point impedance and ‘60 paits of driving point admittance for He port nekosrk , given by ay) = WS) ys) = BD fits)” yis) aoy (9) = Mal) | ya Ie) Tato Vas) transform of 4 quently at one" ty at he another port 75 cone vonage The nekoork funciion whith rlotes the port fo jhe ‘transform of another quanti tsansfer fandion - Thus, tbe transfer function which relates and cuvent for 1wo port phy bas the following As) Ys wD and, Yo, (5) = a @ Frnsfer_im PeIAN CE: echo atic of voltage at one port to 4eonsform of cnvent at next port ie Ml ang, Zari) = BOD Aas F918) Bs © Dining Impedance _ 7 “Th % the ralio of Faplace Aransform of votlage and wurents at the same ports Zuls) > WS) = Vals) wis) > and Zasid= BS, © Driving admittance D Po the volio of Aaplace 4ransform of arent and voltage at the ame +b lS) - Ws cL tg + WD ae Mn Talo and, 22S)" <5 gt. Find the dyiving point $npedan ce for dpe following one pore nie au) so “f wi yu Te L +o got: The twansform creat Ps, Jov9, ut we Now, zis= A. W@rs) Rtis _ RS Lercatacs® 10S*4RCS 4!§2 Fird the ts ron SAS anefes funchon <5 Jn the following eeu F ohm i —e vi) p T Va oD $0)". Wansform kre b 6 5 . ir wild h va (sd By using voltage dividing rule, we get vat) = UO ? Vals) vy (9) ] il eae Lest+R(st £ wis), ie vis) steR ey L i °* ie bs re fais) 4 G5 Phd transfor aimittance ey 1 the following “dreulh y ‘1 ; tot g wu ‘il o oie f ! oi The transform crcwt 1°s. aie O wis) Jes 1 Tee Mle : i p+ Sid) WoW WW - Wis S eestet) eel SS se eas . olan falls eos 4. zsx4 4 pcs? i ar tes, a+ ee pics +R + £5 ote Les maids “ce aut = cs AC) (pic styestP)Wy S35 Nol Te)=_ts xls) Lots = Lege | €es*+1) us) es? v1) (Recs 4es+ R) o, Tals) _ gece qi Lp . Vics) RLCS*+LSTR ste ti gg £ RO “e 14 fird the transfer fundcion wer of the Following drawt Ome ares wy Tt si Jar vow soi The transform Srewt 1°, yi ee ce (is ve va (5) Using Ee alta Ii TWws Ft 139 Wits) “VG Vin - O55 VSD Vg tS) S 45 a) sil WS) VIS) 2 syisy + VS) wy is) , : FSi tay visa Lisrt] = WES)+¥9 (5) € vin [24s] = Vyls)+Ve (5) ® = Ss Visp > Wils)t¥9 6S) (s?t 2) Using Voltage dividing wwe Vats)= =rvis) _ Wi tva)oy, (ote? 49) WIS) “Val = WUls) vw, (Strasty1) Vt) = Val = vas) 4 vii S4tagta1 poles and zews of nolieorkt funclions (Transfer functions) All the nekOork funcion can be writen as the -reeult oF polynomfa) ag a function of 5 Mathemahialy, 16) = Pls) . S?40sS" 744... Hp) Stn gs) bo S +b, 6™ » + bmaSt bm 2 Ge G2) (5-29) (6-23). +. (SZ p) bo GP) (6-Pa) (5-Py)- (S- Pnd Khere, fe 5 constant, 2), 23,23, Zn ard P1P2, 6, ° seb are factors of numerator and denuminatoy of Nis) and are Canplex Frequen cies, when the variable ¢ hag the value equals to 241) %,-~n Polynomsal Nts) gquals zed. Then Such Complex feequen des for which Nis)=O are called Zexog of ‘wansfer funchion nig). Similarly, When the variable ¢ has 4he value equals to Pas Pay. By» Polynomial Nits) equals finfinity 27. Then auch camplen Frequencies for which NIs)=& are cael poles of transfer function dts). for any rnekoask funclions zews axe represented by (0), and poles ore represented by (x)famples w Yrow poles and Zev0S fox network fundion = © nip = Sette (ta) (32185 +5) so Given, NIG) = St) (513) (42545) qu SCS (S2) (ery? 009 k stati) Op te ae ae * Gay (St a-3]) (S131) aii ’ Win. comes we oh oom et poles are ak, g2-% ~s89d “ie @ wa = 63) (S44) (8444815) Given Ic) = 8 sets) __ qe (Gr) Paast5) 2 $2(st3) _ Fee ne 42d) + ey for +4) (6 +) Mell tM mr) Then, Zens ave ae Me OE : and, poles a ab, S>°% ri