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    6 views12 pages

    Violence Against Women

    Uploaded by

    Shiv Suri

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Maha VISION Gr Ss INSPIRING INNOVATION Se Te www.visionias.in RECOGNIZE, RESPOND, PREVENT AND CHANGE [INTRODUCTION lobally, COVID-19 ond related containment measures have been posing substantial challenges to women, increase in violence directed towards women being one of them. Since the mandatory lockdown was imposed, early data showed that violence against ‘women had risen exponentially throughout India. For instance, domestic violence complaints had (RSSeseaIBYIIEED in May 2020, highest in last 10 years as per the data from National Commission of Women (NCW), Even prior to that, India has been experiencing rise in violence against women. India was alo declared one of the(@SBSHBBRGErSDS RUAASSIA TNE WeHA FEWER) duo to the high risk of violence, according to cQO1S SUBSY BYithe ThempsOn Reliefs Foundation, This grim situation calls for @ thorough understanding of what exactly does the term ‘Violence against Women{VaW)' mean and what are its various forms? What are the factors that make women vulnerable to violence in India? Why is elimination of VaW important for achieving gender equality and development of society os a whole? What steps have been taken in India to deal with the issue of violence against women and What should be done to holistically tackle Violence against women in Indio? In this edition, we will be deal- ing with all these questions. e © 8468022022 © www.visionias.in e WHAT DOES VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN MEAN? @ Gender-based violence {GBV) refers to harmful acts, directed at an individual or a group of individuals based on their gender. 40 It covers specific acts or behaviours as welll as a ‘continuum of deprivations and discrimination that are rooted in gender inequality, which includes Crimes against women and girls ic., legally recognised acts of violence like rape, molestation, physical abuse by husband etc. as well as social and ‘economic violations not captured by legal enactments. nce against women () intimate partner violence): Any pattern of behaviour that is used fo gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner. It encompasses all physical, sexual, emotional, economic, and psychological actions or even the threats of such actions. it nclides repe-murder, Intimate-partner violence escalating into murder, name of honour and deaths arising from harmful practices or neglect. fowry deaths, crimes committed in the Any sexual act committed against the will of another person, either when this person does not give consent or ‘when consent cannot be given because the person isa child, has a mental disability, or is severely intoxicated or unconscious as 4 result of alcohol or drugs. It includes sexual harassment, rape, corrective rape (a hate crime perpetrated by straight men ‘against lesbians in order to “correct” or “cure” their homosexuality) ote Acquisition and exploitation of women, through means such as force, fraud, coercion, or deception. ChileRERFIAERPAry marriage where one or both of the spouses are below the age of 18. ny act of violence that is committed, assisted or aggravated by the use of information and commu ication technology (mobile phones, the Internet, social media, ete) against a woman because she is a woman. It includes Cyberbullying, Doxing, physical threats, sexual harassment, indecent exposure, unsolicited pornographic images, stalking et. DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW | CHANDIGARH | GUWAHATI | © 8468022022 © www.visionias.in 8 4O Sexuol abuse and psychological abuse by family, relatives and strangers | 40 Differential access #0 care, nutrition, education and health care 2 40 Pariner homicide 40 Acid Attacks 40 Sexual Harassment at the workplace 40 Rape 40 Forced for prostitution and pornography and trafficking 38 40 Lack of access to core, nutrition and medical facilities Siete ferential aceess to care, nuttition, health care, education Prevalence of Violence against women across the globe and inIndia_ () Global Statistics (pee 40 Globally, as many as 38% of murders of women are committed by an intimate partner, 40 In 2019, one in five women, aged 20-24 years, was married before the age of 18. 40 Women and girls together account for 71% of all human trafficking victims detected ® @) » globally, with girls representing nearly three out of every four trafficked children. Indian Statistics 1IN3 WOMEN HAVE 40; EXPERIENCED SOME showing an increase of 73% over FORM OF PHYSICAL OR @ The crime rate registered por lakh women population is 62.4 in 2019 in comparison ‘SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN with 58.8 in 2018. THEIR LIFETIMES: = jufrage her Modesty’ (21.8%), ‘Kidnapping & Abduction of Women (17.9%) and ‘Rape’ (7.9). Tenoanenarn h 12019, Aine 2019 eS DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW | CHANDIGARH | GUWAHATI e © 8468022022 © www.visionias.in e WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT MAKE WOMEN VULNERABLE TO VIOLENCE? \VeW is primanly « product of power and control, stemming from inequality between men and women. Its rooted in discrimination and inequality that are upheld by- individual attitudes, beliefs and practices, broader social norms around gender and violence; and systems and structures that replicate and even codify this inequality and discrimination. In addition to these root causes, there are several risk factors that make it more likely to occur. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN @) RISK FACTORS Cee Dun ae scaKels) +O/Rigid patriarchal gendernermsiyhat uphold male privilege and limt women’s autonomy and their economic independence. +40 FIGHIBVEIEBEBEVSAYERS unemployment. 40 Low presence of women in public spa: SOCIETAL FACTORS 40 Traditional and cultural practices cor directly cause violence (e.g. FCM, child marriage, etc.) or indirectly lead to violence (e.g. Downy is one of the factors which have encouraged the practice of Female Feticide). +40 (BBIBEBUIRER in cinoma, television ete. that promotes toxie masculinity that equates with sexual aggression and encourages men and boys to bully and harass women, +O MRPGINEIBEHBAEDWomen and girls from eal oss DeedicatRloneieedi cel +O GE RSESIEE SER Tee foreereret edie Rig Sete e aaa addressing violence against women. ing with disability, displaced women and 40 Gender diserimination in institutions (¢. girls, etc.) are at greater risk of violence. police, health, efc.}. 4O(ESHYIMSHIEB: NMoried teenage gids with Tow levels of education suffer greater risk of social isolation and domestic vielence than more educated women who marry as adults Eee oa Mitac riminatory laws on property ownership, marriage, divorce and child custody. 40 Low levels of women’s access to education ‘and employment. 40 High levels of inequality in relationships/ 40 Childhood experience of violence undi/or male-controlled relationships/ dependence ‘exposure fo violence in the fori oon partner. 40 Mental disorders. +0 Men's use of drugs and harmful use of 40 Alfittides) influenced by factors such as patri- alcohol resulting in aggressive behaviours. arehel setup, rope culture and cultural trae 40 Factors such as internali perpetuating violence in fam women. 1d misogyny fions/customs) condoning or justifying ‘even among, violence as normal or acceptable, DURING COVID-19 THE SHADOW PANDEMIC: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN @) 40 Emerging data shows that sineo the outbreak of COVID-1, vielenee against women ‘and girls (VaWG), and particularly domestic violence, has intensified. : ‘ 40 Exacerbating factors include: * & DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW | CHANDIGARH | GUWAHATI © 8468022022 © www.visionias.in Enhanced tensions, stress, anxiety and mental health, —_—> problems can coniriule fo increased conflict and quarrelling. Seounty, health & |] Cramped lving eolation with ‘money worrot ‘conditions cbusers Disrupted services to mitigate risks and provide assistance in cases of VaW Proture on Essential Services Closure of businesses and industries @iSeIae! financial) independence of women who are disproportionately engaged in insecure, Ee lower-paid, part-time and informal employment Lvalboeds Heighlened risk of sexual violence and other forms of violence in public spa public spaces WHY IS ELIMINATION OF VAW IMPORTANT FOR ACHIEVING GENDER EQUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY AS WHOLE? The significance of eliminating VaW can be understood by how it negatively impacts women, the society, and the country. The impacts of Val’ can be both direct and indirect and are incurred by women and their families, by the offenders and their families and by the state and non-state institutions. 40 Human rights vislation? Violence against women in its various forms is at its core a vielation of human rights, the very nature of which deprives women of their ability to enjoy fundamental freedoms. “1\it threatens her physical and psychological integrity and undermines her sense of self-worth and sel @ Any form of Violence against women hinders their realization of fundamental rights under Qigua ig enenSaShane Indian constitution. 