ae oat ® fuze coest “3h sol Given, tH =e cosst Taring Laplace tsansform Fis) = S22 ste ota) P45" © rats) zens are at, sz poles are at, gi BSS“Nofoom oebiltty: Networx fo cafd- be slable fF fs response Ss finite al any time ond system tmplies shat small changes fn ejetem Topul oF nitfal cardition* povainahor docs not reais in age change in ouput: ondition_of stnbility > TF ail poles of the Jransfer function relating the owsput to ore confirmed on left half of s-plane , the system Pg stables lies on yr % repeated oy flies on @, then the system is unstable: in > TF any of the pole that right hart of complex ¢ plan ity (RoW criteria) system described by q transfor function for which pra) fe the denominator polynomial. fs siable if there are no Changes of sign fr firer color of the Routh - urtiioz _ortter'a_for_stabil Te ejares phat " The neiwon oF arrory »” RH any Gneider @ System sith characterises equation. +0n *O pis) * dos” +4 ns Thus, ne coneuct an array 9% below § e Qa 4 a Il) Qo 2 s > 2 4 wher, b= ~b / aul om as as as bos ~e fae % ot be b2 ba 2° as | % as gn? G C2 eg ll wel i ra gv as b& a ba co aL } a as b | be bswe count the number of sign changes as we go The no of Sign changes of the ce ffident he number of the toors of qhe chovader Nove. foom Qo, ar. bs, C1, of the first column gives giic equation What are ‘ight half of the S-plane. 0, for stable system all the coefficienbs do, Ba bast, shold be of Same sigh _&xample_ 2 Check stability of the system with jeansfer funcion 2 shtstt gis) = —= 7 =; ; G5 4 1554 4855? 4 95S +9945 F170 gi: RH array For above transfer function is. 6 s i 35 244 mene | ft? 4 1S [15 22. r 15 225 190 15 25 i ™ = 7 Sb =o be 966 x bee = 1 Wie 24 | L oee 8 Gelgg c2 7120 120 ier z 15 255 ° pn | i “t I3s a Wine S @=120 Ge -L fis 29] = 6ince, The first column jo Pe nf e488 of RH aay has no sign Oe ie os, | ee ) change 1-e non oF the poles ics [ise 120 16 Vies fm the vight half of thee, = Wi@s wee 516 +120 ai6 0 S- plan e Thus, qhe System Fs 6 table. 2 = 3 9 st 43574454495 +40 = 0 sar a: RW aray of above yansfer function *s,4 s i 4 40 all a 3 b= -4 } = -10 é 3 ar 4 & ]% 42 gt by=-10 be=40 Balle i i 7 3 7 sh gg = SY Mi 3B 0 5° ine Ge eps At]. adm alo SY since ,jhe first clumn of R-H away has Sign change e There fs @ poles fn night half of S-plane Thus, the system "6 unstable. 33. Find the value of A for whith S24 asrt+gg+a 20 fo stable so RH @yray oY 1 2 s* 2 a 5s -sa4 e 2+ fiowypa | aca . The system will be Stable we A v6 gyenter thon zew and £ re. Ara. and other element Bur for A=y, third YOR seems to be zero can not be determined. So, in such CAS26 we replace 2°? ¥F number near To Zed vepreson td by €, very om} for we =4, RH array becomes. ment on woninns 6 i Seal member 6x Then wedecide the stability depending on values of & NOW, R-H away becomes: ise || sail) o s # [Illa S| sg Thus, for n=4, System f% wiable if € °6 greater than 26x and system * unstable iP € is less than zevo. G4 Check the stability for s'-+s*+as* +a +3 sor RH away Pe st 4 ie] fe Ue ait fl los er a, 2 0 s* 6 3 8 can not be determined 5° Gan not be dejeamined column has zew fn third row fours vow becomes Stree, Frat lace | vy Ss eplace 2&% intinity GO we can pot fend Stability. J such cases 86 ¥¢PI gmall number e¢ and stability depends on € Now, Replacing © by & above R-H away becemes sit 1 2 3 ella 2 geck I; :) . 263 bell ; € jé s € 8! grad o s? @ for € greater than zey , 2 “2 Fe negaliv€- $0, System fs unstable Also, for ¢ ies than zea first element of ‘third roo negative. S°. system 15 again unsiable . Hence, the sysiem defined by abye enalion” is ungtable. Qs check the sictbility for ;¥ 30) RM away *, 66 1 14-360 OBE 89) 6 as 30 3 S126 be 230 36 i S420 G:o 0 = ‘ | as-t [FB] s was San pot be determined i 4 = sl coz -t JS 3°] ~ igo-180 i 6 6 36 = 0 TF entive ww fs Zev then we faxe the polynomial of earlier yon and divide the system polyromfal by yhat polynomfal to find the quotient then stabilily > determined by quohent. +5854 11644 25574365" 1305436 ( it neat s 65% S544 65 4 1957 4305220543 6 Here, quot’at Fs, a 24 es 6 4 S' 2 6 6 S° bea Since, the first column of R-H away fo quotient has nO sign changes: Go, the system fs Stable. 36. Cherm the stabilily : 65 4544457 + 2y5"+ 3546378cP R-H away £5 6 tf) 4) 3 be et i a ft ot 4 a4 68 A bs > S -20 -60 © 2 8 ° rae es Cre A s e o oO a a 8° can not be determined cy =F Here, the enlive yow for 5! fs ue T Limitation of au cnteria Yat Yow pio IREaes ie pot)= 15246 1. Valid only 37. chovoclertsh’c equation Ps The, texan) derwatives algebr'c uth veal cooffrents. TF any of cocffGent Fs Complex ov s# equakon 5 no: had hee im : Pits’ sy 2h os > 4Be algebr'c RH cyiteria Can not be epplicd 9 @pp) Je. Gives informahion about tots only xy'th NOW, Ry. amy beames vespect fo lett half or right hal f of S~ 5S s a 4 ls sy Plane ie. does ror gives informalron about Ls 4 63 YOOTS on jw-axis. ae || |e ° 5. aan not be applied 1 dixcrete fime 3) i 63 ° system ° oO S$ 6s er Here, first clrmn of @H aay has ROO Sign changes. So, the 81 stem ts unslable 2 domain behaviour of circuit from pole ond zew plot: Consider a transfer function Gy, (6) thak yelates the response function Vals) with gurce function vis). Thus, the relation will be as. Vg ts) 7 GualS) * V4tS) ler the transfer function Cuals) has m poles. he P, PB, Po And Vit) has n poles Pas, bine 2s Pen, then using phe porita.Frachon expansion , the response W415) can be express! as Vay = Le KE Km Mint. nto sh oot Shim S~ Fine S- Pan Te pores Pas Po Pa... Pm G@ptibutes to the Asansient response ind the poles Pinta Pmt a, - Prin Gntsibutes To force wspon se. Tokirg fnverse Laplace dransform of the above equalion: Z Prt » Pot a Ponts + Porn b wa = Kye aug Oty aye ee. atm The poles therefore determines the Kavefam of the dime vavfation of the response, the 0/p volage. The zems determines He magnitud@ of each par of the response ie resposible for IGlues kiike, » >> kmen- Fn Hime domain, we-cee that the real part of each pole appeave sith an exponenifa) torre If t's real part ts -ve, the e@xponentiod form cl Hence, for a sjsicm a! pales of nekoor, function should zews are nor sd restoicred leays jo 045 fime fncreases. lie on left half oF 6 - plane but Ast -y) bt vat <7 < é e _*$ pr le ee PREFER Jade jure fi Complex Conjugate pole comrespords Fo asc liaiay nature in time domalnTime- Domain Response from _pole-Ze20 plot: The time-domain response can be obtained from the pole-zer0 plot of 4 nekoork funciion- Consider a nekasrk fnction given NS) 2 yg 6-21) (8-7) (5-2) DIS) (s- Pa) & Pa) >> a) Whore, tis Zo,--u2n @re Zows and PisPa, fy, Amare poles %y. Hts) = oF the finction WIS). | Accume that poles and verdes are disitnck. Using partl fraction @npans) Ons ri pis) = 2 tHe + tm oP BP S- Pm Where, ; . . ky = [@-2:) WS) Joop tet Qe ellie lle CP 2a) CPy 22) =~ CPin2n) raf) CPi Pad «CPi Pm) g. Tp we) = SH find bu) using the pie pole~ 2e20 @r4) (st4 