40 Perpotuation of Gender Inequality: WaWIRets SsIBeIh alee rseaUeiee ete ie ecUse ote TRE RINERUEIED VaW is not only deeply rooted in harmful stereotypes and prejudices against women, but it also reinforces the traditional gender norms and perpetuates the power of men. 40 Impact on children: ‘SUSE BERRA BEVEHSISBIERL MBA Children who grow up in families where there is violence may suffer a range of behavioural and emotional disturbances. These can also be associated with perpetrating or experiencing violence later in life. _s)Infimate partner violence has also been associated with higher rates of infant and child mortality and morbidity (1-r0uh, Tor example diorthoea! disease or molnutifion and lower immunization rates) For instance, a WHO report showed that women who have been physically and sexually abused by their partners had 16% more chance of having low birth weight babies. 40 Economie cost: in some countries, violence against women is estimated to cost countries up to 3.7 percent of their GDP due 40 loss of income and productivity, health care and housing costs and costs of social services. +O (Hurdle Yolsehieving Sustainable Development Geals(SDGs):Jho broad spectrum of indirect and direct impact of VaW on women "and sociely con be understood Through how if aels as a hindrance fo achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDs). DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW | CHANDIGARH | GUWAHATI © 8468022022 © www.visionias.in o-. sDG Impact of VaW 40 Target 12:5y 2050, reduce at least [a by half the proportion of men, | P'Seanv women and children of all ages . 2 living inipover'y in'allitajdiigension® wt ‘eccording to national definitions. 40 Target 3.4: By 2030, reduce by one “40 Violence enhances the wulnerabilty of women to several third precmature mortality from | SB coODHeA immediate and long-term health issues including nn-communicable diseases through ° ‘ MAFRSRHRT EELS» ov depression pos prevention and treatment and W ‘raumatie sress disorder, suicidal attempts, substance promote mental health and wel Le ing. 40 Target 3.7: By 2050, ensure universal access to sexual ‘and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration ‘of reproductive health into national strategies and ke injuries, murders, unwanted Pregnancy, abortion, sexually transmitted Infec- ion/HIV, chronic pelvic pain, musculoskeletal disorder, Urinary tract infection ete. 40 Violence also limits women's ability to teke decisions related to sexual and reproductive health FO Target 4.5: By 2050, eliminate gender disparities in education and ‘ensure equal access to all lovels of ‘education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons rs AZo with disabilties, indigenous peoples ‘and children in vulnerable situations 40 The throat or risk of violence! 40 Drop-out levels and learning difficulties are significantly higher among victims of violence and child brides. 40 Target 5.5: Ensure women's full ond ‘effective participation and equal ‘opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, ‘economic and public life. 5a EOuRLTY e 40 Violence negatively affects women's general well-being and prevents women from fully participating in political, economic and public life. @For instance, in many societies, victims of violence, especially sexual crimes, are stigmatised and isolated, which impacts not only their well-being, but also their social participation, opportunities and quality of lfe. 40 Target 8.5:8y 2050, achieve full and productive employment and decent ‘work for all women and men, includ- ing for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for gaa” ‘enous work of equal value. 40 Threat of sexual harassment in workplace and public spaces and psychological and physical health issues caused by violence can limit women's ability to effectively Participate in economic activity 40 Threat of violence may also enhance the burden of unpaid ‘work, thus limiting options to participate in paid employ- ment. 40 Target 16.2: End abuso, exploitation, traficking ard all forms of violence |] & swsnons ‘against ond torture of children, NsmmsTONs poor, coe] sentative decision-making at all levels. 40 Violence against women and girls undermines development ‘efforts and the building of strong democracies and just, peaceful societies. 40 Women and girls together account for 71 percent of all human trafficking vietims detected globally, with gis representing neatly three out of every four trafficked children, ‘can ves susan cms AND SANTATON AND CONMLNTES ole 40 Throat of VaW significantly impacts safety and hence acces- sibility to basic amenities such os drinking water, sanitation, transport systems et. and overall public spaces for women, DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW | CHANDIGARH | GUWAHATI o-. WHAT STEPS HAVE BEEN TAKEN IN INDIA TO DEAL WITH © 8468022022 © www.visionias.in THE ISSUE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN? ‘The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles, Besides constitutional guarantees that prevent any form of discrimination against women, several steps have been taken in india to tackle violence against women, ranging from preventative and curative measures such os building a strong legislative and institutional») ‘around empowering women and raising their framework, judicial reforms to schemes contre Status Inthe soelely ete, Some sfops have been listed below. 40 Amendments to Criminal Lé tie of rape and for more stringent pu @ The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018 was enacted to preseribe more stringent penal provisions including death penalty for rape of a girl below the age of 12 years and also mandates completion of investigation and trials, within 2 months each. 40 Now IT Rules to deal with Cyber-violence ag the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act of 2013 strengthened criminal laws related fo VaWW through amendments such as it provided for a wider defini- hment, introduced several new fa offences such as acid attacks and prescribed action against public servants who refuse to record a FIR in cases of specified crimes against women, women: Government of India has published Information Technology {Intermediary Guidelines and Wy a he Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 which requires Social Media Intermed- iaries to remove or disable objectionable content such as morphed images etc. on complaint of women within 24 hours, 40 Progressive Supreme Court judgomonts:\ihSupene ‘Court in Satish Chander Ahuja vs Sneha Ahuja case enlarged ‘estranged wife's right to claim residence even in a shared household under the provisions f Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. 40 Establishmont of National Commission for Women: The National Commission for Women was set up as a statutory body in 992 to @ Review the Constitutional and Legal safeguards for women; @ Recommend remedial legislative measures; @ Facilitate redressal of grievances and @Advise the Government on all policy matters affecting women, 40 Schemes/Initiatives: @BMahilewPeticewveluntesrs (MPVs): They oct os o Public=polfce mnteHace With the mandate to report incidenc- @8 of violence against women. 1) Cyber Police Stations and Cyber Crime Cells hove been Sehup in each State To Tackle cyber-crimes against women, 4 Ujjawala Scheme for Prevention of Trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation. + Fast Traek S| (CBUABIFTSCR)3The Contral Government! re enc air | Code (IPC) prescribes punishment for various crimes against women like Rape, Dowry Deaths, Kidnapping & Abduction of Women, Abet~ ment of Suicide of Women ete. Further, various forms of violence have been prohibit- ed through enactment of special laws such os: The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 “The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibi- tion) Act, 1986 @Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Tech- niques. (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 @ Information and Technology Act, 2000 @ The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence ‘Act, 2005 “The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 @Protection of Children from Sexual offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 a) The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal} Act, 2015, has storied a Scheme for setting up of 1028/FTSCs fortime bound trial and disposal of pending cases'related to rape and POCSO Act. @ARTBREYSIFORED cledicated non-lapsable corpus fund which can be uilized for projects specifically designed to improve ‘he safety and security of women. @ Swadhar Groh Scheme to provide temporary accommodation, maintenance and rehabilitative services to women and girl rendered homeless due to a range of difficult circumstances. @ Universalisation of Women Helpline fo provide 24 hours immediate and emergency response to women affected by DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW | CHANDIGARH | GUWAHATI eo © 2468022022 © wwwwisionias.in PESO earns atier oon Fed cede eRe ha MEN Steevie fo comet Va O munity and at the workplace. 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