ste) dfagrarn of the function: soy: Howe, wis) =_ 56st) (ety) (st6sti3) S(S+41) _ Sty (7 ayers) roy (G14) (64343 Z2ewes are ak. §=0,-L Poles ave ak, figs he , Ke » Fe, St4 — Gr343j) (s+3-3))for the pole, P, = -3 ar (f2-4) CPe-22)__ (813-0) (-3-4344) Ce-Pi) (Pa- Pa) (CB-S 344) (-3-y'843-S3) 6 +954 + A (-tne) + | Beto | dl eel faartp) Heol \itsca |e Sratsy 18 843-37 Tawing inverse aL teansform 7 Mt Gaae 343) t buy= nae, pple 4 etd Je + $line) ¢ eat r z12e -3t fo “3 ost ee 4% "Lal ) +2i( et) (ite ot wat 2 ame ae Es 42 eesst) - E @sinas)] hug = s-20%F _) g-3t -ie cosa b+ 8Sin3at bert jPeriodic _ Signals | A signd FU) 15 sail 40 be poriodfe uaith fme ported if fad = oi foc ail value oF t and T is a congiant time Known as Hime hy UI. a 7 of OF UT Tat aT 4ST fig: on - AI, ogra) fig: Poriod Pe. signal © Minimum 4 non-zew value of 1, for whith ft) = fusd) is Solistied Jarclamenial frequenyy (#0) = -B Bye and_odd_ signals A funciion % sak to be even function if t+ exis sal'sfies ful ~ #0) and a fauncivon said t2 be odd pinction if it Satish €s * fay =~ few) &xample: 1 for even value of n, Isint] cost are even Functor Whereas tom ede) value of -nSint -ore—odd—function . 40 $0 fu) 24 Jf fen 3 fig: odd = funchon fig even fanciton _femer series _ Fourier cories fo the representation of any poricdie Signal tier OF complex exxpenen tial a6 given by follousin g quali on xl) = or One aia nz- on _tlhere, 19 = 2 fo fordamental frequeny. = a et “nib 8 i x = Go +z [a le ery mthere ay fs Complex fowier couPiarts 4Piny periodic signal #4) can be represented by dhe in finite oum DF Sine wave reprezentetlion Components which fe cared fourier series zypansion. a cl he puy~ Got & [an 25 Bint + by sin 2h! ] net Fido | [On cos eynt + brsiniynt | - o nos -t Ie where, To is the lime poried of fu and te > iz there fe TS the fundamentel frequen. and nf are harmonics of f- do, On and bn of equa tion are called tigonometic fourier senes we ffru ents. Ferenmination of furier efficient @ | functions ot phot x = 2. we n dt r where, On % given by, An > [une r fr nr0o, > [md ©) _foc_401"goromenit xt = 09+ F (ap toon nes Hot + basin n ot) where, a = # {xepdt bhai 2 Qn +f x(A Cosh otdé : r 2 2 bn = FE [xh simmer de ay i 2 [ mith cosnwrotdt , 0 > =f nude ov even function + bn =o, Ny 4 [xd sinnwotat For odd fundiion: d,>0 and G20. bn> = J Find the exponential fourier sewles coeffirdent for the signal given below tt) rea ad m6 4 ieso Te 9 82, Obtain the tsgonomessic fourier- cevies repsesentation for she Signal shown below - \“pu f 8 trl for -f too ane for 0 to T= AM, bos Mey Stace function foo * an even junction. Hence. bn =o €5,-4) By any Sot abd yay = Xtra) oy of bes 12 B(x = ~2xt1 ye Bae ° at a in ji (Bt +1) Combet de ° °2 Ai rhe ern xc “ay “A al afssom ae seem [seat l enn 2 o = 2) fetaneg2|| |, 2) 5 a [4 + ff ese a a Fe x orl. ig Ly 2 Flo+o +a, a Cut) an = wie (4-04)"] There fore, An * 0 sifnits even ie. 24,6 ay >: ify ts odd ie LST and by= Bye’fins Z 8 wont 5 nfs odd AaL 3. Obkein the fefgonomed’c jouer series representation of the | below xu peniedic signal as shown in fgure r [| Here, rail fu otoh > afin fato Hai al A Time period, T= 2% bo x 22 2 2 Be Te ! Os Sfne, the function % an odd fendion, hence Qe =o, Oe Ys Abo, be bn= 4 { Ten sinnwotde Te ite A sinprotde i Te ~ ER“ sinnat ae ° Jo To 2 ap f[- Cosnm 7% Dre | |e ant 2 To ~ 2A - on foe. Se Ee ent] Therefore, by = 0 3 if n feeven = 4A sip nisedd na 5 dd “ 48 Sophy nis o xU) = 112 48, sin 08 t